1
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Meek S, Wei J, Oh T, Watson T, Olavarrieta J, Sutherland L, Carlson DF, Salzano A, Chandra T, Joshi A, Burdon T. A Stem Cell Reporter for Investigating Pluripotency and Self-Renewal in the Rat. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:154-166. [PMID: 31902707 PMCID: PMC6962659 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat embryonic stem cells (rESCs) are capable of contributing to all differentiated tissues, including the germ line in chimeric animals, and represent a unique, authentic alternative to mouse embryonic stem cells for studying stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal. Here, we describe an EGFP reporter transgene that tracks expression of the benchmark naive pluripotency marker gene Rex1 (Zfp42) in the rat. Insertion of the EGFP reporter gene downstream of the Rex1 promoter disrupted Rex1 expression, but REX1-deficient rESCs and rats were viable and apparently normal, validating this targeted knockin transgene as a neutral reporter. The Rex1-EGFP gene responded to self-renewal/differentiation factors and validated the critical role of β-catenin/LEF1 signaling. The stem cell reporter also allowed the identification of functionally distinct sub-populations of cells within rESC cultures, thus demonstrating its utility in discriminating between cell states in rat stem cell cultures, as well as providing a tool for tracking Rex1 expression in the rat. Rex1-EGFP transgene is a neutral reporter of pluripotency and self-renewal in the rat Rex1-EGFP transgene responds appropriately to self-renewal and differentiation signaling Rex1-EGFP transgene allows the discrimination between rat ESC pluripotent states
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Meek
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jun Wei
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK; iRegene Therapeutics, C6-522, 666 Gaoxin Avenue, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Taeho Oh
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tom Watson
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jaime Olavarrieta
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Linda Sutherland
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Daniel F Carlson
- Recombinetics Inc., 1246 University Avenue W, St. Paul, MN 55125, USA
| | - Angela Salzano
- MRC Unit for Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Tamir Chandra
- MRC Unit for Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Anagha Joshi
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tom Burdon
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)VS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
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2
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Chang CY, Ting HC, Su HL, Jeng JR. Combining Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Genome Editing Technologies for Clinical Applications. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:379-392. [PMID: 29806481 PMCID: PMC6038034 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718754560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we introduce current developments in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), site-specific nuclease (SSN)-mediated genome editing tools, and the combined application of these two novel technologies in biomedical research and therapeutic trials. The sustainable pluripotent property of iPSCs in vitro not only provides unlimited cell sources for basic research but also benefits precision medicines for human diseases. In addition, rapidly evolving SSN tools efficiently tailor genetic manipulations for exploring gene functions and can be utilized to correct genetic defects of congenital diseases in the near future. Combining iPSC and SSN technologies will create new reliable human disease models with isogenic backgrounds in vitro and provide new solutions for cell replacement and precise therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chang
- 1 Bio-innovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,2 Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | - Hong-Lin Su
- 3 Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ren Jeng
- 4 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
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3
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Philonenko ES, Shutova MV, Khomyakova EA, Vassina EM, Lebedeva OS, Kiselev SL, Lagarkova MA. Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mesodermal and Ectodermal Derivatives Is Independent of the Type of Isogenic Reprogrammed Somatic Cells. Acta Naturae 2017. [PMID: 28461976 DOI: 10.32607/20758251-2017-9-1-68-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the capacity to unlimitedly proliferate and differentiate into all types of somatic cells. This capacity makes them a valuable source of cells for research and clinical use. However, the type of cells to be reprogrammed, the selection of clones, and the various genetic manipulations during reprogramming may have an impact both on the properties of iPSCs and their differentiated derivatives. To assess this influence, we used isogenic lines of iPSCs obtained by reprogramming of three types of somatic cells differentiated from human embryonic stem cells. We showed that technical manipulations in vitro, such as cell sorting and selection of clones, did not lead to the bottleneck effect, and that isogenic iPSCs derived from different types of somatic cells did not differ in their ability to differentiate into the hematopoietic and neural directions. Thus, the type of somatic cells used for the generation of fully reprogrammed iPSCs is not important for the practical and scientific application of iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Philonenko
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow, 119333 , Russia
| | - M V Shutova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow, 119333 , Russia
| | - E A Khomyakova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow, 119333 , Russia
- Scientific Research Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - E M Vassina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow, 119333 , Russia
| | - O S Lebedeva
- Scientific Research Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - S L Kiselev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow, 119333 , Russia
- Scientific Research Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Kazan State University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - M A Lagarkova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow, 119333 , Russia
- Scientific Research Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Kazan State University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia
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4
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Philonenko ES, Shutova MV, Khomyakova EA, Vassina EM, Lebedeva OS, Kiselev SL, Lagarkova MA. Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mesodermal and Ectodermal Derivatives Is Independent of the Type of Isogenic Reprogrammed Somatic Cells. Acta Naturae 2017; 9:68-74. [PMID: 28461976 PMCID: PMC5406662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the capacity to unlimitedly proliferate and differentiate into all types of somatic cells. This capacity makes them a valuable source of cells for research and clinical use. However, the type of cells to be reprogrammed, the selection of clones, and the various genetic manipulations during reprogramming may have an impact both on the properties of iPSCs and their differentiated derivatives. To assess this influence, we used isogenic lines of iPSCs obtained by reprogramming of three types of somatic cells differentiated from human embryonic stem cells. We showed that technical manipulations in vitro, such as cell sorting and selection of clones, did not lead to the bottleneck effect, and that isogenic iPSCs derived from different types of somatic cells did not differ in their ability to differentiate into the hematopoietic and neural directions. Thus, the type of somatic cells used for the generation of fully reprogrammed iPSCs is not important for the practical and scientific application of iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Philonenko
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow, 119333 , Russia
| | - M. V. Shutova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow, 119333 , Russia
| | - E. A. Khomyakova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow, 119333 , Russia
- Scientific Research Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - E. M. Vassina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow, 119333 , Russia
| | - O. S. Lebedeva
- Scientific Research Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - S. L. Kiselev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow, 119333 , Russia
- Scientific Research Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Kazan State University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - M. A. Lagarkova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Gubkina Str. 3, Moscow, 119333 , Russia
- Scientific Research Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Pirogovskaya Str. 1a, Moscow, 119435, Russia
- Kazan State University, Kremlevskaya Str. 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia
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5
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Ávila-González D, García-López G, García-Castro IL, Flores-Herrera H, Molina-Hernández A, Portillo W, Díaz NF. Capturing the ephemeral human pluripotent state. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:762-73. [PMID: 27004967 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During human development, pluripotency is present only in early stages of development. This ephemeral cell potential can be captured in vitro by obtaining pluripotent stem cells (PSC) with self-renewal properties, the human embryonic stem cells (hESC). However, diverse studies suggest the existence of a plethora of human PSC (hPSC) that can be derived from both embryonic and somatic sources, depending on defined culture conditions, their spatial origin, and the genetic engineering used for reprogramming. This review will focus on hPSC, covering the conventional primed hESC, naïve-like hPSC that resemble the ground-state of development, region-selective PSC, and human induced PSC (hiPSC). We will analyze differences and similarities in their differentiation potential as well as in the molecular circuitry of pluripotency. Finally, we describe the need for human feeder cells to derive and maintain hPSC, because they could emulate the interaction of in vivo pluripotent cells with extraembryonic structures that support development. Developmental Dynamics 245:762-773, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ávila-González
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, México D.F., México
| | - Guadalupe García-López
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, México D.F., México
| | | | - Héctor Flores-Herrera
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Lomas Virreyes, México D.F., México
| | | | - Wendy Portillo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Néstor Fabián Díaz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, México D.F., México
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6
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Treatment-induced cell cycle kinetics dictate tumor response to chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7040-52. [PMID: 25749523 PMCID: PMC4466668 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy fails to provide durable cure for the majority of cancer patients. To identify mechanisms associated with chemotherapy resistance, we identified genes differentially expressed before and after chemotherapeutic treatment of breast cancer patients. Treatment response resulted in either increased or decreased cell cycle gene expression. Tumors in which cell cycle gene expression was increased by chemotherapy were likely to be chemotherapy sensitive, whereas tumors in which cell cycle gene transcripts were decreased by chemotherapy were resistant to these agents. A gene expression signature that predicted these changes proved to be a robust and novel index that predicted the response of patients with breast, ovarian, and colon tumors to chemotherapy. Investigations in tumor cell lines supported these findings, and linked treatment induced cell cycle changes with p53 signaling and G1/G0 arrest. Hence, chemotherapy resistance, which can be predicted based on dynamics in cell cycle gene expression, is associated with TP53 integrity.
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7
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Shutova MV, Surdina AV, Ischenko DS, Naumov VA, Bogomazova AN, Vassina EM, Alekseev DG, Lagarkova MA, Kiselev SL. An integrative analysis of reprogramming in human isogenic system identified a clone selection criterion. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:986-97. [PMID: 26919644 PMCID: PMC4889246 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1152425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pluripotency of newly developed human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is usually characterized by physiological parameters; i.e., by their ability to maintain the undifferentiated state and to differentiate into derivatives of the 3 germ layers. Nevertheless, a molecular comparison of physiologically normal iPSCs to the "gold standard" of pluripotency, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), often reveals a set of genes with different expression and/or methylation patterns in iPSCs and ESCs. To evaluate the contribution of the reprogramming process, parental cell type, and fortuity in the signature of human iPSCs, we developed a complete isogenic reprogramming system. We performed a genome-wide comparison of the transcriptome and the methylome of human isogenic ESCs, 3 types of ESC-derived somatic cells (fibroblasts, retinal pigment epithelium and neural cells), and 3 pairs of iPSC lines derived from these somatic cells. Our analysis revealed a high input of stochasticity in the iPSC signature that does not retain specific traces of the parental cell type and reprogramming process. We showed that 5 iPSC clones are sufficient to find with 95% confidence at least one iPSC clone indistinguishable from their hypothetical isogenic ESC line. Additionally, on the basis of a small set of genes that are characteristic of all iPSC lines and isogenic ESCs, we formulated an approach of "the best iPSC line" selection and confirmed it on an independent dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Shutova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Surdina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Ischenko
- Research Institute of Physical Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | | | | | - Ekaterina M. Vassina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry G. Alekseev
- Research Institute of Physical Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Maria A. Lagarkova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Physical Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, Russia
| | - Sergey L Kiselev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, Russia
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8
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Hotta A, Yamanaka S. From Genomics to Gene Therapy: Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Meet Genome Editing. Annu Rev Genet 2015; 49:47-70. [PMID: 26407033 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-112414-054926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The advent of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has opened up numerous avenues of opportunity for cell therapy, including the initiation in September 2014 of the first human clinical trial to treat dry age-related macular degeneration. In parallel, advances in genome-editing technologies by site-specific nucleases have dramatically improved our ability to edit endogenous genomic sequences at targeted sites of interest. In fact, clinical trials have already begun to implement this technology to control HIV infection. Genome editing in iPS cells is a powerful tool and enables researchers to investigate the intricacies of the human genome in a dish. In the near future, the groundwork laid by such an approach may expand the possibilities of gene therapy for treating congenital disorders. In this review, we summarize the exciting progress being made in the utilization of genomic editing technologies in pluripotent stem cells and discuss remaining challenges toward gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akitsu Hotta
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; .,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamanaka
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; .,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, California 94158
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9
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Sikorski DJ, Caron NJ, VanInsberghe M, Zahn H, Eaves CJ, Piret JM, Hansen CL. Clonal analysis of individual human embryonic stem cell differentiation patterns in microfluidic cultures. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1546-54. [PMID: 26059045 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the clonal outputs of individual human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) confounds analysis of their properties in studies of bulk populations and how to manipulate them for clinical applications. To circumvent this problem we developed a microfluidic device that supports the robust generation of colonies derived from single ESCs. This microfluidic system contains 160 individually addressable chambers equipped for perfusion culture of individual hESCs that could be shown to match the growth rates, marker expression and colony morphologies obtained in conventional cultures. Use of this microfluidic device to analyze the clonal growth kinetics of multiple individual hESCs induced to differentiation revealed variable shifts in the growth rate, area per cell and expression of OCT4 in the progeny of individual hESCs. Interestingly, low OCT4 expression, a slower growth rate and low nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios were found to be correlated responses. This study demonstrates how microfluidic systems can be used to enable large scale live-cell imaging of isolated hESCs exposed to changing culture conditions, to examine how different aspects of their variable responses are correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darek J Sikorski
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nicolas J Caron
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael VanInsberghe
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hans Zahn
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James M Piret
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carl L Hansen
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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10
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Kim JJ, Khalid O, Namazi A, Tu TG, Elie O, Lee C, Kim Y. Discovery of consensus gene signature and intermodular connectivity defining self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2015; 32:1468-79. [PMID: 24519983 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Molecular markers defining self-renewing pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been identified by relative comparisons between undifferentiated and differentiated cells. Most of analysis has been done under a specific differentiation condition that may present significantly different molecular changes over others. Therefore, it is currently unclear if there are true consensus markers defining undifferentiated human ESCs (hESCs). To identify a set of key genes consistently altered during differentiation of hESCs regardless of differentiation conditions, we have performed microarray analysis on undifferentiated hESCs (H1 and H9) and differentiated EBs and validated our results using publicly available expression array datasets. We constructed consensus modules by Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis and discovered novel markers that are consistently present in undifferentiated hESCs under various differentiation conditions. We have validated top markers (downregulated: LCK, KLKB1, and SLC7A3; upregulated: RhoJ, Zeb2, and Adam12) upon differentiation. Functional validation analysis of LCK in self-renewal of hESCs using LCK inhibitor or gene silencing with siLCK resulted in a loss of undifferentiation characteristics-morphological change, reduced alkaline phosphatase activity, and pluripotency gene expression, demonstrating a potential functional role of LCK in self-renewal of hESCs. We have designated hESC markers to interactive networks in the genome, identifying possible interacting partners and showing how new markers relate to each other. Furthermore, comparison of these datasets with available datasets from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) revealed that the level of these newly identified markers was correlated to the establishment of iPSCs, which may imply a potential role of these markers in gaining of cellular potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Kim
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Cancer Epigenetic Research and Dental Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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11
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Atlasi Y, Looijenga L, Fodde R. Cancer stem cells, pluripotency, and cellular heterogeneity: a WNTer perspective. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 107:373-404. [PMID: 24439813 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416022-4.00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to represent the "beating heart" of malignant growth as they continuously fuel tumors through their ability to self-renew and differentiate. Moreover, they are also believed to underlie malignant behavior, local invasion, and metastasis in distal organ sites upon reversible epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions (EMTs). Nevertheless, the CSC concept has been the object of controversy, mainly due to the absence of robust operational definitions and to the lack of consistency in the use of the often incorrect nomenclature employed to refer to these cells. Notwithstanding the controversies, it is now generally accepted that primary cancers are organized in hierarchical fashion with neoplastic stem-like cells able to give rise to new CSCs and to more committed malignant cells. Notably, these hierarchical structures are not unidirectional, but are rather characterized by a more dynamic equilibrium where stem-like and more committed cancer cells transit from one meta-state to the other partly because of cues from the microenvironment (niche), but also because of intrinsic and yet incompletely understood characteristics in the activation/silencing of specific signal transduction pathways. Here, we will focus on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as one of the major regulator of stemness in homeostasis and cancer, and on germ cell tumors as the type of malignancy that most closely mimics normal embryonic development and as such serve as a unique model to study the role of stem cells in neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Atlasi
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leendert Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Fodde
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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Mathieu J, Zhang Z, Nelson A, Lamba DA, Reh TA, Ware C, Ruohola-Baker H. Hypoxia induces re-entry of committed cells into pluripotency. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1737-48. [PMID: 23765801 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells reside in hypoxic niches, and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from a low oxygen environment. However, it is not clear whether hypoxia is critical for stem cell fate since for example human ESCs (hESCs) are able to self-renew in atmospheric oxygen concentrations as well. We now show that hypoxia can govern cell fate decisions since hypoxia alone can revert hESC- or iPSC-derived differentiated cells back to a stem cell-like state, as evidenced by re-activation of an Oct4-promoter reporter. Hypoxia-induced "de-differentiated" cells also mimic hESCs in their morphology, long-term self-renewal capacity, genome-wide mRNA and miRNA profiles, Oct4 promoter methylation state, cell surface markers TRA1-60 and SSEA4 expression, and capacity to form teratomas. These data demonstrate that hypoxia can influence cell fate decisions and could elucidate hypoxic niche function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Mathieu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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13
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Schoorlemmer J, Pérez-Palacios R, Climent M, Guallar D, Muniesa P. Regulation of Mouse Retroelement MuERV-L/MERVL Expression by REX1 and Epigenetic Control of Stem Cell Potency. Front Oncol 2014; 4:14. [PMID: 24567914 PMCID: PMC3915180 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
About half of the mammalian genome is occupied by DNA sequences that originate from transposable elements. Retrotransposons can modulate gene expression in different ways and, particularly retrotransposon-derived long terminal repeats, profoundly shape expression of both surrounding and distant genomic loci. This is especially important in pre-implantation development, during which extensive reprograming of the genome takes place and cells pass through totipotent and pluripotent states. At this stage, the main mechanism responsible for retrotransposon silencing, i.e., DNA methylation, is inoperative. A particular retrotransposon called muERV-L/MERVL is expressed during pre-implantation stages and contributes to the plasticity of mouse embryonic stem cells. This review will focus on the role of MERVL-derived sequences as controlling elements of gene expression specific for pre-implantation development, two-cell stage-specific gene expression, and stem cell pluripotency, the epigenetic mechanisms that control their expression, and the contributions of the pluripotency marker REX1 and the related Yin Yang 1 family of transcription factors to this regulation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Schoorlemmer
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud , Zaragoza , Spain ; ARAID Foundation , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Raquel Pérez-Palacios
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - María Climent
- Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Diana Guallar
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Pedro Muniesa
- Departamento de Anatomía, Embriología y Genética Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain
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