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Niepmann M. Importance of Michaelis Constants for Cancer Cell Redox Balance and Lactate Secretion-Revisiting the Warburg Effect. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2290. [PMID: 39001354 PMCID: PMC11240417 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells metabolize a large fraction of glucose to lactate, even under a sufficient oxygen supply. This phenomenon-the "Warburg Effect"-is often regarded as not yet understood. Cancer cells change gene expression to increase the uptake and utilization of glucose for biosynthesis pathways and glycolysis, but they do not adequately up-regulate the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Thereby, an increased glycolytic flux causes an increased production of cytosolic NADH. However, since the corresponding gene expression changes are not neatly fine-tuned in the cancer cells, cytosolic NAD+ must often be regenerated by loading excess electrons onto pyruvate and secreting the resulting lactate, even under sufficient oxygen supply. Interestingly, the Michaelis constants (KM values) of the enzymes at the pyruvate junction are sufficient to explain the priorities for pyruvate utilization in cancer cells: 1. mitochondrial OXPHOS for efficient ATP production, 2. electrons that exceed OXPHOS capacity need to be disposed of and secreted as lactate, and 3. biosynthesis reactions for cancer cell growth. In other words, a number of cytosolic electrons need to take the "emergency exit" from the cell by lactate secretion to maintain the cytosolic redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Niepmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Lin K, Yue L, Yuan L, Kang K, Zhang Y, Pang R, Zhang W. Alanine metabolism mediates energy allocation of the brown planthopper to adapt to resistant rice. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00035-3. [PMID: 38246245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the adaptation to host plant resistance, herbivorous insects faced the challenge of overcoming plant defenses while ensuring their own development and reproductive success. To achieve this, a strategic allocation of energy resources for detoxification and ecological fitness maintenance became essential. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate the intricate energy allocation mechanisms involved in herbivore adaptation that are currently poorly understood. METHODS The rice Oryza sativa and its monophagous pest, the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens were used as a model system. An integrated analysis of metabolomes and transcriptomes from different BPH populations were conducted to identify the biomarkers. RNA interference of key genes and exogenous injection of key metabolites were performed to validate the function of biomarkers. RESULTS We found that alanine was one of the key biomarkers of BPH adaptation to resistant rice variety IR36. We also found that alanine flow determined the adaptation of BPH to IR36 rice. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT)-mediated alanine transfer to pyruvate was necessary and sufficient for the adaptation. This pathway may be conserved, at least to some extent, in BPH adaptation to multiple rice cultivars with different resistance genes. More importantly, ALT-mediated alanine metabolism is the foundation of downstream energy resource allocation for the adaptation. The adapted BPH population exhibited a significantly higher level of energy reserves in the fat body and ovary when fed with IR36 rice, compared to the unadapted population. This rendered the elevated detoxification in the adapted BPH and their ecological fitness recovery. CONCLUSION Overall, our findings demonstrated the crucial role of ALT-mediated alanine metabolism in energy allocation during the adaptation to resistant rice in BPH. This will provide novel knowledge regarding the co-evolutionary mechanisms between herbivores and their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Longyu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kui Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yibing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Rui Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Göttlinger T, Lohaus G. Origin and Function of Amino Acids in Nectar and Nectaries of Pitcairnia Species with Particular Emphasis on Alanine and Glutamine. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:23. [PMID: 38202331 PMCID: PMC10780904 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Floral nectar contains sugars and numerous other compounds, including amino acids, but little is known about their function and origin in nectar. Therefore, the amino acid, sugar, and inorganic ion concentrations, as well as the activity of alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) and glutamine synthetase (GS) in nectar, nectaries, and leaves were analyzed in 30 Pitcairnia species. These data were compared with various floral traits, the pollinator type, and the phylogenetic relationships of the species to find possible causes for the high amino acid concentrations in the nectar of some species. The highest concentrations of amino acids (especially alanine) in nectar were found in species with reddish flowers. Furthermore, the concentration of amino acids in nectar and nectaries is determined through analyzing flower color/pollination type rather than phylogenetic relations. This study provides new insights into the origin of amino acids in nectar. The presence of almost all amino acids in nectar is mainly due to their transport in the phloem to the nectaries, with the exception of alanine, which is partially produced in nectaries. In addition, active regulatory mechanisms are required in nectaries that retain most of the amino acids and allow the selective secretion of specific amino acids, such as alanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Göttlinger
- Molecular Plant Science and Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany;
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Jin X, Ackah M, Acheampong A, Zhang Q, Wang L, Lin Q, Qiu C, Zhao W. Genome-Wide Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Heat Stress in Mulberry ( Morus alba L.). Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4151-4167. [PMID: 37232733 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberry (Morus alba L.) is an economically important plant for the silk industry and has the possibility of contributing immensely to Chinese pharmacopeia because of its health benefits. Domesticated silkworms feed only on mulberry leaves, meaning that the worms' survival depends on the mulberry tree. Mulberry production is threatened by climate change and global warming. However, the regulatory mechanisms of mulberry responses to heat are poorly understood. We performed transcriptome analysis of high-temperature-stressed (42 °C) M. alba seedlings using RNA-Seq technologies. A total of 703 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discovered from 18,989 unigenes. Among these, 356 were up-regulated, and 347 were down-regulated. KEGG analysis revealed that most DEGs were enriched in valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, and in starch and sucrose metabolism, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis and galactose metabolism, among others. In addition, TFs such as the NAC, HSF, IAA1, MYB, AP2, GATA, WRKY, HLH and TCP families were actively involved in response to high temperatures. Moreover, we used RT-qPCR to confirm the expression changes of eight genes under heat stress observed in the RNA-Seq analysis. This study provides M. alba transcriptome profiles under heat stress and provides theoretical bases to researchers for better understanding mulberry heat response mechanisms and breeding heat-tolerant mulberry plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Michael Ackah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Adolf Acheampong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Qiaonan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Guangxi Sericultural Research Institute, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regin, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Changyu Qiu
- Guangxi Sericultural Research Institute, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regin, Nanning 530007, China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Lebedev VG, Popova AA, Shestibratov KA. Genetic Engineering and Genome Editing for Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Plants. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123303. [PMID: 34943810 PMCID: PMC8699818 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low nitrogen availability is one of the main limiting factors for plant growth and development, and high doses of N fertilizers are necessary to achieve high yields in agriculture. However, most N is not used by plants and pollutes the environment. This situation can be improved by enhancing the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in plants. NUE is a complex trait driven by multiple interactions between genetic and environmental factors, and its improvement requires a fundamental understanding of the key steps in plant N metabolism—uptake, assimilation, and remobilization. This review summarizes two decades of research into bioengineering modification of N metabolism to increase the biomass accumulation and yield in crops. The expression of structural and regulatory genes was most often altered using overexpression strategies, although RNAi and genome editing techniques were also used. Particular attention was paid to woody plants, which have great economic importance, play a crucial role in the ecosystems and have fundamental differences from herbaceous species. The review also considers the issue of unintended effects of transgenic plants with modified N metabolism, e.g., early flowering—a research topic which is currently receiving little attention. The future prospects of improving NUE in crops, essential for the development of sustainable agriculture, using various approaches and in the context of global climate change, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim G. Lebedev
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Branch of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna A. Popova
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 394087 Voronezh, Russia;
| | - Konstantin A. Shestibratov
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Branch of the Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 394087 Voronezh, Russia;
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Ahmad S, Jiang L, Zheng S, Chen Y, Zhang JY, Stanley D, Miao H, Ge LQ. Silencing of a putative alanine aminotransferase (ALT) gene influences free amino acid composition in hemolymph and fecundity of the predatory bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 108:e21836. [PMID: 34288123 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In Asian rice systems, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter is an important predator that preys on rice planthopper eggs and young nymphs, as a primary food source. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) acts in many physiological and biochemical processes in insects. We cloned the full-length complementary DNA of C. lividipennis ClALT. Expression analysis showed higher expression in the fat body and midgut compared to other tissues. It is expressed in all C. lividipennis developmental stages and at least four organs. Silencing of ClALT by RNA interference significantly decreased the ClALT enzyme activity and ClALT expression compared to dsGFP-treated controls at 2 days after emergence (DAE). Silencing of ClALT influenced free hemolymph amino acid compositions, resulting in a reduction of Aspartic acid (Asp) and Alanine (Ala) proportions, and increased Cysteine (Cys) and Valine (Val) proportions in females at 2 DAE. dsClALT treatments led to decreased soluble total protein concentrations in ovary and fat body, and to lower reduced vitellogenin (Vg) expression, body weight, and the numbers of laid eggs. The double-stranded RNA viruse treatments also led to prolonged preoviposition periods and hindered ovarian development. Western blot analysis indicated that silencing ClALT also led to reduced fat body Vg protein abundance at 2 DAE. These data support our hypothesis that ClALT influences amino acid metabolism and fecundity in C. lividipennis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheraz Ahmad
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sui Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Y Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - David Stanley
- Biological Controls of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Hong Miao
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin Q Ge
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Perkons NR, Johnson O, Pilla G, Gade TPF. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of hyperpolarized [1- 13 C]-pyruvate in a translational oncologic model. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4502. [PMID: 33772910 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]-pyruvate in a translational cancer model in order to inform the application of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) as a tool for imaging liver cancer. Intratumoral metabolism within autochthonous hepatocellular carcinomas in male Wistar rats was analyzed by MRSI following hyperpolarized [1-13 C]-pyruvate injections with 80 mM (low dose [LD]) or 160 mM (high dose [HD]) pyruvate. Rats received (i) LD followed by HD injection, (ii) sequential LD injections with or without an interposed lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor (LDHi) injection, or (iii) a single LD injection. A subset of rats in (ii) were sacrificed immediately after imaging, permitting measurement of active LDH concentrations in tumor extracts. Urine and serum were collected before and after injections for rats in (iii). Comparison of LD and HD injections confirmed concentration-dependent variation of intratumoral metabolite fractions and intermetabolite ratios. In addition, quantification of the lactate-to-pyruvate ratio was sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition with intermetabolite ratios correlating with active LDH concentrations in tumor extracts. Finally, comparison of pre- and post-DNP urine collections revealed that pyruvate and the radical source are renally excreted after injection. These data demonstrate that DNP-MRSI facilitates real-time quantification of intratumoral metabolism that is repeatable and reflective of intracellular processes. A translational model system confirmed that interpretation requires consideration of probe dose, administration frequency and excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Perkons
- Penn Image Guided Interventions Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Omar Johnson
- Penn Image Guided Interventions Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gabrielle Pilla
- Penn Image Guided Interventions Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Terence P F Gade
- Penn Image Guided Interventions Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rossiter NJ, Huggler KS, Adelmann CH, Keys HR, Soens RW, Sabatini DM, Cantor JR. CRISPR screens in physiologic medium reveal conditionally essential genes in human cells. Cell Metab 2021; 33:1248-1263.e9. [PMID: 33651980 PMCID: PMC8172426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Forward genetic screens across hundreds of cancer cell lines have started to define the genetic dependencies of proliferating human cells and how these vary by genotype and lineage. Most screens, however, have been carried out in culture media that poorly reflect metabolite availability in human blood. Here, we performed CRISPR-based screens in traditional versus human plasma-like medium (HPLM). Sets of conditionally essential genes in human cancer cell lines span several cellular processes and vary with both natural cell-intrinsic diversity and the combination of basal and serum components that comprise typical media. Notably, we traced the causes for each of three conditional CRISPR phenotypes to the availability of metabolites uniquely defined in HPLM versus conventional media. Our findings reveal the profound impact of medium composition on gene essentiality in human cells, and also suggest general strategies for using genetic screens in HPLM to uncover new cancer vulnerabilities and gene-nutrient interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly S Huggler
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Charles H Adelmann
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Heather R Keys
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ross W Soens
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Jason R Cantor
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Sung PS. A different detection method reveals a new role of alanine aminotransferase as an indicator of liver fibrosis. Korean J Intern Med 2020; 35:295-297. [PMID: 32131573 PMCID: PMC7061012 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pil Soo Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- The Catholic University Liver Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Pil Soo Sung, M.D. Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea Tel. +82-2-2258-2073 Fax: +82-2-3481-4025 E-mail:
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Sisharmini A, Apriana A, Khumaida N, Trijatmiko KR, Purwoko BS. Expression of a cucumber alanine aminotransferase2 gene improves nitrogen use efficiency in transgenic rice. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2019; 17:9. [PMID: 31712914 PMCID: PMC6848643 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-019-0010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Rice can absorb less than 40% of applied nitrogen fertilizer, whereas the unabsorbed nitrogen fertilizer may cause environmental problems, such as algal blooms in freshwater and increased production of nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas which is 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide. Development of nitrogen use efficient (NUE) rice is essential for more environmentally friendly rice production. Recently, NUE rice has been developed by root-specific expression of alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) gene from barley, a monocot plant. Therefore, we tested the efficacy of AlaAT gene from cucumber in transgenic rice, aiming to provide evidence for the conservation of AlaAT gene function in monocot and dicot. Results AlaAT gene from cucumber (CsAlaAT2) has been successfully cloned and constructed on pCAMBIA1300 plant expression vectors under the control of tissue-specific promoter OsAnt1. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Indonesian rice cv. Fatmawati using this construct produced 14 transgenic events. Pre-screening of T1 seedlings grown in the agar medium containing low nitrogen concentration identified selected events that were superior in the root dry weight. Southern hybridization confirmed the integration of T-DNA in the selected event genomes, each of them carried 1, 2, or 3 T-DNA insertions. Efficacy assay of three lead events in the greenhouse showed that in general transgenic events had increased biomass, tiller number, nitrogen content, and grain yield compared to WT. One event, i.e., FAM13, showed an increase in yield as much as 27.9% and higher plant biomass as much as 27.4% compared to WT under the low nitrogen condition. The lead events also showed higher absorption NUE, agronomical NUE, and grain NUE as compared to WT under the low nitrogen condition. Conclusions The results of this study showed that root-specific expression of cucumber alanine aminotransferase2 gene improved nitrogen use efficiency in transgenic rice, which indicate the conservation of function of this gene in monocot and dicot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atmitri Sisharmini
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Study Program, Departement of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.,Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar 3A, Bogor, 16111, Indonesia
| | - Aniversari Apriana
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar 3A, Bogor, 16111, Indonesia
| | - Nurul Khumaida
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Study Program, Departement of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Kurniawan Rudi Trijatmiko
- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development, Jl. Tentara Pelajar 3A, Bogor, 16111, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Sapta Purwoko
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Study Program, Departement of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Jl. Meranti, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
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Parthasarathy A, Adams LE, Savka FC, Hudson AO. The Arabidopsis thaliana gene annotated by the locus tag At3g08860 encodes alanine aminotransferase. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00171. [PMID: 31549019 PMCID: PMC6750192 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aminotransferase gene family in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana consists of 44 genes, eight of which are suggested to be alanine aminotransferases. One of the putative alanine aminotransferases genes, At3g08860, was attributed the function of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase/β-alanine:pyruvate aminotransferase based on the analysis of gene expression networks and homology to other β-alanine aminotransferases in plants. It was earlier demonstrated that At3g08860 is specifically upregulated in response to osmotic stress, but not other stresses (β-alanine is an osmoprotectant in plants). Furthermore, it was shown that the expression of At3g08860 is highly coordinated with the genes of the uracil degradation pathway leading to the non-proteinogenic amino acid β-alanine. These evidence were suggestive of the involvement of At3g08860 in β-alanine metabolism. However, direct experimental evidence for the function of At3g08860 was lacking, and therefore, the goal of this study was to elucidate the function of the uncharacterized aminotransferase annotated by the locus tag At3g08860. The cDNA of At3g08860 was demonstrated to functionally complement two E. coli mutants auxotrophic for the amino acids, L-alanine (proteinogenic) and β-alanine (non-proteinogenic). Enzyme activity using purified recombinant At3g08860 further demonstrated that the enzyme is endowed with L-alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lily E. Adams
- The Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life SciencesRochester Institute of TechnologyRochesterNYUSA
| | - Francisco C. Savka
- The Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life SciencesRochester Institute of TechnologyRochesterNYUSA
| | - André O. Hudson
- The Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life SciencesRochester Institute of TechnologyRochesterNYUSA
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Zhang H, Zhou KX, Wang WQ, Liu SJ, Song SQ. Proteome analysis reveals an energy-dependent central process for Populus×canadensis seed germination. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 213:134-147. [PMID: 28384531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Poplar (Populus×canadensis) seeds rapidly germinated in darkness at 10, 15, and 20°C and reached 50% seed germination after about 22, 4.5, and 3.5h, respectively. Germination of poplar seeds was markedly inhibited by abscisic acid (ABA) at 50μM and cycloheximide (CHX) at 100μM, and these inhibitive roles were temperature-dependent. In the present study, mature poplar seeds were used to investigate the differentially changed proteome of seeds germinating in water, ABA, and CHX. A total of 130 protein spots showed a significant change (1.5-fold increase/decrease, P<0.05) in abundance, and 101 protein spots were successfully identified. Most of the proteins were associated with cell defense and rescue (21%), storage proteins (21%), protein synthesis and destination (20%), metabolism (16%), and energy (14%). The germination of poplar seeds is closely related with the increase in those proteins involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway, protein synthesis and destination, cell defense and rescue, and degradation of storage proteins. ABA and CHX inhibit the germination of poplar seeds by decreasing the protein abundance associated with protein proteolysis, protein folding, and storage proteins. We conclude that poplar seed germination is an energy-dependent active process, and is accompanied by increasing amino acid activation, protein synthesis and destination, as well as cell defense and rescue, and degradation of storage proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ke-Xin Zhou
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Wei-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shu-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Song-Quan Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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Stekhanova TN, Rakitin AL, Mardanov AV, Bezsudnova EY, Popov VO. A Novel highly thermostable branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase from the crenarchaeon Vulcanisaeta moutnovskia. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 96:127-134. [PMID: 27871372 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new fold-type IV branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase VMUT0738 from the hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeon Vulcanisaeta moutnovskia was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified VMUT0738 showed activity toward numerous aliphatic and aromatic l-amino acids and 2-oxo acids at optimal pH 8.0. Distinguishing features of the VMUT0738 compared with typical BCAT are the absence of activity toward acidic substrates, high activity toward basic ones, and low but detectable activity toward the (R)-enantiomer of α-methylbenzylamine (0.0076U/mg) The activity of VMUT0738 increases with a rise in the temperature from 60°C to 90°C. VMUT0738 showed high thermostability (after 24h incubation at 70°C the enzyme lost only 27% of the initial activity) and the resistance to organic solvents. The sequence alignment revealed two motifs (V/I)xLDxR and PFG(K/H)YL characteristic of BCATs from species of the related genera Vulcanisaeta, Pyrobaculum and Thermoproteus that might be responsible for the unique substrate recognition profile of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Stekhanova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Andrey L Rakitin
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey V Mardanov
- Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Yu Bezsudnova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir O Popov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Ave. 33, bld. 2, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation; NBICS Center, National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute", Akad. Kurchatova sqr 1, 123182 Moscow, Russian Federation
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14
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Sensing Gram-negative bacteria: a phylogenetic perspective. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 38:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Zhang YX, Xu HH, Liu SJ, Li N, Wang WQ, Møller IM, Song SQ. Proteomic Analysis Reveals Different Involvement of Embryo and Endosperm Proteins during Aging of Yliangyou 2 Hybrid Rice Seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1394. [PMID: 27708655 PMCID: PMC5031166 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed aging is a process that results in a delayed germination, a decreased germination percentage, and finally a total loss of seed viability. However, the mechanism of seed aging is poorly understood. In the present study, Yliangyou 2 hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds were artificially aged at 100% relative humidity and 40°C, and the effect of artificial aging on germination, germination time course and the change in protein profiles of embryo and endosperm was studied to understand the molecular mechanism behind seed aging. With an increasing duration of artificial aging, the germination percentage and germination rate of hybrid rice seeds decreased. By comparing the protein profiles from the seeds aged for 0, 10 and 25 days, a total of 91 and 100 protein spots were found to show a significant change of more than 2-fold (P < 0.05) in abundance, and 71 and 79 protein spots were identified, in embryos and endosperms, respectively. The great majority of these proteins increased in abundance in embryos (95%) and decreased in abundance in endosperms (99%). In embryos, most of the identified proteins were associated with energy (30%), with cell defense and rescue (28%), and with storage protein (18%). In endosperms, most of the identified proteins were involved in metabolism (37%), in energy (27%), and in protein synthesis and destination (11%). The most marked change was the increased abundance of many glycolytic enzymes together with the two fermentation enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase in the embryos during aging. We hypothesize that the decreased viability of hybrid rice seeds during artificial aging is caused by the development of hypoxic conditions in the embryos followed by ethanol accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Heng-Heng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Shu-Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ni Li
- Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center/State Key Laboratory of Hybrid RiceChangsha, China
| | - Wei-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Ian M. Møller
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus UniversityFlakkebjerg, Denmark
| | - Song-Quan Song
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Song-Quan Song
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16
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Song Y, Li J, Shin HD, Du G, Liu L, Chen J. One-step biosynthesis of α-ketoisocaproate from L-leucine by an Escherichia coli whole-cell biocatalyst expressing an L-amino acid deaminase from Proteus vulgaris. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12614. [PMID: 26217895 PMCID: PMC4517468 DOI: 10.1038/srep12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to develop a whole-cell biotransformation process for the production of α-ketoisocaproate from L-leucine. A recombinant Escherichia coli strain was constructed by expressing an L-amino acid deaminase from Proteus vulgaris. To enhance α-ketoisocaproate production, the reaction conditions were optimized as follows: whole-cell biocatalyst 0.8 g/L, leucine concentration 13.1 g/L, temperature 35 °C, pH 7.5, and reaction time 20 h. Under the above conditions, the α-ketoisocaproate titer reached 12.7 g/L with a leucine conversion rate of 97.8%. In addition, different leucine feeding strategies were examined to increase the α-ketoisocaproate titer. When 13.1 g/L leucine was added at 2-h intervals (from 0 to 22 h, 12 addition times), the α-ketoisocaproate titer reached 69.1 g/L, while the leucine conversion rate decreased to 50.3%. We have developed an effective process for the biotechnological production of α-ketoisocaproate that is more environmentally friendly than the traditional petrochemical synthesis approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center Of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center Of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hyun-dong Shin
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineeirng, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, USA
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center Of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center Of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center Of Food Safety and Nutrition, Wuxi 214122, China
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17
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Wan PJ, Fu KY, Lü FG, Guo WC, Li GQ. Knockdown of a putative alanine aminotransferase gene affects amino acid content and flight capacity in the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1445-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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McAllister CH, Good AG. Alanine aminotransferase variants conferring diverse NUE phenotypes in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121830. [PMID: 25830496 PMCID: PMC4382294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT, E.C. 2.6.1.2), is a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent (PLP) enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group from alanine to 2-oxoglutarate to produce glutamate and pyruvate, or vice versa. It has been well documented in both greenhouse and field studies that tissue-specific over-expression of AlaAT from barley (Hordeum vulgare, HvAlaAT) results in a significant increase in plant NUE in both canola and rice. While the physical phenotypes associated with over-expression of HvAlaAT have been well characterized, the role this enzyme plays in vivo to create a more N efficient plant remains unknown. Furthermore, the importance of HvAlaAT, in contrast to other AlaAT enzyme homologues in creating this phenotype has not yet been explored. To address the role of AlaAT in NUE, AlaAT variants from diverse sources and different subcellular locations, were expressed in the wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 background and alaat1;2 (alaat1-1;alaat2-1) knockout background in various N environments. The analysis and comparison of both the physical and physiological properties of AlaAT over-expressing transgenic plants demonstrated significant differences between plants expressing the different AlaAT enzymes under different external conditions. This analysis indicates that the over-expression of AlaAT variants other than HvAlaAT in crop plants could further increase the NUE phenotype(s) previously observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra H. McAllister
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Allen G. Good
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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19
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Simons M, Saha R, Amiour N, Kumar A, Guillard L, Clément G, Miquel M, Li Z, Mouille G, Lea PJ, Hirel B, Maranas CD. Assessing the metabolic impact of nitrogen availability using a compartmentalized maize leaf genome-scale model. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:1659-74. [PMID: 25248718 PMCID: PMC4226342 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.245787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) is an important C4 plant due to its widespread use as a cereal and energy crop. A second-generation genome-scale metabolic model for the maize leaf was created to capture C4 carbon fixation and investigate nitrogen (N) assimilation by modeling the interactions between the bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. The model contains gene-protein-reaction relationships, elemental and charge-balanced reactions, and incorporates experimental evidence pertaining to the biomass composition, compartmentalization, and flux constraints. Condition-specific biomass descriptions were introduced that account for amino acids, fatty acids, soluble sugars, proteins, chlorophyll, lignocellulose, and nucleic acids as experimentally measured biomass constituents. Compartmentalization of the model is based on proteomic/transcriptomic data and literature evidence. With the incorporation of information from the MetaCrop and MaizeCyc databases, this updated model spans 5,824 genes, 8,525 reactions, and 9,153 metabolites, an increase of approximately 4 times the size of the earlier iRS1563 model. Transcriptomic and proteomic data have also been used to introduce regulatory constraints in the model to simulate an N-limited condition and mutants deficient in glutamine synthetase, gln1-3 and gln1-4. Model-predicted results achieved 90% accuracy when comparing the wild type grown under an N-complete condition with the wild type grown under an N-deficient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Simons
- Departments of Chemical Engineering (M.S., R.S., C.D.M.) and Bioinformatics and Genomics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences (A.K.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Agro-ParisTech, Equipe de Recherce Labellisée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France (N.A., L.G., G.C., M.M., Z.L., G.M., B.H.); andLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom (P.J.L.)
| | - Rajib Saha
- Departments of Chemical Engineering (M.S., R.S., C.D.M.) and Bioinformatics and Genomics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences (A.K.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Agro-ParisTech, Equipe de Recherce Labellisée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France (N.A., L.G., G.C., M.M., Z.L., G.M., B.H.); andLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom (P.J.L.)
| | - Nardjis Amiour
- Departments of Chemical Engineering (M.S., R.S., C.D.M.) and Bioinformatics and Genomics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences (A.K.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Agro-ParisTech, Equipe de Recherce Labellisée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France (N.A., L.G., G.C., M.M., Z.L., G.M., B.H.); andLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom (P.J.L.)
| | - Akhil Kumar
- Departments of Chemical Engineering (M.S., R.S., C.D.M.) and Bioinformatics and Genomics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences (A.K.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Agro-ParisTech, Equipe de Recherce Labellisée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France (N.A., L.G., G.C., M.M., Z.L., G.M., B.H.); andLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom (P.J.L.)
| | - Lenaïg Guillard
- Departments of Chemical Engineering (M.S., R.S., C.D.M.) and Bioinformatics and Genomics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences (A.K.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Agro-ParisTech, Equipe de Recherce Labellisée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France (N.A., L.G., G.C., M.M., Z.L., G.M., B.H.); andLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom (P.J.L.)
| | - Gilles Clément
- Departments of Chemical Engineering (M.S., R.S., C.D.M.) and Bioinformatics and Genomics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences (A.K.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Agro-ParisTech, Equipe de Recherce Labellisée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France (N.A., L.G., G.C., M.M., Z.L., G.M., B.H.); andLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom (P.J.L.)
| | - Martine Miquel
- Departments of Chemical Engineering (M.S., R.S., C.D.M.) and Bioinformatics and Genomics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences (A.K.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Agro-ParisTech, Equipe de Recherce Labellisée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France (N.A., L.G., G.C., M.M., Z.L., G.M., B.H.); andLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom (P.J.L.)
| | - Zhenni Li
- Departments of Chemical Engineering (M.S., R.S., C.D.M.) and Bioinformatics and Genomics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences (A.K.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Agro-ParisTech, Equipe de Recherce Labellisée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France (N.A., L.G., G.C., M.M., Z.L., G.M., B.H.); andLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom (P.J.L.)
| | - Gregory Mouille
- Departments of Chemical Engineering (M.S., R.S., C.D.M.) and Bioinformatics and Genomics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences (A.K.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Agro-ParisTech, Equipe de Recherce Labellisée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France (N.A., L.G., G.C., M.M., Z.L., G.M., B.H.); andLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom (P.J.L.)
| | - Peter J Lea
- Departments of Chemical Engineering (M.S., R.S., C.D.M.) and Bioinformatics and Genomics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences (A.K.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Agro-ParisTech, Equipe de Recherce Labellisée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France (N.A., L.G., G.C., M.M., Z.L., G.M., B.H.); andLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom (P.J.L.)
| | - Bertrand Hirel
- Departments of Chemical Engineering (M.S., R.S., C.D.M.) and Bioinformatics and Genomics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences (A.K.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Agro-ParisTech, Equipe de Recherce Labellisée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France (N.A., L.G., G.C., M.M., Z.L., G.M., B.H.); andLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom (P.J.L.)
| | - Costas D Maranas
- Departments of Chemical Engineering (M.S., R.S., C.D.M.) and Bioinformatics and Genomics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences (A.K.), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802;Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1318 Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Agro-ParisTech, Equipe de Recherce Labellisée, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 3559, F-78026 Versailles cedex, France (N.A., L.G., G.C., M.M., Z.L., G.M., B.H.); andLancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom (P.J.L.)
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