1
|
Vashisht S, Singh N, Sharma A, Saini N, Gaur SN, Arora N. In silico tools to assess the potential allergenicity of shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:877-890. [PMID: 36057923 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computational tools may have an edge over conventional methods for the preliminary evaluation of food allergenicity. In this study, the allergenic potential of Lentinula edodes was evaluated and validated using in silico tools. RESULTS The potential cross-reactivity of mushroom proteins with fungal allergens was determined using sequence alignment - the Fast Alignment (FASTA) and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) algorithm. Eight L. edodes proteins were cross-reactive with allergens from fungal origin, showing 52%-89% sequence identity using FASTA algorithm-based alignment. The BLAST data were corroborated by percentage identity and query coverage. Physico-chemical property-based allergenicity was deciphered by AlgPred, Allermatch, and AllergenFP software, which predicted six out of eight proteins as potential allergens. Sequence alignment showed 66%-86% conservancy between mushroom protein and known fungal allergens. Secondary structure and amino acid composition supported structural affinity between query and fungal proteins. Three-dimensional structures of five mushroom proteins were generated, quality assessed, and superimposed with fungal allergens, suggesting possible allergenicity of mushroom proteins. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding in 13 out of 21 food-hypersensitive patients' sera. CONCLUSION In silico tools provide preliminary indications about the potential allergenicity and cross-reactivity of mushroom proteins. This approach may be used for the prelusive allergenicity assessment of allergen sources. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Vashisht
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomicsand Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Naresh Singh
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomicsand Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Akansha Sharma
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomicsand Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Neeru Saini
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomicsand Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Shailendra Nath Gaur
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR-Institute of Genomicsand Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Negi H, Saxena H, Singh IK, Singh A. Herbivory-inducible lipid-transfer proteins (LTPs) of Cicer arietinum as potential human allergens. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:12863-12879. [PMID: 36703620 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2169353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-transfer proteins (LTPs) are lipid-binding small proteins, ubiquitously distributed amongst plant kingdom. Apart from their involvement in plant defense, it has also been discovered that they induce allergic reactions in humans. A plethora of LTPs have been identified in vegetables, fruits, pollens, nuts, and latex, among which Pru p 3, a LTP allergen from peach fruit, is extensively studied and exhibits cross-reactivity with potential allergens from different species. In Cicer arietinum, a family of LTPs (CaLTPs) has been identified and their importance in plant defense during Helicoverpa armigera-infestation has been recognized. However, the determination of the allergenicity potential of CaLTPs has not been attempted. In this study, we aim to decipher the allergenicity potential of defense-related CaLTPs. The allergenicity potential prediction, and identification of B-cell epitope binding regions showed that the CaLTPs had conserved domains and B-cell epitopes in the same regions as Prup3 (a marker allergen for LTPs). Using molecular docking and simulations, we observed that the CaLTPs successfully interacted with the Immunoglobin E(IgE)with docking energies ranging from -315.5 to -268.4 and the structures were stabilized within 10 ns of simulation. Through this study, we intend to embellish our present knowledge and understanding of the sensitization and allergenicity potential of CaLTPs.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Negi
- Department of Botany, Hans Raj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Harshita Saxena
- Department of Botany, Hans Raj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Griffin, GA, USA
| | - Indrakant K Singh
- Department of Zoology, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Botany, Hans Raj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- J C Bose Centre for Plant Genomics, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability, Institution of Eminence, Maharishi Karnad Bhawan, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou X, Ren L, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li X, Yang A, Tong P, Wu Z, Chen H. Effect of Structural Targeted Modifications on the Potential Allergenicity of Peanut Allergen Ara h 2. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:836-845. [PMID: 36574959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein structure affects allergenicity, and critical structural elements, especially conformational epitopes that determine allergenicity, have attracted a great deal of interest. In this study, we aimed to identify the localized structure that affects the potential allergenicity of protein by making targeted modifications of Ara h 2 and comparing the structure and allergenicity of mutants with those of the wide-type allergen. The structures of the allergen and its mutants were characterized by circular dichroism and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and simulated by molecular dynamics. The allergenicity was assessed by Western blotting, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a cell model, and a mouse model. Then, the structures that affect allergenicity were analyzed and screened. Our results showed that mutations in amino acids changed the nearby localized structure and the overall structures. The structural changes affected the IgE binding capacity of the allergen and reduced its potential allergenicity. The solvent accessible surface area (SASA) of aromatic residues was positively correlated with the IgE binding capacity. The integrity of the disulfide bond is also critical for the binding of IgE to allergens. Interestingly, different mutations induced similar electrostatic potential and allergenicity changes, such as localized structure R62DPYSPSQDPYSPS75. In conclusion, the disulfide bond and the SASA of aromatic residues are important for the allergenicity of Ara h 2. The localized structure R62DPYSPSQDPYSPS75 is also crucial for the allergenicity of Ara h 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Linmei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Laboratory Animal Technology Center, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Anshu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gazme B, Rezaei K, Udenigwe CC. Epitope mapping and the effects of various factors on the immunoreactivity of main allergens in egg white. Food Funct 2022; 13:38-51. [PMID: 34908097 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01867a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Egg white has high protein content and numerous biological/functional properties. However, reported allergenicity for some of the proteins in egg white is an issue that needs to be paid exclusive attention. A consideration of the structure of IgE epitopes and their sequences, as well as a comprehensive understanding of the effects of various processes on epitopes and the impact of the gastrointestinal tract on them, can help target such issues. The current study focuses on the identified IgE epitopes in egg white proteins and evaluation of the effects of the gastrointestinal digestion, carbohydrate moiety, food matrix, microbial fermentation, recombinant allergen, heat treatment, Maillard reaction and combination of various processes and gastrointestinal digestion on egg white allergenicity. Although the gastrointestinal tract reduces the immunoreactivity of native egg white proteins, some of the IgE epitope-containing fragments remain intact during the digestion process. It has been found that the gastrointestinal tract can have both positive and negative impacts on the IgE binding activities of egg white proteins. Elimination of the carbohydrate moiety leads to a reduction in the immunoreactivity of ovalbumin. But, such effects from the carbohydrate parts in the IgE binding activity need to be explored further. In addition, the interaction between the egg white proteins and the food matrix leads to various effects from the gastrointestinal tract on the digestion of egg white proteins and their subsequent immunoreactivity. Further on this matter, studies have shown that both microbial fermentation and Maillard reaction can reduce the IgE binding activities of egg white proteins. Also, as an alternate approach, the thermal process can be used to treat the egg white proteins, which may result in the reduction or increase in their IgE binding activities depending on the conditions used in the process. Overall, based on the reported data, the allergenicity levels of egg white proteins can be mitigated or escalated depending on the conditions applied in the processing of the food products containing egg white. So far, no practical solutions have been reported to eliminate such allergenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Gazme
- Department of Food Science, Engineering, and Technology, University of Tehran, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran.
| | - Karamatollah Rezaei
- Department of Food Science, Engineering, and Technology, University of Tehran, 31587-77871 Karaj, Iran.
| | - Chibuike C Udenigwe
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, 415 Smyth Road, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Gao Y, Liang Y, Dong Y, Yang X, Qiu D. Verticillium dahliae PevD1, an Alt a 1-like protein, targets cotton PR5-like protein and promotes fungal infection. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:613-626. [PMID: 30295911 PMCID: PMC6322577 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Alt a 1 family proteins (AA1s) have only been observed in the Dothideomycetes and Sordariomycetes classes of fungi, and their biological functions have remained poorly understood. Verticillium dahliae, a soil-borne pathogen that causes plant wilt disease, secretes hundreds of proteins during the process of pathogenic infection, including the AA1 member PevD1. In this study, we found that the pevd1 transcript was present in all of the hosts studied (cotton, Arabidopsis, tomato, and tobacco) and showed elevated expression throughout the infection process. Furthermore, pevd1 knockout mutants displayed attenuated pathogenicity compared with the wild-type (WT) strain and complemented strains in hosts. A partner protein of PevD1, pathogenesis-related protein 5 (PR5)-like protein GhPR5, was isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) plants by co-purification assays, and the PevD1-GhPR5 interaction was determined to be localized in the C-terminus (PevD1b, amino acids residues 113-155) by pull-down and yeast two-hybrid techniques. Re-introduction of the pevd1b gene into a pevd1 knockout mutant resulted in restoration of the virulence phenotype to WT levels. In addition, PevD1b, which is similar to PevD1, decreased the antifungal activity of GhPR5 in vitro. Our findings reveal an infection strategy in which V. dahliae secretes PevD1 to inhibit GhPR5 antifungal activity in order to overcome the host defence system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Gao
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingbo Liang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yijie Dong
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiufen Yang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Dewen Qiu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bhattacharya K, Sircar G, Dasgupta A, Gupta Bhattacharya S. Spectrum of Allergens and Allergen Biology in India. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2018; 177:219-237. [PMID: 30056449 DOI: 10.1159/000490805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of allergy and asthma in India has become a major health concern with symptoms ranging from mild rhinitis to severe asthma and even life-threatening anaphylaxis. The "allergen repertoire" of this subcontinent is highly diverse due to the varied climate, flora, and food habits. The proper identification, purification, and molecular characterization of allergy-eliciting molecules are essential in order to facilitate an accurate diagnosis and to design immunotherapeutic vaccines. Although several reports on prevalent allergens are available, most of these studies were based on preliminary detection and identification of the allergens. Only a few of these allergen molecules have been characterized by recombinant technology and structural biology. The present review first describes the composition, distribution pattern, and natural sources of the predominant allergens in India along with the prevalence of sensitization to these allergens across the country. We go on to present a comprehensive report on the biochemical, immunological, and molecular information on the allergens reported so far from India. The review also covers the studies on allergy- related biosafety assessment of transgenic plants. Finally, we discuss the allergen-specific immunotherapy trials performed in India.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaurab Sircar
- Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Angira Dasgupta
- Department of Chest Medicine, B.R. Singh Hospital and Centre for Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chizoba Ekezie FG, Cheng JH, Sun DW. Effects of nonthermal food processing technologies on food allergens: A review of recent research advances. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
8
|
Wang J, Vanga SK, Raghavan V. Effect of pre-harvest and post-harvest conditions on the fruit allergenicity: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 59:1027-1043. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1389691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9 X 3V9, Canada
| | - Sai Kranthi Vanga
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9 X 3V9, Canada
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9 X 3V9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
González M, Brito N, González C. The Botrytis cinerea elicitor protein BcIEB1 interacts with the tobacco PR5-family protein osmotin and protects the fungus against its antifungal activity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:397-410. [PMID: 28480965 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The broad-range phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea secretes hundreds of proteins during infection of its plant hosts. One of these proteins, BcIEB1, is abundantly secreted and is able to elicit plant defenses, probably as a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, although its native function in B. cinerea biology remains unknown. Pull-down experiments designed to isolate the molecular target of BcIEB1 in tobacco resulted in the identification of osmotin, a pathogenesis-related protein of family 5 that shows antifungal activity. The expression of osmotin in Escherichia coli allowed the verification of the BcIEB1-osmotin interaction with pure proteins by pull-down and far Western blot experiments, as well as the confirmation of the activity of osmotin against B. cinerea. Interestingly, B. cinerea Δbcieb1 mutants are more susceptible than the wild-type to osmotin, and the external addition of pure BcIEB1 protects the Δbcieb1 mutants, as well as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, from the antifungal action of osmotin, thus pointing at PR5 inhibition as the primary native function of BcIEB1. The question of whether osmotin is also involved in the activation of plant defenses by BcIEB1 is also addressed, and the data suggest that osmotin does not participate in the elicitation process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain
| | - Nélida Brito
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain
| | - Celedonio González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Song P, He S, Zhou A, Lv G, Guo J, Zhou J, Han Y, Zhou H, Hao Z, Cong H. Vaccination with toxofilin DNA in combination with an alum-monophosphoryl lipid A mixed adjuvant induces significant protective immunity against Toxoplasma gondii. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:19. [PMID: 28056837 PMCID: PMC5217305 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A widely prevalent disease, toxoplasmosis poses serious health threats to both humans and animals; therefore, development of an ideal DNA vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii is needed eagerly. The purpose of the present study is to assess the protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding the T. gondii toxofilin gene (pEGFP-toxofilin). In addition, toxofilin DNA vaccine combined with the individual adjuvants, alum or monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), or a mixture of alum-MPLA adjuvant were screened for their ability to enhance antibody responses. METHODS Using bioinformatics, we analyzed the gene and amino acid sequences of the toxofilin protein, recognizing and identifying several potential linear B and T helper (Th)-1 cell epitopes. BALB/c mice were immunized three times with either toxofilin DNA vaccine alone or in combination with the adjuvants such as alum, MPLA or an alum-MPLA mixture. The systemic immune response was evaluated by cytokine, the percentage of CD4 (+) and CD8 (+) T cells and specific antibody measurement. Two weeks after the last immunization, protective efficacy was evaluated by challenging intraperitoneally with 1 × 104 tachyzoites of T. gondii or intragastrically with 20 cysts of T. gondii PRU strain. RESULTS All experimentally immunized mice developed strong humoral and cellular immune responses compared with the control groups. Moreover, by comparison with the non-adjuvant toxofilin DNA vaccine group, adding alum adjuvant to toxofilin DNA vaccine resulted in an increase in humoral response and a skewed Th2 response. However, the MPLA adjuvant with toxofilin DNA vaccine induced significantly enhanced humoral and Th1-biased immune responses. Importantly, the co-administration of alum-MPLA adjuvant in combination with the toxofilin DNA vaccine shifted the Th2 immune response to a Th1 response compared with the alum-toxofilin group, and elicited the strongest humoral and Th1 responses among all the groups. At the same time, a longer survival time and less cyst amounts against T. gondii infection were also observed in the alum-MPLA-toxofilin group in comparison with single or no adjuvant groups. CONCLUSIONS Toxoplasma gondii toxofilin is a promising vaccine candidate that warrants further development. Co-administration of the alum-MPLA adjuvant mixture with DNA vaccine could effectively enhance immunogenicity and strongly skew the cellular immune response towards a Th1 phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxia Song
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenyi He
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aihua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University School of Medicine, 250021, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Lv
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shandong University School of Medicine, 250021, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Han
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiyu Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Hao
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Cong
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Govindaraj D, Sharma S, Gaur S, Lavasa S, Prasad N, Arora N. Immunogenic peptides: B & T Cell Epitopes of Per a 10 Allergen of Periplaneta americana. Mol Immunol 2016; 80:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
12
|
Padmaja RJ, Halami PM. Taming C-terminal peptides of Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxin M for B-cell response: Implication in improved subclinical bovine mastitis diagnosis and protective efficacy in vitro. Toxicon 2016; 119:99-105. [PMID: 27242043 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leukotoxin M/F'-PV (LukM/F'-PV) produced by bovine mastitis causing Staphylococcus aureus structurally comprises three domains, the β-sandwich, rim and stem domain. The rim and stem domains interacting with target cell membrane lipid rafts contributes to the virulent trait of the toxin. In the present study, two facts were hypothesized that neutralization of these domains will ebb LukM/F'-PV leukotoxicity. Secondly, the neutralizing antibodies can improve the leukotoxin detection sensitivity in bovine mastitis milk samples. The in silico mapping of S. aureus LukM C-termini comprising these domains predicted seven linear B-cell antigenic epitopes. The immune response of C-terminal truncated recombinant peptides rCtM19 (19 kDa; near carboxy-terminal) having four epitopes and rCtM15 (15 kDa; C-terminal) with three epitopes were evaluated for their diagnostic and neutralization potential. Anti-rCtM19 and anti-rCtM15 antibodies with enhanced immunogenicity had the most striking outcome in IgG-ELISA for detecting native determinants of leukotoxin. For the obtained ELISA values, ROC curve inferred a cut-off score of >0.102 OD405. The assay sensitivity in the range of 90-96% along with 100% specificity and AUC of 0.93-0.98 categorized subclinical and clinical from healthy bovine milk samples. As observed through in vitro neutralization and LDH assays, C-terminus specific antibodies (1:42 titer) deactivating leukotoxicity abolished LukM from interacting with lipid bilayer and LukF for forming pores on bovine neutrophil membrane. As a proof of concept, it was proved that peptide antibodies can be a more specific serodiagnostic and passive therapeutic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radhakrishnan Jayasree Padmaja
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India
| | - Prakash Motiram Halami
- Microbiology and Fermentation Technology Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570 020, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mishra A, Jain A, Arora N. Mapping B-cell epitopes of major and minor peanut allergens and identifying residues contributing to IgE binding. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:539-547. [PMID: 25652191 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epitope identification provides valuable information essential for understanding antigen components involved in food allergic reactions. In the present study, an in silico approach is employed to map IgE binding epitopes of major and minor peanut allergens. RESULTS B-cell epitopes were identified for peanut (Arachis hypogaea) allergens, namely Ara h 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. A total of 10 web servers were used in the study and 26 linear and 18 conformational epitopes were predicted by a combination of methods. The majority of the predicted B-cell residues were present in the coil regions and the highest percentage of hydrophilic residues were observed for Ara h 6 (70.49%). The absolute solvent accessibility for all the B-cell epitopes was >70%, indicating antibody recognition. The property distance index assessed for the predicted epitopes using SDAP showed that six linear epitopes shared similarity with soybean, hazelnut, tomato, maize, apple and banana allergens. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the identified regions may share cross-reactivity with some of the known food allergens or may act as novel antigenic determinants. Further, B-cell epitopes of Ara h 1, 2 and 3 identified by in silico methods correlated well with the experimentally identified regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mishra
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, CSIR, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi 110007, India
| | - Anuja Jain
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, CSIR, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi 110007, India
| | - Naveen Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, CSIR, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Delhi 110007, India
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Matsuo H, Yokooji T, Taogoshi T. Common food allergens and their IgE-binding epitopes. Allergol Int 2015; 64:332-43. [PMID: 26433529 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is an adverse immune response to certain kinds of food. Although any food can cause allergic reactions, chicken egg, cow's milk, wheat, shellfish, fruit, and buckwheat account for 75% of food allergies in Japan. Allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies play a pivotal role in the development of food allergy. Recent advances in molecular biological techniques have enabled the efficient analysis of food allergens. As a result, many food allergens have been identified, and their molecular structure and IgE-binding epitopes have also been identified. Studies of allergens have demonstrated that IgE antibodies specific to allergen components and/or the peptide epitopes are good indicators for the identification of patients with food allergy, prediction of clinical severity and development of tolerance. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge regarding the allergens and IgE epitopes in the well-researched allergies to chicken egg, cow's milk, wheat, shrimp, and peanut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Matsuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Tomoharu Yokooji
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takanori Taogoshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Services, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
In vitro assessment of allergenicity features and localization of probable IgE binding regions. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:181-7. [PMID: 26321724 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rice is cultivated as a staple grain crop in many countries, especially in Asia. In the present study, recombinant rice chitinase was expressed, purified and characterized by in silico and immunobiochemical methods. Rice chitinase was affinity purified and it resolved at 24 kDa on SDS-PAGE. Purified protein was analyzed for pepsin resistance, heat stability, and IgE binding using atopic patients' sera. Chitinase was resistant to pepsin digestion and heat treatment at 90 °C for 1 h. It showed significant IgE binding with 7 of 110 patients' sera positive to different food allergens. Homology modeled 3D structure of rice chitinase was used for B cell epitope prediction. In silico predicted B cell peptides were assessed for IgE binding by ELISA using food allergic patients' sera, epitope RC2 showed IgE binding comparable to chitinase. In conclusion, chitinase was identified as a potential allergen and may share cross reactive epitopes with food allergens.
Collapse
|
16
|
Anil Kumar S, Hima Kumari P, Shravan Kumar G, Mohanalatha C, Kavi Kishor PB. Osmotin: a plant sentinel and a possible agonist of mammalian adiponectin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:163. [PMID: 25852715 PMCID: PMC4360817 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Osmotin is a stress responsive antifungal protein belonging to the pathogenesis-related (PR)-5 family that confers tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Protective efforts of osmotin in plants range from high temperature to cold and salt to drought. It lyses the plasma membrane of the pathogens. It is widely distributed in fruits and vegetables. It is a differentially expressed and developmentally regulated protein that protects the cells from osmotic stress and invading pathogens as well, by structural or metabolic alterations. During stress conditions, osmotin helps in the accumulation of the osmolyte proline, which quenches reactive oxygen species and free radicals. Osmotin expression results in the accumulation of storage reserves and increases the shelf-life of fruits. It binds to a seven-transmembrane-domain receptor-like protein and induces programmed cell death in Saccharomyces cerevisiae through RAS2/cAMP signaling pathway. Adiponectin, produced in adipose tissues of mammals, is an insulin-sensitizing hormone. Strangely, osmotin acts like the mammalian hormone adiponectin in various in vitro and in vivo models. Adiponectin and osmotin, the two receptor binding proteins do not share sequence similarity at the amino acid level, but interestingly they have a similar structural and functional properties. In experimental mice, adiponectin inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and migration, primary tumor growth, and reduces atherosclerosis. This retrospective work examines the vital role of osmotin in plant defense and as a potential targeted therapeutic drug for humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Anil Kumar
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, HyderabadIndia
| | - P. Hima Kumari
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, HyderabadIndia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sharma P, Gaur SN, Goel N, Arora N. Engineered hypoallergenic variants of osmotin demonstrate hypoallergenicity with in vitro and in vivo methods. Mol Immunol 2015; 64:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
18
|
Sharma P, Gaur SN, Arora N. Immunotherapy with B cell epitopes ameliorates inflammatory responses in Balb/c mice. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 179:128-36. [PMID: 25142552 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osmotin, a protein from the pathogenesis-related family (PR-5), has been identified as an allergen based on in-silico and in-vitro studies. In the present study, three B cell epitopes of osmotin with single and double amino acid modifications were studied for immunotherapy in a murine model. The single-modification peptides (P-1-1, P-2-1 and P-3-1) and double-modification peptides (P-1-2, P-2-2 and P-3-2) showed significantly lower immunoglobulin (Ig)E binding with patients' sera compared to osmotin (P < 0·01). These peptides showed reduced IgE binding compared to the unmodified peptides (B cell epitopes) P-1, P-2 and P-3. Among the modified peptides, P-2-1, P-3-1, P-2-2 and P-3-2 showed significant reduction in IgE binding and were used for immunotherapy in mice. The sera of mice group treated with peptides showed a significant increase in IgG2a level and a significant decrease in IgE and IgG1 levels (P < 0·05). The mice that received peptide immunotherapy showed a shift from a T helper type 2 (Th2) to Th1 type where interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-10 levels were elevated, with a significant increase in groups treated with peptides P-3-1 and P-3-2 (P < 0·05). There was a reduction in the IL-4 and IL-5 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the peptide-treated mice groups. Total cell count and eosinophil count in BALF of the peptide-treated groups was also reduced compared to the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated group. Lung histology showed a significant reduction in cellular infiltrate in mice treated with P-2-2 and P-3-2 compared to PBS. In conclusion, peptides P-2-2 and P-3-2 lowered inflammatory responses and induced a Th1 response in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Sharma
- Allergy and Immunology Section, CSIR- Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Absolute quantification of protein NP24 in tomato fruit by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using stable isotope-labelled tryptic peptide standard. Food Chem 2014; 173:238-42. [PMID: 25466018 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein NP24 is a thaumatin-like protein contained in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). This protein is reported to be a putative tomato allergen and is listed as a food allergen in Structural Database of Allergenic Proteins (SDAP). In this research, we developed the quantitative analysis of NP24 by employing the protein absolute quantification (AQUA) technology composed of stable isotope-labelled internal standard (SIIS) peptide (GQTWVINAPR[(13)C6,(15)N4]) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). A linear relationship (r(2)>0.99) was found throughout the concentration range (2.0-500 fmol/μL). The coefficients of variation (CVs) measured on each of the five days when NP24 contained in the tomato skin was analysed did not exceed 13%. Our developed assay of NP24 will contribute to the allergological examination of tomato and its derived products.
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang Y, Wang G, Ou J, Yin H, Zhang D. Analyzing and identifying novel B cell epitopes within Toxoplasma gondii GRA4. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:474. [PMID: 25301141 PMCID: PMC4195951 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The identification of specific epitopes targeted by the host antibody response is important for understanding the natural response to infection and for the development of epitope-based marker vaccines and diagnostic tools for toxoplasmosis. In this study, Toxoplasma gondii GRA4 epitopes were identified using software-based prediction and a synthetic peptide technique. Methods The complete GRA4 gene sequence was obtained from T. gondii of the Gansu Jingtai strain of tachyzoites. The potential B cell epitopes of GRA4 was predicted using the PROTEAN subroutine in the DNASTAR software package. The peptides with good hydrophilicity, high accessibility, high flexibility and strong antigenicity were chemically synthesized and assessed by ELISA using pig sera from different time points after infection. Results The potential B cell epitopes of GRA4 predicted by bioinformatics tools focused on six regions of GRA4, 52–77 aa, 93–112 aa, 127–157 aa, 178–201 aa, 223–252 aa and 314–333 aa. Eleven shorter peptides from the six regions were synthesized and assessed by ELISA using pig sera from different time points after infection. Three of the eleven peptides (amino acids 62–77, 233–252 and 314–333) tested were recognized by all sera. Conclusions We precisely located the T. gondii GRA4 epitopes using pig sera collected at different time points after infection. The identified epitopes may be useful for additional studies of epitope-based vaccines and diagnostic reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Guangxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Jiangtao Ou
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, 9 Yingbin Road, Yancheng, 224051, China.
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Delin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Current overview of allergens of plant pathogenesis related protein families. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:543195. [PMID: 24696647 PMCID: PMC3947804 DOI: 10.1155/2014/543195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis related (PR) proteins are one of the major sources of plant derived allergens. These proteins are induced by the plants as a defense response system in stress conditions like microbial and insect infections, wounding, exposure to harsh chemicals, and atmospheric conditions. However, some plant tissues that are more exposed to environmental conditions like UV irradiation and insect or fungal attacks express these proteins constitutively. These proteins are mostly resistant to proteases and most of them show considerable stability at low pH. Many of these plant pathogenesis related proteins are found to act as food allergens, latex allergens, and pollen allergens. Proteins having similar amino acid sequences among the members of PR proteins may be responsible for cross-reactivity among allergens from diverse plants. This review analyzes the different pathogenesis related protein families that have been reported as allergens. Proteins of these families have been characterized in regard to their biological functions, amino acid sequence, and cross-reactivity. The three-dimensional structures of some of these allergens have also been evaluated to elucidate the antigenic determinants of these molecules and to explain the cross-reactivity among the various allergens.
Collapse
|
22
|
Welter S, Lehmann K, Dölle S, Schwarz D, Weckwerth W, Scheler C, Worm M, Franken P. Identification of putative new tomato allergens and differential interaction with IgEs of tomato allergic subjects. Clin Exp Allergy 2013; 43:1419-27. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Welter
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops; Groβbeeren/Erfurt e.V.; Großbeeren Germany
| | | | - S. Dölle
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Allergy-Center-Charité; Berlin Germany
| | - D. Schwarz
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops; Groβbeeren/Erfurt e.V.; Großbeeren Germany
| | - W. Weckwerth
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology; Faculty of Life Science; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | | | - M. Worm
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Allergy-Center-Charité; Berlin Germany
| | - P. Franken
- Leibniz-Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental Crops; Groβbeeren/Erfurt e.V.; Großbeeren Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ashok Kumar HG, Venkatesh YP. In silico analyses of structural and allergenicity features of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) acidic thaumatin-like protein in comparison with allergenic plant TLPs. Mol Immunol 2013; 57:119-28. [PMID: 24091295 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) belong to the pathogenesis-related family (PR-5) of plant defense proteins. TLPs from only 32 plant genera have been identified as pollen or food allergens. IgE epitopes on allergens play a central role in food allergy by initiating cross-linking of specific IgE on basophils/mast cells. A comparative analysis of pollen- and food-allergenic TLPs is lacking. The main objective of this investigation was to study the structural and allergenicity features of sapodilla (Manilkara zapota) acidic TLP (TLP 1) by in silico methods. The allergenicity prediction of composite sequence of sapodilla TLP 1 (NCBI B3EWX8.1, G5DC91.1) was performed using FARRP, Allermatch and Evaller web tools. A homology model of the protein was generated using banana TLP template (1Z3Q) by HHPRED-MODELLER. B-cell linear epitope prediction was performed using BCpreds and BepiPred. Sapodilla TLP 1 matched significantly with allergenic TLPs from olive, kiwi, bell pepper and banana. IgE epitope prediction as performed using AlgPred indicated the presence of 2 epitopes (epitope 1: residues 36-48; epitope 2: residues 51-63), and a comprehensive analysis of all allergenic TLPs displayed up to 3 additional epitopes on other TLPs. It can be inferred from these analyses that plant allergenic TLPs generally carry 2-3 IgE epitopes. ClustalX alignments of allergenic TLPs indicate that IgE epitopes 1 and 2 are common in food allergenic TLPs, and IgE epitopes 2 and 3 are common in pollen allergenic TLPs; IgE epitope 2 overlaps with a portion of the thaumatin family signature. The secondary structural elements of TLPs vary markedly in regions 1 and 2 which harbor all the predicted IgE epitopes in all food and pollen TLPs in either of the region. Further, based on the number of IgE epitopes, food TLPs are grouped into rosid and non-rosid clades. The number and distribution of the predicted IgE epitopes among the allergenic TLPs may explain the specificity of food or pollen allergy as well as the varied degree of cross-reactivity among plant foods and/or pollens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan G Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry & Nutrition, CSIR - Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang Y, Wang G, Zhang D, Yin H, Wang M. Identification of novel B cell epitopes within Toxoplasma gondii GRA1. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:606-10. [PMID: 24090568 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Newly synthesized epitopes are one of the most promising antigens for the development of diagnostic kits and peptide vaccines. Very little is known about the B cell epitopes on GRA1 of Toxoplasma gondii, which are recognized by the humoral immune response in pigs. In this study, epitopes derived from GRA1 of T. gondii were identified using synthetic peptide techniques and bioinformatics. Three (PG10, PG13 and PG18) out of the eighteen peptides tested were recognized by all pig sera from different time points after infection, and the other peptides were recognized by select sera from various time points after infection. Our data indicate that many regions of GRA1, and in particular, the regions represented by the peptides PG10, PG13 and PG18, are involved in the pig antibody response. The identification of specific epitopes targeted by the host antibody response is important both for understanding the natural response to infection and for the development of epitope-based marker vaccines and diagnostic tools for toxoplasmosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|