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Singhal J, Madan E, Chaurasiya A, Srivastava P, Singh N, Kaushik S, Kahlon AK, Maurya MK, Marothia M, Joshi P, Ranganathan A, Singh S. Host SUMOylation Pathway Negatively Regulates Protective Immune Responses and Promotes Leishmania donovani Survival. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:878136. [PMID: 35734580 PMCID: PMC9207379 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.878136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is one of the post-translational modifications that have recently been described as a key regulator of various cellular, nuclear, metabolic, and immunological processes. The process of SUMOylation involves the modification of one or more lysine residues of target proteins by conjugation of a ubiquitin-like, small polypeptide known as SUMO for their degradation, stability, transcriptional regulation, cellular localization, and transport. Herein, for the first time, we report the involvement of the host SUMOylation pathway in the process of infection of Leishmania donovani, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. Our data revealed that infection of L. donovani to the host macrophages leads to upregulation of SUMOylation pathway genes and downregulation of a deSUMOylating gene, SENP1. Further, to confirm the effect of the host SUMOylation on the growth of Leishmania, the genes associated with the SUMOylation pathway were silenced and parasite load was analyzed. The knockdown of the SUMOylation pathway led to a reduction in parasitic load, suggesting the role of the host SUMOylation pathway in the disease progression and parasite survival. Owing to the effect of the SUMOylation pathway in autophagy, we further investigated the status of host autophagy to gain mechanistic insights into how SUMOylation mediates the regulation of growth of L. donovani. Knockdown of genes of host SUMOylation pathway led to the reduction of the expression levels of host autophagy markers while promoting autophagosome–lysosome fusion, suggesting SUMOylation-mediated autophagy in terms of autophagy initiation and autophagy maturation during parasite survival. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitric oxide (NO) production, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were also elevated upon the knockdown of genes of the host SUMOylation pathway during L. donovani infection. This indicates the involvement of the SUMOylation pathway in the modulation of protective immune responses and thus favoring parasite survival. Taken together, the results of this study indicate the hijacking of the host SUMOylation pathway by L. donovani toward the suppression of host immune responses and facilitation of host autophagy to potentially facilitate its survival. Targeting of SUMOylation pathway can provide a starting point for the design and development of novel therapeutic interventions to combat leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhalak Singhal
- *Correspondence: Jhalak Singhal, ; Anand Ranganathan, ; Shailja Singh,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anand Ranganathan
- *Correspondence: Jhalak Singhal, ; Anand Ranganathan, ; Shailja Singh,
| | - Shailja Singh
- *Correspondence: Jhalak Singhal, ; Anand Ranganathan, ; Shailja Singh,
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Piñeyro MD, Arias D, Parodi-Talice A, Guerrero S, Robello C. Trypanothione Metabolism as Drug Target for Trypanosomatids. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:1834-1846. [PMID: 33308115 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201211115329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chagas Disease, African sleeping sickness, and leishmaniasis are neglected diseases caused by pathogenic trypanosomatid parasites, which have a considerable impact on morbidity and mortality in poor countries. The available drugs used as treatment have high toxicity, limited access, and can cause parasite drug resistance. Long-term treatments, added to their high toxicity, result in patients that give up therapy. Trypanosomatids presents a unique trypanothione based redox system, which is responsible for maintaining the redox balance. Therefore, inhibition of these essential and exclusive parasite's metabolic pathways, absent from the mammalian host, could lead to the development of more efficient and safe drugs. The system contains different redox cascades, where trypanothione and tryparedoxins play together a central role in transferring reduced power to different enzymes, such as 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, non-selenium glutathione peroxidases, ascorbate peroxidases, glutaredoxins and methionine sulfoxide reductases, through NADPH as a source of electrons. There is sufficient evidence that this complex system is essential for parasite survival and infection. In this review, we explore what is known in terms of essentiality, kinetic and structural data, and the development of inhibitors of enzymes from this trypanothione-based redox system. The recent advances and limitations in the development of lead inhibitory compounds targeting these enzymes have been discussed. The combination of molecular biology, bioinformatics, genomics, and structural biology is fundamental since the knowledge of unique features of the trypanothione-dependent system will provide tools for rational drug design in order to develop better treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Arias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia del Litoral y Facultad de Bioquimica y Ciencias Biologicas, CONICET-UNL, Santa F, Argentina
| | | | - Sergio Guerrero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnologia del Litoral y Facultad de Bioquimica y Ciencias Biologicas, CONICET-UNL, Santa F, Argentina
| | - Carlos Robello
- Unidad de Biologia Molecular, Instituto Pasteur Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Arias DG, Cabeza MS, Echarren ML, Faral-Tello P, Iglesias AA, Robello C, Guerrero SA. On the functionality of a methionine sulfoxide reductase B from Trypanosoma cruzi. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 158:96-114. [PMID: 32682073 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methionine is an amino acid susceptible to be oxidized to give a racemic mixture of R and S forms of methionine sulfoxide (MetSO). This posttranslational modification has been reported to occur in vivo under either normal or stress conditions. The reduction of MetSO to methionine is catalyzed by methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs), thiol-dependent enzymes present in almost all organisms. These enzymes can reduce specifically one or another of the isomers of MetSO (free and protein-bound). This redox modification could change the structure and function of many proteins, either concerned in redox or other metabolic pathways. The study of antioxidant systems in Trypanosoma cruzi has been mainly focused on the involvement of trypanothione, a specific redox component for these organisms. Though, little information is available concerning mechanisms for repairing oxidized methionine residues in proteins, which would be relevant for the survival of these pathogens in the different stages of their life cycle. METHODS We report an in vitro functional and in vivo cellular characterization of methionine sulfoxide reductase B (MSRB, specific for protein-bound MetSO R-enantiomer) from T. cruzi strain Dm28c. RESULTS MSRB exhibited both cytosolic and mitochondrial localization in epimastigote cells. From assays involving parasites overexpressing MSRB, we observed the contribution of this protein to increase the general resistance against oxidative damage, the infectivity of trypomastigote cells, and intracellular replication of the amastigote stage. Also, we report that epimastigotes overexpressing MSRB exhibit inhibition of the metacyclogenesis process; this suggesting the involvement of the proteins as negative modulators in this cellular differentiation. CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This report contributes to novel insights concerning redox metabolism in T. cruzi. Results herein presented support the importance of enzymatic steps involved in the metabolism of L-Met and in repairing oxidized macromolecules in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Matías S Cabeza
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María L Echarren
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Paula Faral-Tello
- Laboratorio de Interacción Hospedero-Patógeno, UBM, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos Robello
- Laboratorio de Interacción Hospedero-Patógeno, UBM, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay; Departamento de Bioquímica - Facultad de Medicina - Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular - Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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Rossi M, Fasel N. How to master the host immune system? Leishmania parasites have the solutions! Int Immunol 2019; 30:103-111. [PMID: 29294040 PMCID: PMC5892169 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania results in the development of leishmaniasis, an increasingly prevalent group of diseases affecting over 12 million people worldwide. Leishmaniasis can have very different outcomes ranging from cutaneous lesions, mucosal lesions to visceralization depending on the species of the infecting parasite and on the immune response developed by the host. As an obligate intracellular parasite, residing within macrophages, Leishmania evolved in strict contact with the host immune system, developing different mechanisms to evade or modulate the immune response. Various types of immune responses are observed during different Leishmania spp. infections, resulting in parasite clearance but also contributing to the pathogenesis, thus increasing the complexity of the course of the disease. Interestingly, depending on the type of leishmaniasis developed, opposite treatment strategies, which either boost or inhibit the inflammatory response, have shown efficacy. In this review, we summarize the contribution of different immune cell types to the development of the anti-leishmanial immune response and the parasite strategies to evade and modulate host immunity. Further, we discuss the involvement of co-infecting pathogens in the determination of the outcome of leishmaniasis and on the effectiveness of treatment and the implication of the immune response for treatment and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Rossi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Ding X, Liu K, Lu Y, Gong G. Morphological, transcriptional, and metabolic analyses of osmotic-adapted mechanisms of the halophilic Aspergillus montevidensis ZYD4 under hypersaline conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3829-3846. [PMID: 30859256 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic fungi in hypersaline habitats require multiple cellular responses for high-salinity adaptation. However, the exact mechanisms behind these adaptation processes remain to be slightly known. The current study is aimed at elucidating the morphological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic changes of the halophilic fungus Aspergillus montevidensis ZYD4 under hypersaline conditions. Under these conditions, the fungus promoted conidia formation and suppressed cleistothecium development. Furthermore, the fungus differentially expressed genes (P < 0.0001) that controlled ion transport, amino acid transport and metabolism, soluble sugar accumulation, fatty acid β-oxidation, saturated fatty acid synthesis, electron transfer, and oxidative stress tolerance. Additionally, the hypersalinized mycelia widely accumulated metabolites, including amino acids, soluble sugars, saturated fatty acids, and other carbon- and nitrogen-containing compounds. The addition of metabolites-such as neohesperidin, biuret, aspartic acid, alanine, proline, and ornithine-significantly promoted the growth (P ≤ 0.05) and the morphological adaptations of A. montevidensis ZYD4 grown in hypersaline environments. Our study demonstrated that morphological shifts, ion equilibrium, carbon and nitrogen metabolism for solute accumulation, and energy production are vital to halophilic fungi so that they can build tolerance to high-salinity environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Ding
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China.,School of Biological Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong City, 723001, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China. .,School of Biological Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong City, 723001, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yuxin Lu
- School of Biological Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong City, 723001, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guoli Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
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Singh VK, Singh K, Baum K. The Role of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases in Oxidative Stress Tolerance and Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus and Other Bacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7100128. [PMID: 30274148 PMCID: PMC6210949 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRA1 and MSRB) are proteins overproduced in Staphylococcus aureus during exposure with cell wall-active antibiotics. Later studies identified the presence of two additional MSRA proteins (MSRA2 and MSRA3) in S. aureus. These MSR proteins have been characterized in many other bacteria as well. This review provides the current knowledge about the conditions and regulatory network that mimic the expression of these MSR encoding genes and their role in defense from oxidative stress and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet K Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA.
| | | | - Kyle Baum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA.
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Gomide ACP, Ibraim IC, Alves JTC, de Sá PG, de Oliveira Silva YR, Santana MP, Silva WM, Folador EL, Mariano DCB, de Paula Castro TL, Barbosa S, Dorella FA, Carvalho AF, Pereira FL, Leal CAG, Figueiredo HCP, Azevedo V, Silva A, Folador ARC. Transcriptome analysis of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar Equi in two conditions of the environmental stress. Gene 2018; 677:349-360. [PMID: 30098432 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis has been widely studied in an effort to understand its biological evolution. Transcriptomics has revealed possible candidates for virulence and pathogenicity factors of strain 1002 (biovar Ovis). Because C. pseudotuberculosis is classified into two biovars, Ovis and Equi, it was interesting to assess the transcriptional profile of biovar Equi strain 258, the causative agent of ulcerative lymphangitis. The genome of this strain was re-sequenced; the reassembly was completed using optical mapping technology, and the sequence was subsequently re-annotated. Two growth conditions that occur during the host infection process were simulated for the transcriptome: the osmotic and acid medium. Genes that may be associated with the microorganism's resilience under unfavorable conditions were identified through RNAseq, including genes present in pathogenicity islands. The RT-qPCR was performed to confirm the results in biological triplicate for each condition for some genes. The results extend our knowledge of the factors associated with the spread and persistence of C. pseudotuberculosis during the infection process and suggest possible avenues for studies related to the development of vaccines, diagnosis, and therapies that might help minimize damage to agribusinesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cybelle Pinto Gomide
- Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte 31.270-901, Brazil.
| | - Izabela Coimbra Ibraim
- Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Jorianne T C Alves
- Laboratory of Genomic and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and System Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil, Rua Augusto Corrêa, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil
| | - Pablo Gomes de Sá
- Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Rodovia PA 140, 2428 Tomé-Açu, PA, Brazil
| | - Yuri Rafael de Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Genomic and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and System Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil, Rua Augusto Corrêa, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil
| | - Mariana Passos Santana
- Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Marques Silva
- National Institute of Agricultural Technology, Los Reseros y Nicolás Repetto, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - Edson Luiz Folador
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
| | - Diego C B Mariano
- Department of Computer Sciences, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte 31.270-901, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Luiz de Paula Castro
- Department of Biointeraction, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon, s/n, Vale do Canela, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Silvanira Barbosa
- Laboratory of Genomic and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and System Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil, Rua Augusto Corrêa, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Alves Dorella
- AQUACEN - National Reference Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Alex F Carvalho
- AQUACEN - National Reference Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Felipe L Pereira
- AQUACEN - National Reference Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Carlos A G Leal
- AQUACEN - National Reference Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Henrique C P Figueiredo
- AQUACEN - National Reference Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Department of General Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte 31.270-901, Brazil.
| | - Artur Silva
- Laboratory of Genomic and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and System Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil, Rua Augusto Corrêa, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Ribeiro Carneiro Folador
- Laboratory of Genomic and Bioinformatics, Center of Genomics and System Biology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Para, Belém, Pará, Brazil, Rua Augusto Corrêa, Belém 66.075-110, Brazil.
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The Uptake and Metabolism of Amino Acids, and Their Unique Role in the Biology of Pathogenic Trypanosomatids. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7020036. [PMID: 29614775 PMCID: PMC6027508 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, as well as Trypanosoma cruzi and more than 20 species of the genus Leishmania, form a group of flagellated protists that threaten human health. These organisms are transmitted by insects that, together with mammals, are their natural hosts. This implies that during their life cycles each of them faces environments with different physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological characteristics. In this work we review how amino acids are obtained from such environments, how they are metabolized, and how they and some of their intermediate metabolites are used as a survival toolbox to cope with the different conditions in which these parasites should establish the infections in the insects and mammalian hosts.
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Guerrero SA, Arias DG, Cabeza MS, Law MCY, D'Amico M, Kumar A, Wilkinson SR. Functional characterisation of the methionine sulfoxide reductase repertoire in Trypanosoma brucei. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:524-533. [PMID: 28865997 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To combat the deleterious effects that oxidation of the sulfur atom in methionine to sulfoxide may bring, aerobic cells express repair pathways involving methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSRs) to reverse the above reaction. Here, we show that Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African trypanosomiasis, expresses two distinct trypanothione-dependent MSRs that can be distinguished from each other based on sequence, sub-cellular localisation and substrate preference. One enzyme found in the parasite's cytosol, shows homology to the MSRA family of repair proteins and preferentially metabolises the S epimer of methionine sulfoxide. The second, which contains sequence motifs present in MSRBs, is restricted to the mitochondrion and can only catalyse reduction of the R form of peptide-bound methionine sulfoxide. The importance of these proteins to the parasite was demonstrated using functional genomic-based approaches to produce cells with reduced or elevated expression levels of MSRA, which exhibited altered susceptibility to exogenous H2O2. These findings identify new reparative pathways that function to fix oxidatively damaged methionine within this medically important parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Guerrero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego G Arias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Matias S Cabeza
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, CONICET-Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Michelle C Y Law
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Maria D'Amico
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Ambika Kumar
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Shane R Wilkinson
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
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Belkhelfa-Slimani R, Djerdjouri B. Caffeic acid and quercetin exert caspases-independent apoptotic effects on Leishmania major promastigotes, and reactivate the death of infected phagocytes derived from BALB/c mice. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Pang M, Lin X, Liu J, Guo C, Gao S, Du H, Lu C, Liu Y. Identification of Aeromonas hydrophila Genes Preferentially Expressed after Phagocytosis by Tetrahymena and Involvement of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:199. [PMID: 28083518 PMCID: PMC5183988 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-living protozoa affect the survival and virulence evolution of pathogens in the environment. In this study, we explored the fate of Aeromonas hydrophila when co-cultured with the bacteriovorous ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila and investigated bacterial gene expression associated with the co-culture. Virulent A. hydrophila strains were found to have ability to evade digestion in the vacuoles of this protozoan. In A. hydrophila, a total of 116 genes were identified as up-regulated following co-culture with T. thermophila by selective capture of transcribed sequences (SCOTS) and comparative dot-blot analysis. A large proportion of these genes (42/116) play a role in metabolism, and some of the genes have previously been characterized as required for bacterial survival and replication within macrophages. Then, we inactivated the genes encoding methionine sulfoxide reductases, msrA, and msrB, in A. hydrophila. Compared to the wild-type, the mutants ΔmsrA and ΔmsrAB displayed significantly reduced resistance to predation by T. thermophila, and 50% lethal dose (LD50) determinations in zebrafish demonstrated that both mutants were highly attenuated. This study forms a solid foundation for the study of mechanisms and implications of bacterial defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoda Pang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China; Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Food Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural SciencesNanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqin Lin
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Changming Guo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Hechao Du
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Chengping Lu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing, China
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12
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Mutational and Structural Analysis of Conserved Residues in Ribose-5-Phosphate Isomerase B from Leishmania donovani: Role in Substrate Recognition and Conformational Stability. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150764. [PMID: 26953696 PMCID: PMC4783025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase B from Leishmania donovani (LdRpiB) is one of the potential drug targets against visceral leishmaniasis. In the present study, we have targeted several conserved amino acids for mutational analysis (i.e. Cys69, His11, His102, His138, Asp45, Tyr46, Pro47 and Glu149) to gain crucial insights into their role in substrate binding, catalysis and conformational stability of the enzyme. All the eight LdRpiB variants were cloned, sequenced, expressed and purified. C69S, H102N, D45N and E149A mutants exhibited complete loss of enzyme activity indicating that they are indispensable for the enzyme activity. Kinetic parameters were altered in case of H138N, H11N and P47A variants; however Y46F exhibited similar kinetic behaviour as wild type. All the mutants except H138N exhibited altered protein structure as determined by CD and fluorescence spectral analysis. This data was supported by the atomic level details of the conformational changes and substrate binding using molecular dynamic simulations. LdRpiB also exhibited activity with D-form of various aldose substrates in the order of D-ribose > D-talose > D-allose > D-arabinose. Our study provides insights for better understanding of substrate enzyme interactions which can rationalize the process of drug design against parasite RpiB.
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Zhang W, Sun J, Ding W, Lin J, Tian R, Lu L, Liu X, Shen X, Qian PY. Extracellular matrix-associated proteins form an integral and dynamic system during Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:40. [PMID: 26029669 PMCID: PMC4429628 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the essential role of extracellular matrix in biofilm development has been extensively documented, the function of matrix-associated proteins is elusive. Determining the dynamics of matrix-associated proteins would be a useful way to reveal their functions in biofilm development. Therefore, we applied iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics to evaluate matrix-associated proteins isolated from different phases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 biofilms. Among the identified 389 proteins, 54 changed their abundance significantly. The increased abundance of stress resistance and nutrient metabolism-related proteins over the period of biofilm development was consistent with the hypothesis that biofilm matrix forms micro-environments in which cells are optimally organized to resist stress and use available nutrients. Secreted proteins, including novel putative effectors of the type III secretion system were identified, suggesting that the dynamics of pathogenesis-related proteins in the matrix are associated with biofilm development. Interestingly, there was a good correlation between the abundance changes of matrix-associated proteins and their expression. Further analysis revealed complex interactions among these modulated proteins, and the mutation of selected proteins attenuated biofilm development. Collectively, this work presents the first dynamic picture of matrix-associated proteins during biofilm development, and provides evidences that the matrix-associated proteins may form an integral and well regulated system that contributes to stress resistance, nutrient acquisition, pathogenesis and the stability of the biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weipeng Zhang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University Yangling, China
| | - Jinshui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University Yangling, China
| | - Renmao Tian
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China
| | - Liang Lu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaofen Liu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China
| | - Xihui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University Yangling, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China
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Yin C, Zheng L, Zhu J, Chen L, Ma A. Enhancing stress tolerance by overexpression of a methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MsrA) gene in Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3115-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Podinovskaia M, Descoteaux A. Leishmania and the macrophage: a multifaceted interaction. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:111-29. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Leishmania, the causative agent of leishmaniases, is an intracellular parasite of macrophages, transmitted to humans via the bite of its sand fly vector. This protozoan organism has evolved strategies for efficient uptake into macrophages and is able to regulate phagosome maturation in order to make the phagosome more hospitable for parasite growth and to avoid destruction. As a result, macrophage defenses such as oxidative damage, antigen presentation, immune activation and apoptosis are compromised whereas nutrient availability is improved. Many Leishmania survival factors are involved in shaping the phagosome and reprogramming the macrophage to promote infection. This review details the complexity of the host–parasite interactions and summarizes our latest understanding of key events that make Leishmania such a successful intracellular parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podinovskaia
- INRS – Institut Armand-Frappier & Center for Host–Parasite Interactions, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Albert Descoteaux
- INRS – Institut Armand-Frappier & Center for Host–Parasite Interactions, 531 boul. des Prairies, Laval, Quebec, H7V 1B7, Canada
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Sansom FM, Ralton JE, Sernee MF, Cohen AM, Hooker DJ, Hartland EL, Naderer T, McConville MJ. Golgi-located NTPDase1 of Leishmania major is required for lipophosphoglycan elongation and normal lesion development whereas secreted NTPDase2 is dispensable for virulence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3402. [PMID: 25521752 PMCID: PMC4270689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic protozoa, such as Leishmania species, are thought to express a number of surface and secreted nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) which hydrolyze a broad range of nucleoside tri- and diphosphates. However, the functional significance of NTPDases in parasite virulence is poorly defined. The Leishmania major genome was found to contain two putative NTPDases, termed LmNTPDase1 and 2, with predicted NTPDase catalytic domains and either an N-terminal signal sequence and/or transmembrane domain, respectively. Expression of both proteins as C-terminal GFP fusion proteins revealed that LmNTPDase1 was exclusively targeted to the Golgi apparatus, while LmNTPDase2 was predominantly secreted. An L. major LmNTPDase1 null mutant displayed increased sensitivity to serum complement lysis and exhibited a lag in lesion development when infections in susceptible BALB/c mice were initiated with promastigotes, but not with the obligate intracellular amastigote stage. This phenotype is characteristic of L. major strains lacking lipophosphoglycan (LPG), the major surface glycoconjugate of promastigote stages. Biochemical studies showed that the L. major NTPDase1 null mutant synthesized normal levels of LPG that was structurally identical to wild type LPG, with the exception of having shorter phosphoglycan chains. These data suggest that the Golgi-localized NTPase1 is involved in regulating the normal sugar-nucleotide dependent elongation of LPG and assembly of protective surface glycocalyx. In contrast, deletion of the gene encoding LmNTPDase2 had no measurable impact on parasite virulence in BALB/c mice. These data suggest that the Leishmania major NTPDase enzymes have potentially important roles in the insect stage, but only play a transient or non-major role in pathogenesis in the mammalian host. Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases (NTPDases) are a family of enzymes expressed in many eukaryotes, ranging from single-celled parasites to mammals. In mammals, NTPDases can have an immunomodulatory role, while in pathogenic protists cell-surface and secreted NTPDases are thought to be important virulence factors, although this has never been explicitly tested. In this study we have investigated the function of two NTPDases, termed LmNTPDase1 and LmNTPDase2, in Leishmania major parasites. We show that LmNTPDase 1 and LmNTPDase 2 are differentially targeted to the Golgi apparatus and secreted, respectively. A Leishmania major mutant lacking the Golgi LmNTPDase1 exhibited a delayed capacity to induce lesions in susceptible mice when promastigote (insect) stages were used to initiate infection, but not when amastigote (mammalian-infective) stages were used. Loss of promastigote infectivity in the LmNTPDase1 null mutant was associated with the synthesis and surface expression of lipophosphoglycan (LPG), with shorter glycan chains and increased sensitivity to complement-mediated lysis. In contrast, a null mutant lacking the secreted LmNTPDase2 did not exhibit any difference in virulence. Our results suggest that Leishmania major NTPDases have specific roles in regulating Golgi glycosylation pathways, and nucleoside salvage pathways in the insect stages, but do not appear to be required for virulence of the mammalian-infective stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M. Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Julie E. Ralton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. Fleur Sernee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alice M. Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J. Hooker
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth L. Hartland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malcolm J. McConville
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Drazic A, Winter J. The physiological role of reversible methionine oxidation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1367-82. [PMID: 24418392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing amino acids such as cysteine and methionine are particularly vulnerable to oxidation. Oxidation of cysteine and methionine in their free amino acid form renders them unavailable for metabolic processes while their oxidation in the protein-bound state is a common post-translational modification in all organisms and usually alters the function of the protein. In the majority of cases, oxidation causes inactivation of proteins. Yet, an increasing number of examples have been described where reversible cysteine oxidation is part of a sophisticated mechanism to control protein function based on the redox state of the protein. While for methionine the dogma is still that its oxidation inhibits protein function, reversible methionine oxidation is now being recognized as a powerful means of triggering protein activity. This mode of regulation involves oxidation of methionine to methionine sulfoxide leading to activated protein function, and inactivation is accomplished by reduction of methionine sulfoxide back to methionine catalyzed by methionine sulfoxide reductases. Given the similarity to thiol-based redox-regulation of protein function, methionine oxidation is now established as a novel mode of redox-regulation of protein function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Thiol-Based Redox Processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Drazic
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPS(M)) at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Jeannette Winter
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CiPS(M)) at the Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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Proteomic analysis of the proteins released from Staphylococcus aureus following exposure to Ag(I). Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1644-8. [PMID: 23608358 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The silver ion (Ag(I)) has well established antimicrobial properties and is widely used in a variety of anti-bacterial ointments and plasters for the control of wound infections. Wounds are frequently colonised by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the aim of the work presented here was to establish how S. aureus responded following exposure to Ag(I). Exposure of S. aureus to Ag(I) resulted in the release of a range of proteins from cells. Analysis of proteins released revealed a number of proteins associated with the stress response (e.g. alkaline shock protein, methionine sulfoxide reductase), virulence (e.g. signal transduction protein) and metabolism (e.g. lipase, acetate kinase, phosphoglycerate mutase). The release of toxins (e.g. α-hemolysin, bifunctional autolysin, leucocidin F) was decreased. These results indicated that, while silver is a potent antimicrobial agent, exposure of S. aureus to this metal results in the release of a variety of proteins from the cell. Many of the proteins showing increased release were antigenic and would have the potential to induce an inflammatory response at the site of infection and thus delay healing.
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