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Oliva L, Aranda T, Alemany M, Fernández-López JA, Remesar X. Unconnected Body Accrual of Dietary Lipid and Protein in Rats Fed Diets with Different Lipid and Protein Content. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000265. [PMID: 32521082 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Eating large amounts of fat is usually associated with fat accumulation. However, different types of diets (not only lipids) elicit different metabolic responses. METHODS AND RESULTS Male and female rats (10 week-old) are distributed in four groups and fed for 1 month a standard diet (SD), or this diet enriched with either lipid (high-fat diet, HF) or protein (high-protein diet, HP), or a cafeteria diet (CAF). Both HF and CAF diets share the percentage of energy from lipids (40%) but these are different. Protein-derived energy in the HP diet is also 40%. Feeding SD, HF, and HP diets does not result in differences in energy intake, energy expenditure, total body weight, or lipid content. However, the CAF-fed groups show increases in these parameters, which are more marked in the male rats. The CAF diet increases the mass of adipose tissue while the HF diet does not. CONCLUSION Different diets produce substantial changes in the fate of ingested nutrient energy. Dietary lipids are not essential for sustaining an increase in body lipid (or adipose tissue) content. Body protein accrual is unrelated to dietary lipids and overall energy intake. Both protein and lipid accrual are more efficient in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
| | - Tania Aranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
| | - Marià Alemany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain.,CIBER OBN, Research Web, Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Fernández-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain.,CIBER OBN, Research Web, Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
| | - Xavier Remesar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain.,CIBER OBN, Research Web, Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
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Oliva L, Alemany M, Remesar X, Fernández-López JA. The Food Energy/Protein Ratio Regulates the Rat Urea Cycle but Not Total Nitrogen Losses. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020316. [PMID: 30717282 PMCID: PMC6412698 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen balance studies have shown that a portion of the N ingested but not excreted is not accounted for. We compared several diets (standard, high-fat, high-protein, and self-selected cafeteria) to determine how diet-dependent energy sources affect nitrogen handling, i.e., the liver urea cycle. Diet components and rat homogenates were used for nitrogen, lipid, and energy analyses. Plasma urea and individual amino acids, as well as liver urea cycle enzyme activities, were determined. Despite ample differences in N intake, circulating amino acids remained practically unchanged in contrast to marked changes in plasma urea. The finding of significant correlations between circulating urea and arginine-succinate synthase and lyase activities supported their regulatory role of urea synthesis, the main N excretion pathway. The cycle operation also correlated with the food protein/energy ratio, in contraposition to total nitrogen losses and estimated balance essentially independent of dietary energy load. The different regulation mechanisms observed have potentially important nutritional consequences, hinting at nitrogen disposal mechanisms able to eliminate excess nitrogen under conditions of high availability of both energy and proteins. Their operation reduces urea synthesis to allow for a safe (albeit unknown) mechanism of N/energy excess accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology,08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marià Alemany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology,08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Remesar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology,08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José-Antonio Fernández-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology,08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBER OBN), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Oliva L, Aranda T, Caviola G, Fernández-Bernal A, Alemany M, Fernández-López JA, Remesar X. In rats fed high-energy diets, taste, rather than fat content, is the key factor increasing food intake: a comparison of a cafeteria and a lipid-supplemented standard diet. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3697. [PMID: 28929011 PMCID: PMC5600723 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food selection and ingestion both in humans and rodents, often is a critical factor in determining excess energy intake and its related disorders. Methods Two different concepts of high-fat diets were tested for their obesogenic effects in rats; in both cases, lipids constituted about 40% of their energy intake. The main difference with controls fed standard lab chow, was, precisely, the lipid content. Cafeteria diets (K) were self-selected diets devised to be desirable to the rats, mainly because of its diverse mix of tastes, particularly salty and sweet. This diet was compared with another, more classical high-fat (HF) diet, devised not to be as tasty as K, and prepared by supplementing standard chow pellets with fat. We also analysed the influence of sex on the effects of the diets. Results K rats grew faster because of a high lipid, sugar and protein intake, especially the males, while females showed lower weight but higher proportion of body lipid. In contrast, the weight of HF groups were not different from controls. Individual nutrient’s intake were analysed, and we found that K rats ingested large amounts of both disaccharides and salt, with scant differences of other nutrients’ proportion between the three groups. The results suggest that the key differential factor of the diet eliciting excess energy intake was the massive presence of sweet and salty tasting food. Conclusions The significant presence of sugar and salt appears as a powerful inducer of excess food intake, more effective than a simple (albeit large) increase in the diet’s lipid content. These effects appeared already after a relatively short treatment. The differential effects of sex agree with their different hedonic and obesogenic response to diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tània Aranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giada Caviola
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Fernández-Bernal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marià Alemany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER OBN, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Fernández-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER OBN, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Remesar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biology, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER OBN, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red, Barcelona, Spain
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Grasa MDM, Gulfo J, Camps N, Alcalá R, Monserrat L, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Ortega FJ, Esteve M, Remesar X, Fernández-López JA, Fernández-Real JM, Alemany M. Modulation of SHBG binding to testosterone and estradiol by sex and morbid obesity. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:393-404. [PMID: 28077498 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) binds and transports testosterone and estradiol in plasma. The possibility that SHBG is a mixture of transporting proteins has been postulated. We analyzed in parallel the effects of obesity status on the levels and binding capacity of circulating SHBG and their relationship with testosterone and estradiol. DESIGN Anthropometric measures and plasma were obtained from apparently healthy young (i.e. 35 ± 7 years) premenopausal women (n = 32) and men (n = 30), with normal weight and obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2). METHODS SHBG protein (Western blot), as well as the plasma levels of testosterone, estradiol, cortisol and insulin (ELISA) were measured. Specific binding of estradiol and testosterone to plasma SHBG was analyzed using tritium-labeled hormones. RESULTS Significant differences in SHBG were observed within the obesity status and gender, with discordant patterns of change in testosterone and estradiol. In men, testosterone occupied most of the binding sites. Estrogen binding was much lower in all subjects. Lower SHBG of morbidly obese (BMI >40 kg/m2) subjects affected testosterone but not estradiol. The ratio of binding sites to SHBG protein levels was constant for testosterone, but not for estradiol. The influence of gender was maximal in morbid obesity, with men showing the highest binding/SHBG ratios. CONCLUSIONS The results reported here are compatible with SHBG being a mixture of at least two functionally different hormone-binding globulins, being affected by obesity and gender and showing different structure, affinities for testosterone and estradiol and also different immunoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Grasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine; Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Obesity and NutritionBarcelona/Girona, Spain
| | - José Gulfo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine; Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Camps
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine; Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Alcalá
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine; Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Monserrat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine; Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Moreno-Navarrete
- University Hospital 'Dr. Josep Trueta'Girona, Spain
- Girona Institute of Biomedical Researchand Hospital of Girona 'Dr. Josep Trueta', Spain
- CIBER Obesity and NutritionBarcelona/Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco José Ortega
- University Hospital 'Dr. Josep Trueta'Girona, Spain
- Girona Institute of Biomedical Researchand Hospital of Girona 'Dr. Josep Trueta', Spain
- CIBER Obesity and NutritionBarcelona/Girona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Esteve
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine; Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Obesity and NutritionBarcelona/Girona, Spain
| | - Xavier Remesar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine; Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Obesity and NutritionBarcelona/Girona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Fernández-López
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine; Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Obesity and NutritionBarcelona/Girona, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- University Hospital 'Dr. Josep Trueta'Girona, Spain
- Girona Institute of Biomedical Researchand Hospital of Girona 'Dr. Josep Trueta', Spain
- CIBER Obesity and NutritionBarcelona/Girona, Spain
| | - Marià Alemany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine; Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of BiomedicineUniversity of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Obesity and NutritionBarcelona/Girona, Spain
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Corticosterone treatment during adolescence induces down-regulation of reelin and NMDA receptor subunit GLUN2C expression only in male mice: implications for schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1221-32. [PMID: 24556017 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress exposure during adolescence/early adulthood has been shown to increase the risk for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Reelin plays an essential role in brain development and its levels are decreased in schizophrenia. However, the relationship between stress exposure and reelin expression remains unclear. We therefore treated adolescent reelin heteroyzogous mice (HRM) and wild-type (WT) littermates with the stress hormone, corticosterone (CORT) in their drinking water (25 mg/l) for 3 wk. In adulthood, we measured levels of full-length (FL) reelin and the N-R6 and N-R2 cleavage fragments in the frontal cortex (FC) and dorsal (DH) and ventral (VH) hippocampus. As expected, levels of all reelin forms were approximately 50% lower in HRMs compared to WT. In male mice, CORT treatment significantly decreased FL and N-R2 expression in the FC and N-R2 and N-R6 levels in the DH. This reelin down-regulation was accompanied by significant reductions in downstream N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) GluN2C subunit levels. There were no effects of CORT treatment in the VH of either of the sexes and only subtle changes in female DH. CORT-induced reelin and GluN2C down-regulation in males was not associated with changes in two GABAergic neuron markers, GAD67 and parvalbumin, or glucocorticoids receptors (GR). These results show that CORT treatment causes long-lasting and selective reductions of reelin form levels in male FC and DH accompanied by changes in NMDAR subunit composition. This sex-specific reelin down-regulation in regions implicated in schizophrenia could be involved in the effects of stress in this disease.
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