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Tuñon A, García J, Carrera LC, Chaves LF, Lenhart AE, Loaiza JR. Chemical control of medically important arthropods in Panama: A systematic literature review of historical efforts. Acta Trop 2024; 255:107217. [PMID: 38677361 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases are a major source of morbidity in Panama. Herein, we describe historical usage patterns of synthetic insecticides to control arthropod disease vectors in this country. We examine the influence of interventions by vector control programs on the emergence of insecticide resistance. Chemical control has traditionally focused on two mosquito species: Anopheles albimanus, a major regional malaria vector, and Aedes aegypti, a historical vector of yellow fever, and current vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Countrywide populations of An. albimanus depict hyperirritability to organochlorine insecticides administered by indoor residual spraying, although they appear susceptible to these insecticides in bioassays settings, as well as to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in field tests. Populations of Ae. aegypti show resistance to pyrethroids, particularly in areas near Panama City, but the spread of resistance remains unknown in Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus. A One Health approach is needed in Panama to pinpoint the insecticide resistance mechanisms including the frequency of knockdown mutations and behavioral plasticity in populations of Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes. This information is necessary to guide the sustainable implementation of chemical control strategies and the use of modern vector control technologies such as genetically modified mosquitoes, and endosymbiont Wolbachia-based biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Tuñon
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de Panamá, República de Panamá; Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Apartado 0816-02593, Panama
| | - Joel García
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de Panamá, República de Panamá; Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas & Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Edificio 219, Clayton, PO 0843-01103, Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá
| | - Lorenzo Cáceres Carrera
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Apartado 0816-02593, Panama
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health and Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Audrey E Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Jose R Loaiza
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de Panamá, República de Panamá; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama; Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas & Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Edificio 219, Clayton, PO 0843-01103, Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá.
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Alqhtani M, Saad KM, Zarin R, Khan A, Hamanah WM. Qualitative behavior of a highly non-linear Cutaneous Leishmania epidemic model under convex incidence rate with real data. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2024; 21:2084-2120. [PMID: 38454675 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2024092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
In the context of this investigation, we introduce an innovative mathematical model designed to elucidate the intricate dynamics underlying the transmission of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmania. This model offers a comprehensive exploration of the qualitative characteristics associated with the transmission process. Employing the next-generation method, we deduce the threshold value $ R_0 $ for this model. We rigorously explore both local and global stability conditions in the disease-free scenario, contingent upon $ R_0 $ being less than unity. Furthermore, we elucidate the global stability at the disease-free equilibrium point by leveraging the Castillo-Chavez method. In contrast, at the endemic equilibrium point, we establish conditions for local and global stability, when $ R_0 $ exceeds unity. To achieve global stability at the endemic equilibrium, we employ a geometric approach, a Lyapunov theory extension, incorporating a secondary additive compound matrix. Additionally, we conduct sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of various parameters on the threshold number. Employing center manifold theory, we delve into bifurcation analysis. Estimation of parameter values is carried out using least squares curve fitting techniques. Finally, we present a comprehensive discussion with graphical representation of key parameters in the concluding section of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Alqhtani
- Department of Mathematics, College of Sciences and Arts, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled M Saad
- Department of Mathematics, College of Sciences and Arts, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahat Zarin
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology, Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Amir Khan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan
| | - Waleed M Hamanah
- Applied Research Center for Metrology, Standards, and Testing, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering and Physics, King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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Loaiza JR, Gittens RA, Zapata R, Armien B, González-Santamaría J, Laporta GZ, Franco L. The bibliometric landscape of infectious disease research in Panama (1990-2019). DIALOGUES IN HEALTH 2023; 2:100117. [PMID: 38515494 PMCID: PMC10953851 DOI: 10.1016/j.dialog.2023.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Background This work aims to analyze the landscape of scientific publications on subjects related to One Health and infectious diseases in Panama. The research questions are: How does the One Health research landscape look like in Panama? Are historical research efforts aligned with the One Health concept? What infectious diseases have received more attention from the local scientific community since 1990? Methods Boolean searches on the Web of Science, SCOPUS and PubMed were undertaken to evaluate the main trends of publications related to One Health and infectious disease research in the country of Panama, between 1990 and 2019. Results 4546 publications were identified since 1990, including 3564 peer-reviewed articles interconnected with One Health related descriptors, and 211 articles focused particularly on infectious diseases. A pattern of exponential growth in the number of publications with various contributions from Panamanian institutions was observed. The rate of multidisciplinary research was moderate, whereas those of interinstitutional and intersectoral research ranged from low to very low. Research efforts have centered largely on protozoan, neglected and arthropod-borne diseases with a strong emphasis on malaria, Chagas and leishmaniasis. Conclusion Panama has scientific capabilities on One Health to tackle future infectious disease threats, but the official collaboration schemes and strategic investment to develop further competencies need to be conciliated with modern times, aka the pandemics era. The main proposition here, addressed to the government of Panama, is to launch a One Health regional center to promote multidisciplinary, interinstitutional and intersectoral research activities in Panama and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R. Loaiza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Panama City, Panama
| | - Rolando A. Gittens
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama
| | - Robinson Zapata
- Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Panamá, Panama
| | - Blas Armien
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama
| | - José González-Santamaría
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama
| | - Gabriel Z. Laporta
- Graduate Research and Innovation Program, Centro Universitario FMABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia Franco
- Health Emergencies Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Touray M, Bakirci S, Ulug D, Gulsen SH, Cimen H, Yavasoglu SI, Simsek FM, Ertabaklar H, Ozbel Y, Hazir S. Arthropod vectors of disease agents: their role in public and veterinary health in Turkiye and their control measures. Acta Trop 2023; 243:106893. [PMID: 37004805 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes, sandflies, and ticks are hematophagous arthropods that pose a huge threat to public and veterinary health. They are capable of serving as vectors of disease agents that can and have caused explosive epidemics affecting millions of people and animals. Several factors like climate change, urbanization, and international travel contribute substantially to the persistence and dispersal of these vectors from their established areas to newly invaded areas. Once established in their new home, they can serve as vectors for disease transmission or increase the risk of disease emergence. Turkiye is vulnerable to climate change and has experienced upward trends in annual temperatures and rising sea levels, and greater fluctuations in precipitation rates. It is a potential hotspot for important vector species because the climate in various regions is conducive for several insect and acari species and serves as a conduit for refugees and immigrants fleeing areas troubled with armed conflicts and natural disasters, which have increased substantially in recent years. These people may serve as carriers of the vectors or be infected by disease agents that require arthropod vectors for transmission. Although it cannot be supposed that every arthropod species is a competent vector, this review aims to (1)illustrate the factors that contribute to the persistence and dispersal of arthropod vectors, (2)determine the status of the established arthropod vector species in Turkiye and their capability of serving as vectors of disease agents, and (3)assess the role of newly-introduced arthropod vectors into Turkiye and how they were introduced into the country. We also provide information on important disease incidence (if there's any) and control measures applied by public health officials from different provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Touray
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Bakirci
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey
| | - Derya Ulug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey
| | - Sebnem H Gulsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey
| | - Harun Cimen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey
| | | | - Fatih M Simsek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey
| | - Hatice Ertabaklar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Ozbel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Turkey
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Turkey; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu India
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Sawalha S, Al-Jawabreh A, Hjaija D, Ereqat S, Nasereddin A, Al-Jawabreh H, Evlampidou I. Effectiveness of insecticide thermal fogging in hyrax dens in the control of leishmaniasis vectors in rural Palestine: A prospective study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010628. [PMID: 36099245 PMCID: PMC9469989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is endemic in Palestine and transmitted by Phlebotomus sand flies. They inhabit dens of hyraxes, the reservoir animal. Control measures were implemented since 1996 but cases still occur. We estimated the effect of insecticide thermal fogging inside hyrax dens on sand fly density and leishmania infection.
Methodology/Principal findings
During July-September 2019, we conducted a 12-week controlled interrupted time series study in two control and one intervention sites containing three hyrax dens each. We implemented Permethrin thermal fogging in the intervention site at week 6. We measured weekly and 36hrs post-intervention sand fly abundance inside dens using CDC light traps. We performed Next-Generation Sequencing to identify sand fly Leishmania spp. infection. We calculated the abundance reduction (AR) using Mulla’s formula and negative binomial regression. Among 11427 collected sand flies, 7339 (64%) were females and 1786 (16%) were Phlebotomus spp. comprising ten species; P. sergenti was the dominant (n = 773, 43%). We report P. arabicus (n = 6) for the first time in Palestine. After fogging, Phlebotomus spp. AR was 93% at 36hrs, 18% and 38% at two and five weeks respectively and 41% during the complete post-intervention period. In the regression models, Phlebotomus spp. density in the intervention site decreased by 74% (IRR: 0.26, 95%CI: 0.11–0.57) at two weeks, 34% (IRR: 0.66, 95%CI: 0.48–0.90) at five weeks and 74% (IRR: 0.26, 95%CI: 0.12–0.59) during the complete period. The density of Leishmania infected sand flies decreased by 65% (IRR: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.26–0.48) at five weeks and 82% (IRR: 0.18, 95%CI: 0.07–0.42) for the complete period (zero infections until week two). Leishmania infection prevalence in the intervention site was 14% pre-intervention and 3.9% post-intervention.
Conclusions/Significance
Fogging hyrax dens reduced sand fly abundance and leishmania infection during the 5-week post-intervention period and especially the first two weeks suggesting it could be an effective source-reduction measure for ZCL vectors. Future randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the effectiveness of fogging hyrax dens on decreasing ZCL incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Sawalha
- Vector Control Unit, Environmental Health Department, Ministry of Health, Ramallah, Palestine
- Mediterranean and Black Sea Field Epidemiology Training Programme—MediPIET, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amer Al-Jawabreh
- Leishmaniases Research Unit, Jericho, Palestine
- Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine
- * E-mail:
| | - Dea Hjaija
- Preventive Medicine Department, Ministry of Health, Ramallah, Palestine
| | - Suheir Ereqat
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Abdelmajeed Nasereddin
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
| | | | - Iro Evlampidou
- Mediterranean and Black Sea Field Epidemiology Training Programme—MediPIET, Madrid, Spain
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Diversity, Co-Occurrence, and Nestedness Patterns of Sand Fly Species (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Two Rural Areas of Western Panamá. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020113. [PMID: 33525399 PMCID: PMC7912352 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Sand flies are insects that can transmit the parasites causing leishmaniasis, a major neglected tropical disease. In the Americas, these insects are highly diverse, and unlike what is observed for other vector-borne diseases, many species co-occur in sites where this disease affects human populations. Here, we present results from a two-year-long study where we study how the number of species changes in two rural areas of Western Panamá with different land use cover and through the dry and wet seasons. We found that species number increased during the wet season and in plots with higher natural forest cover and that species number decreased in both areas in plots when the forest cover decreased, with some species changing through the seasons, and some species disappearing when comparing the sand fly faunas of the most forested with less forested plots. However, our results suggest that seasonality, or the change from a dry to rainy season, can be a more important driver of the number of species locally observed in the studied areas. Abstract Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission in the New World is observed in areas with rich sand fly species’ faunas. The diversity and composition of sand fly species can change in response to seasonal weather and land use changes. Here, we present results from a two-year-long study where we collected, using Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps, sand flies from two rural areas, Las Pavas (LP) and Trinidad de las Minas (T) in western Panamá. Over 710 trap-nights, we collected 16,156 sand flies from 15 genera and 35 species. We identified 34 species in T, and the most abundant species collected was Nyssomyia trapidoi (Fairchild and Hertig, 1952) (n = 2278, 37%), followed by Psychodopygus panamensis (Shannon, 1926) (n = 1112, 18%), and Trichopygomyia triramula (Fairchild and Hertig, 1952) (n = 1063, 17%). In LP, we identified 26 species, and the most abundant species collected were Ty. triramula (n = 4729, 48%), and Ps. panamensis (n = 3444, 35%). We estimated a higher species’ richness in T (Chao2 ± S.E.: 36.58 ± 3.84) than in LP (27.49 ± 2.28). In T, species’ richness was significantly higher in the rainy season, but no seasonal differences were observed in LP. Species’ assemblages were nested in the two areas. Phlebotomine sand fly species’ abundance increased at the two sites during the rainy season. Our data suggest that seasonality is more important than land use as a factor driving sand fly species’ diversity at the studied sites.
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Rigg CA, Calzada JE, Saldaña A, Perea M, Chaves LF, Valderrama A. Leishmania spp. Infection Rate and Feeding Patterns of Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from a Hyperendemic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Community in Panamá. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:798-807. [PMID: 30793681 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a common and important vector-borne parasitic zoonosis in Panamá. Here, we study Leishmania spp. infection rates and blood-feeding patterns among common sand flies in Trinidad de Las Minas, a rural community with hyperendemic ACL transmission, and where a deltamethrin fogging trial was performed. Sand flies were collected from April 2010 to June 2011 with light traps installed inside and in the peridomicile of 24 houses. We restricted our analysis to the most abundant species at the study site: Lutzomyia trapidoi, Lutzomyia gomezi, Lutzomyia panamensis, Lutzomyia triramula, and Lutzomyia dysponeta. We detected Leishmania spp. infection in sand flies by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS-1) in pooled females (1-10 females per pool). Host species of engorged sand flies were identified using a cytochrome b PCR. From 455 sand fly pools analyzed, 255 pools were positive for Leishmania spp., with an estimated infection rate (confidence interval) of 0.096 [0.080-0.115] before the deltamethrin fogging which slightly, but not significantly (P > 0.05), increased to 0.116 [0.098-0.136] after the deltamethrin fogging. Blood meal analysis suggested that pigs, goats, and birds were the most common sand fly blood sources, followed by humans and domestic dogs. DNA sequencing from a subsample of ITS-1 positive pools suggests that Leishmania panamensis, Leishmania naiffi, and other Leishmania spp. were the parasite species infecting the most common vectors at the study site. Our data confirm an association between sand fly species, humans, domestic dogs, and pigs and Leishmania spp. parasites in rural Panamá.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chystrie A Rigg
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.,Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - José E Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Milixa Perea
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Luis F Chaves
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.,Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos, Costa Rica
| | - Anayansi Valderrama
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá.,Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
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Khan A, Zarin R, Inc M, Zaman G, Almohsen B. Stability analysis of leishmania epidemic model with harmonic mean type incidence rate. EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS 2020; 135:528. [PMID: 32834914 PMCID: PMC7319490 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-020-00535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We discussed anthroponotic cutaneous leishmania transmission in this article, due to its large effect on the community in the recent years. The mathematical model is developed for anthroponotic cutaneous leishmania transmission, and its qualitative behavior is taken under consideration. The threshold number R 0 of the model is derived using the next-generation method. In the disease-free case, local and global stability is carried out with the condition that R 0 will be less than one. The global stability at the disease-free equilibrium point has been derived by utilizing the Castillo-Chavez method. On the other hand, at the endemic equilibrium point, the local and global stability holds with some conditions, and R 0 is greater than unity. The global stability at the endemic equilibrium point is established with the help of a geometrical approach which is the generalization of Lyapunov theory, by using the third additive compound matrix. The sensitivity analysis of the threshold number with other parameters is also taken into account. Several graphs of important parameters are discussed in the last section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Swat, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Pakistan
| | - Rahat Zarin
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Swat, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Pakistan
| | - Mustafa Inc
- Department of Mathematics, Science Faculty, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gul Zaman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Pakistan
| | - Bandar Almohsen
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
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Torres R, Samudio R, Carrera JP, Young J, Márquez R, Hurtado L, Weaver S, Chaves LF, Tesh R, Cáceres L. Enzootic mosquito vector species at equine encephalitis transmission foci in the República de Panamá. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185491. [PMID: 28937995 PMCID: PMC5609755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of mosquito vector species present at arboviral enzootic transmission foci is important to understand transmission eco-epidemiology and to propose and implement prevention and control strategies that reduce vector-borne equine encephalitis transmission. The goal of this study was to identify mosquito species potentially involved in the transmission of enzootic equine encephalitis, in relation to their abundance and diversity at three endemic regions in the República de Panamá. We sampled adult mosquitoes during the dry and rainy season of Panamá. We employed CDC light traps with octanol, EV traps with CO2 and Trinidad 17 traps baited with live hamsters. Traps were deployed in the peridomicile and extradomicile of houses from 18:00 to 6:00 h. We estimated the abundance and diversity of sampled species. We collected a total of 4868 mosquitoes, belonging to 45 species and 11 genera, over 216 sampling nights. Culex (Melanoconion) pedroi, a major Venezuelan equine encephalitis vector was relatively rare (< 2.0% of all sampled mosquitoes). We also found Cx. (Mel) adamesi, Cx. (Mel) crybda, Cx. (Mel) ocossa, Cx. (Mel) spissipes, Cx. (Mel) taeniopus, Cx. (Mel) vomerifer, Aedes scapularis, Ae. angustivittatus, Coquillettidia venezuelensis, Cx. nigripalpus, Cx. declarator, Mansonia titillans, M. pseudotitillans and Psorophora ferox all species known to be vectorially competent for the transmission of arboviruses. Abundance and diversity of mosquitoes in the sampled locations was high, when compared with similar surveys in temperate areas. Information from previous reports about vectorial competence / capacity of the sampled mosquito species suggest that sampled locations have all the elements to support enzootic outbreaks of Venezuelan and Eastern equine encephalitides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Torres
- Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá, Departmento de Entomología Medica
| | - Rafael Samudio
- Mastozoological Society of Panamá, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Jean-Paul Carrera
- Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá República de Panamá, Departmento de Genomica y Proteomica
| | - Josue Young
- Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá, Departmento de Entomología Medica
| | - Ricardo Márquez
- Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá, Departmento de Entomología Medica
| | - Lisbeth Hurtado
- Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá, Departmento de Análisis Epidemiológico y Bioestadísticas
| | - Scott Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (CIET), Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Robert Tesh
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Lorenzo Cáceres
- Instituto Commemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá, Departmento de Entomología Medica
- * E-mail:
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Bermúdez SE, Gottdenker N, Krishnvajhala A, Fox A, Wilder HK, González K, Smith D, López M, Perea M, Rigg C, Montilla S, Calzada JE, Saldaña A, Caballero CM, Lopez JE. Synanthropic Mammals as Potential Hosts of Tick-Borne Pathogens in Panama. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169047. [PMID: 28060928 PMCID: PMC5218486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synanthropic wild mammals can be important hosts for many vector-borne zoonotic pathogens. The aim of this study was determine the exposure of synanthropic mammals to two types of tick-borne pathogens in Panama, spotted fever group Rickettsia (SFGR) and Borrelia relapsing fever (RF) spirochetes. One hundred and thirty-one wild mammals were evaluated, including two gray foxes, two crab-eating foxes (from zoos), four coyotes, 62 opossum and 63 spiny rats captured close to rural towns. To evaluate exposure to SFGR, serum samples from the animals were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using Rickettsia rickettsii and Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii antigen. Immunoblotting was performed using Borrelia turicatae protein lysates and rGlpQ, to assess infection caused by RF spirochetes. One coyote (25%) and 27 (43%) opossums showed seroreactivity to SFGR. Of these opossums, 11 were seroreactive to C. R. amblyommii. Serological reactivity was not detected to B. turicatae in mammal samples. These findings may reflect a potential role of both mammals in the ecology of tick-borne pathogens in Panama.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E. Bermúdez
- Departamento de Investigación en Entomología Médica, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Aparna Krishnvajhala
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amy Fox
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hannah K. Wilder
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kadir González
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | | | | | - Milixa Perea
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Santiago Montilla
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - José E. Calzada
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Departamento de Investigación en Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panamá
| | | | - Job E. Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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11
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Zamir M, Zaman G, Alshomrani AS. Sensitivity Analysis and Optimal Control of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmania. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160513. [PMID: 27505634 PMCID: PMC4978393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is focused on the transmission dynamics and optimal control of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmania. The threshold condition R0 for initial transmission of infection is obtained by next generation method. Biological sense of the threshold condition is investigated and discussed in detail. The sensitivity analysis of the reproduction number is presented and the most sensitive parameters are high lighted. On the basis of sensitivity analysis, some control strategies are introduced in the model. These strategies positively reduce the effect of the parameters with high sensitivity indices, on the initial transmission. Finally, an optimal control strategy is presented by taking into account the cost associated with control strategies. It is also shown that an optimal control exists for the proposed control problem. The goal of optimal control problem is to minimize, the cost associated with control strategies and the chances of infectious humans, exposed humans and vector population to become infected. Numerical simulations are carried out with the help of Runge-Kutta fourth order procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zamir
- Department of Mathematics, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Gul Zaman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ali Saleh Alshomrani
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Saldaña A, Calzada JE, Pineda V, Perea M, Rigg C, González K, Santamaria AM, Gottdenker NL, Chaves LF. Risk factors associated with Trypanosoma cruzi exposure in domestic dogs from a rural community in Panama. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 110:936-44. [PMID: 26560985 PMCID: PMC4660624 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi infection, is a zoonosis of humans, wild and domestic mammals, including dogs. In Panama, the main T. cruzi vector is Rhodnius pallescens, a triatomine bug whose main natural habitat is the royal palm, Attalea butyracea. In this paper, we present results from three T. cruzi serological tests (immunochromatographic dipstick, indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA) performed in 51 dogs from 24 houses in Trinidad de Las Minas, western Panama. We found that nine dogs were seropositive (17.6% prevalence). Dogs were 1.6 times more likely to become T. cruzi seropositive with each year of age and 11.6 times if royal palms where present in the peridomiciliary area of the dog's household or its two nearest neighbours. Mouse-baited-adhesive traps were employed to evaluate 12 peridomestic royal palms. All palms were found infested with R. pallescens with an average of 25.50 triatomines captured per palm. Of 35 adult bugs analysed, 88.6% showed protozoa flagellates in their intestinal contents. In addition, dogs were five times more likely to be infected by the presence of an additional domestic animal species in the dog's peridomiciliary environment. Our results suggest that interventions focused on royal palms might reduce the exposure to T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azael Saldaña
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - José E Calzada
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Vanessa Pineda
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Milixa Perea
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Kadir González
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Ana Maria Santamaria
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Nicole L Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Luis F Chaves
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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13
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Peres-Dias QN, Oliveira CD, Souza MBD, Meira ADM, Villanova CB. SAND FLY SPECIES COMPOSITION (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE: PHLEBOTOMINAE) IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF CANTAGALO , AN AREA WITH SPORADIC CASES OF HUMAN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN RIO DE JANEIRO STATE, BRAZIL. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016; 58:50. [PMID: 27410910 PMCID: PMC4964319 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201658050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The municipality of Cantagalo is an area with sustained transmission of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL). Monthly sand fly collections were performed for three years (June 2012 - May 2015) using a CDC light trap. A total of 3,310 specimens belonging to 12 species were trapped: Nyssomyia intermedia, Nyssomyia whitmani, Migonemyia migonei, Evandromyia lenti, Evandromyia cortelezzii, Micropygomyia quinquefer, Brumptomyia brumpti, Psathyromyia aragaoi, Micropygomyia schreiberi, Pintomyia fischeri, Sciopemyia sordellii, and Evandromyia edwardsi. The last seven species have not been previously recorded in this area. The highest abundance of species occurred between October and March. October was the month with the highest number of captured sand flies, one month before the peak in the summer rainfall. In October the highest number of Ny. intermedia, Ny. whitmani and Mg. migonei, were also collected, the three epidemiologically most important species. The high abundance of species with epidemiological importance for ACL transmission might explain the sporadic occurrence of the disease in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quezia Nunes Peres-Dias
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Vetores Miguel Alves de Souza, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (ENSP). Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Barbosa de Souza
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Vetores Miguel Alves de Souza, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (ENSP). Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antônio de Medeiros Meira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Vetores Miguel Alves de Souza, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (ENSP). Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ciro Benigno Villanova
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Laboratório de Vetores Miguel Alves de Souza, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca (ENSP). Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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14
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Yamada K, Valderrama A, Gottdenker N, Cerezo L, Minakawa N, Saldaña A, Calzada JE, Chaves LF. Macroecological patterns of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis transmission across the health areas of Panamá (1980-2012). Parasite Epidemiol Control 2016; 1:42-55. [PMID: 29988197 PMCID: PMC5991822 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) is a neglected vector-borne zoonosis that persists despite increasing socio-economic development and urbanization in Panamá. Here, we investigate the association between environmental changes and spatio-temporal ACL transmission in the Republic of Panamá (1980-2012). We employ a macroecological approach, where patterns of variation in ACL incidence at the spatially coarse-grained scale of health areas are studied considering factors linked to the ecology of ACL transmission. We specifically study impacts of climatic variability, measured by the different phases of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), within diverse ecosystems and sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) vector species, as well as heterogeneous local climatic patterns, deforestation, population growth rates, and changes in social marginalization. We found that over the study period, patterns of ACL incidence: (i) were asynchronous with clusters changing from east to west of the Panamá Canal, (ii) trends increased in the west, and decreased or remained nearly constant in the east, independent of human population growth, (iii) generally increased in years following El Niño, and (iv) decreased as forest cover increased. We found no significant association between changes in socio-economic indicators and ACL transmission. Regarding vector abundance and presence, we found that studies had been biased to locations east of the Panamá canal, and that, in general, the abundance of dominant vector species decreased during the cold phase of ENSO. Finally, our results indicate that a macroecological approach is useful to understand heterogeneities related to environmental change impacts on ACL transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yamada
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan.,Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Anayansi Valderrama
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Nicole Gottdenker
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lizbeth Cerezo
- Departamento de Epidemiología, Ministerio de Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Noboru Minakawa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - José E Calzada
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593, Ciudad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Sakamoto 1-12-4, 852-8523 Nagasaki, Japan.,Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Apartado Postal 304-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
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15
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Zamir M, Zaman G, Alshomrani AS. Sensitivity Analysis and Optimal Control of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmania. PLoS One 2016. [PMID: 27505634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160513,1-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper is focused on the transmission dynamics and optimal control of Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmania. The threshold condition R0 for initial transmission of infection is obtained by next generation method. Biological sense of the threshold condition is investigated and discussed in detail. The sensitivity analysis of the reproduction number is presented and the most sensitive parameters are high lighted. On the basis of sensitivity analysis, some control strategies are introduced in the model. These strategies positively reduce the effect of the parameters with high sensitivity indices, on the initial transmission. Finally, an optimal control strategy is presented by taking into account the cost associated with control strategies. It is also shown that an optimal control exists for the proposed control problem. The goal of optimal control problem is to minimize, the cost associated with control strategies and the chances of infectious humans, exposed humans and vector population to become infected. Numerical simulations are carried out with the help of Runge-Kutta fourth order procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zamir
- Department of Mathematics, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Gul Zaman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Malakand Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ali Saleh Alshomrani
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Chaves LF, Añez N. Nestedness patterns of sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) species in a neotropical semi-arid environment. Acta Trop 2016; 153:7-13. [PMID: 26456179 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A common pattern in neotropical Leishmania spp. transmission is the co-occurrence of several sand fly (SF) species at endemic foci. We collected 13 SF spp. by direct aspiration in natural resting places (NRP) and 10 SF spp. with Shannon traps (ST), totaling 15 spp. with both methods, at 6 locations within a semi-arid region with endemic visceral leishmaniasis transmission in Falcón State, Northwestern Venezuela. We used null model testing of species co-occurrence and nestedness metrics estimated with our field data to ask whether SF species composition was segregated/aggregated, and if aggregated whether there was nestedness, i.e., whether species composition across sampling locations could be described by ordered subsets of species from the most species rich location in a landscape. Results showed that SF species were aggregated (P<0.05), i.e., most species were present in species rich locations. Similarly, SF species were significantly nested (P<0.05). Differences in pairwise Sørensen and Simpson indices, estimated with the ST data and the combined ST and NRP data, were positively associated with the distance between sampling locations, suggesting that species nestedness might be partially shaped by dispersal limitation. Our data showed that three species of medical importance were common across the sampling locations: Lutzomyia gomezi, Lutzomyia panamensis and Lutzomyia evansi, suporting that vector species do not turnover in the studied setting.
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17
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Medeiros-Sousa AR, Ceretti-Júnior W, de Carvalho GC, Nardi MS, Araujo AB, Vendrami DP, Marrelli MT. Diversity and abundance of mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) in an urban park: larval habitats and temporal variation. Acta Trop 2015; 150:200-9. [PMID: 26259817 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Urban parks are areas designated for human recreation but also serve as shelter and refuge for populations of several species of native fauna, both migratory and introduced. In Brazil, the effect of annual climate variations on Aedes aegypti and dengue epidemics in large cities like São Paulo is well known, but little is known about how such variations can affect the diversity of mosquito vectors in urban parks and the risk of disease transmission by these vectors. This study investigates the influence of larval habitats and seasonal factors on the diversity and abundance of Culicidae fauna in Anhanguera Park, one of the largest remaining green areas in the city of São Paulo. Species composition and richness and larval habitats were identified. Seasonality (cold-dry and hot-rainy periods) and year were considered as explanatory variables and the models selection approach was developed to investigate the relationship of these variables with mosquito diversity and abundance. A total of 11,036 specimens from 57 taxa distributed in 13 genera were collected. Culex nigripalpus, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus were the most abundant species. Bamboo internodes and artificial breeding sites showed higher abundance, while ponds and puddles showed greater richness. Significant relationships were observed between abundance and seasonality, with a notable increase in the mosquitos abundance in the warm-rainy periods. The Shannon and Berger-Parker indices were related with interaction between seasonality and year, however separately these predictors showed no relationship with ones. The increased abundance of mosquitoes in warm-rainy months and the fact that some of the species are epidemiologically important increase not only the risk of pathogen transmission to people who frequent urban parks but also the nuisance represented by insect bites. The findings of this study highlight the importance of knowledge of culicid ecology in green areas in urban environments.
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18
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Abedi-Astaneh F, Akhavan AA, Shirzadi MR, Rassi Y, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Akbarzadeh K, Nafar-Shalamzari R, Parsi S, Abbasi A, Raufi H. Species diversity of sand flies and ecological niche model of Phlebotomus papatasi in central Iran. Acta Trop 2015; 149:246-53. [PMID: 26071647 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most important vector-borne disease in Iran. Qom Province is a very important area in the case of CL transmission, because of high traffic population from other parts of the country, or even other countries, as well as existence of confirmed foci of the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the ecology of sand flies in two different climates of this province and model the distribution of the main vector. Sand flies were collected monthly during April 2013-April 2014, at 22 urban/rural collection sites. Site selection was constrained by the geographical distribution of CL cases in recent years. Shannon-Weiner and Evenness indices were used to compare diversity in two studied climates. ArcGIS and MaxEnt were used to map and predict the appropriate ecological niches for sand flies. Totally, 5389 sand flies were collected and 12 species were identified. The most abundant species were Sergentomyia sintoni, P. papatasi, P. sergenti s.l. and Phlebotomus alexandri. Two peaks of activity were found in May and August in lowlands; while in mountainous areas they were observed in June and September. Species diversity in mountainous areas was found to be higher than in lowlands. The environmental variable with the highest gain in MaxEnt model was the monthly mean of (max temp-min temp). A big part of the lowland areas provides good ecological niches for P. papatasi and therefore higher transmission potential. These findings can be used in stratification of potential for CL transmission in Qom province.
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Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a complex disease with a rich diversity of animal host species. This diversity imposes a challenge, since understanding ACL transmission requires the adequate identification of reservoir hosts, those species able to be a source of additional infections. In this study we present results from an ACL cross-sectional serological survey of 51 dogs (Canis familiaris), where we used diagnostic tests that measure dog's exposure to Leishmania spp. parasites. We did our research in Panamá, at a village that has undergone significant ecosystem level transformations. We found an ACL seroprevalence of 47% among dogs, and their exposure was positively associated with dog age and abundance of sand fly vectors in the houses of dog owners. Using mathematical models, which were fitted to data on the proportion of positive tests as function of dog age, we estimated a basic reproductive number (R 0 ± s.e.) of 1·22 ± 0·09 that indicates the disease is endemically established in the dogs. Nevertheless, this information by itself is insufficient to incriminate dogs as ACL reservoirs, given the inability to find parasites (or their DNA) in seropositive dogs and previously reported failures to experimentally infect vectors feeding on dogs with ACL parasites.
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20
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González K, Calzada JE, Saldaña A, Rigg CA, Alvarado G, Rodríguez-Herrera B, Kitron UD, Adler GH, Gottdenker NL, Chaves LF, Baldi M. Survey of wild mammal hosts of cutaneous leishmaniasis parasites in panamá and costa rica. Trop Med Health 2014; 43:75-8. [PMID: 25859156 PMCID: PMC4361339 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2014-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The eco-epidemiology of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is driven by animal reservoir species that are a source of infection for sand flies that serve as vectors infecting humans with Leishmania spp parasites. The emergence and re-emergence of this disease across Latin America calls for further studies to identify reservoir species associated with enzootic transmission. Here, we present results from a survey of 52 individuals from 13 wild mammal species at endemic sites in Costa Rica and Panama where ACL mammal hosts have not been previously studied. For Leishmania spp. diagnostics we employed a novel PCR technique using blood samples collected on filter paper. We only found Leishmania spp parasites in one host, the two-toed sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni. Our findings add further support to the role of two-toed sloths as an important ACL reservoir in Central America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir González
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES) , Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - José E Calzada
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES) , Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES) , Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Chystrie A Rigg
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES) , Apartado Postal No. 0816-02593, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Gilbert Alvarado
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica , Apartado Postal 11501-2060, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Bernal Rodríguez-Herrera
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica , Apartado Postal 11501-2060, San Pedro, Costa Rica
| | - Uriel D Kitron
- Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University , Atlanta, GA, 30322 USA
| | | | - Nicole L Gottdenker
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia , Athens, GA, 30602 USA
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University , 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan ; Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional , Apartado Postal 304-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Mario Baldi
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional , Apartado Postal 304-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
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21
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Cutaneous leishmaniasis and sand fly fluctuations are associated with el niño in panamá. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3210. [PMID: 25275503 PMCID: PMC4183471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical vector-borne disease. Sand fly vectors (SF) and Leishmania spp parasites are sensitive to changes in weather conditions, rendering disease transmission susceptible to changes in local and global scale climatic patterns. Nevertheless, it is unclear how SF abundance is impacted by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and how these changes might relate to changes in CL transmission. METHODOLOGY AND FINDINGS We studied association patterns between monthly time series, from January 2000 to December 2010, of: CL cases, rainfall and temperature from Panamá, and an ENSO index. We employed autoregressive models and cross wavelet coherence, to quantify the seasonal and interannual impact of local climate and ENSO on CL dynamics. We employed Poisson Rate Generalized Linear Mixed Models to study SF abundance patterns across ENSO phases, seasons and eco-epidemiological settings, employing records from 640 night-trap sampling collections spanning 2000-2011. We found that ENSO, rainfall and temperature were associated with CL cycles at interannual scales, while seasonal patterns were mainly associated with rainfall and temperature. Sand fly (SF) vector abundance, on average, decreased during the hot and cold ENSO phases, when compared with the normal ENSO phase, yet variability in vector abundance was largest during the cold ENSO phase. Our results showed a three month lagged association between SF vector abundance and CL cases. CONCLUSION Association patterns of CL with ENSO and local climatic factors in Panamá indicate that interannual CL cycles might be driven by ENSO, while the CL seasonality was mainly associated with temperature and rainfall variability. CL cases and SF abundance were associated in a fashion suggesting that sudden extraordinary changes in vector abundance might increase the potential for CL epidemic outbreaks, given that CL epidemics occur during the cold ENSO phase, a time when SF abundance shows its highest fluctuations.
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Zolfaghari Emameh R, Syrjänen L, Barker H, Supuran CT, Parkkila S. Drosophila melanogaster: a model organism for controllingDipteranvectors and pests. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:505-13. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.944178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Dutari LC, Loaiza JR. American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Panama: a historical review of entomological studies on anthropophilic Lutzomyia sand fly species. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:218. [PMID: 24886629 PMCID: PMC4026118 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We review existing information on the epidemiology of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ACL) in Panama, with emphasis on the bionomics of anthropophilic Lutzomyia sand fly species. Evidence from Panamanian studies suggests that there are six anthropophilic species in the country: Lutzomyia trapidoi, Lu. panamensis, Lu. gomezi, Lu. ylephiletor, Lu. sanguinaria and Lu. pessoana (Henceforth Lu. carrerai thula). In general, these taxa are abundant, widespread and feed opportunistically on their hosts, which make them potential transmitters of pathogens to a broad range of wildlife, domesticated animals and humans. Furthermore, nearly all man-biting species in Panama (with the exception of Lu. gomezi) expand demographically during the rainy season when transmission is likely higher due to elevated Leishmania infection rates in vector populations. Despite this, data on the distribution and prevalence of ACL suggest little influence of vector density on transmission intensity. Apart from Lu. trapidoi, anthropophilic species seem to be most active in the understory, but vertical stratification, as well as their opportunistic feeding behavior, could vary geographically. This in turn seems related to variation in host species composition and relative abundance across sites that have experienced different degrees of human alteration (e.g., deforestation) in leishmaniasis endemic regions of Panama.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose R Loaiza
- Centro de Biodiversidad & Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas & Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Edificio 219, Clayton, PO 0843-01103, Ciudad del Saber, República de Panamá.
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Pinheiro MPG, Silva JHT, Cavalcanti KB, de Azevedo PRM, de Melo Ximenes MDFF. Ecological interactions among phlebotomines (Diptera: Psychodidae) in an agroforestry environment of northeast Brazil. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2013; 38:307-316. [PMID: 24581360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2013.12045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine vectors transmit parasites and can cause visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or cutaneous leishmaniasis (TL). Phlebotomine females are hematophagous but need to ingest carbohydrates, possibly promoting the development of protozoan parasites in their digestive tract. The present study evaluated the species composition and abundance across several habitats in a metropolitan landscape, as well as associations among phlebotomines, plants, and local climatic parameters. Three consecutive monthly collections were carried out in an Atlantic Forest fragment, using CDC light traps in peridomestic areas and cashew, coconut, and mango tree. plantations. Eight species of phlebotomine were captured: Evandromyia evandroi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Psathyromyia shannoni, Sciopemyia sordellii, Evandromyia walkeri, Psychodopygus wellcomei, Nyssomyia whitmani, and Nyssomyia intermedia, primarily from the forest environment. L. longipalpis was confirmed as a species adapted to anthropic environments, while P. wellcomei was shown to be predominately forest-dwelling. Phlebotomines exhibited diversified food consumption patterns in relation to carbohydrate sources. They fed on both native and exotic species of arboreal and shrubby vegetables and gramineous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Paulo Gomes Pinheiro
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Entomology Laboratory, Department of Statistics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Chaves LF, Calzada JE, Rigg C, Valderrama A, Gottdenker NL, Saldaña A. Leishmaniasis sand fly vector density reduction is less marked in destitute housing after insecticide thermal fogging. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:164. [PMID: 23742709 PMCID: PMC3693930 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insecticide thermal fogging (ITF) is a tool to control vector borne diseases. Insecticide application success for vector control has been associated with housing materials and architecture. Vector abundance is correlated with weather changes. Nevertheless, housing quality and weather impacts on vector abundance have been unaccounted for in most New World insecticide control trials for leishmaniasis vectors. METHODS We conducted a 15 month insecticide control trial that included two deltamethrin [6 mg a.i.m-2] based ITF interventions in 12 of 24 monitored houses at Trinidad de Las Minas, a hyperendemic cutaneous leishmaniasis transmission village in western Panamá. During the study we followed sand fly (SF) abundance, keeping track of rainfall and quantified housing quality using an index based on architecture and construction materials. RESULTS We found a 50 to 80% reduction in SF density in the fogged houses when compared with control houses, while controlling for seasonal changes in SF abundance associated with rainfall. We found heterogeneities in the reductions, as abundance changed according to SF species: Lutzomyia gomezi, Lu. panamensis, Lu. dysponeta and Lu. triramula reduced in density between 40% and 90% after ITF. In contrast, Lu. trapidoi density increased 5% after ITF. Differences in the impact of ITF were associated with housing quality, the most destitute houses, i.e., those with features that ease insect entrance, had a disproportionally larger SF abundance, in some cases with increased domiciliary SF density following the ITF. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the potential of insecticide application to control SF density and leishmaniasis transmission could depend on housing quality beyond insecticide efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Chaves
- Programa de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales (PIET), Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Jose E Calzada
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Chystrie Rigg
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Anayansi Valderrama
- Departamento de Entomología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Nicole L Gottdenker
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Ciudad de Panamá, República de Panamá
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