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Velazquez-Roman J, Angulo-Zamudio UA, Leon-Sicairos N, Flores-Villaseñor H, Benitez-Baez M, Espinoza-Salomón A, Karam-León A, Villamil-Ramírez H, Canizales-Quinteros S, Macías-Kauffer L, Monroy-Higuera J, Acosta-Smith E, Canizalez-Roman A. Association of PCSK1 and PPARG1 Allelic Variants with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Mexican Adults. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1775. [PMID: 37761915 PMCID: PMC10531047 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, are among the most important public health challenges worldwide. Metabolic diseases are classified as multifactorial diseases in which genetic variants such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may play an important role. The present study aimed to identify associations linking allelic variants of the PCSK1, TMEM18, GPX5, ZPR1, ZBTB16, and PPARG1 genes with anthropometric and biochemical traits and metabolic diseases (obesity or metabolic syndrome) in an adult population from northwestern Mexico. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 523 subjects, including 247 with normal weight, 276 with obesity, and 147 with metabolic syndrome. Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics were recorded, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by real-time PCR. RESULTS PCSK1 was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with BMI, weight, and waist-to-hip ratio; TMEM18 was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure and triglyceride levels; GPX5 was significantly associated with HDL cholesterol levels. In addition, PCSK1 was associated with obesity (p = 1.0 × 10-4) and metabolic syndrome (p = 3.0 × 10-3), whereas PPARG1 was associated with obesity (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS The associations found in this study, mainly between allelic variants of PCSK1 and metabolic traits, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, may represent a risk for developing metabolic diseases in adult subjects from northwestern Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Velazquez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
| | - Uriel A. Angulo-Zamudio
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
| | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, Constitución 530, Jorge Almada, Culiacan Sinaloa 80200, Mexico
| | - Hector Flores-Villaseñor
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
- The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan Sinaloa 80020, Mexico
| | - Miriam Benitez-Baez
- Programa de Doctorado, Posgrado Integral en Biotecnología, FCQB, UAS, Culiacan Sinaloa 80013, Mexico; (M.B.-B.); (A.K.-L.); (J.M.-H.)
| | - Ana Espinoza-Salomón
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
| | - Alejandra Karam-León
- Programa de Doctorado, Posgrado Integral en Biotecnología, FCQB, UAS, Culiacan Sinaloa 80013, Mexico; (M.B.-B.); (A.K.-L.); (J.M.-H.)
| | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (H.V.-R.); (S.C.-Q.); (L.M.-K.)
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (H.V.-R.); (S.C.-Q.); (L.M.-K.)
| | - Luis Macías-Kauffer
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (H.V.-R.); (S.C.-Q.); (L.M.-K.)
| | - Jose Monroy-Higuera
- Programa de Doctorado, Posgrado Integral en Biotecnología, FCQB, UAS, Culiacan Sinaloa 80013, Mexico; (M.B.-B.); (A.K.-L.); (J.M.-H.)
| | - Erika Acosta-Smith
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
| | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
- The Women’s Hospital, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan Sinaloa 80020, Mexico
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Lu Z, Miao X, Song Q, Ding H, Rajan SAP, Skardal A, Votanopoulos KI, Dai K, Zhao W, Lu B, Atala A. Detection of lineage-reprogramming efficiency of tumor cells in a 3D-printed liver-on-a-chip model. Theranostics 2023; 13:4905-4918. [PMID: 37771785 PMCID: PMC10526656 DOI: 10.7150/thno.86921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The liver metastasis accompanied with the loss of liver function is one of the most common complications in patients with triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC). Lineage reprogramming, as a technique direct inducing the functional cell types from one lineage to another lineage without passing through an intermediate pluripotent stage, is promising in changing cell fates and overcoming the limitations of primary cells. However, most reprogramming techniques are derived from human fibroblasts, and whether cancer cells can be reversed into hepatocytes remains elusive. Methods: Herein, we simplify preparation of reprogramming reagents by expressing six transcriptional factors (HNF4A, FOXA2, FOXA3, ATF5, PROX1, and HNF1) from two lentiviral vectors, each expressing three factors. Then the virus was transduced into MDA-MB-231 cells to generated human induced hepatocyte-like cells (hiHeps) and single-cell sequencing was used to analyze the fate for the cells after reprogramming. Furthermore, we constructed a Liver-on-a-chip (LOC) model by bioprinting the Gelatin Methacryloyl hydrogel loaded with hepatocyte extracellular vesicles (GelMA-EV) bioink onto the microfluidic chip to assess the metastasis behavior of the reprogrammed TNBC cells under the 3D liver microenvironment in vitro. Results: The combination of the genes HNF4A, FOXA2, FOXA3, ATF5, PROX1 and HNF1A could reprogram MDA-MB-231 tumor cells into human-induced hepatocytes (hiHeps), limiting metastasis of these cells. Single-cell sequencing analysis showed that the oncogenes were significantly inhibited while the liver-specific genes were activated after lineage reprogramming. Finally, the constructed LOC model showed that the hepatic phenotypes of the reprogrammed cells could be observed, and the metastasis of embedded cancer cells could be inhibited under the liver microenvironment. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that reprogramming could be a promising method to produce hepatocytes and treat TNBC liver metastasis. And the LOC model could intimate the 3D liver microenvironment and assess the behavior of the reprogrammed TNBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuyan Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Xiangwan Miao
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Qianqian Song
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Huifen Ding
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Shiny Amala Priya Rajan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Aleksander Skardal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Kerong Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Weixin Zhao
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Baisong Lu
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Roberts KJ, Ariza AJ, Selvaraj K, Quadri M, Mangarelli C, Neault S, Davis EE, Binns HJ. Testing for rare genetic causes of obesity: findings and experiences from a pediatric weight management program. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1493-1501. [PMID: 35562395 PMCID: PMC9105591 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic screening for youth with obesity in the absence of syndromic findings has not been part of obesity management. For children with early onset obesity, genetic screening is recommended for those having clinical features of genetic obesity syndromes (including hyperphagia). OBJECTIVES The overarching goal of this work is to report the findings and experiences from one pediatric weight management program that implemented targeted sequencing analysis for genes known to cause rare genetic disorders of obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS This exploratory study evaluated youth tested over an 18-month period using a panel of 40-genes in the melanocortin 4 receptor pathway. Medical records were reviewed for demographic and visit information, including body mass index (BMI) percent of 95th percentile (%BMIp95) and two eating behaviors. RESULTS Of 117 subjects: 51.3% were male; 53.8% Hispanic; mean age 10.2 years (SD 3.8); mean %BMIp95 157% (SD 29%). Most subjects were self- or caregiver-reported to have overeating to excess or binge eating (80.3%) and sneaking food or eating in secret (59.0%). Among analyzed genes, 72 subjects (61.5%) had at least one variant reported; 50 (42.7%) had a single variant reported; 22 (18.8%) had 2-4 variants reported; most variants were rare (<0.05% minor allele frequency [MAF]), and of uncertain significance; all variants were heterozygous. Nine subjects (7.7%) had a variant reported as PSCK1 "risk" or MC4R "likely pathogenic"; 39 (33.3%) had a Bardet-Biedl Syndrome (BBS) gene variant (4 with "pathogenic" or "likely pathogenic" variants). Therefore, 9 youth (7.7%) had gene variants previously identified as increasing risk for obesity and 4 youth (3.4%) had BBS carrier status. CONCLUSIONS Panel testing identified rare variants of uncertain significance in most youth tested, and infrequently identified variants previously reported to increase the risk for obesity. Further research in larger cohorts is needed to understand how genetic variants influence the expression of non-syndromic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn J Roberts
- College of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, PO Box 413, Milwaukee, WI, 53201-0413, USA. .,Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Adolfo J Ariza
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kavitha Selvaraj
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maheen Quadri
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Caren Mangarelli
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarah Neault
- Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erica E Davis
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Helen J Binns
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Stanley Manne Children's Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Shakya M, Martin NK, Arunagiri A, Martin MG, Arvan P, Low MJ, Lindberg I. The G209R mutant mouse as a model for human PCSK1 polyendocrinopathy. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6542675. [PMID: 35245347 PMCID: PMC9044177 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PCSK1 encodes an enzyme required for prohormone maturation into bioactive peptides. A striking number of SNPs and rare mutations in PCSK1 are associated with a range of clinical phenotypes. Infants bearing two copies of a catalytically inactivating mutation, such as G209R, exhibit life-threatening chronic diarrhea and subsequently develop systemic endocrinopathies. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we have engineered a mouse model bearing a G209R missense mutation in exon 6 of the murine Pcsk1 locus. Most pups homozygous for the G209R mutation succumbed by day 2, and surviving pups were severely dwarfed. In homozygous (but not heterozygous) pups, blood glucose levels were significantly lower, accompanied by elevated plasma insulin-like immunoreactivity and accumulation of large quantities of unprocessed proinsulin in the pancreas. Peptide hormone processing was also aberrant in G209R mouse pituitary, with mature ACTH levels markedly reduced in homozygotes, accompanied by a significant accumulation of POMC. We also observed a significant reduction in PC1/3 protein in the brains of G209R homozygous mice by Western blotting, while PC2 levels remained unaffected. Most likely due to the continued presence of PC2, pituitary and brain levels of α-MSH were not impaired. Analysis of intestinal cell types indicated a modest reduction of enteroendocrine cells in G209R homozygotes. We suggest that the G209R Pcsk1 mouse model recapitulates many of the dramatic neonatal deficiencies of human patients with this homozygous mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manita Shakya
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Surbhi
- Department Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicolle K Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel
Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anoop Arunagiri
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martin G Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel
Children’s Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los
Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Malcolm J Low
- Department Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Correspondence: Iris Lindberg, PhD, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF2, S218, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Ni Y, Chen X, Sun Y, Pan J, Tang C, Yuan T. Modulation of PC1/3 activity by a rare double-site homozygous mutation. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1026707. [PMID: 36389395 PMCID: PMC9659753 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1026707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preprotein convertase 1/3 deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder in which patients present with malabsorptive diarrhea and a series of symptoms of endocrine disorders such as polydipsia, reactive hypoglycemia, growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, and early onset obesity. In its essence, pituitary hormone deficiency is caused by insufficient cleavage of pituitary prohormones. Here, we describe a female child with a rare double-site homozygous mutation in PCSK1 (Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-type 1) gene, and thereby intend to investigate the relationship between these novel mutation sites and changes in protein synthesis and function. METHODS We tested this patient's blood and urine fecal indicators of infection, blood electrolytes, and relevant endocrine hormone levels in the laboratory. Next Generation Sequencing was applied to screen the patient's DNA. Western Blot was performed to evaluate the mutant protein's expression. The enzymatic activity was measured as the rate of cleavage of a synthetic fluorogenic substrate in a specific solution. RESULTS We found that this patient presented shortly after birth with uncorrectable diarrhea and symptoms of metabolic acidosis with hypothyroidism. Next Generation Sequencing revealed that a rare double-site homozygous missense mutation, c.763G > A (p.G255R) and c.758C > T (p.S253L), were detected in exon 7 of PCSK1 (Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-type 1) gene on chromosome 5 of the patient. Western blotting revealed that there was no significant decrease in protein synthesis levels in the mutant phenotype compared to the wild type. Compared with WT type, the proteins expressed by the mutations showed a significant decrease in the enzyme activity towards the fluorescent substrates. However, neither the single site mutation p.S253L or p.G255R, nor the double-site mutation of both, all showed no significant differences from each other. CONCLUSIONS These two missense mutations have not been reported before, and it is even rarer to find homozygous variation of two sites in one patient. This study identifies two novel mutations for the first time and further investigates the changes in protein synthesis and enzyme activity, providing a new pathway to continue to explore the pathogenesis of diseases associated with the function of PC1/3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ni
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxiang Chen
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiarong Pan
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianming Yuan
- Department of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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Parvaz N, Jalali Z. Molecular evolution of PCSK family: Analysis of natural selection rate and gene loss. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259085. [PMID: 34710160 PMCID: PMC8553125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertases subtilisin kexins are serine endoproteases, playing critical roles in the biological functions, including lipid, glucose, and bile acid metabolism, as well as cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis. Experimental studies have demonstrated the physiological functions of PCSKs and their association with diseases; however, studies on the evolutionary history and diversification of these proteins are missing. In the present research, a bioinformatics study was conducted on the molecular evolution of several PCSKs family members and gene loss events across placental mammalian. In order to detect evolutionary constraints and positive selection, the CodeML program of the PAML package was used. The results showed the positive selection to occur in PCSK1, PCSK3, PCSK5, and PCSK7. A decelerated rate of evolution was observed in PCSK7, PCSK3, and MBTPS1 in Carnivores compared to the rest of phylogeny, and an accelerated evolution of PCSK1, PCSK7, and MBTPS1 in Muridae family of rodents was found. Additionally, our results indicated pcsk9 gene loss in 12 species comprising Carnivores and bats (Chiroptera). Future studies are required to evaluate the functional relevance and selective evolutionary advantages associated with these modifications in PCSK proteins during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Parvaz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Zahra Jalali
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- * E-mail:
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De Rosa MC, Glover HJ, Stratigopoulos G, LeDuc CA, Su Q, Shen Y, Sleeman MW, Chung WK, Leibel RL, Altarejos JY, Doege CA. Gene expression atlas of energy balance brain regions. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e149137. [PMID: 34283813 PMCID: PMC8409984 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy balance is controlled by interconnected brain regions in the hypothalamus, brainstem, cortex, and limbic system. Gene expression signatures of these regions can help elucidate the pathophysiology underlying obesity. RNA sequencing was conducted on P56 C57BL/6NTac male mice and E14.5 C57BL/6NTac embryo punch biopsies in 16 obesity-relevant brain regions. The expression of 190 known obesity-associated genes (monogenic, rare, and low-frequency coding variants; GWAS; syndromic) was analyzed in each anatomical region. Genes associated with these genetic categories of obesity had localized expression patterns across brain regions. Known monogenic obesity causal genes were highly enriched in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and developing hypothalamus. The obesity-associated genes clustered into distinct “modules” of similar expression profile, and these were distinct from expression modules formed by similar analysis with genes known to be associated with other disease phenotypes (type 1 and type 2 diabetes, autism, breast cancer) in the same energy balance–relevant brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Caterina De Rosa
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, and
| | - Hannah J Glover
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, and
| | - George Stratigopoulos
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons
| | - Charles A LeDuc
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons.,New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Qi Su
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Department of Systems Biology.,Department of Biomedical Informatics
| | - Mark W Sleeman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons.,Department of Medicine.,Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center.,Institute of Human Nutrition
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics.,Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons.,New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Institute of Human Nutrition
| | | | - Claudia A Doege
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons.,Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, and.,New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Functional and clinical relevance of novel and known PCSK1 variants for childhood obesity and glucose metabolism. Mol Metab 2016; 6:295-305. [PMID: 28271036 PMCID: PMC5323889 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Variants in Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 1 (PCSK1) may be causative for obesity as suggested by monogenic cases and association studies. Here we assessed the functional relevance in experimental studies and the clinical relevance through detailed metabolic phenotyping of newly identified and known PCSK1 variants in children. Results In 52 obese children selected for elevated proinsulin levels and/or impaired glucose tolerance, we found eight known variants and two novel heterozygous variants (c.1095 + 1G > A and p.S24C) by sequencing the PCSK1 gene. Patients with the new variants presented with extreme obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and PCOS. Functionally, c.1095 + 1G > A caused skipping of exon8 translation and a complete loss of enzymatic activity. The protein was retained within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) causing ER stress. The p.S24C variant had no functional effect on protein size, cell trafficking, or enzymatic activity. The known variants rs6230, rs35753085, and rs725522 in the 5′ end did not affect PCSK1 promoter activity. In clinical association studies in 1673 lean and obese children, we confirmed associations of rs6232 and rs6234 with BMI-SDS and of rs725522 with glucose stimulated insulin secretion and Matsuda index. We did not find the new variants in any other subjects. Conclusions We identified and functionally characterized two rare novel PCSK1 variants of which c.1095 + 1G > A caused complete loss of protein function. In addition to confirming rs6232 and rs6234 in PCSK1 as polygenic risk variants for childhood obesity, we describe an association of rs725522 with insulin metabolism. Our results support the contribution of PCSK1 variants to obesity predisposition in children. We identified two novel variants in PCSK1 in severely obese adolescents. The phenotype of these two heterozygous carriers is more severe than in “common childhood obesity”. The ΔEx8 variant leads to a truncated protein with a complete loss of function, which is retained within the ER. For common variant rs725522 detailed metabolic phenotyping revealed impaired glucose dynamics. Overall, variants in PCSK1 are not only associated with childhood obesity, but a more severe phenotype than in BMI-matched controls.
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Stijnen P, Ramos-Molina B, O'Rahilly S, Creemers JWM. PCSK1 Mutations and Human Endocrinopathies: From Obesity to Gastrointestinal Disorders. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:347-71. [PMID: 27187081 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prohormone convertase 1/3, encoded by the PCSK1 gene, is a serine endoprotease that is involved in the processing of a variety of proneuropeptides and prohormones. Humans who are homozygous or compound heterozygous for loss-of-function mutations in PCSK1 exhibit a variable and pleiotropic syndrome consisting of some or all of the following: obesity, malabsorptive diarrhea, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, altered thyroid and adrenal function, and impaired regulation of plasma glucose levels in association with elevated circulating proinsulin-to-insulin ratio. Recently, more common variants in the PCSK1 gene have been found to be associated with alterations in body mass index, increased circulating proinsulin levels, and defects in glucose homeostasis. This review provides an overview of the endocrinopathies and other disorders observed in prohormone convertase 1/3-deficient patients, discusses the possible biochemical basis for these manifestations of the disease, and proposes a model whereby certain missense mutations in PCSK1 may result in proteins with a dominant negative action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Stijnen
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Stijnen P, Brouwers B, Dirkx E, Ramos-Molina B, Van Lommel L, Schuit F, Thorrez L, Declercq J, Creemers JWM. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of the mouse PC1/3-N222D hypomorph and human PCSK1 mutations contributes to obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40:973-81. [PMID: 26786350 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), encoded by proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1), cleaves and hence activates several orexigenic and anorexigenic proproteins. Congenital inactivation of PCSK1 leads to obesity in human but not in mice. However, a mouse model harboring the hypomorphic mutation N222D is obese. It is not clear why the mouse models differ in phenotype. METHODS Gene expression analysis was performed with pancreatic islets from Pcsk1(N222D/N222D) mice. Subsequently, biosynthesis, maturation, degradation and activity were studied in islets, pituitary, hypothalamus and cell lines. Coimmunoprecipitation of PC1/3-N222D and human PC1/3 variants associated with obesity with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone BiP was studied in cell lines. RESULTS Gene expression analysis of islets of Pcsk1(N222D/N222D) mice showed enrichment of gene sets related to the proteasome and the unfolded protein response. Steady-state levels of PC1/3-N222D and in particular the carboxy-terminally processed form were strongly reduced in islets, pituitary and hypothalamus. However, impairment of substrate cleavage was tissue dependent. Proinsulin processing was drastically reduced, while processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in pituitary was only mildly impaired. Growth hormone expression and IGF-1 levels were normal, indicating near-normal processing of hypothalamic proGHRH. PC1/3-N222D binds to BiP and is rapidly degraded by the proteasome. Analysis of human PC1/3 obesity-associated mutations showed increased binding to BiP and prolonged intracellular retention for all investigated mutations, in particular for PC1/3-T175M, PC1/3-G226R and PC1/3-G593R. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the hypomorphic mutation in Pcsk1(N222D) mice has an effect on catalytic activity in pancreatic islets, pituitary and hypothalamus. Reduced substrate processing activity in Pcsk1(N222D/N222D) mice is due to enhanced degradation in addition to reduced catalytic activity of the mutant. PC1/3-N222D binds to BiP, suggesting impaired folding and reduced stability. Enhanced BiP binding is also observed in several human obesity-associated PC1/3 variants, suggesting a common mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stijnen
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Brouwers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Dirkx
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - B Ramos-Molina
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Van Lommel
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - F Schuit
- Gene Expression Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L Thorrez
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Declercq
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J W M Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Blanco EH, Ramos-Molina B, Lindberg I. Revisiting PC1/3 Mutants: Dominant-Negative Effect of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Retained Mutants. Endocrinology 2015; 156. [PMID: 26207343 PMCID: PMC4588832 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3), encoded by the gene PCSK1, is critical for peptide hormone synthesis. An increasing number of studies have shown that inactivating mutations in PCSK1 are correlated with endocrine pathologies ranging from intestinal dysfunction to morbid obesity, whereas the common nonsynonymous polymorphisms rs6232 (N221D) and rs6234-rs6235 (Q665E-S690T) are highly associated with obesity risk. In this report, we revisited the biochemical and cellular properties of PC1/3 variants in the context of a wild-type PC1/3 background instead of the S357G hypermorph background used for all previous studies. In the wild-type background the PC1/3 N221D variant exhibited 30% lower enzymatic activity in a fluorogenic assay than wild-type PC1/3; this inhibition was greater than that detected in an equivalent experiment using the PC1/3 S357G background. A PC1/3 variant with the linked carboxyl-terminal polymorphisms Q665E-S690T did not show this difference. We also analyzed the biochemical properties of 2 PC1/3 mutants, G209R and G593R, which are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and studied their effects on wild-type PC1/3. The expression of ER-retained mutants induced ER stress markers and also resulted in dominant-negative blockade of wild-type PC1/3 prodomain cleavage and decreased expression of wild-type PC1/3, suggesting facilitation of the entry of wild-type protein to a degradative proteasomal pathway. Dominant-negative effects of PC1/3 mutations on the expression and maturation of wild-type protein, with consequential effects on PC1/3 availability, add a new element which must be considered in population and clinical studies of this gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Blanco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
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12
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Williamson DM, Elferich J, Shinde U. Mechanism of Fine-tuning pH Sensors in Proprotein Convertases: IDENTIFICATION OF A pH-SENSING HISTIDINE PAIR IN THE PROPEPTIDE OF PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE 1/3. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23214-25. [PMID: 26229104 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.665430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The propeptides of proprotein convertases (PCs) regulate activation of cognate protease domains by sensing pH of their organellar compartments as they transit the secretory pathway. Earlier experimental work identified a conserved histidine-encoded pH sensor within the propeptide of the canonical PC, furin. To date, whether protonation of this conserved histidine is solely responsible for PC activation has remained unclear because of the observation that various PC paralogues are activated at different organellar pH values. To ascertain additional determinants of PC activation, we analyzed PC1/3, a paralogue of furin that is activated at a pH of ∼5.4. Using biophysical, biochemical, and cell-based methods, we mimicked the protonation status of various histidines within the propeptide of PC1/3 and examined how such alterations can modulate pH-dependent protease activation. Our results indicate that whereas the conserved histidine plays a crucial role in pH sensing and activation of this protease an additional histidine acts as a "gatekeeper" that fine-tunes the sensitivity of the PC1/3 propeptide to facilitate the release inhibition at higher proton concentrations when compared with furin. Coupled with earlier analyses that highlighted the enrichment of the amino acid histidine within propeptides of secreted eukaryotic proteases, our work elucidates how secreted proteases have evolved to exploit the pH of the secretory pathway by altering the spatial juxtaposition of titratable groups to regulate their activity in a spatiotemporal fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Williamson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Johannes Elferich
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Ujwal Shinde
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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13
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Nead KT, Li A, Wehner MR, Neupane B, Gustafsson S, Butterworth A, Engert JC, Davis AD, Hegele RA, Miller R, den Hoed M, Khaw KT, Kilpeläinen TO, Wareham N, Edwards TL, Hallmans G, Varga TV, Kardia SLR, Smith JA, Zhao W, Faul JD, Weir D, Mi J, Xi B, Quinteros SC, Cooper C, Sayer AA, Jameson K, Grøntved A, Fornage M, Sidney S, Hanis CL, Highland HM, Häring HU, Heni M, Lasky-Su J, Weiss ST, Gerhard GS, Still C, Melka MM, Pausova Z, Paus T, Grant SFA, Hakonarson H, Price RA, Wang K, Scherag A, Hebebrand J, Hinney A, Franks PW, Frayling TM, McCarthy MI, Hirschhorn JN, Loos RJ, Ingelsson E, Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Beyene J, Anand SS, Meyre D. Contribution of common non-synonymous variants in PCSK1 to body mass index variation and risk of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis with evidence from up to 331 175 individuals. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3582-94. [PMID: 25784503 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms rs6232 and rs6234/rs6235 in PCSK1 have been associated with extreme obesity [e.g. body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m(2)], but their contribution to common obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) and BMI variation in a multi-ethnic context is unclear. To fill this gap, we collected phenotypic and genetic data in up to 331 175 individuals from diverse ethnic groups. This process involved a systematic review of the literature in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and the NIH GWAS catalog complemented by data extraction from pre-existing GWAS or custom-arrays in consortia and single studies. We employed recently developed global meta-analytic random-effects methods to calculate summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or beta estimates and standard errors (SE) for the obesity status and BMI analyses, respectively. Significant associations were found with binary obesity status for rs6232 (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.24, P = 6.08 × 10(-6)) and rs6234/rs6235 (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.04-1.10, P = 3.00 × 10(-7)). Similarly, significant associations were found with continuous BMI for rs6232 (β = 0.03, 95% CI 0.00-0.07; P = 0.047) and rs6234/rs6235 (β = 0.02, 95% CI 0.00-0.03; P = 5.57 × 10(-4)). Ethnicity, age and study ascertainment significantly modulated the association of PCSK1 polymorphisms with obesity. In summary, we demonstrate evidence that common gene variation in PCSK1 contributes to BMI variation and susceptibility to common obesity in the largest known meta-analysis published to date in genetic epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Nead
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aihua Li
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Mackenzie R Wehner
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Binod Neupane
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - James C Engert
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8L 2X
| | | | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8, Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 751 05, Sweden
| | | | - Marcel den Hoed
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9, Six Nations Health Services, Ohsweken, Canada N0A 1M0
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9, Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada N6A 5K8
| | - Nick Wareham
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Göran Hallmans
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tibor V Varga
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Wei Zhao
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - David Weir
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jie Mi
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Bo Xi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
| | | | - Cyrus Cooper
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China, Department of Maternal and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Avan Aihie Sayer
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Karen Jameson
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Anders Grøntved
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Myriam Fornage
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen Sidney
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Craig L Hanis
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Heather M Highland
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institute of Molecular Medicine and Division of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institute of Molecular Medicine and Division of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA, The Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA, The Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Internal Medicine IV (Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry), University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | | | - Melkaey M Melka
- The Department of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Department of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA, Geisinger Obesity Institute, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA, Geisinger Obesity Institute, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - R Arlen Price
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X
| | - Kai Wang
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK, Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M6A 2E1
| | - Andre Scherag
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena 07740, Germany
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK
| | - Ruth J Loos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Meyre
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,
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14
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Mahajan A, Sim X, Ng HJ, Manning A, Rivas MA, Highland HM, Locke AE, Grarup N, Im HK, Cingolani P, Flannick J, Fontanillas P, Fuchsberger C, Gaulton KJ, Teslovich TM, Rayner NW, Robertson NR, Beer NL, Rundle JK, Bork-Jensen J, Ladenvall C, Blancher C, Buck D, Buck G, Burtt NP, Gabriel S, Gjesing AP, Groves CJ, Hollensted M, Huyghe JR, Jackson AU, Jun G, Justesen JM, Mangino M, Murphy J, Neville M, Onofrio R, Small KS, Stringham HM, Syvänen AC, Trakalo J, Abecasis G, Bell GI, Blangero J, Cox NJ, Duggirala R, Hanis CL, Seielstad M, Wilson JG, Christensen C, Brandslund I, Rauramaa R, Surdulescu GL, Doney ASF, Lannfelt L, Linneberg A, Isomaa B, Tuomi T, Jørgensen ME, Jørgensen T, Kuusisto J, Uusitupa M, Salomaa V, Spector TD, Morris AD, Palmer CNA, Collins FS, Mohlke KL, Bergman RN, Ingelsson E, Lind L, Tuomilehto J, Hansen T, Watanabe RM, Prokopenko I, Dupuis J, Karpe F, Groop L, Laakso M, Pedersen O, Florez JC, Morris AP, Altshuler D, Meigs JB, Boehnke M, McCarthy MI, Lindgren CM, Gloyn AL. Identification and functional characterization of G6PC2 coding variants influencing glycemic traits define an effector transcript at the G6PC2-ABCB11 locus. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1004876. [PMID: 25625282 PMCID: PMC4307976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome wide association studies (GWAS) for fasting glucose (FG) and insulin (FI) have identified common variant signals which explain 4.8% and 1.2% of trait variance, respectively. It is hypothesized that low-frequency and rare variants could contribute substantially to unexplained genetic variance. To test this, we analyzed exome-array data from up to 33,231 non-diabetic individuals of European ancestry. We found exome-wide significant (P<5×10-7) evidence for two loci not previously highlighted by common variant GWAS: GLP1R (p.Ala316Thr, minor allele frequency (MAF)=1.5%) influencing FG levels, and URB2 (p.Glu594Val, MAF = 0.1%) influencing FI levels. Coding variant associations can highlight potential effector genes at (non-coding) GWAS signals. At the G6PC2/ABCB11 locus, we identified multiple coding variants in G6PC2 (p.Val219Leu, p.His177Tyr, and p.Tyr207Ser) influencing FG levels, conditionally independent of each other and the non-coding GWAS signal. In vitro assays demonstrate that these associated coding alleles result in reduced protein abundance via proteasomal degradation, establishing G6PC2 as an effector gene at this locus. Reconciliation of single-variant associations and functional effects was only possible when haplotype phase was considered. In contrast to earlier reports suggesting that, paradoxically, glucose-raising alleles at this locus are protective against type 2 diabetes (T2D), the p.Val219Leu G6PC2 variant displayed a modest but directionally consistent association with T2D risk. Coding variant associations for glycemic traits in GWAS signals highlight PCSK1, RREB1, and ZHX3 as likely effector transcripts. These coding variant association signals do not have a major impact on the trait variance explained, but they do provide valuable biological insights. Understanding how FI and FG levels are regulated is important because their derangement is a feature of T2D. Despite recent success from GWAS in identifying regions of the genome influencing glycemic traits, collectively these loci explain only a small proportion of trait variance. Unlocking the biological mechanisms driving these associations has been challenging because the vast majority of variants map to non-coding sequence, and the genes through which they exert their impact are largely unknown. In the current study, we sought to increase our understanding of the physiological pathways influencing both traits using exome-array genotyping in up to 33,231 non-diabetic individuals to identify coding variants and consequently genes associated with either FG or FI levels. We identified novel association signals for both traits including the receptor for GLP-1 agonists which are a widely used therapy for T2D. Furthermore, we identified coding variants at several GWAS loci which point to the genes underlying these association signals. Importantly, we found that multiple coding variants in G6PC2 result in a loss of protein function and lower fasting glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xueling Sim
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hui Jin Ng
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alisa Manning
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Manuel A. Rivas
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M. Highland
- Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adam E. Locke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Niels Grarup
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hae Kyung Im
- Department of Health Studies, Biostatistics Laboratory, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Pablo Cingolani
- School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jason Flannick
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pierre Fontanillas
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kyle J. Gaulton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - N. William Rayner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R. Robertson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola L. Beer
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jana K. Rundle
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jette Bork-Jensen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claes Ladenvall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christine Blancher
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Buck
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Buck
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Noël P. Burtt
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anette P. Gjesing
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher J. Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mette Hollensted
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeroen R. Huyghe
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Goo Jun
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Johanne Marie Justesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacquelyn Murphy
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matt Neville
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Onofrio
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kerrin S. Small
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joseph Trakalo
- High Throughput Genomics, Oxford Genomics Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Goncalo Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Graeme I. Bell
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Department of Medicine, Section of Genetic Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ravindranath Duggirala
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Craig L. Hanis
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James G. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Cramer Christensen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Ivan Brandslund
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rainer Rauramaa
- Foundation for Research in Health, Exercise and Nutrition, Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gabriela L. Surdulescu
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alex S. F. Doney
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Allan Linneberg
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Department of Social Services and Health Care, Jakobstad, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Torben Jørgensen
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Aalborg, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Clinical Research Centre, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Pat Macpherson Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Cedars-Sinai Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria del Hospital Universario LaPaz (IdiPAZ), University Hospital LaPaz, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Vascular Prevention, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Richard M. Watanabe
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Josee Dupuis
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Markku Laakso
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jose C. Florez
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetic Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Estonian Genome Centre, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - David Altshuler
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Diabetes Research Center (Diabetes Unit), Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James B. Meigs
- General Medicine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (CML); (ALG)
| | - Anna L. Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (CML); (ALG)
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15
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Stijnen P, Tuand K, Varga TV, Franks PW, Aertgeerts B, Creemers JWM. The association of common variants in PCSK1 with obesity: a HuGE review and meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2014; 180:1051-65. [PMID: 25355447 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital deficiency of the proprotein convertase subtilisine/kexin type 1 gene (PCSK1), which encodes proprotein convertase 1/3, causes a severe multihormonal disorder marked by early-onset obesity. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs6232 and rs6234-rs6235 in PCSK1 have been associated with obesity. However, case-control studies carried out in populations of different ethnicities have only partly replicated this association. Moreover, these SNPs have only weakly been associated with body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) at a genome-wide level of significance. To investigate this discrepancy, we conducted a systematic search for studies published before December 2013 and extracted relevant data. Pooled estimates were calculated for overall and subgroup analyses. This meta-analysis confirmed the association of PCSK1 SNPs with obesity and provides the first evidence that the association between PCSK1 rs6232 and obesity is stronger for childhood obesity than for adult obesity. Moreover, we identified weak associations with body mass index and significantly stronger associations with waist circumference for rs6234-rs6235. No difference was found in the association with different obesity grades, and no association of PCSK1 rs6234-rs6235 with obesity was identified in Asian populations. This systematic Human Genome Epidemiology (HuGE) review showed convincingly that the SNPs rs6232, rs6234, and rs6235 in PCSK1 are associated with obesity in Caucasians.
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16
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Wilschanski M, Abbasi M, Blanco E, Lindberg I, Yourshaw M, Zangen D, Berger I, Shteyer E, Pappo O, Bar-Oz B, Martín MG, Elpeleg O. A novel familial mutation in the PCSK1 gene that alters the oxyanion hole residue of proprotein convertase 1/3 and impairs its enzymatic activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108878. [PMID: 25272002 PMCID: PMC4182778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Four siblings presented with congenital diarrhea and various endocrinopathies. Exome sequencing and homozygosity mapping identified five regions, comprising 337 protein-coding genes that were shared by three affected siblings. Exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous N309K mutation in the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1) gene, encoding the neuroendocrine convertase 1 precursor (PC1/3) which was recently reported as a cause of Congenital Diarrhea Disorder (CDD). The PCSK1 mutation affected the oxyanion hole transition state-stabilizing amino acid within the active site, which is critical for appropriate proprotein maturation and enzyme activity. Unexpectedly, the N309K mutant protein exhibited normal, though slowed, prodomain removal and was secreted from both HEK293 and Neuro2A cells. However, the secreted enzyme showed no catalytic activity, and was not processed into the 66 kDa form. We conclude that the N309K enzyme is able to cleave its own propeptide but is catalytically inert against in trans substrates, and that this variant accounts for the enteric and systemic endocrinopathies seen in this large consanguineous kindred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wilschanski
- Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Pediatrics, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Montaser Abbasi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Pediatrics, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elias Blanco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Iris Lindberg
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael Yourshaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David Zangen
- Endocrinology Unit, Division of Pediatrics, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itai Berger
- Neurology Unit, Division of Pediatrics, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Shteyer
- Gastroenterology Unit, Division of Pediatrics, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orit Pappo
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Benjamin Bar-Oz
- Department of Neonatology, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Martin G. Martín
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Orly Elpeleg
- Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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Blanco EH, Peinado JR, Martín MG, Lindberg I. Biochemical and cell biological properties of the human prohormone convertase 1/3 Ser357Gly mutation: a PC1/3 hypermorph. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3434-47. [PMID: 24932808 PMCID: PMC4138575 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Satiety and appetite signaling are accomplished by circulating peptide hormones. These peptide hormones require processing from larger precursors to become bioactive, often by the proprotein convertase 1/3 (PC1/3). Several subcellular maturation steps are necessary for PC1/3 to achieve its optimal enzymatic activity. Certain PC1/3 variants found in the general population slightly attenuate its enzymatic activity and are associated with obesity and diabetes. However, mutations that increase PC1/3 activity and/or affect its specificity could also have physiological consequences. We here present data showing that the known human Ser357Gly PC1/3 mutant (PC1/3(S357G)) represents a PC1/3 hypermorph. Conditioned media from human embryonic kidney-293 cells transfected with PC1/3(WT) and PC1/3(S357G) were collected and enzymatic activity characterized. PC1/3(S357G) exhibited a lower calcium dependence; a higher pH optimum (neutral); and a higher resistance to peptide inhibitors than the wild-type enzyme. PC1/3(S357G) exhibited increased cleavage to the C-terminally truncated form, and kinetic parameters of the full-length and truncated mutant enzymes were also altered. Lastly, the S357G mutation broadened the specificity of the enzyme; we detected PC2-like specificity on the substrate proCART, the precursor of the cocaine- and amphetamine regulated transcript neuropeptide known to be associated with obesity. The production of another anorexigenic peptide normally synthesized only by PC2, αMSH, was increased when proopiomelanocortin was coexpressed with PC1/3(S357G). Considering the aberrant enzymatic profile of PC1/3(S357G), we hypothesize that this enzyme possesses unusual processing activity that may significantly change the profile of circulating peptide hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias H Blanco
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (E.H.B., J.R.P., I.L.), University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; and Department of Pediatrics (M.G.M.), Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
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18
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Dhanvantari S. The genetics of obesity meets basic cell biology through prohormone convertase 1/3. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2343-5. [PMID: 24950989 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Prabhu Y, Blanco EH, Liu M, Peinado JR, Wheeler MC, Gekakis N, Arvan P, Lindberg I. Defective transport of the obesity mutant PC1/3 N222D contributes to loss of function. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2391-401. [PMID: 24828610 PMCID: PMC4060179 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the PCSK1 gene encoding prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) are strongly associated with obesity in humans. The PC1/3(N222D) mutant mouse thus far represents the only mouse model that mimics the PC1/3 obesity phenotype in humans. The present investigation addresses the cell biology of the N222D mutation. Metabolic labeling experiments reveal a clear defect in the kinetics of insulin biosynthesis in islets from PC1/3(N222D) mutant mice, resulting in an increase in both proinsulin and its processing intermediates, predominantly lacking cleavage at the Arg-Arg site. Although the mutant PC1/3 zymogen is correctly processed to the 87-kDa form, pulse-chase immunoprecipitation experiments, labeling, and immunohistochemical experiments using uncleavable variants all demonstrate that the PC1/3-N222D protein is largely mislocalized compared with similar wild-type (WT) constructs, being predominantly retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. The PC1/3-N222D mutant also undergoes more efficient degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system than the WT enzyme. Lastly, the mutant PC1/3-N222D protein coimmunoprecipitates with WT PC1/3 and exerts a modest effect on intracellular retention of the WT enzyme. These profound alterations in the cell biology of PC1/3-N222D are likely to contribute to the defective insulin biosynthetic events observed in the mutant mice and may be relevant to the dramatic contributions of polymorphisms in this gene to human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogikala Prabhu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (Y.P., E.H.B., J.R.P., I.L.), University of Maryland-Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes (M.L., P.A.), University of Michigan, Michigan 48105; and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology (M.C.W., N.G.), The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California 92037
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20
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Turpeinen H, Ortutay Z, Pesu M. Genetics of the first seven proprotein convertase enzymes in health and disease. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:453-67. [PMID: 24396277 PMCID: PMC3867721 DOI: 10.2174/1389202911314050010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the substilisin/kexin like proprotein convertase (PCSK) protease family cleave and convert immature pro-proteins into their biologically active forms. By cleaving for example prohormones, cytokines and cell membrane proteins, PCSKs participate in maintaining the homeostasis in a healthy human body. Conversely, erratic enzymatic function is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of a wide variety of diseases, including obesity and hypercholestrolemia. The first characterized seven PCSK enzymes (PCSK1-2, FURIN, PCSK4-7) process their substrates at a motif made up of paired basic amino acid residues. This feature results in a variable degree of biochemical redundancy in vitro, and consequently, shared substrate molecules between the different PCSK enzymes. This redundancy has confounded our understanding of the specific biological functions of PCSKs. The physiological roles of these enzymes have been best illustrated by the phenotypes of genetically engineered mice and patients that carry mutations in the PCSK genes. Recent developments in genome-wide methodology have generated a large amount of novel information on the genetics of the first seven proprotein convertases. In this review we summarize the reported genetic alterations and their associated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Turpeinen
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Zsuzsanna Ortutay
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marko Pesu
- Immunoregulation, Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, and BioMediTech, Tampere, Finland; ; Fimlab laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Finland
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21
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Choi S, Korstanje R. Proprotein convertases in high-density lipoprotein metabolism. Biomark Res 2013; 1:27. [PMID: 24252756 PMCID: PMC4177610 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-1-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexins (PCSKs) are a serine endopeptidase family. PCSK members cleave amino acid residues and modulate the activity of precursor proteins. Evidence from patients and animal models carrying genetic alterations in PCSK members show that PCSK members are involved in various metabolic processes. These studies further revealed the molecular mechanism by which genetic alteration of some PCSK members impairs normal molecular and physiological functions, which in turn lead to cardiovascular disease. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is anti-atherogenic as it removes excessive amount of cholesterol from blood and peripheral tissues. Several PCSK members are involved in HDL metabolism. PCSK3, PCSK5, and PCSK6 process two triglyceride lipase family members, endothelial lipase and lipoprotein lipase, which are important for HDL remodeling. Recent studies in our lab found evidence that PCSK1 and PCSK9 are also involved in HDL metabolism. A mouse model carrying an amino acid substitution in PCSK1 showed an increase in serum apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) level. Another mouse model lacking PCSK9 showed a decrease in APOE-containing HDL. In this review, we summarize the role of the five PCSK members in lipid, glucose, and bile acid (BA) metabolism, each of which can influence HDL metabolism. We propose an integrative model in which PCSK members regulate HDL metabolism through various molecular mechanisms and metabolic processes and genetic variation in some PCSK members may affect the efficiency of reverse cholesterol transport. PCSK members are considered as attractive therapeutic targets. A greater understanding of the molecular and physiological functions of PCSK members will improve therapeutic strategies and drug efficacy for cardiovascular disease where PCSK members play critical role, with fewer adverse effects.
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