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Pang Z, Jin L, Zhang J, Meng W, Wang D, Jin L. Maternal periconceptional folic acid supplementation and risk for fetal congenital genitourinary system defects. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1132-1138. [PMID: 37709853 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02808-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taking folic acid supplementation could reduce the risk of neural tube defects for offspring in the maternal periconceptional period, but the relationship between folic acid use and other birth defects remains unclear, such as genitourinary system birth defects. METHODS The data from a Prenatal Health Care System and Birth Defects Surveillance System in Tongzhou, Beijing, China, were collected from 2013 to 2018. We adjusted for differences in characteristics between comparison groups using propensity score inverse probability weighting and assessed associations with Poisson regression modeling. RESULTS A total of 65,418 live births and stillbirths were included, and there were 194 cases with congenital genitourinary defects among them. The prevalence of genitourinary system birth defects was 29.2 (34.9) per 10,000 for FA/MMFA users (nonusers). Compared to nonusers, FA/MMFA users had a lower risk for genitourinary system birth defects (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67, 0.98), and for hypospadias (aRR 0.55, 95% CI 0.40, 0.76). CONCLUSIONS FA or MMFA supplementation during the maternal periconceptional period could reduce the risk for genitourinary system birth defects in offspring. More mechanisms should be explored for the protective effect. IMPACT Folic acid (FA) or multiple micronutrients containing folic acid (MMFA) supplementation during the maternal periconceptional period could reduce the risk for genitourinary system birth defects in offspring. Maternal FA/MMFA supplementation during the periconceptional period may reduce the risk for hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixi Pang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, 101100, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wenying Meng
- Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, 101100, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Mitsui T. Effects of the prenatal environment on cryptorchidism: A narrative review. Int J Urol 2021; 28:882-889. [PMID: 34075642 DOI: 10.1111/iju.14600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cryptorchidism, the absence of testes from the scrotum, is the most common genital disorder in boys and a risk factor for reduced fertility and testicular cancer. The mechanism responsible for cryptorchidism involves two discrete stages: a transabdominal and an inguinoscrotal phase. These phases of testicular descent are regulated by the prenatal sex hormone environment, including levels of testosterone, insulin-like factor 3, and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Environmental endocrine disruptors, which are unfavorable environmental factors, may also affect testicular descent through prenatal sex hormones. This review examined the effects of environmental factors, particularly environmental endocrine disruptors, such as phthalates, organochlorine pesticides, diethylstilbestrol, bisphenol A, dioxins/dioxin-like compounds, and perfluoroalkyl substances, and parental lifestyles on the risk of cryptorchidism. Although some studies have shown that environmental endocrine disruptors can affect testicular descent by changing the hormonal environment during the prenatal period, no significant association has been established between exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors and the incidence of cryptorchidism. Therefore, the role played by environmental endocrine disruptor exposure (if any) in the pathogenesis of cryptorchidism remains unknown. Further studies are needed to examine these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Mitsui
- Department of Urology, University of Yamanashi Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
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Haid B, Reider D, Nägele F, Spinoit AF, Pechriggl E, Romani N, Fritsch H, Oswald J. Langerhans cells in hypospadias: an analysis of Langerin (CD207) and HLA-DR on epidermal sheets and full thickness skin sections. BMC Urol 2019; 19:114. [PMID: 31718599 PMCID: PMC6852928 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-019-0551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypospadias are among the most common genital malformations. Langerhans Cells (LCs) play a pivotal role in HIV and HPV infection. The migration of LC precursors to skin coincides with the embryonic period of hypospadias development and genetic alterations leading to the formation of hypospadias impact the development of ectodermally derived tissues. We hypothesized that this might be associated with a difference in frequency or morphology of epidermal and dermal LCs in hypospadias patients. METHODS A total of 43 patients from two centers were prospectively included into this study after parental consent and ethics approval. Epidermal and dermal sheets were prepared from skin samples of 26 patients with hypospadias, 13 patients without penile malformations and 4 patients with penile malformations other than hypospadias. Immunofluorescence staining of sheets was performed with anti-HLA-DR-FITC and anti-CD207/Langerin-A594 antibodies. Skin sections from 11 patients without penile malformation and 11 patients with hypospadias were stained for Langerin. Frequencies as well as morphology and distribution of epidermal and dermal LCs on sheets and sections were microscopically evaluated. Cell counts were compared by unpaired t-tests. RESULTS There was no difference in frequency of epidermal LCs, Neither on sheets (873 ± 61 vs. 940 ± 84LCs/mm2, p = 0.522) nor on sections (32 ± 3 vs. 30 ± 2LCs/mm2, p = 0.697). Likewise, the frequency of dermal LCs (5,9 ± 0,9 vs. 7.5 ± 1.3LCs/mm2, p = 0.329) was comparable between patients with hypospadias and without penile malformation. No differences became apparent in subgroup analyses, comparing distal to proximal hypospadias (p = 0.949), younger and older boys (p = 0.818) or considering topical dihydrotestosterone treatment prior to surgery (p = 0.08). The morphology of the LCs was not different comparing hypospadias patients with boys without penile malformations. CONCLUSIONS LCs are present in similar frequencies and with a comparable morphology and distribution in patients with hypospadias as compared to children without penile malformations. This suggests that patients with hypospadias are not different from patients with normal penile development considering this particular compartment of their skin immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Haid
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, Ordensklinikum Linz, Seilerstätte 4, 4020, Linz, Austria. .,Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Marchioninistraße 15, 81367, Munich, Germany.
| | - Daniela Reider
- Department for Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Felix Nägele
- Section for clinical and functional Anatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, Müllerstraße 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anne-Françoise Spinoit
- Department of Urology, University Clinic Gent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Pechriggl
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innerkoflerstraße 1, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department for Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helga Fritsch
- Section for clinical and functional Anatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, Müllerstraße 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Josef Oswald
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, Ordensklinikum Linz, Seilerstätte 4, 4020, Linz, Austria
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Tani T, Eitsuka T, Katayama M, Nagamine T, Nakaya Y, Suzuki H, Kiyono T, Nakagawa K, Inoue-Murayama M, Onuma M, Fukuda T. Establishment of immortalized primary cell from the critically endangered Bonin flying fox (Pteropus pselaphon). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221364. [PMID: 31449544 PMCID: PMC6709887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bonin flying fox (Pteropus pselaphon) is one of the most critically endangered species of animals. The number of this species is estimated to be around 150; being classified at the top rank in the list by International Union of Animal Conservation. Our group previously showed that expression of CDK4, CYCLIN D1, and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) efficiently induce immortalization of human, bovine, swine, monkey, and buffalo-derived cells. In this manuscript, we successfully established the primary cells from Bonin flying fox. We introduced CDK4, CYCLIN D1, and TERT into the primary cells. The established cells showed efficient expression of introduced genes at the protein level. Furthermore, the established cells were free from senescence, indicating it reached to immortalization. Moreover, we showed that interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer of Bonin flying fox derived cell into bovine embryo allowed the development of the embryo to 8 cell stages. Our established cell has the potential to contribute to species conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Tani
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Department of Agriculture, Kindai University, Nara, Japan
| | - Takahiro Eitsuka
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masafumi Katayama
- Wild life Genome Collaborative Research Group, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Nagamine
- Conservation & Animal Welfare Trust, Maehara, Uruma, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yumiko Nakaya
- Conservation & Animal Welfare Trust, Maehara, Uruma, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Suzuki
- Institute of Boninology, Chichijima, Ogasawara, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention and Department of Cell Culture Technology, National Cancer, Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (TF); (MO); (TK)
| | - Kiyotaka Nakagawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miho Inoue-Murayama
- Wild life Genome Collaborative Research Group, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Manabu Onuma
- Wild life Genome Collaborative Research Group, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Ecological Risk Assessment and Control Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail: (TF); (MO); (TK)
| | - Tomokazu Fukuda
- Wild life Genome Collaborative Research Group, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate
- Soft-Path Engineering Research Center (SPERC), Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
- * E-mail: (TF); (MO); (TK)
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Abstract
Introduction Endocrine disruptors or environmental agents, disrupt the endocrine system, leading to various adverse effects in humans and animals. Although the phenomenon has been noted historically in the cases of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), the term “endocrine disruptor” is relatively new. Endocrine disruptors can have a variety of hormonal activities such as estrogenicity or anti-androgenicity. The focus of this review concerns on the induction of hypospadias by exogenous estrogenic endocrine disruptors. This has been a particular clinical concern secondary to reported increased incidence of hypospadias. Herein, the recent literature is reviewed as to whether endocrine disruptors cause hypospadias. Methods A literature search was performed for studies involving both humans and animals. Studies within the past 5 years were reviewed and categorized into basic science, clinical science, epidemiologic, or review studies. Results Forty-three scientific articles were identified. Relevant sentinel articles were also reviewed. Additional pertinent studies were extracted from the reference of the articles that obtained from initial search results. Each article was reviewed and results presented. Overall, there were no studies which definitely stated that endocrine disruptors caused hypospadias. However, there were multiple studies which implicated endocrine disruptors as one component of a multifactorial model for hypospadias. Conclusions Endocrine disruption may be one of the many critical steps in aberrant development that manifests as hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisir Botta
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gerald R Cunha
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Laurence S Baskin
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Genome-wide gene expression profiling of low-dose, long-term exposure of human osteosarcoma cells to bisphenol A and its analogs bisphenols AF and S. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1060-9. [PMID: 25912373 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The bisphenols AF (BPAF) and S (BPS) are structural analogs of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA), and are used in common products as a replacement for BPA. To elucidate genome-wide gene expression responses, estrogen-dependent osteosarcoma cells were cultured with 10 nM BPA, BPAF, or BPS, for 8 h and 3 months. Genome-wide gene expression was analyzed using the Illumina Expression BeadChip. Three months exposure had significant effects on gene expression, particularly for BPS, followed by BPAF and BPA, according to the number of differentially expressed genes (1980, 778, 60, respectively), the magnitude of changes in gene expression, and the number of enriched biological processes (800, 415, 33, respectively) and pathways (77, 52, 6, respectively). 'Embryonic skeletal system development' was the most enriched bone-related process, which was affected only by BPAF and BPS. Interestingly, all three bisphenols showed highest down-regulation of genes related to the cardiovascular system (e.g., NPPB, NPR3, TXNIP). BPA only and BPA/BPAF/BPS also affected genes related to the immune system and fetal development, respectively. For BPAF and BPS, the 'isoprenoid biosynthetic process' was enriched (up-regulated genes: HMGCS1, PDSS1, ACAT2, RCE1, DHDDS). Compared to BPA, BPAF and BPS had more effects on gene expression after long-term exposure. These findings stress the need for careful toxicological characterization of BPA analogs in the future.
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Qi Q, Ding C, Hong P, Yang G, Xie Y, Wang J, Huang S, He K, Zhou C. X chromosome inactivation in human parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells following prolonged passaging. Int J Mol Med 2014; 35:569-78. [PMID: 25524499 PMCID: PMC4314418 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the X chrochromosome inactivation (XCI) status in long-term cultured human parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells. One human embryonic stem (hES) cell line and 2 human parthenogenetic embryonic stem (hPES) cell lines were subjected to long-term culture in vitro (>50 passages). Karyotyping, array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) RNA, immunofluorescence staining and real-time PCR were used to assess the chromosome karyotypes of these cells and the XCI status. X chromosome microdeletion was observed in the hPES-2 cells following culture for 50 passages. As early as 20 passages, XIST RNA expression was detected in the hPES-2 cells and was followed by low X-linked gene expression. The XIST RNA expression level was higher in the differentiated hPES-2 cells. The hPES-2′ cells that were subclones of hPES-2 retained the XCI status, and had low XIST and X-linked gene expression. XIST RNA expression remained at a low level in the differentiated hPES-2′ cells. The human biparental embryonic stem (hBES)-1 and hPES-1 cells did not exhibit XCI, and the differentiated hPES-1 cells had high expression levels of XIST RNA. In conclusion, the chromosome karyotypes of some hPES cell lines revealed instabilities. Similar to the hES cells, the hPES cells exhibited 3 XCI statuses. The unstable XCI status of the hPES-2 line may have been related to chromosome instability. These unstable chromosomes renedered these cells susceptible to environmental conditions and freezing processes, which may be the result of environmental adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Qi
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Chenhui Ding
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Hong
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Gang Yang
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yanxin Xie
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Sunxing Huang
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ke He
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Canquan Zhou
- Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Juul A, Almstrup K, Andersson AM, Jensen TK, Jørgensen N, Main KM, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Toppari J, Skakkebæk NE. Possible fetal determinants of male infertility. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:553-62. [PMID: 24935122 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although common reproductive problems, such as male infertility and testicular cancer, present in adult life, strong evidence exists that these reproductive disorders might have a fetal origin. The evidence is derived not only from large epidemiological studies that show birth-cohort effects with regard to testicular cancer, levels of testosterone and semen quality, but also from histopathological observations. Many infertile men have histological signs of testicular dysgenesis, including Sertoli-cell-only tubules, immature undifferentiated Sertoli cells, microliths and Leydig cell nodules. The most severe gonadal symptoms occur in patients with disorders of sexual development (DSDs) who have genetic mutations, in whom even sex reversal of individuals with a 46,XY DSD can occur. However, patients with severe DSDs might represent only a small proportion of DSD cases, with milder forms of testicular dysgenesis potentially induced by exposure to environmental and lifestyle factors. Interestingly, maternal smoking during pregnancy has a stronger effect on spermatogenesis than a man's own smoking. Other lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption and obesity might also have a role. However, increasing indirect evidence exists that exposure to ubiquitous endocrine disrupting chemicals, present at measurable concentrations in individuals, might affect development of human fetal testis. If confirmed, health policies to prevent male reproductive problems should not only target adult men, but also pregnant women and their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Almstrup
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina K Jensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels E Skakkebæk
- Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this study was to review and comment on recent original presentations dealing with genetic and environmental factors in the cause of hypospadias. RECENT FINDINGS The heritability is definitely high and having an affected family member is the highest identified risk factor so far. Many candidate genes and polymorphisms have been suggested for hypospadias. Some associations with hypospadias were found, and many of these were replicated inconsistently as would be expected in a complex disorder affected by both genes and environment. The consistent association of hypospadias with low birth weight, maternal hypertension, and preeclampsia suggests that placental insufficiency is a major risk factor. Maternal exposure to chemical pollutants or endocrine disruptors in high concentrations related to selected occupations or geographic areas may be additional risk factors for hypospadias, especially in genetically predisposed individuals. So far, however, no environmental chemical pollutants or endocrine disruptor with a general common impact on the risk for hypospadias in most societies has been demonstrated. SUMMARY A major point that should be considered regarding the action of environmental toxicants in inducing hypospadias is the cumulative effects of multiple low-dose exposures. Furthermore, interactions between genetic and environmental factors may help to explain nonreplication in genetic studies of hypospadias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgen Thorup
- aDepartment of Pediatric Surgery, Rigshospitalet bFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark cDepartment of Women's and Children's Health, Pediatric Surgery Unit and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet dPediatric Surgery, Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden eDepartment of Pediatric Urology, Royal Children's Hospital fDouglas Stephens Surgical Research Laboratory, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne gDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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A systematic review of Bisphenol A "low dose" studies in the context of human exposure: a case for establishing standards for reporting "low-dose" effects of chemicals. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:935-48. [PMID: 23867546 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to the chemical Bisphenol A is almost ubiquitous in surveyed industrialized societies. Structural features similar to estrogen confer the ability of Bisphenol A (BPA) to bind estrogen receptors, giving BPA membership in the group of environmental pollutants called endocrine disruptors. References by scientists, the media, political entities, and non-governmental organizations to many toxicity studies as "low dose" has led to the belief that exposure levels in these studies are similar to humans, implying that BPA is toxic to humans at current exposures. Through systematic, objective comparison of our current, and a previous compilation of the "low-dose" literature to multiple estimates of human external and internal exposure levels, we found that the "low-dose" moniker describes exposures covering 8-12 orders of magnitude, the majority (91-99% of exposures) being greater than the upper bound of human exposure in the general infant, child and adult U.S. Population. "low dose" is therefore a descriptor without specific meaning regarding human exposure. Where human exposure data are available, for BPA and other environmental chemicals, reference to toxicity study exposures by direct comparison to human exposure would be more informative, more objective, and less susceptible to misunderstanding.
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