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Tsampazis N, Vavoulidis E, Margioula-Siarkou C, Symeonidou M, Intzes S, Papanikolaou A, Dinas K, Daniilidis A. The Diagnostic Accuracy of Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy-Assisted Colposcopy, HPV mRNA Test, and P16/Ki67 Immunostaining as CIN2+ Predictors in Greek Population. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:1379. [PMID: 39001269 PMCID: PMC11240963 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14131379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)-assisted colposcopy in detecting CIN2+ Greek women towards standalone colposcopy, HPV mRNA testing, and p16/Ki67 immunostaining. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional observational study at the Cervical Pathology Clinic of the 2nd Obstetrics-Gynecology University Department of Hippokration Hospital Thessaloniki involving 316 patients from January 2022 to August 2023. All participants provided liquid-based cervical samples for cytology, HPV mRNA testing, and p16/Ki67 immunostaining. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subsequently, participants underwent both standalone colposcopy and EIS/ZedScan-assisted colposcopy, followed by cervical punch biopsies. RESULTS The incorporation of EIS significantly enhanced the sensitivity of colposcopy, increasing it from 54.17% to 100%, equivalent to that of HPV mRNA testing and p16/Ki67 immunostaining, while achieving a high specificity (95.45%). The specificities observed with EIS/ZedScan-assisted and standalone colposcopy were notably superior to those of HPV-related biomarkers (HPV mRNA test and p16/Ki67 immunostaining). When compared to standalone colposcopy, HPV mRNA testing, and p16/Ki67 immunostaining, EIS/ZedScan-assisted colposcopy demonstrated the most favorable combination of Positive and Negative Predictive Values, at 90.57% and 100%, respectively. The inclusion of EIS/ZedScan in colposcopy led to the detection of 44 additional cases of true CIN2+ (100% of the total CIN2+ confirmed histologically) that were missed by standalone colposcopy. This discovery suggests a 45.83% increase in the detection of CIN2+ cases. CONCLUSIONS The integration of EIS with colposcopy has demonstrated effectiveness in detecting cervical lesions, resulting in a significant detection increase of CIN2+ cases while offering optimal levels of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for CIN2+ detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsampazis
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Vavoulidis
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Margioula-Siarkou
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marianthi Symeonidou
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stergios Intzes
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexios Papanikolaou
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dinas
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angelos Daniilidis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Sun S, Ma Q, Sheng Q, Huang S, Wu C, Liu J, Xu J. Amyloid-β Oligomer-Induced Electrophysiological Mechanisms and Electrical Impedance Changes in Neurons. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1211. [PMID: 38400369 PMCID: PMC10892449 DOI: 10.3390/s24041211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and can aggregate to form oligomers and fibrils in the brain. There is increasing evidence that highly toxic amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) lead to tau protein aggregation, hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, neuronal loss, synaptic loss, and dysfunction. Although the effects of AβOs on neurons have been investigated using conventional biochemical experiments, there are no established criteria for electrical evaluation. To this end, we explored electrophysiological changes in mouse hippocampal neurons (HT22) following exposure to AβOs and/or naringenin (Nar, a flavonoid compound) using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). AβO-induced HT22 showed a decreased impedance amplitude and increased phase angle, and the addition of Nar reversed these changes. The characteristic frequency was markedly increased with AβO exposure, which was also reversed by Nar. The AβOs decreased intranuclear and cytoplasmic resistance and increased nucleus resistance and extracellular capacitance. Overall, the innovative construction of the eight-element CPE-equivalent circuit model further reflects that the pseudo-capacitance of the cell membrane and cell nucleus was increased in the AβO-induced group. This study conclusively revealed that AβOs induce cytotoxic effects by disrupting the resistance characteristics of unit membranes. The results further support that EIS is an effective technique for evaluating AβO-induced neuronal damage and microscopic electrical distinctions in the sub-microscopic structure of reactive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimeng Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (S.S.); (Q.M.); (Q.S.); (S.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (S.S.); (Q.M.); (Q.S.); (S.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Qiyu Sheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (S.S.); (Q.M.); (Q.S.); (S.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Shangwei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (S.S.); (Q.M.); (Q.S.); (S.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Chenxia Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (S.S.); (Q.M.); (Q.S.); (S.H.); (C.W.)
| | - Junsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (S.S.); (Q.M.); (Q.S.); (S.H.); (C.W.)
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Crowell LL, Yakisich JS, Aufderheide B, Adams TNG. Phenotypic Characterization of 2D and 3D Prostate Cancer Cell Systems Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:1036. [PMID: 38131796 PMCID: PMC10742279 DOI: 10.3390/bios13121036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of death in men. A challenge in treating prostate cancer is overcoming cell plasticity, which links cell phenotype changes and chemoresistance. In this work, a microfluidic device coupled with electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), an electrode-based cell characterization technique, was used to study the electrical characteristics of phenotype changes for (1) prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, DU145, and LNCaP cells), (2) cells grown in 2D monolayer and 3D suspension cell culture conditions, and (3) cells in the presence (or absence) of the anti-cancer drug nigericin. To validate observations of phenotypic change, we measured the gene expression of two epithelial markers, E-cadherin (CDH1) and Tight Junction Protein 1 (ZO-1). Our results showed that PC3, DU145, and LNCaP cells were discernible with EIS. Secondly, moderate phenotype changes based on differences in cell culture conditions were detected with EIS and supported by the gene expression of CDH1. Lastly, we showed that EIS can detect chemoresistant-related cell phenotypes with nigericin drug treatment. EIS is a promising label-free tool for detecting cell phenotype changes associated with chemoresistance. Further development will enable the detection and characterization of many other types of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi L. Crowell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Juan Sebastian Yakisich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA;
| | - Brian Aufderheide
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA;
| | - Tayloria N. G. Adams
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Sherif S, Ghallab YH, AbdelRaheem O, Ziko L, Siam R, Ismail Y. Optimization design of interdigitated microelectrodes with an insulation layer on the connection tracks to enhance efficiency of assessment of the cell viability. BMC Biomed Eng 2023; 5:4. [PMID: 37127658 PMCID: PMC10150490 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-023-00070-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy (µEIS) is a tiny device that utilizes fluid as a working medium in combination with biological cells to extract various electrical parameters. Dielectric parameters of biological cells are essential parameters that can be extracted using µEIS. µEIS has many advantages, such as portability, disposable sensors, and high-precision results. RESULTS The paper compares different configurations of interdigitated microelectrodes with and without a passivation layer on the cell contact tracks. The influence of the number of electrodes on the enhancement of the extracted impedance for different types of cells was provided and discussed. Different types of cells are experimentally tested, such as viable and non-viable MCF7, along with different buffer solutions. This study confirms the importance of µEIS for in vivo and in vitro applications. An essential application of µEIS is to differentiate between the cells' sizes based on the measured capacitance, which is indirectly related to the cells' size. The extracted statistical values reveal the capability and sensitivity of the system to distinguish between two clusters of cells based on viability and size. CONCLUSION A completely portable and easy-to-use system, including different sensor configurations, was designed, fabricated, and experimentally tested. The system was used to extract the dielectric parameters of the Microbeads and MCF7 cells immersed in different buffer solutions. The high sensitivity of the readout circuit, which enables it to extract the difference between the viable and non-viable cells, was provided and discussed. The proposed system can extract and differentiate between different types of cells based on cells' sizes; two other polystyrene microbeads with different sizes are tested. Contamination that may happen was avoided using a Microfluidic chamber. The study shows a good match between the experiment and simulation results. The study also shows the optimum number of interdigitated electrodes that can be used to extract the variation in the dielectric parameters of the cells without leakage current or parasitic capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Sherif
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Center of Nanoelectronics and Devices (CND), Zewail City of Science and Technology and The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Yehya H Ghallab
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
- Center of Nanoelectronics and Devices (CND), Zewail City of Science and Technology and The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omnia AbdelRaheem
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo(AUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Ziko
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo(AUC), Cairo, Egypt
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, the University of Hertfordshire, Hosted By Global Academic Foundation, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania Siam
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo(AUC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yehea Ismail
- Center of Nanoelectronics and Devices (CND), Zewail City of Science and Technology and The American University in Cairo (AUC), Cairo, Egypt
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Hsiao YP, Mukundan A, Chen WC, Wu MT, Hsieh SC, Wang HC. Design of a Lab-On-Chip for Cancer Cell Detection through Impedance and Photoelectrochemical Response Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12060405. [PMID: 35735553 PMCID: PMC9221223 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a biochip was fabricated using a light-absorbing layer of a silicon solar element combined with serrated, interdigitated electrodes and used to identify four different types of cancer cells: CE81T esophageal cancer, OE21 esophageal cancer, A549 lung adenocarcinoma, and TSGH-8301 bladder cancer cells. A string of pearls was formed from dielectrophoretic aggregated cancer cells because of the serrated interdigitated electrodes. Thus, cancer cells were identified in different parts, and electron-hole pairs were separated by photo-excited carriers through the light-absorbing layer of the solar element. The concentration catalysis mechanism of GSH and GSSG was used to conduct photocurrent response and identification, which provides the fast, label-free measurement of cancer cells. The total time taken for this analysis was 13 min. Changes in the impedance value and photocurrent response of each cancer cell were linearly related to the number of cells, and the slope of the admittance value was used to distinguish the location of the cancerous lesion, the slope of the photocurrent response, and the severity of the cancerous lesion. The results show that the number of cancerous cells was directly proportional to the admittance value and the photocurrent response for all four different types of cancer cells. Additionally, different types of cancer cells could easily be differentiated using the slope value of the photocurrent response and the admittance value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Hsiao
- Department of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No.110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., South District, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan;
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, No.110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Rd., South District, Taichung City 40201, Taiwan
| | - Arvind Mukundan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High Tech Innovations (AIM-HI), Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chia Yi 62102, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Chung Chen
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (M.-T.W.)
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Ph.D. Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan; (W.-C.C.); (M.-T.W.)
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807377, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Chin Hsieh
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, 2, Zhongzheng 1st Rd., Lingya District, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-C.H.); (H.-C.W.)
| | - Hsiang-Chen Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Advanced Institute of Manufacturing with High Tech Innovations (AIM-HI), Center for Innovative Research on Aging Society (CIRAS), National Chung Cheng University, 168, University Rd., Min Hsiung, Chia Yi 62102, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (S.-C.H.); (H.-C.W.)
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Choi JS, KIM BYUNGGIK, Go G, Kim DH. Sensitivity enhancement of impedance-based cellular biosensor by nanopatterned PEDOT:Nafion interface. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:10012-10015. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01703b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A nanopatterned PEDOT:Nafion composite layer integrated with interdigitated electrodes was developed to improve the device dynamic range and sensitivity for cellular impedance spectroscopy. The nanopattern fidelity to provide cellular alignment...
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Demircan Yalçın Y, Töral TB, Sukas S, Yıldırım E, Zorlu Ö, Gündüz U, Külah H. A microfluidic device enabling drug resistance analysis of leukemia cells via coupled dielectrophoretic detection and impedimetric counting. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13193. [PMID: 34162990 PMCID: PMC8222334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development of a lab-on-a-chip system, that facilitates coupled dielectrophoretic detection (DEP-D) and impedimetric counting (IM-C), for investigating drug resistance in K562 and CCRF-CEM leukemia cells without (immuno) labeling. Two IM-C units were placed upstream and downstream of the DEP-D unit for enumeration, respectively, before and after the cells were treated in DEP-D unit, where the difference in cell count gave the total number of trapped cells based on their DEP characteristics. Conductivity of the running buffer was matched the conductivity of cytoplasm of wild type K562 and CCRF-CEM cells. Results showed that DEP responses of drug resistant and wild type K562 cells were statistically discriminative (at p = 0.05 level) at 200 mS/m buffer conductivity and at 8.6 MHz working frequency of DEP-D unit. For CCRF-CEM cells, conductivity and frequency values were 160 mS/m and 6.2 MHz, respectively. Our approach enabled discrimination of resistant cells in a group by setting up a threshold provided by the conductivity of running buffer. Subsequent selection of drug resistant cells can be applied to investigate variations in gene expressions and occurrence of mutations related to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yağmur Demircan Yalçın
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. .,Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., Ankara, Turkey. .,Neuro-Nanoscale Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Sertan Sukas
- Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., Ankara, Turkey.,Mechanical Engineering Department, Microsystems Section, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ender Yıldırım
- Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., Ankara, Turkey.,Mechanical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özge Zorlu
- Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Gündüz
- Biology Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Haluk Külah
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Mikro Biyosistemler A.Ş., Ankara, Turkey.,METU MEMS Center, Ankara, Turkey
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Attari F, Hazim H, Zandi A, Mazarei Z, Rafati H. Circumventing paclitaxel resistance in breast cancer cells using a nanoemulsion system and determining its efficacy via an impedance biosensor. Analyst 2021; 146:3225-3233. [PMID: 33999068 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02013c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the best strategies to circumvent drug resistance is the employment of nanocarriers. For the current study, we have employed a nanoemulsion formulation of paclitaxel (PTX) to bypass drug resistance in the MDA-MB-231 cell line and impedance sensing biosensors to determine the exact time that PTX-NE induced apoptosis. Our MTT results demonstrated that PTX treatment could not reduce MDA-MB-231 cell viability to IC50 even after three days. However, the employment of the reagent TPGS (inhibitor of drug resistance) combined with paclitaxel could partially obviate PTX resistance. Next, the nanoemulsion form of PTX (PTX-NE) was fabricated employing the essential oil of the Satureja khuzestanica plant and was characterized using DLS and TEM methods. Our data showed that after 72 hours, PTX-NE at 250 nM concentration could induce a 50% reduction in cell viability. Moreover, annexin/PI and cell cycle analysis confirmed the apoptotic effect of PTX-NE on cancer cells. Lastly, we measured the impedance of MDA-MB-231 cells treated with the free and nanoemulsion forms of PTX. A significant decrease in the mean impedance of PTX-NE treated cells could be observed after 40 hours. To conclude, we have demonstrated here that PTX-NE could circumvent resistance and induce apoptosis in PTX-resistant breast cancer cells, which could be inferred from their impedance measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Attari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Crowell LL, Yakisich JS, Aufderheide B, Adams TNG. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy for Monitoring Chemoresistance of Cancer Cells. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E832. [PMID: 32878225 PMCID: PMC7570252 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an electrokinetic method that allows for the characterization of intrinsic dielectric properties of cells. EIS has emerged in the last decade as a promising method for the characterization of cancerous cells, providing information on inductance, capacitance, and impedance of cells. The individual cell behavior can be quantified using its characteristic phase angle, amplitude, and frequency measurements obtained by fitting the input frequency-dependent cellular response to a resistor-capacitor circuit model. These electrical properties will provide important information about unique biomarkers related to the behavior of these cancerous cells, especially monitoring their chemoresistivity and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. There are currently few methods to assess drug resistant cancer cells, and therefore it is difficult to identify and eliminate drug-resistant cancer cells found in static and metastatic tumors. Establishing techniques for the real-time monitoring of changes in cancer cell phenotypes is, therefore, important for understanding cancer cell dynamics and their plastic properties. EIS can be used to monitor these changes. In this review, we will cover the theory behind EIS, other impedance techniques, and how EIS can be used to monitor cell behavior and phenotype changes within cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexi L. Crowell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Juan S. Yakisich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA;
| | - Brian Aufderheide
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668, USA;
| | - Tayloria N. G. Adams
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Susana FV, Sharmila F, Alessandro S, Valentina G, Chiara R, Marco P, Fiorella A, Danilo D. Impedance-based drug-resistance characterization of colon cancer cells through real-time cell culture monitoring. Talanta 2020; 222:121441. [PMID: 33167197 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Interest in impedance-based cellular assays is rising due to their remarkable advantages, including label-free, low cost, non-invasive, non-destructive, quantitative and real-time monitoring. In order to test their potential in cancer treatment decision and early detection of chemoresistance, we devised a new custom-made impedance measuring system based on electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS), optimized for long term impedance measurements. This device was employed in a proof of concept cell culture impedance analysis for the characterization of chemo-resistant colon cancer cells. Doxorubicin-resistant HT-29 cells were used for this purpose and monitored for 140 h. Analysis of impedance-based curves reveal different trends from chemo-sensitive and chemo-resistant cells. An impedance-based cytoxicity assay with different concentrations of doxorubicin was also performed using ECIS. The obtained results confirm the feasibility of ECIS in the study of drug resistance and show promises for studies of time-dependent factors related to physiological and behavioral changes in cells during resistance acquisition. The methodology presented herein, allows the continuous monitoring of cells under normal culture conditions as well as upon drug exposure. The ECIS device used, sets the basis for high-throughput early detection of resistance to drugs, administered in the clinical practice to cancer patients, and for the screening of new drugs in vitro, on patient-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuentes-Vélez Susana
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.
| | - Fagoonee Sharmila
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging (CNR), Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Turin, Italy
| | - Sanginario Alessandro
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Riganti Chiara
- Department of Oncology and Interdepartmental Center of Research in Molecular Biotechnology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Pizzi Marco
- Eltek S.p.A, Casale Monferrato, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Altruda Fiorella
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Demarchi Danilo
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications (DET), Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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11
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Ambrico M, Lasalvia M, Ligonzo T, Ambrico PF, Perna G, Capozzi V. Recognition of healthy and cancerous breast cells: Sensing the differences by dielectric spectroscopy. Med Phys 2020; 47:5373-5382. [PMID: 32750750 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The response of human cells to applied electrical signals depends on the cellular health status, because it is influenced by the composition and structure of the main cellular components. Therefore, electrical impedance-based techniques can be considered as sensitive tools to investigate healthy or disease state at cellular level. The goal of this study is to show that different types of in vitro cellular lines, related to different health status, can be differentiated using impedance spectra analysis. METHODS Three different types of human breast cell line, corresponding to healthy, cancerous, and metastatic adenocarcinoma cells, were measured by means of electrical impedance spectroscopy. By modeling the investigated cells with proper resistive and capacitive circuital elements, the magnitude of the cell electrical components and spectra of real and imaginary part of dielectric permittivity were obtained. The latter were subsequently examined with a commonly adopted mathematical model, in order to estimate the values of specific dielectric parameters for the three different cellular lines. RESULTS The relative variation of cellular capacitance with respect to that of the culture medium, estimated at 100 Hz, has a larger value for the two types of cancerous cells with respect to the noncancerous type. Furthermore, the ratio between the real and imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity function has larger values for metastatic cells with respect to the normal and nonmetastatic ones. Therefore, the mentioned relative capacitance allows to discriminate between normal and cancerous cells, whereas the results obtained for the dielectric function can discriminate between metastatic and nonmetastatic cells. CONCLUSIONS This study can be considered as an exploratory investigation of evaluating in vitro the health status of humans cells using selected electrical impedance parameters as potential markers. The obtained results highlight that a standard cultureware system, provided with interdigitated electrodes and appropriate impedance parameters, that is, cellular capacitance and the ratio between the imaginary and real part of cellular dielectric function, can be used to discriminate between healthy and cancerous breast cell lines, as well as different malignancy degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ambrico
- CNR-ISTP Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi - Sede di Bari, Via Amendola 122/D, Bari, 70125, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - M Lasalvia
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, Foggia, 71122, Italy
| | - T Ligonzo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy.,Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin" Università degli Studi di Bari, Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - P F Ambrico
- CNR-ISTP Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Plasmi - Sede di Bari, Via Amendola 122/D, Bari, 70125, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - G Perna
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, Foggia, 71122, Italy
| | - V Capozzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare - Sezione di Bari, Via Amendola Via Amendola 173, Bari, 70125, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università di Foggia, Viale L. Pinto 1, Foggia, 71122, Italy
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12
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Tadini-Buoninsegni F, Palchetti I. Label-Free Bioelectrochemical Methods for Evaluation of Anticancer Drug Effects at a Molecular Level. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20071812. [PMID: 32218227 PMCID: PMC7181070 DOI: 10.3390/s20071812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a multifactorial family of diseases that is still a leading cause of death worldwide. More than 100 different types of cancer affecting over 60 human organs are known. Chemotherapy plays a central role for treating cancer. The development of new anticancer drugs or new uses for existing drugs is an exciting and increasing research area. This is particularly important since drug resistance and side effects can limit the efficacy of the chemotherapy. Thus, there is a need for multiplexed, cost-effective, rapid, and novel screening methods that can help to elucidate the mechanism of the action of anticancer drugs and the identification of novel drug candidates. This review focuses on different label-free bioelectrochemical approaches, in particular, impedance-based methods, the solid supported membranes technique, and the DNA-based electrochemical sensor, that can be used to evaluate the effects of anticancer drugs on nucleic acids, membrane transporters, and living cells. Some relevant examples of anticancer drug interactions are presented which demonstrate the usefulness of such methods for the characterization of the mechanism of action of anticancer drugs that are targeted against various biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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13
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Abstract
Cancer drug resistance mechanisms such as tumor heterogeneity and adaptable feedback loops are prevalent issues facing cancer therapy development. Drug resistance can be unique to a cancer type and, most importantly, to each individual cancer patient. Consequently, testing different dosages and therapeutics directly on each individual patient sample (i.e., tumor and cancer cells) has compelling advantages compared to large scale in vitro drug testing and is a step toward personalized drug selection and effective treatment development. Recently, microfluidic-based chemo-sensitivity assays on patient biopsies have been proposed. Despite their novelty, these platforms usually rely on optical labels, optical equipment, or complex microfabricated channel geometries and structures. In this work, we proposed a novel lab on a chip platform capable of real-time and continuous screening of drug efficacy on (cancer) cell subpopulations without the need of labels or bulky readout optical equipment. In this platform, several label-free and rapid techniques have been implemented for the precise capturing of cells of interest in parallel with the real-time measurement and characterization of the effectiveness of candidate therapeutic agents. To demonstrate the utility of the platform, the effect of an apoptotic inducer, topoisomerase I inhibitor, 7-ethyl-10-hydrocamptothecin (SN38) on human colorectal carcinoma cancer cells (HCT 116) was used as a study model. Additionally, electrical results were optically verified to examine the continuous measurements of the biological mechanisms, specifically, apoptosis and necrosis, during therapeutic agent characterizations. The proposed device is a versatile platform which can also be easily redesigned for the automated and arrayed analysis of cell-drug interaction down to the single cell level. Our platform is another step toward enabling the personalized screening of drug efficacy on individual patients' samples that potentially leads to a better understanding of drug resistance and the optimization of patients' treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Velasco
- Biochemistry Department , Stanford University , Palo Alto , California 94305 , United States
| | - Kushal Joshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92617 , United States
| | - Jiamin Chen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Palo Alto , California 94305 , United States
| | - Rahim Esfandyarpour
- Department of Electrical Engineering , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92617 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92617 , United States.,Henry Samueli School of Engineering , University of California Irvine , Irvine , California 92617 , United States
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14
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Kim H, Kim MK, Jang H, Kim B, Kim DR, Lee CH. Sensor-Instrumented Scaffold Integrated with Microporous Spongelike Ultrabuoy for Long-Term 3D Mapping of Cellular Behaviors and Functions. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7898-7904. [PMID: 31244034 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of cellular behaviors and functions with sensor-instrumented scaffolds can provide a profound impact on fundamental studies of the underlying biophysics and disease modeling. Although quantitative measurement of predictive data for in vivo tests and physiologically relevant information in these contexts is important, the long-term reliable monitoring of cellular functions in three-dimensional (3D) environments is limited by the required set under wet cell culture conditions that are unfavorable to electronic instrument settings. Here, we introduce an ultrabuoyant 3D instrumented scaffold that can remain afloat on the surface of culture medium and thereby provides favorable environments for the entire electronic components in the air while the cells reside and grow underneath. This setting enables high-fidelity recording of electrical cell-substrate impedance and electrophysiological signals for a long period of time (weeks). Comprehensive in vitro studies reveal the utility of this platform as an effective tool for drug screening and tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjun Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering , Purdue University , 206 South Martin Jischke Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Min Ku Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering , Purdue University , 206 South Martin Jischke Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Hanmin Jang
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Bongjoong Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Purdue University , 610 Purdue Mall , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Dong Rip Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Hanyang University , 222 Wangsimni-ro , Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chi Hwan Lee
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering , Purdue University , 206 South Martin Jischke Drive , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering , Purdue University , 610 Purdue Mall , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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15
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Enhancement of detection accuracy in depth-profiling using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-on-a-needle by incremental compensation for immersion depth. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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16
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Holland I, McCormick C, Connolly P. Towards non-invasive characterisation of coronary stent re-endothelialisation - An in-vitro, electrical impedance study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206758. [PMID: 30395632 PMCID: PMC6218196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The permanent implantation of a stent has become the most common method for ameliorating coronary artery narrowing arising from atherosclerosis. Following the procedure, optimal arterial wall healing is characterised by the complete regrowth of an Endothelial Cell monolayer over the exposed stent surface and surrounding tissue, thereby reducing the risk of thrombosis. However, excessive proliferation of Smooth Muscle Cells, within the artery wall can lead to unwanted renarrowing of the vessel lumen. Current imaging techniques are unable to adequately identify re-endothelialisation, and it has previously been reported that the stent itself could be used as an electrode in combination with electrical impedance spectroscopic techniques to monitor the post-stenting recovery phase. The utility of such a device will be determined by its ability to characterise between vascular cell types. Here we present in-vitro impedance spectroscopy measurements of pulmonary artery porcine Endothelial Cells, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and coronary artery porcine Smooth Muscle Cells grown to confluence over platinum black electrodes in clinically relevant populations. These measurements were obtained, using a bespoke impedance spectroscopy system that autonomously performed impedance sweeps in the 1kHz to 100kHz frequency range. Analysis of the reactance component of impedance revealed distinct frequency dependent profiles for each cell type with post confluence reactance declines in Endothelial Cell populations that have not been previously reported. Such profiles provide a means of non-invasively characterising between the cell types and give an indication that impedance spectroscopic techniques may enable the non-invasive characterisation of the arterial response to stent placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Holland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher McCormick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Connolly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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17
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Mansoorifar A, Koklu A, Ma S, Raj GV, Beskok A. Electrical Impedance Measurements of Biological Cells in Response to External Stimuli. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4320-4327. [PMID: 29402081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) is a noninvasive technique for real-time measurements of the impedance spectra of biological cells. DS enables characterization of cellular dielectric properties such as membrane capacitance and cytoplasmic conductivity. We have developed a lab-on-a-chip device that uses an electro-activated microwells array for capturing, DS measurements, and unloading of biological cells. Impedance measurements were conducted at 0.2 V in the 10 kHz to 40 MHz range with 6 s time resolution. An equivalent circuit model was developed to extract the cell membrane capacitance and cell cytoplasmic conductivity from the impedance spectra. A human prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, was used to evaluate the device performance. Suspension of PC-3 cells in low conductivity buffers (LCB) enhanced their dielectrophoretic trapping and impedance response. We report the time course of the variations in dielectric properties of PC-3 cells suspended in LCB and their response to sudden pH change from a pH of 7.3 to a pH of 5.8. Importantly, we demonstrated that our device enabled real-time measurements of dielectric properties of live cancer cells and allowed the assessment of the cellular response to variations in buffer conductivity and pH. These data support further development of this device toward single cell measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mansoorifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75205 , United States
| | - Anil Koklu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75205 , United States
| | - Shihong Ma
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , Texas 75390 , United States
| | - Ganesh V Raj
- Departments of Urology and Pharmacology , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , Texas 75390 , United States
| | - Ali Beskok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75205 , United States
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18
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Little CAE, Orloff ND, Hanemann IE, Long CJ, Bright VM, Booth JC. Modeling electrical double-layer effects for microfluidic impedance spectroscopy from 100 kHz to 110 GHz. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2674-2681. [PMID: 28702651 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Broadband microfluidic-based impedance spectroscopy can be used to characterize complex fluids, with applications in medical diagnostics and in chemical and pharmacological manufacturing. Many relevant fluids are ionic; during impedance measurements ions migrate to the electrodes, forming an electrical double-layer. Effects from the electrical double-layer dominate over, and reduce sensitivity to, the intrinsic impedance of the fluid below a characteristic frequency. Here we use calibrated measurements of saline solution in microfluidic coplanar waveguide devices at frequencies between 100 kHz and 110 GHz to directly measure the double-layer admittance for solutions of varying ionic conductivity. We successfully model the double-layer admittance using a combination of a Cole-Cole response with a constant phase element contribution. Our analysis yields a double-layer relaxation time that decreases linearly with solution conductivity, and allows for double-layer effects to be separated from the intrinsic fluid response and quantified for a wide range of conducting fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A E Little
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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19
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Bai G, Li Y, Chu HK, Wang K, Tan Q, Xiong J, Sun D. Characterization of biomechanical properties of cells through dielectrophoresis-based cell stretching and actin cytoskeleton modeling. Biomed Eng Online 2017; 16:41. [PMID: 28376803 PMCID: PMC5381122 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-017-0329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic network that helps to maintain the rigidity of a cell, and the mechanical properties of a cell are closely related to many cellular functions. This paper presents a new method to probe and
characterize cell mechanical properties through dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based cell stretching manipulation and actin cytoskeleton modeling. Methods Leukemia NB4 cells were used as cell line, and changes in their biological properties were examined after chemotherapy treatment with doxorubicin (DOX). DEP-integrated microfluidic chip was utilized as a low-cost and efficient tool to study the deformability of cells. DEP forces used in cell stretching were first evaluated through computer simulation, and the results were compared with modeling equations and with the results of optical stretching (OT) experiments. Structural parameters were then extracted by fitting the experimental data into the actin cytoskeleton model, and the underlying mechanical properties of the cells were subsequently characterized. Results The DEP forces generated under different voltage inputs were calculated and the results from different approaches demonstrate good approximations to the force estimation. Both DEP and OT stretching experiments confirmed that DOX-treated NB4 cells were stiffer than the untreated cells. The structural parameters extracted from the model and the confocal images indicated significant change in actin network after DOX treatment. Conclusion The proposed DEP method combined with actin cytoskeleton modeling is a simple engineering tool to characterize the mechanical properties of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Bai
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Room 418, Building No. 14, No. 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR of China
| | - Henry K Chu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR of China
| | - Kaiqun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Mechanics, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 79, West Yingze Street, Taiyuan, 030024, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiulin Tan
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Room 418, Building No. 14, No. 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
| | - Jijun Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education, North University of China, Room 418, Building No. 14, No. 3 Xueyuan Road, Taiyuan, 030051, Shanxi, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, SAR of China.
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20
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He Y, Ding J, Lin Y, Li J, Shi Y, Wang J, Zhu Y, Wang K, Hu X. Gambogenic acid alters chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to Adriamycin. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:181. [PMID: 26066793 PMCID: PMC4486132 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0710-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Breast cancer remains a major health problem worldwide, and is becoming increasingly resistant to traditional drug treatments. For instance, Adriamycin (ADR) is beneficial for the treatment of breast cancer. However, its wide application often leads to drug resistance in clinic practice, which results in treatment failure. Gambogenic acid (GNA), a polyprenylated xanthone isolated from the traditional medicine gamboge, has been reported to effectively inhibit the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. Its effects on ADR resistance have not yet been reported in breast cancer. In this study, we examined the ability of GNA to modulate ADR resiatance and the molecular mechanisms underlying this process using a cell based in vitro system. Methods An MTT assay was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of the drugs on the growth of MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cell lines. The effects of drugs on apoptosis were detected using Annexin-V APC/7-AAD double staining. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins and the proteins in the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway were evaluated by Western blot analysis. Results In the MCF-7/ADR cell lines, the IC50 (half maximal inhibitory concentration) of the group that received combined treatment with GNA and ADR was significantly lower than that in the ADR group, and this value decreased with an increasing concentration of GNA. In parallel, GNA treatment increased the chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to ADR. The cell apoptosis and cell cycle anaysis indicated that the anti-proliferative effect of GNA is in virtue of increased G0/G1 arrest and potentiated apoptosis. When combined with GNA in MCF-7/ADR cell lines, the expression levels of the tumor suppressor gene PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten) and the apoptosis-related proteins caspase-3 and capsese-9 were significantly increased, while the expression of phosphorylated AKT was decreased. Conclusions Our study has indicated a potential role for GNA to increase the chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to ADR. This modulatory role was mediated by suppression of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway that led to apoptosis in MCF-7/ADR cells. This work suggests that GNA may be used as a regulatory agent for treating ADR resistance in breast cancer patients.
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Caviglia C, Zór K, Canepa S, Carminati M, Larsen LB, Raiteri R, Andresen TL, Heiskanen A, Emnéus J. Interdependence of initial cell density, drug concentration and exposure time revealed by real-time impedance spectroscopic cytotoxicity assay. Analyst 2015; 140:3623-9. [PMID: 25868456 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the combined effect of the initial cell density (12,500, 35,000, 75,000, and 100,000 cells cm(-2)) and concentration of the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin on HeLa cells by performing time-dependent cytotoxicity assays using real-time electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. A correlation between the rate of cell death and the initial cell seeding density was found at 2.5 μM doxorubicin concentration, whereas this was not observed at 5 or 100 μM. By sensing the changes in the cell-substrate interaction using impedance spectroscopy under static conditions, the onset of cytotoxicity was observed 5 h earlier than when using a standard colorimetric end-point assay (MTS) which measures changes in the mitochondrial metabolism. Furthermore, with the MTS assay no cytotoxicity was observed after 15 h of incubation with 2.5 μM doxorubicin, whereas the impedance showed at this time point cell viability that was below 25%. These results indicate that impedance detection reveals cytotoxic events undetectable when using the MTS assay, highlighting the importance of combining impedance detection with traditional drug toxicity assays towards a more in depth understanding of the effect of anti-cancer drugs on in vitro assays. Moreover, the detection of doxorubicin induced toxicity determined with impedance under static conditions proved to be 6 times faster than in perfusion culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Caviglia
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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22
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Caviglia C, Zór K, Montini L, Tilli V, Canepa S, Melander F, Muhammad HB, Carminati M, Ferrari G, Raiteri R, Heiskanen A, Andresen TL, Emnéus J. Impedimetric toxicity assay in microfluidics using free and liposome-encapsulated anticancer drugs. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2204-12. [PMID: 25582124 DOI: 10.1021/ac503621d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have developed a microfluidic cytotoxicity assay for a cell culture and detection platform, which enables both fluid handling and electrochemical/optical detection. The cytotoxic effect of anticancer drugs doxorubicin (DOX), oxaliplatin (OX) as well as OX-loaded liposomes, developed for targeted drug delivery, was evaluated using real-time impedance monitoring. The time-dependent effect of DOX on HeLa cells was monitored and found to have a delayed onset of cytotoxicity in microfluidics compared with static culture conditions based on data obtained in our previous study. The result of a fluorescent microscopic annexin V/propidium iodide assay, performed in microfluidics, confirmed the outcome of the real-time impedance assay. In addition, the response of HeLa cells to OX-induced cytotoxicity proved to be slower than toxicity induced by DOX. A difference in the time-dependent cytotoxic response of fibrosarcoma cells (HT1080) to free OX and OX-loaded liposomes was observed and attributed to incomplete degradation of the liposomes, which results in lower drug availability. The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-dependent release of OX from OX-loaded liposomes was also confirmed using laryngopharynx carcinoma cells (FaDu). The comparison and the observed differences between the cytotoxic effects under microfluidic and static conditions highlight the importance of comparative studies as basis for implementation of microfluidic cytotoxic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Caviglia
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark , DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Szulcek R, Bogaard HJ, van Nieuw Amerongen GP. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing for the quantification of endothelial proliferation, barrier function, and motility. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24747269 PMCID: PMC4159052 DOI: 10.3791/51300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) is an in vitro impedance measuring system to quantify the behavior of cells within adherent cell layers. To this end, cells are grown in special culture chambers on top of opposing, circular gold electrodes. A constant small alternating current is applied between the electrodes and the potential across is measured. The insulating properties of the cell membrane create a resistance towards the electrical current flow resulting in an increased electrical potential between the electrodes. Measuring cellular impedance in this manner allows the automated study of cell attachment, growth, morphology, function, and motility. Although the ECIS measurement itself is straightforward and easy to learn, the underlying theory is complex and selection of the right settings and correct analysis and interpretation of the data is not self-evident. Yet, a clear protocol describing the individual steps from the experimental design to preparation, realization, and analysis of the experiment is not available. In this article the basic measurement principle as well as possible applications, experimental considerations, advantages and limitations of the ECIS system are discussed. A guide is provided for the study of cell attachment, spreading and proliferation; quantification of cell behavior in a confluent layer, with regard to barrier function, cell motility, quality of cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesions; and quantification of wound healing and cellular responses to vasoactive stimuli. Representative results are discussed based on human microvascular (MVEC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), but are applicable to all adherent growing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Szulcek
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center
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Zustiak S, Nossal R, Sackett DL. Multiwell stiffness assay for the study of cell responsiveness to cytotoxic drugs. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:396-403. [PMID: 24018833 PMCID: PMC3933463 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is now well understood that the cell microenvironment, including the surrounding matrix, profoundly affects cell fate. This is especially true for solid tumors where, for example, matrix stiffness is believed to be an important factor in tumorogenesis. Our hypothesis is that since matrix stiffness affects cell fate, it may also be important in drug resistance. To test this hypothesis, we designed and built a multiwell polyacrylamide (PA) gel-based stiffness assay, in which the gels were coated with collagen in order to facilitate cell attachment and proliferation. This PA-based assay was used to examine the effect of stiffness on cultured cell responsiveness to cytotoxic drugs. In particular, we tested multiple cancer cell lines and their susceptibility to paclitaxel, a microtubule-targeting agent. By assessing cell proliferation, morphology, and the IC50 of the drug, we were able to establish that the stiffness affects responsiveness to cytotoxic drugs in a cell-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silviya Zustiak
- Program on Physical Biology (PPB), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 9, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892.
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Pick H, Terrettaz S, Baud O, Laribi O, Brisken C, Vogel H. Monitoring proliferative activities of hormone-like odorants in human breast cancer cells by gene transcription profiling and electrical impedance spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 50:431-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Delamarche E, Tonna N, Lovchik RD, Bianco F, Matteoli M. Pharmacology on microfluidics: multimodal analysis for studying cell-cell interaction. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:821-8. [PMID: 23876840 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of cell-cell interaction is a key unanswered question in modern pharmacology, given crosstalk defects are at the basis of many pathologies. Microfluidics represents a valuable tool for analyzing intercellular communication mediated by transmission of soluble signals, as occurring for example between neurons and glial cells in neuroinflammation, or between tumor and surrounding cells in cancer. However, the use of microfluidics for studying cell behavior still encompasses many technical and biological challenges. In this review, a state of the art of successes, potentials and limitations of microfluidics applied to key biological questions in modern pharmacology is analyzed and commented.
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