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Kaiser A. The Role of Spermidine and Its Key Metabolites in Important, Pathogenic Human Viruses and in Parasitic Infections Caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050803. [PMID: 37238673 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The triamine spermidine is a key metabolite of the polyamine pathway. It plays a crucial role in many infectious diseases caused by viral or parasitic infections. Spermidine and its metabolizing enzymes, i.e., spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase, spermine oxidase, acetyl polyamine oxidase, and deoxyhypusine synthase, fulfill common functions during infection in parasitic protozoa and viruses which are obligate, intracellular parasites. The competition for this important polyamine between the infected host cell and the pathogen determines the severity of infection in disabling human parasites and pathogenic viruses. Here, we review the impact of spermidine and its metabolites in disease development of the most important, pathogenic human viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV, Ebola, and in the human parasites Plasmodium and Trypanosomes. Moreover, state-of-the-art translational approaches to manipulate spermidine metabolism in the host and the pathogen are discussed to accelerate drug development against these threatful, infectious human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Kaiser
- Medical Research Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Mudryi V, Peske F, Rodnina M. Translation Factor Accelerating Peptide Bond Formation on the Ribosome: EF-P and eIF5A as Entropic Catalysts and a Potential Drug Targets. BBA ADVANCES 2023; 3:100074. [PMID: 37082265 PMCID: PMC10074943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2023.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Elongation factor P (EF-P) and its eukaryotic homolog eIF5A are auxiliary translation factors that facilitate peptide bond formation when several sequential proline (Pro) residues are incorporated into the nascent chain. EF-P and eIF5A bind to the exit (E) site of the ribosome and contribute to favorable entropy of the reaction by stabilizing tRNA binding in the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome. In most organisms, EF-P and eIF5A carry a posttranslational modification that is crucial for catalysis. The chemical nature of the modification varies between different groups of bacteria and between pro- and eukaryotes, making the EF-P-modification enzymes promising targets for antibiotic development. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of the structure and function of EF-P and eIF5A, describe their modification enzymes, and present an approach for potential drug screening aimed at EarP, an enzyme that is essential for EF-P modification in several pathogenic bacteria.
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Aroonsri A, Wongsombat C, Shaw P, Franke S, Przyborski J, Kaiser A. Investigation of an Allosteric Deoxyhypusine Synthase Inhibitor in P. falciparum. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082463. [PMID: 35458660 PMCID: PMC9030622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of a variety of protozoal infections, in particular those causing disabling human diseases, is still hampered by a lack of drugs or increasing resistance to registered drugs. However, in recent years, remarkable progress has been achieved to combat neglected tropical diseases by sequencing the parasites’ genomes or the validation of new targets in the parasites by novel genetic manipulation techniques, leading to loss of function. The novel amino acid hypusine is a posttranslational modification (PTM) that occurs in eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (EIF5A) at a specific lysine residue. This modification occurs by two steps catalyzed by deoxyhypusine synthase (dhs) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) enzymes. dhs from Plasmodium has been validated as a druggable target by small molecules and reverse genetics. Recently, the synthesis of a series of human dhs inhibitors led to 6-bromo-N-(1H-indol-4yl)-1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide, a potent allosteric inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.062 µM. We investigated this allosteric dhs inhibitor in Plasmodium. In vitro P. falciparum growth assays showed weak inhibition activity, with IC50 values of 46.1 µM for the Dd2 strain and 51.5 µM for the 3D7 strain, respectively. The antimalarial activity could not be attributed to the targeting of the Pfdhs gene, as shown by chemogenomic profiling with transgenically modified P. falciparum lines. Moreover, in dose-dependent enzymatic assays with purified recombinant P. falciparum dhs protein, only 45% inhibition was observed at an inhibitor dose of 0.4 µM. These data are in agreement with a homology-modeled Pfdhs, suggesting significant structural differences in the allosteric site between the human and parasite enzymes. Virtual screening of the allosteric database identified candidate ligand binding to novel binding pockets identified in P. falciparum dhs, which might foster the development of parasite-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyada Aroonsri
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand; (A.A.); (C.W.); (P.S.)
| | - Chayaphat Wongsombat
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand; (A.A.); (C.W.); (P.S.)
| | - Philip Shaw
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Khlong Luang 12120, Thailand; (A.A.); (C.W.); (P.S.)
| | - Siegrid Franke
- Interdisziplinäres Forschungszentrum IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.F.); (J.P.)
| | - Jude Przyborski
- Interdisziplinäres Forschungszentrum IFZ, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (S.F.); (J.P.)
| | - Annette Kaiser
- Medical Research Centre, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Specific and sensitive GC-MS analysis of hypusine, N ε-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine, a biomarker of hypusinated eukaryotic initiation factor eIF5A, and its application to the bi-ethnic ASOS study. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1083-1099. [PMID: 35243537 PMCID: PMC9217869 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hypusination is a unique two-step enzymatic post-translational modification of the Nε-amino group of lysine-50 of the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). We developed a specific and sensitive gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method for the measurement of biological hypusine (Hyp), i.e., Nε-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine. The method includes a two-step derivatization of Hyp: first esterification with 2 M HCl in CH3OH (60 min, 80 °C) to the methyl ester (Me) and then acylation with penta-fluoro-propionic (PFP) anhydride in ethyl acetate (30 min, 65 °C). Esterification with 2 M HCl in CD3OD was used to prepare the internal standard. The major derivatization product was identified as the un-labelled (d0Me) and the deuterium-labelled methyl esters (d3Me) derivatives: d0Me-Hyp-(PFP)5 and d3Me-Hyp-(PFP)5, respectively. Negative-ion chemical ionization generated the most intense ions with m/z 811 for d0Me-Hyp-(PFP)5 and m/z 814 for the internal standard d3Me-Hyp-(PFP)5. Selected-ion monitoring of m/z 811 and m/z 814 was used in quantitative analyses. Free Hyp was found in spot urine samples (10 µL) of two healthy subjects at 0.60 µM (0.29 µmol Hyp/mmol creatinine) in the female and 1.80 µM (0.19 µmol Hyp/mmol creatinine) in the male subject. The mean accuracy of the method in these urine samples spiked with 1–5 µM Hyp was 91–94%. The limit of detection (LOD) of the method is 1.4 fmol Hyp. The method was applied to measure the urinary excretion rates of Hyp in healthy black (n = 38, age 7.8 ± 0.7 years) and white (n = 41, age 7.7 ± 1.0 years) boys of the Arterial Stiffness in Offspring Study (ASOS). The Hyp concentrations were 3.55 [2.68–5.31] µM (range 0.54–9.84 µM) in the black boys and 3.87 [2.95–5.06] µM (range 1.0–11.7 µM) in the white boys (P = 0.64). The creatinine-corrected excretion rates were 0.25 [0.20–0.29] µmol/mmol (range 0.11–0.36 µmol/mmol) in the black boys and 0.26 [0.21–0.30] µmol/mmol (range 0.10–0.45 µmol/mmol) in the white boys (P = 0.82). These results suggest that there is no ethnic-related difference in the ASOS population in the eIF5A modification. Remarkable differences were found between black and white boys with respect to correlations of urinary Hyp with amino acids and advanced glycation end-products of Lys, Arg and Cys. Deoxyhypusine, formally the direct precursor of Hyp, seems not to be excreted in the urine by healthy subjects.
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Kaiser A, Agostinelli E. Hypusinated EIF5A as a feasible drug target for Advanced Medicinal Therapies in the treatment of pathogenic parasites and therapy-resistant tumors. Amino Acids 2022; 54:501-511. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jiang Z, You Q, Zhang X. Medicinal chemistry of metal chelating fragments in metalloenzyme active sites: A perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:172-197. [PMID: 30684796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous metal-containing enzymes (metalloenzymes) have been considered as drug targets related to diseases such as cancers, diabetes, anemia, AIDS, malaria, bacterial infection, fibrosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Inhibitors of the metalloenzymes have been developed independently, most of which are mimics of substrates of the corresponding enzymes. However, little attention has been paid to the interactions between inhibitors and active site metal ions. This review is focused on different metal binding fragments and their chelating properties in the metal-containing active binding pockets of metalloenzymes. We have enumerated over one hundred of inhibitors targeting various metalloenzymes and identified over ten kinds of fragments with different binding patterns. Furthermore, we have investigated the inhibitors that are undergoing clinical evaluation in order to help looking for more potential scaffolds bearing metal binding fragments. This review will provide deep insights for the rational design of novel inhibitors targeting the metal-containing binding sites of specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhensheng Jiang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Sate Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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Kersting D, Krüger M, Sattler JM, Mueller AK, Kaiser A. A suggested vital function for eIF-5A and dhs genes during murine malaria blood-stage infection. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:860-72. [PMID: 27516964 PMCID: PMC4971841 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological function of the post-translational modification hypusine in the eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (EIF-5A) in eukaryotes is still not understood. Hypusine is formed by two sequential enzymatic steps at a specific lysine residue in the precursor protein EIF-5A. One important biological function of EIF-5A which was recently identified is the translation of polyproline-rich mRNA, suggesting its biological relevance in a variety of biological processes. Hypusinated eIF-5A controls the proliferation of cancer cells and inflammatory processes in malaria. It was shown that pharmacological inhibition of the enzymes involved in this pathway, deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and the deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH), arrested the growth of malaria parasites. Down-regulation of both the malarial eIF-5A and dhs genes by in vitro and in vivo silencing led to decreased transcript levels and protein expression and, in turn, to low parasitemia, confirming a critical role of hypusination in eIF-5A for proliferation in Plasmodium. To further investigate whether eIF-5A and the activating enzyme DHS are essential for Plasmodium erythrocytic stages, targeted gene disruption was performed in the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. Full disruption of both genes was not successful; instead parasites harboring the episome for eIF-5A and dhs genes were obtained, suggesting that these genes may perform vital functions during the pathogenic blood cell stage. Next, a knock-in strategy was pursued for both endogenous genes eIF-5A and dhs from P. berghei. The latter resulted in viable recombinant parasites, strengthening the observation that they might be essential for proliferation during asexual development of the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kersting
- Institute for Pharmacogenetics Medical Research Centre University Duisburg-Essen Germany
| | - Mirko Krüger
- Institute for Pharmacogenetics Medical Research Centre University Duisburg-Essen Germany
| | - Julia M Sattler
- Parasitology Unit Centre for Infectious Diseases University Hospital Heidelberg Germany; Centre for Infectious Diseases, Integrative Parasitology University Hospital Heidelberg Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- Parasitology Unit Centre for Infectious Diseases University Hospital Heidelberg Germany; German Center for Infectious Diseases Heidelberg Germany
| | - Annette Kaiser
- Institute for Pharmacogenetics Medical Research Centre University Duisburg-Essen Germany
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Saxena D, Spino M, Tricta F, Connelly J, Cracchiolo BM, Hanauske AR, D’Alliessi Gandolfi D, Mathews MB, Karn J, Holland B, Park MH, Pe’ery T, Palumbo PE, Hanauske-Abel HM. Drug-Based Lead Discovery: The Novel Ablative Antiretroviral Profile of Deferiprone in HIV-1-Infected Cells and in HIV-Infected Treatment-Naive Subjects of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Exploratory Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154842. [PMID: 27191165 PMCID: PMC4871512 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Antiretrovirals suppress HIV-1 production yet spare the sites of HIV-1 production, the HIV-1 DNA-harboring cells that evade immune detection and enable viral resistance on-drug and viral rebound off-drug. Therapeutic ablation of pathogenic cells markedly improves the outcome of many diseases. We extend this strategy to HIV-1 infection. Using drug-based lead discovery, we report the concentration threshold-dependent antiretroviral action of the medicinal chelator deferiprone and validate preclinical findings by a proof-of-concept double-blind trial. In isolate-infected primary cultures, supra-threshold concentrations during deferiprone monotherapy caused decline of HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA; did not allow viral breakthrough for up to 35 days on-drug, indicating resiliency against viral resistance; and prevented, for at least 87 days off-drug, viral rebound. Displaying a steep dose-effect curve, deferiprone produced infection-independent deficiency of hydroxylated hypusyl-eIF5A. However, unhydroxylated deoxyhypusyl-eIF5A accumulated particularly in HIV-infected cells; they preferentially underwent apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Since the threshold, ascertained at about 150 μM, is achievable in deferiprone-treated patients, we proceeded from cell culture directly to an exploratory trial. HIV-1 RNA was measured after 7 days on-drug and after 28 and 56 days off-drug. Subjects who attained supra-threshold concentrations in serum and completed the protocol of 17 oral doses, experienced a zidovudine-like decline of HIV-1 RNA on-drug that was maintained off-drug without statistically significant rebound for 8 weeks, over 670 times the drug's half-life and thus clearance from circulation. The uniform deferiprone threshold is in agreement with mapping of, and crystallographic 3D-data on, the active site of deoxyhypusyl hydroxylase (DOHH), the eIF5A-hydroxylating enzyme. We propose that deficiency of hypusine-containing eIF5A impedes the translation of mRNAs encoding proline cluster ('polyproline')-containing proteins, exemplified by Gag/p24, and facilitated by the excess of deoxyhypusine-containing eIF5A, releases the innate apoptotic defense of HIV-infected cells from viral blockade, thus depleting the cellular reservoir of HIV-1 DNA that drives breakthrough and rebound. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov NCT02191657.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Saxena
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael Spino
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- ApoPharma Inc., Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Bernadette M. Cracchiolo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Axel-Rainer Hanauske
- Oncology Center and Medical Clinic III, Asklepios Klinik St. Georg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael B. Mathews
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bart Holland
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Myung Hee Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tsafi Pe’ery
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Paul E. Palumbo
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PEP); (HMHA)
| | - Hartmut M. Hanauske-Abel
- Department of Pediatrics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women’s Health, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PEP); (HMHA)
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von Koschitzky I, Gerhardt H, Lämmerhofer M, Kohout M, Gehringer M, Laufer S, Pink M, Schmitz-Spanke S, Strube C, Kaiser A. New insights into novel inhibitors against deoxyhypusine hydroxylase from plasmodium falciparum: compounds with an iron chelating potential. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1155-66. [PMID: 25715757 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) is a dinuclear iron enzyme required for hydroxylation of the aminobutyl side chain of deoxyhypusine in eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A), the second step in hypusine biosynthesis. DOHH has been recently identified in P. falciparum and P. vivax. Both enzymes have very peculiar features including E-Z type HEAT-like repeats and a diiron centre in their active site. Both proteins share only 26 % amino acid identity to the human paralogue. Hitherto, no X-ray structure exists from either enzyme. However, structural predictions based on the amino acid sequence of the active site in comparison to the human enzyme show that four conserved histidine and glutamate residues provide the coordination sites for chelating the ferrous iron ions. Recently, we showed that P. vivax DOHH is inhibited by zileuton (N-[1-(1-benzothien-2-yl)ethyl]-N-hydroxyurea), a drug that is known for inhibiting human 5-lipoygenase (5-LOX) by the complexation of ferrous iron. A novel discovery program was launched to identify inhibitors of the P. falciparum DOHH from the Malaria Box, consisting of 400 chemical compounds, which are highly active in the erythrocytic stages of Malaria infections. In a first visual selection for potential ligands of ferrous iron, three compounds from different scaffold classes namely the diazonapthyl benzimidazole MMV666023 (Malaria Box plate A, position A03), the bis-benzimidazole MMV007384 (plate A, position B08), and a 1,2,5,-oxadiazole MMV665805 (plate A, position C03) were selected and subsequently evaluated in silico for their potential to complex iron ions. As a proof of principle, a bioanalytical assay was performed and the inhibition of hypusine biosynthesis was determined by GC-MS. All tested compounds proved to be active in this assay and MMV665805 exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect. Notably, the results were in accordance with the preliminary quantum-mechanical calculations suggesting the strongest iron complexation capacity for MMV665805. This compound might be a useful tool as well as a novel lead structure for inhibitors of P. falciparum DOHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke von Koschitzky
- Institute for Pharmacogenetics, Medical Research Centre, University Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
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Liu H, Ding Y, Walker LA, Doerksen RJ. Computational Study on the Effect of Exocyclic Substituents on the Ionization Potential of Primaquine: Insights into the Design of Primaquine-Based Antimalarial Drugs with Less Methemoglobin Generation. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:169-74. [PMID: 25222923 PMCID: PMC4332040 DOI: 10.1021/tx500230t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The effect of an
exocyclic substituent on the ionization potential
of primaquine, an important antimalarial drug, was investigated using
density functional theory methods. It was found that an electron-donating
group (EDG) makes the ionization potential decrease. In contrast,
an electron-withdrawing group (EWG) makes the ionization potential
increase. Among all the exocyclic positions, a substituent at the
5- or 7-position has the largest effect. This can be explained by
the contribution of the atomic orbitals at those positions to the
highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). In addition, a substituent
at the N8-position has a considerably large effect on the ionization
potential because this atom makes the second largest contribution
to the HOMO. These findings have potential implications for the design
of less hemotoxic antimalarial drugs. We suggest that it is worth
considering placement of an EWG at the 5-, 7-, or N8-positions of
primaquine in future drug discovery attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Liu
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and ‡the National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Yuanqing Ding
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and ‡the National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Larry A Walker
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and ‡the National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Robert J Doerksen
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences and ‡the National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi , University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Agostinelli E. Polyamines and transglutaminases: biological, clinical, and biotechnological perspectives. Amino Acids 2014; 46:475-85. [PMID: 24553826 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Agostinelli
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Biochemical Sciences, SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy,
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HEIDARI A, KESHAVARZ H, HAJJARAN H, EBRAHIMI SM, KABIR K, NASERI MH. Genetic Variation and Selection of Domain I of the Plasmodium vivax Apical Membrane Antigen-1(AMA-1) Gene in Clinical Isolates from Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2013; 8:536-44. [PMID: 25516734 PMCID: PMC4266117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apical Membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) is positioned on the surface of merozoite and it may play a role in attack to red blood cells. The main aim of present study was to determine the genetic variation, as well as, to detect of selection at domain I of AMA-1 gene Plasmodium vivax isolates in Iran. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 58 patients positive for P. vivax, mono infection and the domain I of AMA-1 gene was amplified by nested PCR and then sequenced. RESULTS A total 33 different haplotypes were identified among 58 Iranian sequences. The 23 new haplotypes were determined in this study that was not reported previously in other regions of the world. There were totally observed 36 point mutations at the nucleotide level in the analyzed sequences. Sequences analyses indicated 25 amino acid changes at 20 positions in which 5 sites demonstrated thrimorphic polymorphism and the others were dimorphic in the domain I of the Iranian PvAMA-1 isolates. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated relatively high level of allelic diversity at the domain I of PvAMA-1 among P.vivax isolates of Iran. Since, PvAMA-1 is considering as vaccine candidate antigen, these data provide valuable information for the development of a PvAMA-1 based malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliehsan HEIDARI
- Dept. of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hossein KESHAVARZ
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Center for Research of Endemic Parasites of Iran (CREPI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence
| | - Homa HAJJARAN
- Dept. of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Meisam EBRAHIMI
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Kourosh KABIR
- Dept. of Surgery, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan NASERI
- Dept. of Surgery, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Dept. of Surgery, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Chemical profiling of deoxyhypusine hydroxylase inhibitors for antimalarial therapy. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1047-53. [PMID: 23943044 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1575-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A first approach to discover new antimalarials has been recently performed in a combined approach with data from GlaxoSmithKline Tres Cantos Antimalarial Set, Novartis-GNF Malaria Box Data set and St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. These data are assembled in the Malaria Box. In a first phenotypic forward chemical genetic approach, 400 chemicals were employed to eradicate the parasite in the erythrocytic stages. The advantage of phenotypic screens for the identification of novel chemotypes is that no a priori assumptions are made concerning a fixed target and that active compounds inherently have cellular bioavailability. In a first screen 40 mostly heterocyclic, highly active compounds (in nmol range of growth inhibition) were identified with EC50 values ≤2 μM against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains and a therapeutic window ≥10 against two mammalian cell lines. 78 % of the compounds had no violations with the Lipinski Rule of 5 and only 1 % of the compounds showed cytotoxicity when applied at concentrations of 10 μM. This pre-selective step of parasitic eradication will be used further for a test of the Malaria Box with a potential in iron chelating capacity to inhibit deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH) from P. falciparum and vivax. DOHH, a metalloprotein which consists of ferrous iron and catalyzes the second step of the posttranslational modification at a specific lysine in eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (EIF-5A) to hypusine. Hypusine is a novel, non-proteinogenic amino acid, which is essential in eukaryotes and for parasitic proliferation. DOHH seems to be a "druggable" target, since it has only 26 % amino acid identity to its human orthologue. For a High-throughput Screening (HTS) of DOOH inhibitors, rapid and robust analytical tools are a prerequisite. A proteomic platform for the detection of hypusine metabolites is currently established. Ultra performance Liquid Chromatography enables the detection of hypusine metabolites with retention times of 7.4 min for deoxyhypusine and 7.3 min for hypusine. Alternatively, the analytes can be detected by their masses with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or one-dimensional chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Moreover, the identified hits will be tracked further to test their efficacy in novel "in vitro assays". Subsequently in vivo inhibition in a humanized mouse model will be tested.
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