1
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Rane S, Hogan T, Lee E, Seddon B, Yates AJ. Towards a unified model of naive T cell dynamics across the lifespan. eLife 2022; 11:78168. [PMID: 35678373 PMCID: PMC9348855 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Naive CD4 and CD8 T cells are cornerstones of adaptive immunity, but the dynamics of their establishment early in life and how their kinetics change as they mature following release from the thymus are poorly understood. Further, due to the diverse signals implicated in naive T cell survival, it has been a long-held and conceptually attractive view that they are sustained by active homeostatic control as thymic activity wanes. Here we use multiple modelling and experimental approaches to identify a unified model of naive CD4 and CD8 T cell population dynamics in mice, across their lifespan. We infer that both subsets divide rarely, and progressively increase their survival capacity with cell age. Strikingly, this simple model is able to describe naive CD4 T cell dynamics throughout life. In contrast, we find that newly generated naive CD8 T cells are lost more rapidly during the first 3-4 weeks of life, likely due to increased recruitment into memory. We find no evidence for elevated division rates in neonates, or for feedback regulation of naive T cell numbers at any age. We show how confronting mathematical models with diverse datasets can reveal a quantitative and remarkably simple picture of naive T cell dynamics in mice from birth into old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Rane
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States.,Irving Institute for Cancer Dynamics, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Thea Hogan
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, United States
| | - Benedict Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, United States
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2
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Lisovska N. Multilevel mechanism of immune checkpoint inhibitor action in solid tumors: History, present issues and future development (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 23:190. [PMID: 35527781 PMCID: PMC9073577 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors (antibodies that target and block immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment) is included in the standard of care for patients with different types of malignancy, such as melanoma, renal cell and urothelial carcinoma, lung cancer etc. The introduction of this new immunotherapy has altered the view on potential targets for treatment of solid tumors from tumor cells themselves to their immune microenvironment; this has led to a reconsideration of the mechanisms of tumor-associated immunity. However, only a subset of patients benefit from immunotherapy and patient response is often unpredictable, even with known initial levels of prognostic markers; the biomarkers for favorable response are still being investigated. Mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors efficiency, as well as the origins of treatment failure, require further investigation. From a clinical standpoint, discrepancies between the theoretical explanation of inhibitors of immune checkpoint actions at the cellular level and their deployment at a tissue/organ level impede the effective clinical implementation of novel immune therapy. The present review assessed existing experimental and clinical data on functional activity of inhibitors of immune checkpoints to provide a more comprehensive picture of their mechanisms of action on a cellular and higher levels of biological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Lisovska
- Chemotherapy Department, Center of Oncology, ‘Cyber Clinic of Spizhenko’, Kapitanovka, Kyiv 08112, Ukraine
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3
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Abstract
Generating and maintaining a diverse repertoire of naive T cells is essential for protection against pathogens, and developing a mechanistic and quantitative description of the processes involved lies at the heart of our understanding of vertebrate immunity. Here, we review the biology of naive T cells from birth to maturity and outline how the integration of mathematical models and experiments has helped us to develop a full picture of their life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Seddon
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Yates
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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4
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Lisovska N, Shanazarov N. Tumor progression mechanisms: Insights from the central immune regulation of tissue homeostasis. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:5311-5318. [PMID: 31186747 PMCID: PMC6507387 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the spread of cancer at the cellular and molecular levels is expanding rapidly. However, the central regulators governing the initiation and the rate of tumor growth remain poorly established. The fundamental principles of innate and adaptive immunity may explain how immune cells generate a specific response to tumor tissue. In the current review, the functional features of the immune system that contribute to the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis, as well as their disruption in malignant transformations, were analyzed. Experimental and clinical studies previously demonstrated the involvement of regulatory T-cells in the process of tumor metastasis in a tissue-specific manner. An understanding of the cross talk between lymphoid and tumor cells may provide an insight into cancer evolution in terms of the mechanisms of T-cell competency formation. Elucidating the mechanisms of tumor progression via central immune regulation has implications for the development of novel therapeutic agents that target immune checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Lisovska
- Department of Chemotherapy, Center of Oncology, Cyber Clinic of Spizhenko, Kyiv 08112, Ukraine, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Nasrulla Shanazarov
- Department of General Surgery, Medical Center Hospital of The President's Affairs Administration of The Republic of Kazakhstan, Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan
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5
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Kato W, Nishio M, To Y, Togashi H, Mak TW, Takada H, Ohga S, Maehama T, Suzuki A. MOB1 regulates thymocyte egress and T-cell survival in mice in a YAP1-independent manner. Genes Cells 2019; 24:485-495. [PMID: 31125466 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian STE20-like protein kinase 1/2 (MST1/2) and nuclear Dbf2-related kinase 1/2 (NDR1/2) are core components of Hippo signaling that are also known to be important regulators of lymphocyte trafficking. However, little is understood about the roles of other Hippo pathway molecules in these cells. Here, we present the first analysis of the function of Mps one binder kinase activator-1 (MOB1) in T lymphocytes in vivo. T-cell-specific double knockout (DKO) of MOB1A/B in mice [tMob1 DKO mice] reduces the number of naïve T cells in both the circulation and secondary lymphoid organs, but leads to an accumulation of CD4+ CD8- and CD4- CD8+ single-positive (SP) cells in the thymus. In vitro, naïve MOB1A/B-deficient T cells show increased apoptosis and display impaired trafficking capacity in response to the chemokine CCL19. These defects are linked to suppression of the activation of MST and NDR kinases, but are independent of the downstream transcriptional co-activator Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1). Thus, MOB1 proteins play an important role in thymic egress and T-cell survival that is mediated by a pathway other than conventional Hippo-YAP1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Kato
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Nishio
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoko To
- Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideru Togashi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tak Wah Mak
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hidetoshi Takada
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shouichi Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Maehama
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan.,Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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6
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Wang J, Sekai M, Matsui T, Fujii Y, Matsumoto M, Takeuchi O, Minato N, Hamazaki Y. Hassall’s corpuscles with cellular-senescence features maintain IFNα production through neutrophils and pDC activation in the thymus. Int Immunol 2018; 31:127-139. [PMID: 30534943 PMCID: PMC9271218 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hassall’s corpuscles (HCs) are composed of cornifying, terminally differentiated medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) that are developed under the control of Aire. Here, we demonstrated that HC-mTECs show features of cellular senescence and produce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including CXCL5, thereby recruiting and activating neutrophils to produce IL-23 in the thymic medulla. We further indicated that thymic plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) expressing IL-23 receptors constitutively produced Ifna, which plays a role in single positive (SP) cell maturation, in an Il23a-dependent manner. Neutrophil depletion with anti-Ly6G antibody injection resulted in a significant decrease of Ifna expression in the thymic pDCs, suggesting that thymic neutrophil activation underlies the Ifna expression in thymic pDCs in steady state conditions. A New Zealand White mouse strain showing HC hyperplasia exhibited greater numbers and activation of thymic neutrophils and pDCs than B6 mice, whereas Aire-deficient B6 mice with defective HC development and SP thymocyte maturation showed significantly compromised numbers and activation of these cells. These results collectively suggested that HC-mTECs with cell-senescence features initiate a unique cell activation cascade including neutrophils and pDCs leading to the constitutive IFNα expression required for SP T-cell maturation in the thymic medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Wang
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miho Sekai
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsui
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fujii
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Hamazaki
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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7
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8
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Abstract
About two decades ago, cloning of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene materialized one of the most important actors on the scene of self-tolerance. Thymic transcription of genes encoding tissue-specific antigens (ts-ags) is activated by AIRE protein and embodies the essence of thymic self-representation. Pathogenic AIRE variants cause the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1, which is a rare and complex disease that is gaining attention in research on autoimmunity. The animal models of disease, although not identically reproducing the human picture, supply fundamental information on mechanisms and extent of AIRE action: thanks to its multidomain structure, AIRE localizes to chromatin enclosing the target genes, binds to histones, and offers an anchorage to multimolecular complexes involved in initiation and post-initiation events of gene transcription. In addition, AIRE enhances mRNA diversity by favoring alternative mRNA splicing. Once synthesized, ts-ags are presented to, and cause deletion of the self-reactive thymocyte clones. However, AIRE function is not restricted to the activation of gene transcription. AIRE would control presentation and transfer of self-antigens for thymic cellular interplay: such mechanism is aimed at increasing the likelihood of engagement of the thymocytes that carry the corresponding T-cell receptors. Another fundamental role of AIRE in promoting self-tolerance is related to the development of thymocyte anergy, as thymic self-representation shapes at the same time the repertoire of regulatory T cells. Finally, AIRE seems to replicate its action in the secondary lymphoid organs, albeit the cell lineage detaining such property has not been fully characterized. Delineation of AIRE functions adds interesting data to the knowledge of the mechanisms of self-tolerance and introduces exciting perspectives of therapeutic interventions against the related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Perniola
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care, Vito Fazzi Regional Hospital, Lecce, Italy
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9
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Zhang S, Zhang X, Wang K, Xu X, Li M, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Hao J, Sun X, Chen Y, Liu X, Chang Y, Jin R, Wu H, Ge Q. Newly Generated CD4 + T Cells Acquire Metabolic Quiescence after Thymic Egress. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1064-1077. [PMID: 29288207 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mature naive T cells circulate through the secondary lymphoid organs in an actively enforced quiescent state. Impaired cell survival and cell functions could be found when T cells have defects in quiescence. One of the key features of T cell quiescence is low basal metabolic activity. It remains unclear at which developmental stage T cells acquire this metabolic quiescence. We compared mitochondria among CD4 single-positive (SP) T cells in the thymus, CD4+ recent thymic emigrants (RTEs), and mature naive T cells in the periphery. The results demonstrate that RTEs and naive T cells had reduced mitochondrial content and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species when compared with SP thymocytes. This downregulation of mitochondria requires T cell egress from the thymus and occurs early after young T cells enter the circulation. Autophagic clearance of mitochondria, but not mitochondria biogenesis or fission/fusion, contributes to mitochondrial downregulation in RTEs. The enhanced apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1/MAPKs and reduced mechanistic target of rapamycin activities in RTEs relative to SP thymocytes may be involved in this mitochondrial reduction. These results indicate that the gain of metabolic quiescence is one of the important maturation processes during SP-RTE transition. Together with functional maturation, it promotes the survival and full responsiveness to activating stimuli in young T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusong Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinwei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xi Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jie Hao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiuyuan Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingjun Chang
- Peking University Institute of Hematology, People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China; and
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; .,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hounan Wu
- Peking University Medical and Health Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; .,Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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10
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van Hoeven V, Drylewicz J, Westera L, den Braber I, Mugwagwa T, Tesselaar K, Borghans JAM, de Boer RJ. Dynamics of Recent Thymic Emigrants in Young Adult Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:933. [PMID: 28824653 PMCID: PMC5545745 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral naive T-cell pool is generally thought to consist of a subpopulation of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) and a subpopulation of mature naive (MN) T cells with different dynamics. Thymus transplantation and adoptive transfer studies in mice have provided contradicting results, with some studies suggesting that RTEs are relatively short-lived cells, while another study suggested that RTEs have a survival advantage. We here estimate the death rates of RTE and MN T cells by performing both thymus transplantations and deuterium labeling experiments in mice of at least 12 weeks old, an age at which the size of the T-cell pool has stabilized. For CD4+ T cells, we found the total loss rate from the RTE compartment (by death and maturation) to be fourfold faster than that of MN T cells. We estimate the death rate of CD4+ RTE to be 0.046 per day, which is threefold faster than the total loss rate from the MN T-cell compartment. For CD8+ T cells, we found no evidence for kinetic differences between RTE and MN T cells. Thus, our data support the notion that in young adult mice, CD4+ RTE are relatively short-lived cells within the naive CD4+ T-cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera van Hoeven
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Julia Drylewicz
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Liset Westera
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ineke den Braber
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tendai Mugwagwa
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - José A M Borghans
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rob J de Boer
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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11
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Jin R, Aili A, Wang Y, Wu J, Sun X, Zhang Y, Ge Q. Critical role of SP thymocyte motility in regulation of thymic output in neonatal Aire-/- mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:83-94. [PMID: 27965471 PMCID: PMC5352200 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (Aire) is essential in the perinatal period to prevent the multiorgan autoimmunity. Here we show that Aire-regulated single positive thymocyte trafficking in neonatal period is critical for thymic egress. Reduced thymic emigration was found in Aire-/- mice during neonatal period, leading to enhanced homeostatic expansion of peripheral T cells as early as 2 weeks of age. In neonatal Aire-/- mice, thymic expression of CCR7 ligands were dramatically reduced, resulting in decreased thymocyte motility and thymocyte emigration. This reduction of thymic egress in Aire-/- mice was alleviated beyond 3 weeks of age by an early upregulation of S1P1 signaling. As the numbers and quality of thymic emigrants are essential for the establishment and maintenance of peripheral tolerance, the reduced thymic emigration during neonatal period may deteriorate autoimmunity caused by the emigration of autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jin
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Abudureyimujiang Aili
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyuan Sun
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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12
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Tang H, Zhang J, Sun X, Qian X, Zhang Y, Jin R. Thymic DCs derived IL-27 regulates the final maturation of CD4(+) SP thymocytes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30448. [PMID: 27469302 PMCID: PMC5387111 DOI: 10.1038/srep30448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-27, as a pleiotropic cytokine, promotes the differentiation of naïve T cells to Th1, while suppressing Th2 and Th17 differentiation in the periphery. However, the role of IL-27 in the thymocyte development remains unknown. Here we showed that IL-27 was highly expressed in thymic plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) while its receptor expression was mainly detected in CD4+ single-positive (SP) thymocytes. Deletion of the p28 subunit in DCs resulted in a reduction of the most mature Qa-2+ subsets of CD4+ SP T cells. This defect was rescued by intrathymic administration of exogenous IL-27. In vitro differentiation assay further demonstrated that IL-27 alone was able to drive the maturation of the newly generated 6C10+CD69+CD4+ SP cells into Qa-2+ cells. Collectively, this study has revealed an important role of thymic DCs-derived IL-27 in the regulation of the phenotypic maturation of CD4+ SP thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Qian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Department of Immunology, Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, China
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13
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Lucas B, McCarthy NI, Baik S, Cosway E, James KD, Parnell SM, White AJ, Jenkinson WE, Anderson G. Control of the thymic medulla and its influence on αβT-cell development. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:23-37. [PMID: 27088905 PMCID: PMC4982089 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is a primary lymphoid tissue that supports the generation of αβT cells. In this review, we describe the processes that give rise to the thymus medulla, a site that nurtures self-tolerant T-cell generation following positive selection events that take place in the cortex. To summarize the developmental pathways that generate medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) from their immature progenitors, we describe work on both the initial emergence of the medulla during embryogenesis, and the maintenance of the medulla during postnatal stages. We also investigate the varying roles that receptors belonging to the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily have on thymus medulla development and formation, and highlight the impact that T-cell development has on thymus medulla formation. Finally, we examine the evidence that the thymic medulla plays an important role during the intrathymic generation of distinct αβT-cell subtypes. Collectively, these studies provide new insight into the development and functional importance of medullary microenvironments during self-tolerant T-cell production in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Lucas
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Nicholas I. McCarthy
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Song Baik
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Emilie Cosway
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Kieran D. James
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Sonia M. Parnell
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Andrea J. White
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - William E. Jenkinson
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Graham Anderson
- MRC Centre for Immune RegulationInstitute for Immunology and ImmunotherapyMedical SchoolUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Late stages of T cell maturation in the thymus involve NF-κB and tonic type I interferon signaling. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:565-73. [PMID: 27043411 PMCID: PMC4837029 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Positive selection occurs in the thymic cortex, but critical maturation events occur later in the medulla. Here we defined the precise stage at which T cells acquired competence to proliferate and emigrate. Transcriptome analysis of late gene changes suggested roles for the transcription factor NF-κB and interferon signaling. Mice lacking the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) kinase TAK1 underwent normal positive selection but exhibited a specific block in functional maturation. NF-κB signaling provided protection from death mediated by the cytokine TNF and was required for proliferation and emigration. The interferon signature was independent of NF-κB; however, thymocytes deficient in the interferon-α (IFN-α) receptor IFN-αR showed reduced expression of the transcription factor STAT1 and phenotypic abnormality but were able to proliferate. Thus, both NF-κB and tonic interferon signals are involved in the final maturation of thymocytes into naive T cells.
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15
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Xu X, Jin R, Li M, Wang K, Zhang S, Hao J, Sun X, Zhang Y, Wu H, Zhang J, Ge Q. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells induce tolerance of autoreactive CD4+ recent thymic emigrants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19861. [PMID: 26794038 PMCID: PMC4726350 DOI: 10.1038/srep19861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a unique lymphoid organ whose microenvironment is biased towards tolerance induction. We previously found that a proportion of CD4(+) autoreactive recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) retained in the liver after thymic egress and acquired IL-10 producing capability. To investigate the tolerance of these liver persisting CD4(+) RTEs in more detail and to study the liver stromal cell types that facilitate the tolerogenic changes in young T cells, the phenotype and function of liver RTEs were further characterized and the impact of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and Kupffer cells on RTEs were examined using an in vitro co-culture system. More than 70% of CD4(+) CD44(hi) RTEs in the liver acquired Foxp3(-)LAG3(+) CD49b(-) regulatory phenotype and function. But higher ratio of apoptosis with enhanced FasL and Bim expression was also found in these CD4(+) liver RTEs when compared to those in the lymph nodes and spleen. LSECs played an important role in RTEs' acquisition of tolerogenic and regulatory phenotype. These results indicate an important role of liver microenvironment in enforcing peripheral tolerance to CD4(+) thymic emigrants against self- and gut-derived antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Rong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Shusong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jie Hao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xiuyuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hounan Wu
- Peking University Medical and Health Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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Xu X, Ge Q. Maturation and migration of murine CD4 single positive thymocytes and thymic emigrants. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2014; 9:e201403003. [PMID: 24757506 PMCID: PMC3995209 DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201403003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphopoiesis in the thymus was thought to be completed once they reach the single positive (SP) stage, when they are “fully mature” and wait to be exported at random or follow a “first in-first out” manner. Recently, accumulating evidence has revealed that newly generated SP thymocytes undergo further maturation in the thymic medulla before they follow a tightly regulated emigrating process to become recent thymic emigrants (RTEs). RTEs in the periphery then experience a post-thymic maturation and peripheral tolerance and eventually become licensed as mature naïve T cells. This review summarizes the recent progress in the late stage T cell development in and outside of the thymus. The regulation of this developmental process is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, P R China
| | - Qing Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Ministry of Health. Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xue Yuan Road, Beijing 100191, P R China
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17
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Maturation and emigration of single-positive thymocytes. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:282870. [PMID: 24187562 PMCID: PMC3804360 DOI: 10.1155/2013/282870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
T lymphopoiesis in the thymus was thought to be completed once it reaches the single positive (SP)
stage, a stage when T cells are “fully mature” and waiting to be exported at random or follow a “first-in-first-out” manner. Recent evidence, however, has revealed that the newly generated SP thymocytes undergo a multistage maturation program in the thymic medulla. Such maturation is followed by a tightly regulated emigration process and a further postthymic maturation of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs). This review summarizes recent progress in the late stage T cell development. The regulation of this developmental process is discussed.
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