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Wang L, Tan YS, Chen K, Ntakirutimana S, Liu ZH, Li BZ, Yuan YJ. Global regulator IrrE on stress tolerance: a review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38246753 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2299766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Stress tolerance is a vital attribute for all living beings to cope with environmental adversities. IrrE (also named PprI) from Deinococcus radiodurans enhances resistance to extreme radiation stress by functioning as a global regulator, mediating the transcription of genes involved in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage response (DDR). The expression of IrrE augmented the resilience of various species to heat, radiation, oxidation, osmotic stresses and inhibitors, encompassing bacterial, fungal, plant, and mammalian cells. Moreover, IrrE was employed in a global regulator engineering strategy to broaden its applications in stress tolerance. The regulatory impacts of heterologously expressed IrrE have been investigated at the molecular and systems level, including the regulation of genes, proteins, modules, or pathways involved in DNA repair, detoxification proteins, protective molecules, native regulators and other aspects. In this review, we discuss the regulatory role and mechanism of IrrE in the antiradiation response of D. radiodurans. Furthermore, the applications and regulatory effects of heterologous expression of IrrE to enhance abiotic stress tolerance are summarized in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yong-Shui Tan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Kai Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Samuel Ntakirutimana
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
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Ren CY, Zhao HP. Synthetic Nuclease-Producing Microbiome Achieves Efficient Removal of Extracellular Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Wastewater Effluent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:21224-21234. [PMID: 38059467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) transmission poses significant threats to human health. The effluent of wastewater treatment plants is demonstrated as a hotspot source of ARGs released into the environment. In this study, a synthetic microbiome containing nuclease-producing Deinococcus radiodurans was constructed to remove extracellular ARGs. Results of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) showed significant reduction in plasmid RP4-associated ARGs (by more than 3 orders of magnitude) and reduction of indigenous ARG sul1 and mobile genetic element (MGE) intl1 (by more than 1 order of magnitude) in the synthetic microbiome compared to the control without D. radiodurans. Metagenomic analysis revealed a decrease in ARG and MGE diversity in extracellular DNA (eDNA) of the treated group. Notably, whereas eight antibiotic-resistant plasmids with mobility risk were detected in the control, only one was detected in the synthetic microbiome. The abundance of the nuclease encoding gene exeM, quantified by qPCR, indicated its enrichment in the synthetic microbiome, which ensures stable eDNA degradation even when D. radiodurans decreased. Moreover, intracellular ARGs and MGEs and pathogenic ARG hosts in the river receiving treated effluent were lower than those in the river receiving untreated effluent. Overall, this study presents a new approach for removing extracellular ARGs and further reducing the risk of ARG transmission in receiving rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Yang Ren
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - He-Ping Zhao
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Antioxidant defense of Deinococcus radiodurans: how does it contribute to extreme radiation resistance? Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1803-1829. [PMID: 37498212 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2241895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deinococcus radiodurans is an extremely radioresistant bacterium characterized by D10 of 10 kGy, and able to grow luxuriantly under chronic ionizing radiation of 60 Gy/h. The aim of this article is to review the antioxidant system of D. radiodurans and its possible role in the unusual resistance of this bacterium to ionizing radiation. CONCLUSIONS The unusual radiation resistance of D. radiodurans has apparently evolved as a side effect of the adaptation of this extremophile to other damaging environmental factors, especially desiccation. The antioxidant proteins and low-molecular antioxidants (especially low-molecular weight Mn2+ complexes and carotenoids, in particular, deinoxanthin), as well as protein and non-protein regulators, are important for the antioxidant defense of this species. Antioxidant protection of proteins from radiation inactivation enables the repair of DNA damage caused by ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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Shin E, Noh HS, Ye Q, Lee SJ. Hydrogen peroxide treatment induces the transposition of an insertion sequence in Deinococcus radiopugnans DY59. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1110084. [PMID: 36937269 PMCID: PMC10017437 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1110084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deinococcus radiopugnans DY59 (formerly Deinococcus swuensis DY59) is a radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from soil. From the 3.5 Mb genomic DNA sequence of strain DY59 (December 2014), 31 insertion sequence (IS) elements of six IS families including IS1, IS4, IS5, IS66, IS630, and IS701 and five unclassified IS elements were detected. Upon induction of oxidative stress with 80 and 100 mM H2O2, the unique ISs of the IS4 family member were actively translocated into a carotenoid biosynthesis gene phytoene desaturase (QR90_10400), resulting in non-pigment phenotypic selection. Therefore, these active transpositions of a specific IS family member were induced by oxidative stress at 80 and 100 mM H2O2. Furthermore, D. radiopugnans DY59 exhibited extremely higher MIC values against H2O2 treatment. To explain this phenomenon, qRT-PCR was conducted to assess the expression levels of catalase and three LysR family regulators. Our findings indicated that the ISDrpg2 and ISDrpg3 elements of the IS4 family were actively transposed into the phytoene desaturase gene by H2O2 treatment via replicative transposition. However, high H2O2 resistance did not originate from H2O2-induced expression of catalase and LysR family regulators.
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Ren CY, Xu QJ, Mathieu J, Alvarez PJJ, Zhu L, Zhao HP. A Carotenoid- and Nuclease-Producing Bacterium Can Mitigate Enterococcus faecalis Transformation by Antibiotic Resistance Genes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:15167-15178. [PMID: 35862635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) through natural transformation is facilitated by factors that stabilize extracellular DNA (eDNA) and that induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that permeabilize receptor cells and upregulate transformation competence genes. In this study, we demonstrate that Deinococcus radiodurans can mitigate this ARG dissemination pathway by removing both eDNA and ROS that make recipient cells more vulnerable to transformation. We used plasmid RP4 as source of extracellular ARGs (tetA, aphA, and blaTEM-2) and the opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis as receptor. The presence of D. radiodurans significantly reduced the transformation frequency from 2.5 ± 0.7 × 10-6 to 7.4 ± 1.4 × 10-7 (p < 0.05). Based on quantification of intracellular ROS accumulation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and transcriptomic analyses, we propose two mechanisms by which D. radiodurans mitigates E. faecalis transformation by ARGs: (a) residual antibiotics induce D. radiodurans to synthesize liposoluble carotenoids that scavenge ROS and thus mitigate the susceptibility of E. faecalis for eDNA uptake, and (b) eDNA induces D. radiodurans to synthesize extracellular nucleases that degrade eARGs. This mechanistic insight informs biological strategies (including bioaugmentation) to curtail the spread of ARGs through transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Yang Ren
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
| | - Qiu-Jin Xu
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
| | - Jacques Mathieu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
| | - He-Ping Zhao
- MOE Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 310058
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Desruelle AV, de Maistre S, Gaillard S, Richard S, Tardivel C, Martin JC, Blatteau JE, Boussuges A, Rives S, Risso JJ, Vallee N. Cecal Metabolomic Fingerprint of Unscathed Rats: Does It Reflect the Good Response to a Provocative Decompression? Front Physiol 2022; 13:882944. [PMID: 35655958 PMCID: PMC9152359 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.882944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
On one side, decompression sickness (DCS) with neurological disorders lead to a reshuffle of the cecal metabolome of rats. On the other side, there is also a specific and different metabolomic signature in the cecum of a strain of DCS-resistant rats, that are not exposed to hyperbaric protocol. We decide to study a conventional strain of rats that resist to an accident-provoking hyperbaric exposure, and we hypothesize that the metabolomic signature put forward may correspond to a physiological response adapted to the stress induced by diving. The aim is to verify and characterize whether the cecal compounds of rats resistant to the provocative dive have a cecal metabolomic signature different from those who do not dive. 35 asymptomatic diver rats are selected to be compared to 21 rats non-exposed to the hyperbaric protocol. Because our aim is essentially to study the differences in the cecal metabolome associated with the hyperbaric exposure, about half of the rats are fed soy and the other half of maize in order to better rule out the effect of the diet itself. Lower levels of IL-1β and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity are registered in blood of diving rats. No blood cell mobilization is noted. Conventional and ChemRICH approaches help the metabolomic interpretation of the 185 chemical compounds analyzed in the cecal content. Statistical analysis show a panel of 102 compounds diet related. 19 are in common with the hyperbaric protocol effect. Expression of 25 compounds has changed in the cecal metabolome of rats resistant to the provocative dive suggesting an alteration of biliary acids metabolism, most likely through actions on gut microbiota. There seem to be also weak changes in allocations dedicated to various energy pathways, including hormonal reshuffle. Some of the metabolites may also have a role in regulating inflammation, while some may be consumed for the benefit of oxidative stress management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Virginie Desruelle
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien de Maistre
- Service de Médecine Hyperbare Expertise Plongée, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Sainte-Anne, Toulon Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Catherine Tardivel
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, BIOMET, Aix Marseille University, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Charles Martin
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, BIOMET, Aix Marseille University, Faculté de Médecine La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Eric Blatteau
- Service de Médecine Hyperbare Expertise Plongée, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Sainte-Anne, Toulon Cedex, France
| | - Alain Boussuges
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon Cedex, France
| | - Sarah Rives
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Risso
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Vallee
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Equipe de Recherche Subaquatique Opérationnelle, Toulon Cedex, France
- *Correspondence: Nicolas Vallee,
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Proteomic Response of Deinococcus radiodurans to Short-Term Real Microgravity during Parabolic Flight Reveals Altered Abundance of Proteins Involved in Stress Response and Cell Envelope Functions. Life (Basel) 2021; 12:life12010023. [PMID: 35054415 PMCID: PMC8779699 DOI: 10.3390/life12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly evolving space exploration makes understanding the short- and long- term effects of microgravity on humans, plants, and microorganisms an important task. The ubiquitous presence of the gravitational force has had an influence on the development of all living entities on Earth, and short- and long-term changes in perceived gravitational force can induce notable changes within cells. Deinococcus radiodurans is the Gram-positive bacterium that is best known for its extreme resistance to UV-C and gamma radiation, oxidation stress, and desiccation. Thus increased interest has been placed on this species in the context of space research. The present study aims to elucidate the short-term proteomic response of this species to real microgravity during parabolic flight. Overnight cultures of D. radiodurans were subjected to microgravity during a single parabola, and metabolic activity was quenched using methanol. Proteins were extracted and subsequently measured using HPLC nESI MS/MS. The results, such as the enrichment of the peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway with differentially abundant proteins and altered S-layer protein abundance, suggested molecular rearrangements in the cell envelope of D. radiodurans. Altered abundance of proteins involved in energy metabolism and DNA repair could be linked with increased endogenous ROS production that contributes to the stress response. Moreover, changes in protein abundance in response to microgravity show similarities with previously reported stress responses. Thus, the present results could be used to further investigate the complex regulation of the remarkable stress management of this bacterium.
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Lu H, Hua Y. PprI: The Key Protein in Response to DNA Damage in Deinococcus. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:609714. [PMID: 33537302 PMCID: PMC7848106 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.609714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage response (DDR) pathways are essential for maintaining the integrity of the genome when destabilized by various damaging events, such as ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, chemical or oxidative stress, and DNA replication errors. The PprI–DdrO system is a newly identified pathway responsible for the DNA damage response in Deinococcus, in which PprI (also called IrrE) acts as a crucial component mediating the extreme resistance of these bacteria. This review describes studies about PprI sequence conservation, regulatory function, structural characteristics, biochemical activity, and hypothetical activation mechanisms as well as potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huizhi Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Institute of Biophysics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuejin Hua
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Institute of Biophysics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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sRNA OsiA Stabilizes Catalase mRNA during Oxidative Stress Response of Deincoccus radiodurans R1. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100422. [PMID: 31597319 PMCID: PMC6843392 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deinococcus radiodurans adapts to challenging environments by modulating gene expression in response to oxidative stress. Recently, bacterial small noncoding RNAs (sRNAs) have been presumed to participate in the transcriptional or translational regulation of stress-responsive genes. We found 24 sRNAs that may be involved in the oxidative stress response of D. radiodurans by deep RNA sequencing. Moreover, a typical stress-inducible sRNA, IGR_3053, named OsiA, was predicted to bind to the mRNA of katA, katE, and sodC by the bioinformatics method. An osiA knockout of D. radiodurans displayed increased sensitivity to H2O2 and the decreased catalase activity and total antioxidant activity, suggesting that OsiA probably serves as a regulator in the adaptation to oxidative environments. Further microscale thermophoresis results demonstrated that OsiA can directly bind to the mRNA of katA, sodC, and katE. The stability test result of katA mRNA showed that its half-life was 2 min in the osiA mutant compared with 5 min in the wildtype(wt) strain. Our results indicated that OsiA can enhance the stability of katA mRNA and the activity of KatA and consequently the oxidation resistance of D.radiodurans. We are the first one to explore the super-strong oxidative stress resistance of D.radiodurans at the level of post-transcriptional regulation, and found a new pathway that provides a new explanation for the long-term adaptability of D.radiodurans in extreme environments.
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Zhou C, Dai J, Lu H, Chen Z, Guo M, He Y, Gao K, Ge T, Jin J, Wang L, Tian B, Hua Y, Zhao Y. Succinylome Analysis Reveals the Involvement of Lysine Succinylation in the Extreme Resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1900158. [PMID: 31487437 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that the succinylation of lysine residues mainly regulates enzymes involved in the carbon metabolism pathway, in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Deinococcus radiodurans is one of the most radioresistant organisms on earth and is famous for its robust resistance. A major goal in the current study of protein succinylation is to explore its function in D. radiodurans. High-resolution LC-MS/MS is used for qualitative proteomics to perform a global succinylation analysis of D. radiodurans and 492 succinylation sites in 270 proteins are identified. These proteins are involved in a variety of biological processes and pathways. It is found that the enzymes involved in nucleic acid binding/processing are enriched in D. radiodurans compared with their previously reported levels in other bacteria. The mutagenesis studies confirm that succinylation regulates the enzymatic activities of species-specific proteins PprI and DdrB, which belong to the radiation-desiccation response regulon. Together, these results provide insight into the role of lysine succinylation in the extreme resistance of D. radiodurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jingli Dai
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Huizhi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Zijing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Miao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yuan He
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Kaixuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Tong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jiayu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Liangyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yuejin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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Lim S, Jung JH, Blanchard L, de Groot A. Conservation and diversity of radiation and oxidative stress resistance mechanisms in Deinococcus species. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2019; 43:19-52. [PMID: 30339218 PMCID: PMC6300522 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deinococcus bacteria are famous for their extreme resistance to ionising radiation and other DNA damage- and oxidative stress-generating agents. More than a hundred genes have been reported to contribute to resistance to radiation, desiccation and/or oxidative stress in Deinococcus radiodurans. These encode proteins involved in DNA repair, oxidative stress defence, regulation and proteins of yet unknown function or with an extracytoplasmic location. Here, we analysed the conservation of radiation resistance-associated proteins in other radiation-resistant Deinococcus species. Strikingly, homologues of dozens of these proteins are absent in one or more Deinococcus species. For example, only a few Deinococcus-specific proteins and radiation resistance-associated regulatory proteins are present in each Deinococcus, notably the metallopeptidase/repressor pair IrrE/DdrO that controls the radiation/desiccation response regulon. Inversely, some Deinococcus species possess proteins that D. radiodurans lacks, including DNA repair proteins consisting of novel domain combinations, translesion polymerases, additional metalloregulators, redox-sensitive regulator SoxR and manganese-containing catalase. Moreover, the comparisons improved the characterisation of several proteins regarding important conserved residues, cellular location and possible protein–protein interactions. This comprehensive analysis indicates not only conservation but also large diversity in the molecular mechanisms involved in radiation resistance even within the Deinococcus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyong Lim
- Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Jung
- Biotechnology Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Arjan de Groot
- Aix Marseille Univ, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France
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12
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Cho C, Lee GW, Hong SH, Kaur S, Jung KW, Jung JH, Lim S, Chung BY, Lee SS. Novel functions of peroxiredoxin Q from Deinococcus radiodurans R1 as a peroxidase and a molecular chaperone. FEBS Lett 2018; 593:219-229. [PMID: 30488429 PMCID: PMC6590489 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Deinococcus radiodurans R1 is extremely resistant to ionizing radiation and oxidative stress. In this study, we characterized DR0846, a candidate peroxiredoxin in D. radiodurans. DR0846 is a peroxiredoxin Q containing two conserved cysteine residues. DR0846 exists mainly in monomeric form with an intramolecular disulfide bond between the two cysteine residues. We found that DR0846 functions as a molecular chaperone as well as a peroxidase. A mutational analysis indicates that the two cysteine residues are essential for enzymatic activity. A double‐deletion mutant lacking DR0846 and catalase DR1998 exhibits decreased oxidative and heat shock stress tolerance with respect to the single mutants or the wild‐type cells. These results suggest that DR0846 contributes to resistance against oxidative and heat stresses in D. radiodurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuloh Cho
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
| | | | - Sung H Hong
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Shubhpreet Kaur
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Kwang-Woo Jung
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Jung
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea.,Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea.,Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Byung Yeoup Chung
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea
| | - Seung Sik Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea.,Department of Radiation Biotechnology and Applied Radioisotope, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
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Han W, Zhou C, Cheng J, Pan M, Hua Y, Zhao Y. Characterization and role of a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiesterase from Deinococcus radiodurans. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1211-1217. [PMID: 28497175 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiesterase gene (drCPDase) has been characterized from Deinococcus radiodurans and is involved in the robust resistance of this organism. RESULTS Cells lacking 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiesterase gene (drCPDase) showed modest growth defects and displayed increased sensitivities to high doses of various DNA-damaging agents including ionizing radiation, mitomycin C, UV and H2O2. The transcriptional level of drCPDase increased after H2O2 treatment. Additional nucleotide monophosphate partially recovered the phenotype of drCPDase knockout cells. Complementation of E. coli with drCPDase resulted in enhanced H2O2 resistance. CONCLUSIONS The 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiesterase (drCPDase) contributes to the extreme resistance of D. radiodurans and is presumably involved in damaged nucleotide detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchun Han
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Congli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingzhe Pan
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuejin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Agapov AA, Kulbachinskiy AV. Mechanisms of Stress Resistance and Gene Regulation in the Radioresistant Bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1201-16. [PMID: 26567564 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans reveals extraordinary resistance to ionizing radiation, oxidative stress, desiccation, and other damaging conditions. In this review, we consider the main molecular mechanisms underlying such resistance, including the action of specific DNA repair and antioxidation systems, and transcription regulation during the anti-stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Agapov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
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Lin L, Dai S, Tian B, Li T, Yu J, Liu C, Wang L, Xu H, Zhao Y, Hua Y. DqsIR quorum sensing-mediated gene regulation of the extremophilic bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans in response to oxidative stress. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:527-41. [PMID: 26789904 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we show that AHLs can be employed by Deinococcus radiodurans, which belongs to the unique phylum Deinococcus-Thermus and is known for its cellular resistance to environmental stresses. An AHL-mediated quorum-sensing system (DqsI/DqsR) was identified in D. radiodurans. We found that under non-stress conditions, the AHL level was "shielded" by quorum quenching enzymes, whereas AHLs accumulated when D. radiodurans was exposed to oxidative stress. Upon exposure to H2 O2 , AHL synthetic enzymes (DqsI) were immediately induced, while the expression of quorum-quenching enzymes began to increase approximately 30 min after exposure to H2 O2 , as shown by time-course analyses of gene expression. Both dqsI mutant (DMDqsI) and dqsR mutant (MDqsR) were more sensitive to oxidative stress compared with the wild-type strain. Exogenous AHLs (5 μM) could completely restore the survival fraction of DMDqsI under oxidative stress. RNA-seq analysis showed that a number of genes involved in stress-response, cellular cleansing, and DNA repair had altered transcriptional levels in MDqsR. The DqsR, acting as a regulator of quorum sensing, controls gene expression along with AHLs. Hence, the DqsIR-mediated quorum sensing that mediates gene regulation is an adaptive strategy for D. radiodurans in response to oxidative stresses and is conserved in the extremophilic Deinococcus bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shang Dai
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangliu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chengzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangyan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuejin Hua
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Lin L, Li T, Dai S, Yu J, Chen X, Wang L, Wang Y, Hua Y, Tian B. Autoinducer-2 signaling is involved in regulation of stress-related genes of Deinococcus radiodurans. Arch Microbiol 2015; 198:43-51. [PMID: 26510931 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) serves as a quorum-sensing signaling molecule that mediates both intraspecies and interspecies communication among bacteria, and plays critical roles in regulating various bacterial behaviors. In the present study, we investigated the functions of AI-2 signaling in the extremophilic bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans R1 by construction of the LuxS gene disruption mutant, survival phenotype assay and gene transcription assay. The gene mutant (DRΔLuxS), which was unable to produce AI-2, was significantly more sensitive to both gamma radiation and H2O2 compared with the wild-type strain. Addition of the wild-type-derived spent medium into the cell culture of DRΔLuxS fully restored the radioresistance of D. radiodurans. A higher level of reactive oxygen species accumulated in the mutant compared with the wild type under normal or oxidative stress. Quantitative real-time PCR assays showed that transcriptional levels of stress-related proteins, including catalase, extracellular nuclease, Dps-1 and ABC transporters, were decreased in DRΔLuxS, indicating that AI-2 is involved in regulation of stress-related genes of D. radiodurans. Hence, AI-2 signaling may contribute to the extreme resistance of D. radiodurans to radiation and oxidative stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shang Dai
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangliu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuqin Chen
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangyan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunguang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuejin Hua
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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17
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Recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of radioresistance in Deinococcus bacteria. Extremophiles 2015; 19:707-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00792-015-0759-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Appukuttan D, Seo HS, Jeong S, Im S, Joe M, Song D, Choi J, Lim S. Expression and mutational analysis of DinB-like protein DR0053 in Deinococcus radiodurans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118275. [PMID: 25706748 PMCID: PMC4338110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the mechanism governing radiation resistance in Deinococcus radiodurans, current efforts are aimed at identifying potential candidates from a large repertoire of unique Deinococcal genes and protein families. DR0053 belongs to the DinB/YfiT protein family, which is an over-represented protein family in D. radiodurans. We observed that dr0053 transcript levels were highly induced in response to gamma radiation (γ-radiation) and mitomycin C (MMC) exposure depending on PprI, RecA and the DrtR/S two-component signal transduction system. Protein profiles demonstrated that DR0053 is a highly induced protein in cultures exposed to 10 kGy γ-radiation. We were able to determine the transcriptional start site of dr0053, which was induced upon irradiation, and to assign the 133-bp promoter region of dr0053 as essential for radiation responsiveness through primer extension and promoter deletion analyses. A dr0053 mutant strain displayed sensitivity to γ-radiation and MMC exposure, but not hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that DR0053 helps cells recover from DNA damage. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that DR0053 is similar to the Bacillus subtilis protein YjoA, which is a substrate of bacterial protein-tyrosine kinases. Taken together, the DNA damage-inducible (din) gene dr0053 may be regulated at the transcriptional and post-translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Appukuttan
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunwook Jeong
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghun Im
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Joe
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Dusup Song
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungjoon Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Research Division for Biotechnology, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
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Wang L, Tan H, Cheng K, Li M, Xu X, Wang J, Hua Y. Sec Pathway Influences the Growth of Deinococcus radiodurans. Curr Microbiol 2015; 70:651-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0767-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Zhang H, Xu Q, Lu M, Xu X, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhao Y, Hua Y. Structural and functional studies of MutS2 from Deinococcus radiodurans. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 21:111-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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21
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Liu C, Wang L, Li T, Lin L, Dai S, Tian B, Hua Y. A PerR-like protein involved in response to oxidative stress in the extreme bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:575-80. [PMID: 24928392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Response and defense systems against reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the remarkable resistance of Deinococcus radiodurans to oxidative stress induced by oxidants or radiation. However, mechanisms involved in ROS response and defense systems of D. radiodurans are not well understood. Fur family proteins are important in ROS response. Only a single Fur homolog is predicted by sequence similarity in the current D. radiodurans genome database. Our bioinformatics analysis demonstrated an additional guanine nucleotide in the genome of D. radiodurans that is not in the database, leading to the discovery of another Fur homolog DrPerR. Gene disruption mutant of DrPerR showed enhanced resistance to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and increased catalase activity in cell extracts. Real-time PCR results indicated that DrPerR functions as a repressor of the catalase gene katE. Meanwhile, derepression of dps (DNA-binding proteins from starved cells) gene under H2O2 stress by DrPerR point to its regulatory role in metal ions hemostasis. Thus, DrPerR might function as a Fur homolog protein which is involved in ROS response and defense. These results help clarify the complicated regulatory network that responds to ROS stress in D. radiodurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310029 Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangyan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310029 Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310029 Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310029 Hangzhou, China
| | - Shang Dai
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310029 Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310029 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yuejin Hua
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310029 Hangzhou, China.
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