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Bosmali I, Lagiotis G, Ganopoulos I, Stefanidou E, Madesis P, Biliaderis CG. Phaseolus coccineus L. Landraces in Greece: Microsatellite Genotyping and Molecular Characterization for Landrace Authenticity and Discrimination. BIOTECH 2024; 13:18. [PMID: 38921050 PMCID: PMC11201852 DOI: 10.3390/biotech13020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Phaseolus coccineus L. is a highly valuable crop for human consumption with a high protein content and other associated health benefits. Herein, 14 P. coccineus L. landraces were selected for genetic characterization: two Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) landraces from the Prespon area, namely "Gigantes" ("G") and "Elephantes" ("E"), and 12 additional landraces from the Greek Gene Bank collection of beans (PC1-PC12). The genetic diversity among these landraces was assessed using capillary electrophoresis utilizing fluorescence-labeled Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) and Expressed Sequence Tag (EST); Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) is a molecular marker technology. The "G" and "E" Prespon landraces were clearly distinguished among them, as well as from the PC1 to PC12 landraces, indicating the unique genetic identity of the Prespon beans. Overall, the genetic characterization of the abundant Greek bean germplasm using molecular markers can aid in the genetic identification of "G" and "E" Prespon beans, thus preventing any form of fraudulent practices as well as supporting traceability management strategies for the identification of authenticity, and protection of the origin of local certified products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bosmali
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.L.); (E.S.)
| | - Georgios Lagiotis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.L.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, ELGO-DIMITRA (ex NAGREF), 1st District Road of Thessalonikis-Polygyrou, 57001 Thermi, Greece;
| | - Eleni Stefanidou
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.L.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, CERTH, 6th km Charilaou-Thermis, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (G.L.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou St., 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Costas G. Biliaderis
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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2
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Rau D, Attene G, Rodriguez M, Baghino L, Pisanu AB, Sanna D, Acquadro A, Portis E, Comino C. The Population Structure of a Globe Artichoke Worldwide Collection, as Revealed by Molecular and Phenotypic Analyzes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:898740. [PMID: 35865281 PMCID: PMC9294547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.898740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the organization of the domesticated gene pool of crop species is an essential requirement to understand crop evolution, to rationalize conservation programs, and to support practical decisions in plant breeding. Here, we integrate simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis and phenotypic characterization to investigate a globe artichoke collection that comprises most of the varieties cultivated worldwide. We show that the cultivated gene pool of globe artichoke includes five distinct genetic groups associated with the major phenotypic typologies: Catanesi (which based on our analysis corresponds to Violetti di Provenza), Spinosi, Violetti di Toscana, Romaneschi, and Macau. We observed that 17 and 11% of the molecular and phenotypic variance, respectively, is between these groups, while within groups, strong linkage disequilibrium and heterozygote excess are evident. The divergence between groups for quantitative traits correlates with the average broad-sense heritability within the groups. The phenotypic divergence between groups for both qualitative and quantitative traits is strongly and positively correlated with SSR divergence (FST) between groups. All this implies a low population size and strong bottleneck effects, and indicates a long history of clonal propagation and selection during the evolution of the domesticated gene pool of globe artichoke. Moreover, the comparison between molecular and phenotypic population structures suggests that harvest time, plant architecture (i.e., plant height, stem length), leaf spininess, head morphology (i.e., head shape, bract shape, spininess) together with the number of heads per plant were the main targets of selection during the evolution of the cultivated germplasm. We emphasize our findings in light of the potential exploitation of this collection for association mapping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Rau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Agronomia, Coltivazioni Erbacee e Genetica (SACEG), Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Attene
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Agronomia, Coltivazioni Erbacee e Genetica (SACEG), Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Monica Rodriguez
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Agronomia, Coltivazioni Erbacee e Genetica (SACEG), Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Limbo Baghino
- Agenzia AGRIS Sardegna (Servizio Ricerca sui Sistemi Colturali Erbacei, Settore Innovazione dei Modelli Gestionali e Studio Della Biodiversità Nelle Colture Intensive), Oristano, Italy
| | - Anna Barbara Pisanu
- Agenzia AGRIS Sardegna (Servizio Ricerca sui Sistemi Colturali Erbacei, Settore Innovazione dei Modelli Gestionali e Studio Della Biodiversità Nelle Colture Intensive), Oristano, Italy
| | - Davide Sanna
- Agenzia AGRIS Sardegna (Servizio Ricerca sui Sistemi Colturali Erbacei, Settore Innovazione dei Modelli Gestionali e Studio Della Biodiversità Nelle Colture Intensive), Oristano, Italy
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari (DISAFA), Genetica Vegetale (Plant Genetics), Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Ezio Portis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari (DISAFA), Genetica Vegetale (Plant Genetics), Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Cinzia Comino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali ed Alimentari (DISAFA), Genetica Vegetale (Plant Genetics), Università degli Studi di Torino, Turin, Italy
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3
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Guerra‐García A, Rojas‐Barrera IC, Ross‐Ibarra J, Papa R, Piñero D. The genomic signature of wild‐to‐crop introgression during the domestication of scarlet runner bean (
Phaseolus coccineus
L.). Evol Lett 2022; 6:295-307. [PMID: 35937471 PMCID: PMC9346085 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The scarlet runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) is one of the five domesticated Phaseolus species. It is cultivated in small‐scale agriculture in the highlands of Mesoamerica for its dry seeds and immature pods, and unlike the other domesticated beans, P. coccineus is an open‐pollinated legume. Contrasting with its close relative, the common bean, few studies focusing on its domestication history have been conducted. Demographic bottlenecks associated with domestication might reduce genetic diversity and facilitate the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Conversely, introgression from wild relatives could be a source of variation. Using Genotyping by Sequencing data (79,286 single‐nucleotide variants) from 237 cultivated and wild samples, we evaluated the demographic history of traditional varieties from different regions of Mexico and looked for evidence of introgression between sympatric wild and cultivated populations. Traditional varieties have high levels of diversity, even though there is evidence of a severe initial genetic bottleneck followed by a population expansion. Introgression from wild to domesticated populations was detected, which might contribute to the recovery of the genetic variation. Introgression has occurred at different times: constantly in the center of Mexico; recently in the North West; and anciently in the South. Several factors are acting together to increase and maintain genetic diversity in P. coccineus cultivars, such as demographic expansion and introgression. Wild relatives represent a valuable genetic resource and have played a key role in scarlet runner bean evolution via introgression into traditional varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azalea Guerra‐García
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 México
- Department of Plant Sciences University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK S7N 5A2 Canada
| | - Idalia C. Rojas‐Barrera
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 México
- Environmental Genomics Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology 24306 Plön Germany
| | - Jeffrey Ross‐Ibarra
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, Center for Population Biology, and Genome Center University of California, Davis Davis California 95616
| | - Roberto Papa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona 60131 Italy
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México 04510 México
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Lu WX, Zhang BH, Zhang YY, Yang SC. Differentiation of Cold Tolerance in an Artificial Population of a Mangrove Species, Kandelia obovata, Is Associated With Geographic Origins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:695746. [PMID: 35185942 PMCID: PMC8851163 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.695746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the climatic factors that shape the geographic distribution of plant populations. Mangroves are temperature-sensitive plants, and their distributions are severely limited by low temperatures. It is unknown, however, to what extent temperature contributes to their population differentiation and evolution. Kandelia obovata (Rhizophoraceae) is a mangrove species with high cold tolerance in the Northern Hemisphere. We investigated the phenotypic responses of an artificial population of K. obovata, with plants transplanted from different source populations, to extremely low temperatures during winter of 2015-2016 in Yueqing County (28°20'N), Zhejiang Province of China. Using two binary traits, "with/without leaves alive on the branches" and "with/without alive buds on the tips of branches," we classified plants in this artificial population into strong, moderate and poor cold resistance groups. We further assessed the genetic diversity, structure and differentiation of these three groups, as well as five natural populations along a latitudinal gradient using ten nuclear and six plastid microsatellite markers. Microsatellite data revealed genetic differentiation among the natural populations along the latitudinal gradient. Molecular data indicated that the cold tolerance of three groups in the artificial population was associated with their geographic origins, and that the most cold-tolerant group came from the northernmost natural population. Our study thus indicates that natural populations of K. obovata may have evolved divergent capacity of cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xun Lu
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Huang Zhang
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuan-Ye Zhang
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sheng-Chang Yang
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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5
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Arriagada O, Schwember AR, Greve MJ, Urban MO, Cabeza RA, Carrasco B. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Selected Chilean Runner Bean ( Phaseolus coccineus L.) Genotypes Shows Moderate Agronomic and Genetic Variability. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1688. [PMID: 34451733 PMCID: PMC8400864 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The runner bean is the third most economically important Phaseolus species, which is cultivated on small-scale agriculture for the production of immature pods or to obtain dry seeds. However, despite the economic importance and agronomic potential of this species, the runner bean has been little studied from the genetic standpoint. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to characterize ten selected lines of runner bean obtained from Central (Santiago) and Southern (Valdivia and Villarica) Chile based on morphological and agronomic traits. In addition, the genetic variability of these lines was determined using 12 Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers to evaluate the potential of this germplasm for breeding and commercial purposes. As a result, the lines from Central Chile were characterized, and had a higher number of pods per plant compared to the Southern lines, although the size and weight of their seeds were lower. Moreover, a low level of genetic diversity (He = 0.251) was encountered in this population. Finally, this is one of the first studies that generate relevant and novel information on the morphological, agronomic and genetic characterization of the P. coccineus germplasm present in Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvin Arriagada
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (O.A.); (A.R.S.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Andrés R. Schwember
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (O.A.); (A.R.S.); (M.J.G.)
| | - María Jesús Greve
- Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (O.A.); (A.R.S.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Milan O. Urban
- Bean Physiology Team, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali 763537, Colombia;
| | - Ricardo A. Cabeza
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Basilio Carrasco
- Scientific Director at Centro de Estudios en Alimentos Procesados (CEAP), Av. Lircay s/n, Talca 3460000, Chile
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6
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Expanding Phaseolus coccineus Genomic Resources: De Novo Transcriptome Assembly and Analysis of Landraces 'Gigantes' and 'Elephantes' Reveals Rich Functional Variation. Biochem Genet 2019; 57:747-766. [PMID: 30997627 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-019-09920-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Beans are one of the most important staple crops in the world. Runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) is a small-scale agriculture crop compared to common bean (Phaseolusvulgaris). Beans have been introduced to Europe from the Central America to Europe and since then they have been scattered to different geographical regions. This has resulted in the generation of numerous local cultivars and landraces with distinguished characters and adaptive potential. To identify and characterize the underlying genomic variation of two very closely related runner bean cultivars, we performed RNA-Seq with de novo transcriptome assembly in two landraces of P. coccineus, 'Gigantes' and 'Elephantes' phenotypically distinct, differing in seed size and shape. The cleaned reads generated 37,379 and 37,774 transcripts for 'Gigantes' and 'Elephantes,' respectively. A total of 1896 DEGs were identified between the two cultivars, 1248 upregulated in 'Elephantes' and 648 upregulated in 'Gigantes.' A significant upregulation of defense-related genes was observed in 'Elephantes,' among those, numerous members of the AP2-EREBP, WRKY, NAC, and bHLH transcription factor families. In total, 3956 and 4322 SSRs were identified in 'Gigantes' and 'Elephantes,' respectively. Trinucleotide repeats were the most dominant repeat motif, accounting for 41.9% in 'Gigantes' and 40.1% in 'Elephantes' of the SSRs identified, followed by dinucleotide repeats (29.1% in both cultivars). Additionally, 19,281 putative SNPs were identified, among those 3161 were non-synonymous, thus having potential functional implications. High-confidence non-synonymous SNPs were successfully validated with an HRM assay, which can be directly adopted for P. coccineus molecular breeding. These results significantly expand the number of polymorphic markers within P. coccineus genus, enabling the robust identification of runner bean cultivars, the construction of high-resolution genetic maps, potentiating genome-wide association studies. They finally contribute to the genetic reservoir for the improvement of the closely related and intercrossable Phaseolus vulgaris.
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7
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von Cräutlein M, Leinonen PH, Korpelainen H, Helander M, Väre H, Saikkonen K. Postglacial colonization history reflects in the genetic structure of natural populations of Festuca rubra in Europe. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3661-3674. [PMID: 30962916 PMCID: PMC6434542 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a large-scale population genetic survey of genetic diversity of the host grass Festuca rubra s.l., which fitness can be highly dependent on its symbiotic fungus Epichloë festucae, to evaluate genetic variation and population structure across the European range. The 27 studied populations have previously been found to differ in frequencies of occurrence of the symbiotic fungus E. festucae and ploidy levels. As predicted, we found decreased genetic diversity in previously glaciated areas in comparison with nonglaciated regions and discovered three major maternal genetic groups: southern, northeastern, and northwestern Europe. Interestingly, host populations from Greenland were genetically similar to those from the Faroe Islands and Iceland, suggesting gene flow also between those areas. The level of variation among populations within regions is evidently highly dependent on the postglacial colonization history, in particular on the number of independent long-distance seed colonization events. Yet, also anthropogenic effects may have affected the population structure in F. rubra. We did not observe higher fungal infection rates in grass populations with lower levels of genetic variability. In fact, the fungal infection rates of E. festucae in relation to genetic variability of the host populations varied widely among geographical areas, which indicate differences in population histories due to colonization events and possible costs of systemic fungi in harsh environmental conditions. We found that the plants of different ploidy levels are genetically closely related within geographic areas indicating independent formation of polyploids in different maternal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria von Cräutlein
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Helsinki Finland
- Biodiversity Unit of University of Turku Turku Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Present address: Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Päivi H Leinonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Helsinki Finland
- Biodiversity Unit of University of Turku Turku Finland
- Present address: Biodiversity Unit of University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Helena Korpelainen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Henry Väre
- Botanical Museum, Finnish Museum of Natural History University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Kari Saikkonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Helsinki Finland
- Biodiversity Unit of University of Turku Turku Finland
- Present address: Biodiversity Unit of University of Turku Turku Finland
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8
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Morphological Seed Characterization of Common ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Runner ( Phaseolus coccineus L.) Bean Germplasm: A Slovenian Gene Bank Example. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6376948. [PMID: 30792994 PMCID: PMC6354170 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6376948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Genetic resources comprised of 953 accessions of common (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and 47 accessions of runner (Phaseolus coccineus L.) bean from the national Slovene gene bank were characterized using fourteen morphological seed descriptors. Seeds of each accession were evaluated for six quantitative characteristics: seed length, seed thickness, seed width, seed length/width ratio, seed width/thickness ratio, and 100 or 10 seed weight. Furthermore, seeds were evaluated using eight qualitative characteristics: seed colour; number of seed colours; primary/main seed colour; predominant secondary seed colour; distribution of secondary seed colour; seed veining; seed shape; and seed colour (primary and secondary) and coat pattern. For each, common, and runner bean collection, first four components within principal component analysis explained 75.03% and 80.16% of morphological variability, respectively. Regarding Ward's method and squared Euclidian distance, three clusters with the most distinct characteristics were established for each species. The results of morphological seed characterization indicate the origin (Andean, Mesoamerican, putative hybrids between gene pools) and domestication pathways of common and runner bean. This is the first study describing morphological seed characteristics of the entire common and runner bean germplasm conserved in one of the Central European bean collections. The results obtained in this study are serving as the useful information on genetic diversity of common and runner bean accessions at the Slovene gene bank, which could be used for development of new bean varieties for studied seed characteristics.
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De Ron AM, Bebeli PJ, Negri V, Vaz Patto MC, Revilla P. Warm Season Grain Legume Landraces From the South of Europe for Germplasm Conservation and Genetic Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1524. [PMID: 30405662 PMCID: PMC6204433 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is a high concern from consumers regarding food quality, with emphasis on the origin of food sources. We here review the current situation of beans (Phaseolus spp.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) landraces in the South of Europe focusing on morpho-agronomic and genetic diversity and physiological adaptation to the different agrosystems, including the symbiotic association with rhizobia. Despite the reduction in the production and consumption of grain legumes in Southern Europe, the variability of common bean, runner bean and cowpea landraces in this region is adequately preserved ex situ in germplasm banks and in breeder collections in Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece; however, on-farm (in situ) conservation in isolated areas mainly in gardens and small fields for farmers own consumption and local markets is not guaranteed. This variability can be used for the genetic improvement of varieties, which will result in environmental-friendly improved legumes for a sustainable production in the South of Europe as well as in other regions of the World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio M. De Ron
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Penelope J. Bebeli
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Valeria Negri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Carlota Vaz Patto
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Revilla
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council (CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
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Nadeem MA, Habyarimana E, Çiftçi V, Nawaz MA, Karaköy T, Comertpay G, Shahid MQ, Hatipoğlu R, Yeken MZ, Ali F, Ercişli S, Chung G, Baloch FS. Characterization of genetic diversity in Turkish common bean gene pool using phenotypic and whole-genome DArTseq-generated silicoDArT marker information. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205363. [PMID: 30308006 PMCID: PMC6181364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Turkey presents a great diversity of common bean landraces in farmers' fields. We collected 183 common bean accessions from 19 different Turkish geographic regions and 5 scarlet runner bean accessions to investigate their genetic diversity and population structure using phenotypic information (growth habit, and seed weight, flower color, bracteole shape and size, pod shape and leaf shape and color), geographic provenance and 12,557 silicoDArT markers. A total of 24.14% markers were found novel. For the entire population (188 accessions), the expected heterozygosity was 0.078 and overall gene diversity, Fst and Fis were 0.14, 0.55 and 1, respectively. Using marker information, model-based structure, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA) algorithms clustered the 188 accessions into two main populations A (predominant) and B, and 5 unclassified genotypes, representing 3 meaningful heterotic groups for breeding purposes. Phenotypic information clearly distinguished these populations; population A and B, respectively, were bigger (>40g/100 seeds) and smaller (<40g/100 seeds) seed-sized. The unclassified population was pure and only contained climbing genotypes with 100 seed weight 2-3 times greater than populations A and B. Clustering was mainly based on A: seed weight, B: growth habit, C: geographical provinces and D: flower color. Mean kinship was generally low, but population B was more diverse than population A. Overall, a useful level of gene and genotypic diversity was observed in this work and can be used by the scientific community in breeding efforts to develop superior common bean strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azhar Nadeem
- Department of field crops, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Science, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Ephrem Habyarimana
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria–Centro di ricerca cerealicoltura e colture industriali, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vahdettin Çiftçi
- Department of field crops, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Science, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Amjad Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tolga Karaköy
- Organic Agriculture Program, Vocational School of Sivas, University of Cumhuriyet, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Gonul Comertpay
- Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Qasim Shahid
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bio resources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rüştü Hatipoğlu
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agricultural, University of Cukurova, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zahit Yeken
- Department of field crops, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Science, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Fawad Ali
- Department of field crops, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Science, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Sezai Ercişli
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Faheem Shehzad Baloch
- Department of field crops, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Science, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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Guerra-García A, Suárez-Atilano M, Mastretta-Yanes A, Delgado-Salinas A, Piñero D. Domestication Genomics of the Open-Pollinated Scarlet Runner Bean ( Phaseolus coccineus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1891. [PMID: 29187858 PMCID: PMC5694824 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The runner bean is a legume species from Mesoamerica closely related to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). It is a perennial species, but it is usually cultivated in small-scale agriculture as an annual crop for its dry seeds and edible immature pods. Unlike the common bean, P. coccineus has received little attention from a genetic standpoint. In this work we aim to (1) provide information about the domestication history and domestication events of P. coccineus; (2) examine the distribution and level of genetic diversity in wild and cultivated Mexican populations of this species; and, (3) identify candidate loci to natural and artificial selection. For this, we generated genotyping by sequencing data (42,548 SNPs) from 242 individuals of P. coccineus and the domesticated forms of the closely related species P. vulgaris (20) and P. dumosus (35). Eight genetic clusters were detected, of which half corresponds to wild populations and the rest to domesticated plants. The cultivated populations conform a monophyletic clade, suggesting that only one domestication event occurred in Mexico, and that it took place around populations of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. No difference between wild and domesticated levels of genetic diversity was detected and effective population sizes are relatively high, supporting a weak genetic bottleneck during domestication. Most populations presented an excess of heterozygotes, probably due to inbreeding depression. One population of P. coccineus subsp. striatus had the greatest excess and seems to be genetically isolated despite being geographically close to other wild populations. Contrasting with previous studies, we did not find evidence of recent gene flow between wild and cultivated populations. Based on outlier detection methods, we identified 24 domestication-related SNPs, 13 related to cultivar diversification and eight under natural selection. Few of these SNPs fell within annotated loci, but the annotated domestication-related SNPs are highly expressed in flowers and pods. Our results contribute to the understanding of the domestication history of P. coccineus, and highlight how the genetic signatures of domestication can be substantially different between closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azalea Guerra-García
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Marco Suárez-Atilano
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alicia Mastretta-Yanes
- CONACYT-CONABIO, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Delgado-Salinas
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Piñero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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12
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Genetic Diversity among Age Classes of a Pinus sylvestris (L.) Population from the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. FORESTS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/f8070227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF) is Europe’s last primeval forest and an irreplaceable area for biodiversity conservation due to its size, protection status, and substantially undisturbed nature. There is no other forest in Europe with such a large surface representing highly-advanced natural succession. This article reports on the first analysis of the genetic variability and demographic structure of a self-renewed Pinus sylvestris population located in BPF, using both chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA markers. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) revealed a significant genetic differentiation among age classes that accounted for about 2% of the total variance, comparable to those reported among different populations of Scots pine. None of the 117 detected chloroplast haplotypes were common to all age classes. Haplotype diversity ranged from 0.370 to 0.415 for cpSSRs and from 0.320 to 0.455 for mitochondrial markers. The genetic variation of the studied age classes—represented by mitochondrial markers—strongly depicts the maternal genetic structure, indicating limited seed dispersal. Temporal genetic substructuring is maintained within a self-renewed population of Scots pine from the BPF.
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Bitocchi E, Rau D, Bellucci E, Rodriguez M, Murgia ML, Gioia T, Santo D, Nanni L, Attene G, Papa R. Beans ( Phaseolus ssp.) as a Model for Understanding Crop Evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:722. [PMID: 28533789 PMCID: PMC5420584 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the most significant outcomes in the literature regarding the origin of Phaseolus genus, the geographical distribution of the wild species, the domestication process, and the wide spread out of the centers of origin. Phaseolus can be considered as a unique model for the study of crop evolution, and in particular, for an understanding of the convergent phenotypic evolution that occurred under domestication. The almost unique situation that characterizes the Phaseolus genus is that five of its ∼70 species have been domesticated (i.e., Phaseolus vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. dumosus, P. acutifolius, and P. lunatus), and in addition, for P. vulgaris and P. lunatus, the wild forms are distributed in both Mesoamerica and South America, where at least two independent and isolated episodes of domestication occurred. Thus, at least seven independent domestication events occurred, which provides the possibility to unravel the genetic basis of the domestication process not only among species of the same genus, but also between gene pools within the same species. Along with this, other interesting features makes Phaseolus crops very useful in the study of evolution, including: (i) their recent divergence, and the high level of collinearity and synteny among their genomes; (ii) their different breeding systems and life history traits, from annual and autogamous, to perennial and allogamous; and (iii) their adaptation to different environments, not only in their centers of origin, but also out of the Americas, following their introduction and wide spread through different countries. In particular for P. vulgaris this resulted in the breaking of the spatial isolation of the Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools, which allowed spontaneous hybridization, thus increasing of the possibility of novel genotypes and phenotypes. This knowledge that is associated to the genetic resources that have been conserved ex situ and in situ represents a crucial tool in the hands of researchers, to preserve and evaluate this diversity, and at the same time, to identify the genetic basis of adaptation and to develop new improved varieties to tackle the challenges of climate change, and food security and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bitocchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic UniversityAncona, Italy
| | - Domenico Rau
- Department of Agriculture, University of SassariSassari, Italy
| | - Elisa Bellucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic UniversityAncona, Italy
| | | | - Maria L. Murgia
- Department of Agriculture, University of SassariSassari, Italy
| | - Tania Gioia
- School of Agricultural, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Debora Santo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic UniversityAncona, Italy
| | - Laura Nanni
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic UniversityAncona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Attene
- Department of Agriculture, University of SassariSassari, Italy
| | - Roberto Papa
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic UniversityAncona, Italy
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Rau D, Rodriguez M, Rapposelli E, Murgia ML, Papa R, Brown AHD, Attene G. Spatial genetic structure in wild cardoon, the ancestor of cultivated globe artichoke: Limited gene flow, fragmentation and population history. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 253:194-205. [PMID: 27968988 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear and chloroplast markers and phenotypic characters were integrated to analyse the population genetic structure of wild cardoon, Cynara cardunculus var. sylvestris, the ancestor of cultivated globe artichoke, Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus on the island of Sardinia, Italy. The spatial scale ranged from a few metres to ∼200km. Wild cardoon appears to be genetically fragmented, with significant genetic divergence at various scales, indicating that gene flow is insufficient to counterbalance the effects of genetic drift or founder effects. Divergence between populations was higher for chloroplast (40%) than for nuclear markers (15%), suggesting that gene flow via seed was lower than via pollen. Two main genetic groups were detected; these correlated with differences in flowering time, capitula size, glossiness, and anthocyanin pigmentation. A complex population structure of wild cardoon emerged over small spatial scales, likely resulting from the interplay between gene dispersal, colonisation history and selective forces. Indeed, Sardinia appears to be a 'hybrid zone' of different gene pools. The island has unique diverse germplasm that has originated from hybridisation among different gene pools. The sampling of seeds from a few plants but from many sites is suggested as the best strategy to harvest the genetic diversity of wild cardoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - M Rodriguez
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Centro per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione della Biodiversità Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Surigheddu, 07040 Alghero, Italy
| | - E Rapposelli
- AGRIS Sardegna, Servizio per la Ricerca in Arboricoltura, Via Mameli 126/D, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M L Murgia
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - R Papa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali (D3A), Università Politecnica delle Marche (UNIVPM), Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - A H D Brown
- Bioversity International (Honorary Research Fellow), Via dei Tre Denari, 472/a, 00054 Maccarese, Fiumicino, Italy
| | - G Attene
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola, 07100 Sassari, Italy; Centro per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione della Biodiversità Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Surigheddu, 07040 Alghero, Italy
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Wang T, Wang Z, Chen G, Wang C, Su Y. Invasive Chloroplast Population Genetics of Mikania micrantha in China: No Local Adaptation and Negative Correlation between Diversity and Geographic Distance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1426. [PMID: 27708663 PMCID: PMC5030282 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Two fundamental questions on how invasive species are able to rapidly colonize novel habitat have emerged. One asks whether a negative correlation exists between the genetic diversity of invasive populations and their geographic distance from the origin of introduction. The other is whether selection on the chloroplast genome is important driver of adaptation to novel soil environments. Here, we addressed these questions in a study of the noxious invasive weed, Mikania micrantha, which has rapidly expanded in to southern China after being introduced to Hong Kong in 1884. Seven chloroplast simple sequence repeats (cpSSRs) were used to investigate population genetics in 28 populations of M. micrantha, which produced 39 loci. The soil compositions for these populations, including Mg abundance, were measured. The results showed that M. micrantha possessed relatively high cpSSR variation and differentiation among populations. Multiple diversity indices were quantified, and none was significantly correlated with distance from the origin of introduction. No evidence for "isolation by distance," significant spatial structure, bottlenecks, nor linkage disequilibrium was detected. We also were unable to identify loci on the chloroplast genome that exhibited patterns of differentiation that would suggest adaptive evolution in response to soil attributes. Soil Mg had only a genome-wide effect instead of being a selective factor, which highlighted the association between Mg and the successful invasion. This study characterizes the role of the chloroplast genome of M. micrantha during its recent invasion of southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Guopei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Chunbo Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yingjuan Su
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen UniversityShenzhen, China
- Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai, China
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16
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Rodriguez M, Rau D, Bitocchi E, Bellucci E, Biagetti E, Carboni A, Gepts P, Nanni L, Papa R, Attene G. Landscape genetics, adaptive diversity and population structure in Phaseolus vulgaris. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1781-94. [PMID: 26526745 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Here we studied the organization of genetic variation of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in its centres of domestication. We used 131 single nucleotide polymorphisms to investigate 417 wild common bean accessions and a representative sample of 160 domesticated genotypes, including Mesoamerican and Andean genotypes, for a total of 577 accessions. By analysing the genetic spatial patterns of the wild common bean, we documented the existence of several genetic groups and the occurrence of variable degrees of diversity in Mesoamerica and the Andes. Moreover, using a landscape genetics approach, we demonstrated that both demographic processes and selection for adaptation were responsible for the observed genetic structure. We showed that the study of correlations between markers and ecological variables at a continental scale can help in identifying local adaptation genes. We also located putative areas of common bean domestication in Mesoamerica, in the Oaxaca Valley, and the Andes, in southern Bolivia-northern Argentina. These observations are of paramount importance for the conservation and exploitation of the genetic diversity preserved within this species and other plant genetic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Rodriguez
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. de Nicola, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Centro per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione della Biodiversità Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Surigheddu, 07040, Alghero, Italy
| | - Domenico Rau
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. de Nicola, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Elena Bitocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisa Bellucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Biagetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Carboni
- Centro di Ricerca per le Colture Industriali (CRA-CIN), Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, via di Corticella, 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul Gepts
- Department of Plant Sciences/MS1, University of California, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Laura Nanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Papa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Attene
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. de Nicola, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Centro per la Conservazione e Valorizzazione della Biodiversità Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Surigheddu, 07040, Alghero, Italy
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Mercati F, Catarcione G, Paolacci AR, Abenavoli MR, Sunseri F, Ciaffi M. Genetic diversity and population structure of an Italian landrace of runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.): inferences for its safeguard and on-farm conservation. Genetica 2015; 143:473-85. [PMID: 26036320 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-015-9846-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The landraces are considered important sources of valuable germplasm for breeding activities to face climatic changes as well as to satisfy the requirement of new varieties for marginal areas. Runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) is one of the most cultivated Phaseolus species worldwide, but few studies have been addressed to assess the genetic diversity and structure within and among landrace populations. In the present study, 20 different populations of a runner bean landrace from Central Italy named "Fagiolone," together with 41 accessions from Italy and Mesoamerica, were evaluated by using 14 nuclear SSRs to establish its genetic structure and distinctiveness. Results indicated that "Fagiolone" landrace can be considered as a dynamic evolving open-pollinated population that shows a significant level of genetic variation, mostly detected within populations, and the presence of two main genetic groups, of which one distinguished from other Italian runner bean landraces. Results highlighted also a relevant importance of farmers' management practices able to influence the genetic structure of this landrace, in particular the seed exchanges and selection, and the past introduction in cultivation of landraces/cultivars similar to seed morphology, but genetically rather far from "Fagiolone." The most suitable on-farm strategies for seed collection, conservation and multiplication will be defined based on our results, as a model for threatened populations of other allogamous crop species. STRUCTURE and phylogenetic analyses indicated that Mesoamerican accessions and Italian landraces belong to two distinct gene pools confirming the hypothesis that Europe could be considered a secondary diversification center for P. coccineus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mercati
- Dipartimento AGRARIA, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 89124, Reggio Calabria, Italy
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