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Sumimoto Y, Harada Y, Yimiti D, Watanabe C, Miyaki S, Adachi N. MicroRNA-26a deficiency attenuates the severity of frozen shoulder in a mouse immobilization model. J Orthop Res 2024. [PMID: 39037550 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The main pathogenesis of the frozen shoulder is thought to be the inflammation of the intra-articular synovium and subsequent fibrosis of the shoulder joint capsule. However, the molecular pathogenesis of the frozen shoulder is still unknown. A class of noncoding RNAs, microRNAs contribute to various diseases including musculoskeletal diseases. MicroRNA-26a (miR-26a) has been reported to be associated with fibrosis in several organs. This study aims to reveal the role of miR-26a on fibrosis in the shoulder capsule using a frozen shoulder model in miR-26a deficient (miR-26a KO) mice. MiR-26a KO and wild-type (WT) mice were investigated using a frozen shoulder model. The range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder, histopathological changes such as synovitis, and fibrosis-related gene expression in the model mice were evaluated to determine the role of miR-26a. In WT mice, both inflammatory cell infiltration and thickening of the inferior shoulder joint capsule were observed after 1 week of immobilization, and this thickening further progressed over the subsequent 6 weeks. However, the immobilized shoulder in miR-26a KO mice consistently exhibited significantly better ROM compared with WT mice at 1 and 6 weeks, and histological changes were significantly less severe. The expression of inflammation- and fibrosis-related genes was decreased in the miR-26a KO mice compared with WT mice at 1 and 6 weeks. Together, miR-26a deficiency attenuated the severity of frozen shoulder in the immobilization model mouse. The present study suggests that miR-26a has the potential to be a target miRNA for therapeutic approach to frozen shoulder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Sumimoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yohei Harada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Dilimulati Yimiti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chikara Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeru Miyaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Medical Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuo Adachi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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2
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Shen J, Ye D, Jin H, Wu Y, Peng L, Liang Y. Porcine nasal septum cartilage-derived decellularized matrix promotes chondrogenic differentiation of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells without exogenous growth factors. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5513-5524. [PMID: 38745541 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb03077f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the domain of plastic surgery, nasal cartilage regeneration is of significant importance. The extracellular matrix (ECM) from porcine nasal septum cartilage has shown potential for promoting human cartilage regeneration. Nonetheless, the specific biological inductive factors and their pathways in cartilage tissue engineering remain undefined. METHODS The decellularized matrix derived from porcine nasal septum cartilage (PN-DCM) was prepared using a grinding method. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HuMSCs) were cultured on these PN-DCM scaffolds for 4 weeks without exogenous growth factors to evaluate their chondroinductive potential. Subsequently, proteomic analysis was employed to identify potential biological inductive factors within the PN-DCM scaffolds. RESULTS Compared to the TGF-β3-cultured pellet model serving as a positive control, the PN-DCM scaffolds promoted significant deposition of a Safranin-O positive matrix and Type II collagen by HuMSCs. Gene expression profiling revealed upregulation of ACAN, COL2A1, and SOX9. Proteomic analysis identified potential chondroinductive factors in the PN-DCM scaffolds, including CYTL1, CTGF, MGP, ITGB1, BMP7, and GDF5, which influence HuMSC differentiation. CONCLUSION Our findings have demonstrated that the PN-DCM scaffolds promoted HuMSC differentiation towards a nasal chondrocyte phenotype without the supplementation of exogenous growth factors. This outcome is associated with the chondroinductive factors present within the PN-DCM scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Shen
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, P. R. China.
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China.
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Taizhou Enze Medical Center, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Danyan Ye
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Hao Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yongxuan Wu
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China.
| | - Lihong Peng
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Burn Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Guizhou, P. R. China.
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Fu M, Peng D, Lan T, Wei Y, Wei X. Multifunctional regulatory protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF): A potential therapeutic target for diverse diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1740-1760. [PMID: 35847511 PMCID: PMC9279711 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a multifunctional protein of the CCN family, regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and a variety of other biological processes. It is involved in the disease-related pathways such as the Hippo pathway, p53 and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathways and thus contributes to the developments of inflammation, fibrosis, cancer and other diseases as a downstream effector. Therefore, CTGF might be a potential therapeutic target for treating various diseases. In recent years, the research on the potential of CTGF in the treatment of diseases has also been paid more attention. Several drugs targeting CTGF (monoclonal antibodies FG3149 and FG3019) are being assessed by clinical or preclinical trials and have shown promising outcomes. In this review, the cellular events regulated by CTGF, and the relationships between CTGF and pathogenesis of diseases are systematically summarized. In addition, we highlight the current researches, focusing on the preclinical and clinical trials concerned with CTGF as the therapeutic target.
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Yang Z, Li W, Song C, Leng H. CTGF as a multifunctional molecule for cartilage and a potential drug for osteoarthritis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1040526. [PMID: 36325449 PMCID: PMC9618584 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CTGF is a multifunctional protein and plays different roles in different cells and under different conditions. Pamrevlumab, a monoclonal antibody against CTGF, is an FDA approved drug for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Recent studies have shown that CTGF antibodies may potentially serve as a new drug for osteoarthritis (OA). Expression of CTGF is significantly higher in OA joints than in healthy counterparts. Increasing attention has been attracted due to its interesting roles in joint homeostasis. Joint homeostasis relies on normal cellular functions and cell-cell interactions. CTGF is essential for physiological activities of chondrocytes. Abnormal CTGF expression may cause cartilage degeneration. In this review, the physiological functions of CTGF in chondrocytes and related mechanisms are summarized. Changes in the related signaling pathways due to abnormal CTGF are discussed, which are contributing factors to inflammation, cartilage degeneration and synovial fibrosis in OA. The possibility of CTGF as a potential therapeutic target for OA treatment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihuan Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weishi Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bone and Joint Precision Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Spinal Disease Research, Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Leng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Huijie Leng,
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Bai Y, Yu T, Deng J, Yang Y, Tan J, Dai Q, Zhang Z, Dong S, Xu J. Connective Tissue Growth Factor From Periosteal Tartrate Acid Phosphatase-Positive Monocytes Direct Skeletal Stem Cell Renewal and Fate During Bone Healing. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:730095. [PMID: 34595178 PMCID: PMC8476870 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The periosteum is critical for bone healing. Studies have shown that the periosteum contains periosteal stem cells (PSCs) with multidirectional differentiation potential and self-renewal ability. PSCs are activated in early fracture healing and are committed to the chondrocyte lineage, which is the basis of callus formation. However, the mechanism by which PSCs are activated and committed to chondrocytes in bone regeneration remains unclear. Here, we show that tartrate acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive monocytes secrete CTGF to activate PSCs during bone regeneration. The loss function of TRAP-positive monocytes identifies their specific role during bone healing. Then, the secreted CTGF promotes endochondral ossification and activates PSCs in mouse bone fracture models. The secreted CTGF enhances PSC renewal by upregulating the expression of multiple pluripotent genes. CTGF upregulates c-Jun expression through αVβ5 integrin. Then, c-Jun transcription activates the transcription of the pluripotent genes Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog. Simultaneously, CTGF also activates the transcription and phosphorylation of Smad3 through αVβ5 integrin, which is the central gene in chondrogenesis. Our study indicates that TRAP-positive monocyte-derived CTGF promotes bone healing by activating PSCs and directing lineage commitment and that targeting PSCs may be an effective strategy for preventing bone non-union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiezhong Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yusheng Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiulin Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qijie Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiwu Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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6
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Ren Z, Li J, Zhao S, Qiao Q, Li R. Knockdown of MCM8 functions as a strategy to inhibit the development and progression of osteosarcoma through regulating CTGF. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:376. [PMID: 33828075 PMCID: PMC8027380 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone derived from osteoblasts, which is a noteworthy threat to the health of children and adolescents. In this study, we found that MCM8 has significantly higher expression level in osteosarcoma tissues in comparison with normal tissues, which was also correlated with more advanced tumor grade and pathological stage. In agreement with the role of MCM proteins as indicators of cell proliferation, knockdown/overexpression of MCM8 inhibited/promoted osteosarcoma cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Also, MCM8 knockdown/overexpression was also significantly associated with the promotion/inhibition of cell apoptosis and suppression/promotion of cell migration. More importantly, mechanistic study identified CTGF as a potential downstream target of MCM8, silencing of which could enhance the regulatory effects of MCM8 knockdown and alleviate the effects of MCM8 overexpression on osteosarcoma development. In summary, MCM8/CTGF axis was revealed as critical participant in the development and progression of osteosarcoma and MCM8 may be a promising therapeutic target for osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinan Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Shanwen Zhao
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510610, China.,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Academy of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510630, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qi Qiao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Runguang Li
- Department of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510610, China. .,Orthopaedic Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510630, China. .,Academy of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510630, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degenerative Diseases, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Department of Orthopedics, Linzhi People's Hospital, Linzhi, 860000, China.
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7
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Bharadwaz A, Jayasuriya AC. Osteogenic differentiation cues of the bone morphogenetic protein-9 (BMP-9) and its recent advances in bone tissue regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 120:111748. [PMID: 33545890 PMCID: PMC7867678 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone regeneration using bioactive molecules and biocompatible materials is growing steadily with the advent of the new findings in cellular signaling. Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP)-9 is a considerably recent discovery from the BMP family that delivers numerous benefits in osteogenesis. The Smad cellular signaling pathway triggered by BMPs is often inhibited by Noggin. However, BMP-9 is resistant to Noggin, thus, facilitating a more robust cellular differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into preosteoblasts and osteoblasts. This review encompasses a general understanding of the Smad signaling pathway activated by the BMP-9 ligand molecule with its specific receptors. The robust osteogenic cellular differentiation cue provided by BMP-9 has been reviewed from a bone regeneration perspective with several in vitro as well as in vivo studies reporting promising results for future research. The effect of the biomaterial, chosen in such studies as the scaffold or carrier matrix, on the activity of BMP-9 and subsequent bone regeneration has been highlighted in this review. The non-viral delivery technique for BMP-9 induced bone regeneration is a safer alternative to its viral counterpart. The recent advances in non-viral BMP-9 delivery have also highlighted the efficacy of the protein molecule at a low dosage. This opens a new horizon as a more efficient and safer alternative to BMP-2, which was prevalent among clinical trials; however, BMP-2 applications have reported its downsides during bone defect healing such as cystic bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angshuman Bharadwaz
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ambalangodage C Jayasuriya
- Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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8
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Vanyai HK, Prin F, Guillermin O, Marzook B, Boeing S, Howson A, Saunders RE, Snoeks T, Howell M, Mohun TJ, Thompson B. Control of skeletal morphogenesis by the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway. Development 2020; 147:dev187187. [PMID: 32994166 PMCID: PMC7673359 DOI: 10.1242/dev.187187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway is an important regulator of tissue growth, but can also control cell fate or tissue morphogenesis. Here, we investigate the function of the Hippo pathway during the development of cartilage, which forms the majority of the skeleton. Previously, YAP was proposed to inhibit skeletal size by repressing chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. We find that, in vitro, Yap/Taz double knockout impairs murine chondrocyte proliferation, whereas constitutively nuclear nls-YAP5SA accelerates proliferation, in line with the canonical role of this pathway in most tissues. However, in vivo, cartilage-specific knockout of Yap/Taz does not prevent chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation or skeletal growth, but rather results in various skeletal deformities including cleft palate. Cartilage-specific expression of nls-YAP5SA or knockout of Lats1/2 do not increase cartilage growth, but instead lead to catastrophic malformations resembling chondrodysplasia or achondrogenesis. Physiological YAP target genes in cartilage include Ctgf, Cyr61 and several matrix remodelling enzymes. Thus, YAP/TAZ activity controls chondrocyte proliferation in vitro, possibly reflecting a regenerative response, but is dispensable for chondrocyte proliferation in vivo, and instead functions to control cartilage morphogenesis via regulation of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Vanyai
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Fabrice Prin
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Oriane Guillermin
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Bishara Marzook
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Stefan Boeing
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Alexander Howson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Rebecca E Saunders
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Thomas Snoeks
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Michael Howell
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Timothy J Mohun
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Barry Thompson
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, St Pancras, NW1 1AT London, UK
- EMBL Australia, Department of Cancer Biology & Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, 131 Garran Rd, Acton, 2601, Canberra, Australia
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9
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Chen Z, Zhang N, Chu HY, Yu Y, Zhang ZK, Zhang G, Zhang BT. Connective Tissue Growth Factor: From Molecular Understandings to Drug Discovery. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593269. [PMID: 33195264 PMCID: PMC7658337 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a key signaling and regulatory molecule involved in different biological processes, such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and wound healing, as well as multiple pathologies, such as tumor development and tissue fibrosis. Although the underlying mechanisms of CTGF remain incompletely understood, a commonly accepted theory is that the interactions between different protein domains in CTGF and other various regulatory proteins and ligands contribute to its variety of functions. Here, we highlight the structure of each domain of CTGF and its biology functions in physiological conditions. We further summarized main diseases that are deeply influenced by CTGF domains and the potential targets of these diseases. Finally, we address the advantages and disadvantages of current drugs targeting CTGF and provide the perspective for the drug discovery of the next generation of CTGF inhibitors based on aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hang Yin Chu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zong-Kang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bao-Ting Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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10
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CCN3 (NOV) Drives Degradative Changes in Aging Articular Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207556. [PMID: 33066270 PMCID: PMC7593953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major risk factor of osteoarthritis, which is characterized by the degeneration of articular cartilage. CCN3, a member of the CCN family, is expressed in cartilage and has various physiological functions during chondrocyte development, differentiation, and regeneration. Here, we examine the role of CCN3 in cartilage maintenance. During aging, the expression of Ccn3 mRNA in mouse primary chondrocytes from knee cartilage increased and showed a positive correlation with p21 and p53 mRNA. Increased accumulation of CCN3 protein was confirmed. To analyze the effects of CCN3 in vitro, either primary cultured human articular chondrocytes or rat chondrosarcoma cell line (RCS) were used. Artificial senescence induced by H2O2 caused a dose-dependent increase in Ccn3 gene and CCN3 protein expression, along with enhanced expression of p21 and p53 mRNA and proteins, as well as SA-β gal activity. Overexpression of CCN3 also enhanced p21 promoter activity via p53. Accordingly, the addition of recombinant CCN3 protein to the culture increased the expression of p21 and p53 mRNAs. We have produced cartilage-specific CCN3-overexpressing transgenic mice, and found degradative changes in knee joints within two months. Inflammatory gene expression was found even in the rib chondrocytes of three-month-old transgenic mice. Similar results were observed in human knee articular chondrocytes from patients at both mRNA and protein levels. These results indicate that CCN3 is a new senescence marker of chondrocytes, and the overexpression of CCN3 in cartilage may in part promote chondrocyte senescence, leading to the degeneration of articular cartilage through the induction of p53 and p21.
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11
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Keenan CM, Ramos-Mucci L, Kanakis I, Milner PI, Leask A, Abraham D, Bou-Gharios G, Poulet B. Post-traumatic osteoarthritis development is not modified by postnatal chondrocyte deletion of Ccn2. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm044719. [PMID: 32616521 PMCID: PMC7375478 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
CCN2 is a matricellular protein involved in several crucial biological processes. In particular, CCN2 is involved in cartilage development and in osteoarthritis. Ccn2 null mice exhibit a range of skeletal dysmorphisms, highlighting its importance in regulating matrix formation during development; however, its role in adult cartilage remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the role of CCN2 in postnatal chondrocytes in models of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Ccn2 deletion was induced in articular chondrocytes of male transgenic mice at 8 weeks of age. PTOA was induced in knees either surgically or non-invasively by repetitive mechanical loading at 10 weeks of age. Knee joints were harvested, scanned with micro-computed tomography and processed for histology. Sections were stained with Toluidine Blue and scored using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) grading system. In the non-invasive model, cartilage lesions were present in the lateral femur, but no significant differences were observed between wild-type (WT) and Ccn2 knockout (KO) mice 6 weeks post-loading. In the surgical model, severe cartilage degeneration was observed in the medial compartments, but no significant differences were observed between WT and Ccn2 KO mice at 2, 4 and 8 weeks post-surgery. We conclude that Ccn2 deletion in chondrocytes does not modify the development of PTOA in mice, suggesting that chondrocyte expression of CCN2 in adults is not a crucial factor in protecting cartilage from the degeneration associated with PTOA.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Keenan
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Lorenzo Ramos-Mucci
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Ioannis Kanakis
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Peter I Milner
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Andrew Leask
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E4, Canada
| | - David Abraham
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - George Bou-Gharios
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
| | - Blandine Poulet
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, William Henry Duncan Building, West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK
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12
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Fu S, Kuwahara M, Uchida Y, Koudo S, Hayashi D, Shimomura Y, Takagaki A, Nishida T, Maruyama Y, Ikegame M, Hattori A, Kubota S, Hattori T. Circadian production of melatonin in cartilage modifies rhythmic gene expression. J Endocrinol 2019; 241:JOE-19-0022.R2. [PMID: 30889551 DOI: 10.1530/joe-19-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification, including bone growth and other metabolic events, is regulated by circadian rhythms. Herein, we provide evidence that melatonin has a direct effect on the circadian rhythm of chondrocytes. We detected mRNA expression of the genes which encode the melatonin-synthesizing enzymes AANAT (arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase) and HIOMT (hydroxyindole O-methyltransferase), as well as the melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 in mouse primary chondrocytes and cartilage. Production of melatonin was confirmed by mass spectrometric analysis of primary rat and chick chondrocytes. Addition of melatonin to primary mouse chondrocytes caused enhanced cell growth and increased expression of Col2a1, Aggrecan, and Sox9, but inhibited Col10a1 expression in primary BALB/c mouse chondrocytes. Addition of luzindole, an MT1 and MT2 antagonist, abolished these effects. These data indicate that chondrocytes produce melatonin, which regulates cartilage growth and maturation via the MT1 and MT2 receptors. Kinetic analysis showed that melatonin caused rapid upregulation of Aanat, Mt1, Mt2, and Pthrp expression, followed by Sox9 and Ihh. Furthermore, expression of the clock gene Bmal1 was induced, while that of Per1 was downregulated. Chronobiological analysis of synchronized C3H mouse chondrocytes revealed that melatonin induced the cyclic expression of Aanat and modified the cyclic rhythm of Bmal1, Mt1, and Mt2. In contrast, Mt1 and Mt2 showed different rhythms from Bmal1 and Aanat, indicating the existence of different regulatory genes. Our results indicate that exogenous and endogenous melatonin work in synergy in chondrocytes to adjust rhythmic expression to the central suprachiasmatic nucleus clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanqi Fu
- S Fu, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Miho Kuwahara
- M Kuwahara, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoko Uchida
- Y Uchida, Department of Preventive Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sei Koudo
- S Koudo, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Daichi Hayashi
- D Hayashi, Dental School, Okayama University , Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimomura
- Y Shimomura, Dental School, Okayama University , Okayama, Japan
| | - Asami Takagaki
- A Takagaki, Dental School, Okayama University , Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- T Nishida, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maruyama
- Y Maruyama, Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Mika Ikegame
- M Ikegame, Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- A Hattori, Department of Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Ichikawa, 272-0827, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- S Kubota, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takako Hattori
- T Hattori, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Li M, Xie Z, Wang P, Li J, Liu W, Tang S, Liu Z, Wu X, Wu Y, Shen H. The long noncoding RNA GAS5 negatively regulates the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs by modulating the miR-18a/CTGF axis as a ceRNA. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:554. [PMID: 29748618 PMCID: PMC5945827 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are important pluripotent stem cells and a major source of adipocytes in the body. However, the mechanism of adipogenic differentiation has not yet been completely elucidated. In this study, the long noncoding RNA GAS5 was found to be negatively correlated with MSC adipogenic differentiation. GAS5 overexpression negatively regulated adipocyte formation, whereas GAS5 knockdown had the opposite effect. Further mechanistic analyses using luciferase reporter assays revealed that GAS5 regulates the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs by acting as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to sponge miR-18a, which promotes adipogenic differentiation. Mutation of the binding sites for GAS5 in miR-18a abolished the effect of the interaction. The miR-18a mimic and inhibitor reversed the negative regulatory effect of GAS5 on MSCs adipogenic differentiation. In addition, GAS5 inhibited miR-18a, which downregulates connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression, to negatively regulate the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. Taken together, the results show that GAS5 serves as a sponge for miR-18a, inhibiting its capability to suppress CTGF protein translation and ultimately decreasing the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs. GAS5 is an important molecule involved in the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs and may contribute to the functional regulation and clinical applications of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyu Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinteng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Su'an Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Wu
- Center for Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiyong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Multiple enhancer regions govern the transcription of CCN2 during embryonic development. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 12:231-243. [PMID: 29256171 PMCID: PMC5842200 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CCN2 is a critical matricellular protein that is expressed in several cells with major implications in physiology and different pathologies. However, the transcriptional regulation of this gene remains obscure. We used the Encyclopaedia of DNA Elements browser (ENCODE) to visualise the region spanning from 300 kb upstream to the CCN2 start site in silico in order to identify enhancer regions that regulate transcription of this gene. Selection was based on three criteria associated with enhancer regions: 1) H3K4me1 and H3K27ac histone modifications, 2) DNase I hypersensitivity of chromatin and 3) inter-species conservation. Reporter constructs were created with sequences spanning each of the regions of interest placed upstream of an Hsp68 silent proximal promoter sequence in order to drive the expression of β-galactosidase transgene. Each of these constructs was subsequently used to create transgenic mice in which reporter gene production was assessed at the E15.5 developmental stage. Four functional enhancers were identified, with each driving distinct, tissue-specific patterns of transgene expression. An enhancer located -100 kb from the CCN2 transcription start site facilitated expression within vascular tissue. An enhancer -135 kb upstream of CCN2 drove expression within the articular chondrocytes of synovial joints. The other two enhancers, located at -198 kb and -229 kb, mediated transgene expression within dermal fibroblasts, however the most prevalent activity was found within hypertrophic chondrocytes and periosteal tissue, respectively. These findings suggest that the global expression of CCN2 during development results from the activity of several tissue-specific enhancer regions in addition to proximal regulatory elements that have previously been demonstrated to drive transcription of the gene during development.
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15
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Zhao L, Wang Q, Zhang C, Huang C. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of articular chondrocytes identifies TRAF1, CTGF, and CX3CL1 genes as hypomethylated in osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 36:2335-2342. [PMID: 28470428 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3667-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify osteoarthritis (OA)-associated differentially methylated genes in human articular chondrocytes from patients with OA. DNA methylation profiling of articular chondrocytes from OA patients, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, and controls was performed, and candidate genes were chosen for validation of gene demethylation status. The mRNA expression levels of candidate genes in chondrocytes were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Chondrocytes from OA and RA group were treated with 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Aza), and then the mRNA expression levels were detected. Forty-five genes with significant methylation differences between OA and control group were identified. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and chemokine (C-X3-C motif) ligand 1(CX3CL1) genes were hypomethylated in chondrocytes of OA and RA patients, which verified by bisulfite sequencing analysis. The mRNA expression level of TRAF1 and CTGF was significantly increased in OA and RA group (p < 0.05), while the expression level of CX3CL1 was only increased in OA group (p < 0.05). For the chondrocytes from OA and RA treated with 5-Aza, the mRNA expression level of TRAF1 and CTGF was highly increased (p < 0.05). It is the first time to show that TRAF1, CTGF, and CX3CL1 genes were hypomethylated in OA chondrocytes and have a consistent correlation with mRNA expression, which suggests that epigenetic changes in the methylation status of TRAF1, CTGF, and CX3CL1 contribute to the pathology of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, No. 1 Da Hua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, No. 1 Da Hua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, No. 1 Da Hua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Cibo Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, No. 1 Da Hua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
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16
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Abstract
The regulation of organ size is essential to human health and has fascinated biologists for centuries. Key to the growth process is the ability of most organs to integrate organ-extrinsic cues (eg, nutritional status, inflammatory processes) with organ-intrinsic information (eg, genetic programs, local signals) into a growth response that adapts to changing environmental conditions and ensures that the size of an organ is coordinated with the rest of the body. Paired organs such as the vertebrate limbs and the long bones within them are excellent models for studying this type of regulation because it is possible to manipulate one member of the pair and leave the other as an internal control. During development, growth plates at the end of each long bone produce a transient cartilage model that is progressively replaced by bone. Here, we review how proliferation and differentiation of cells within each growth plate are tightly controlled mainly by growth plate-intrinsic mechanisms that are additionally modulated by extrinsic signals. We also discuss the involvement of several signaling hubs in the integration and modulation of growth-related signals and how they could confer remarkable plasticity to the growth plate. Indeed, long bones have a significant ability for "catch-up growth" to attain normal size after a transient growth delay. We propose that the characterization of catch-up growth, in light of recent advances in physiology and cell biology, will provide long sought clues into the molecular mechanisms that underlie organ growth regulation. Importantly, catch-up growth early in life is commonly associated with metabolic disorders in adulthood, and this association is not completely understood. Further elucidation of the molecules and cellular interactions that influence organ size coordination should allow development of novel therapies for human growth disorders that are noninvasive and have minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Roselló-Díez
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065
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17
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Li J, Ye L, Owen S, Weeks HP, Zhang Z, Jiang WG. Emerging role of CCN family proteins in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:1451-63. [PMID: 26498181 PMCID: PMC4678164 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The CCN family of proteins comprises the members CCN1, CCN2, CCN3, CCN4, CCN5 and CCN6. They share four evolutionarily conserved functional domains, and usually interact with various cytokines to elicit different biological functions including cell proliferation, adhesion, invasion, migration, embryonic development, angiogenesis, wound healing, fibrosis and inflammation through a variety of signalling pathways. In the past two decades, emerging functions for the CCN proteins (CCNs) have been identified in various types of cancer. Perturbed expression of CCNs has been observed in a variety of malignancies. The aberrant expression of certain CCNs is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis. Insight into the detailed mechanisms involved in CCN-mediated regulation may be useful in understanding their roles and functions in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. In this review, we briefly introduced the functions of CCNs, especially in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Lin Ye
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Sioned Owen
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Hoi Ping Weeks
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Zhongtao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Wen G Jiang
- Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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18
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Muromachi K, Kamio N, Matsuki-Fukushima M, Narita T, Nishimura H, Tani-Ishii N, Sugiya H, Matsushima K. Metalloproteases and CCN2/CTGF in dentin–pulp complex repair. J Oral Biosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Khattab HM, Aoyama E, Kubota S, Takigawa M. Physical interaction of CCN2 with diverse growth factors involved in chondrocyte differentiation during endochondral ossification. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:247-54. [PMID: 25895141 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CCN family member 2 (CCN2) has been shown to promote the proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and vascular endothelial cells. In addition, a number of growth factors and cytokines are known to work in harmony to promote the process of chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation toward endochondral ossification. Earlier we showed that CCN2 physically interacts with some of them, suggesting that multiple effects of CCN2 on various differentiation stages of chondrocytes may be attributed to its interaction with these growth factors and cytokines. However, little is known about the functional interaction occurring between CCN2 and other growth factors and cytokines in promoting chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. In this study we sought to shed light on the binding affinities between CCN2 and other essential growth factors and cytokines known to be regulators of chondrocyte differentiation. Using the surface plasmon resonance assay, we analyzed the dissociation constant between CCN2 and each of the following: TGF-β1, TGF-β3, IGF-I, IGF-II, PDGF-BB, GDF5, PTHrP, and VEGF. We found a strong association between CCN2 and VEGF, as well as a relatively high association with TGF-β1, TGF-β3, PDGF-BB, and GDF-5. However, the sensorgrams obtained for possible interaction between CCN2 and IGF-I, IGF-II or PTHrP showed no response. This study underlines the correlation between CCN2 and certain other growth factors and cytokines and suggests the possible participation of such interaction in the process of chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation toward endochondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Mohamed Khattab
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Eriko Aoyama
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan.
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20
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Aoyama E, Kubota S, Khattab HM, Nishida T, Takigawa M. CCN2 enhances RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation via direct binding to RANK and OPG. Bone 2015; 73:242-8. [PMID: 25554597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
CCN family protein 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) is a multi-potent factor for mesenchymal cells such as chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and endothelial cells. CCN2 is also known as a modulator of other cytokines and receptors via direct molecular interactions with them. We screened additional factors binding to CCN2 and found receptor activator of NF-kappa B (RANK) as one of them. RANK is also known as TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE) receptor, and its signaling plays a critical role in osteoclastogenesis. Notable affinity between CCN2 and RANK was confirmed by using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. In fact, CCN2 enhanced the RANK-mediated signaling, such as occurs in NF-kappa B, p38 and JNK pathways, in pre-osteoclastic RAW264.7 cells; whereas CCN2 had no influence on RANK-RANK ligand (RANKL) binding. Moreover, CCN2 also significantly bound to osteoprotegerin (OPG), which is a decoy receptor of RANKL. Of note, OPG markedly inhibited the binding between CCN2 and RANK; and CCN2 canceled the inhibitory effect of OPG on osteoclast differentiation. These findings suggest CCN2 as a candidate of the fourth factor in the RANK/RANKL/OPG system for osteoclastogenesis, which regulates OPG and RANK via direct interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Aoyama
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kubota
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hany Mohamed Khattab
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama, Japan.
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21
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Avantaggiato A, Palmieri A, Carinci F, Trapella G, Sollazzo V, Lauritano D. Effects of glucosamine and nucleotide association on fibroblast: extracellular matrix gene expression. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2015; 27:689-93. [PMID: 25572752 DOI: 10.1177/039463201402700428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucosamine (Gluc) is a drug used as an anti-inflammatory in moderate forms of knee arthrosis. A further off label use of Gluc is in the anti-aging treatments associated with Polideoxirybonucleotide (PDRN) through intra-dermal injection for a procedure called bio-stimulation. An unexpected effect on cultured dermal fibroblasts, during an experimental study on the gene activation in aesthetic bio-stimulation, was observed. The results have potential application in orthopaedic medical therapy. Fibroblast primary cultures were carried out, seeding cells on a layer of Gluc or PDRN alone or in combination for 24 h. Real Time-PCR was performed to investigate several gene expressions. The MMP13 and the IGF-I gene expression in fibroblast cultures were strongly inhibited after 24 h of incubation with the association of Gluc and PDRN, whereas Gluc and PDRN alone produced a modest inhibition of IGF-I and an activation of MMP13. MMP13 is present in osteoarthritic cartilage and this enzyme plays a significant role in cartilage collagen degradation. IGF1 is involved in growth and development and is successfully used in tissue-engineering for cartilage repair. Based on the reported data, we infer that the association of Gluc and PDRN has a potential application in cartilage therapy. Additional basic science and clinical studies are needed to confirm this preliminary report.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Avantaggiato
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - A Palmieri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - G Trapella
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - V Sollazzo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - D Lauritano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Surgery and Medicine, University Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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22
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Merkes C, Turkalo TK, Wilder N, Park H, Wenger LW, Lewin SJ, Azuma M. Ewing sarcoma ewsa protein regulates chondrogenesis of Meckel's cartilage through modulation of Sox9 in zebrafish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116627. [PMID: 25617839 PMCID: PMC4305327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common skeletal (bone and cartilage) cancer in adolescents, and it is characterized by the expression of the aberrant chimeric fusion gene EWS/FLI1. Wild-type EWS has been proposed to play a role in mitosis, splicing and transcription. We have previously shown that EWS/FLI1 interacts with EWS, and it inhibits EWS activity in a dominant manner. Ewing sarcoma is a cancer that specifically develops in skeletal tissues, and although the above data suggests the significance of EWS, its role in chondrogenesis/skeletogenesis is not understood. To elucidate the function of EWS in skeletal development, we generated and analyzed a maternal zygotic (MZ) ewsa/ewsa line because the ewsa/wt and ewsa/ewsa zebrafish appeared to be normal and fertile. Compared with wt/wt, the Meckel's cartilage of MZ ewsa/ewsa mutants had a higher number of craniofacial prehypertrophic chondrocytes that failed to mature into hypertrophic chondrocytes at 4 days post-fertilization (dpf). Ewsa interacted with Sox9, which is the master transcription factor for chondrogenesis. Sox9 target genes were either upregulated (ctgfa, ctgfb, col2a1a, and col2a1b) or downregulated (sox5, nog1, nog2, and bmp4) in MZ ewsa/ewsa embryos compared with the wt/wt zebrafish embryos. Among these Sox9 target genes, the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiment demonstrated that Ewsa directly binds to ctgfa and ctgfb loci. Consistently, immunohistochemistry showed that the Ctgf protein is upregulated in the Meckel's cartilage of MZ ewsa/ewsa mutants. Together, we propose that Ewsa promotes the differentiation from prehypertrophic chondrocytes to hypertrophic chondrocytes of Meckel's cartilage through inhibiting Sox9 binding site of the ctgf gene promoter. Because Ewing sarcoma specifically develops in skeletal tissue that is originating from chondrocytes, this new role of EWS may provide a potential molecular basis of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Merkes
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7031 Haworth, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States of America
| | - Timothy K. Turkalo
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7031 Haworth, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States of America
| | - Nicole Wilder
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7031 Haworth, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States of America
| | - Hyewon Park
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7031 Haworth, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States of America
| | - Luke W. Wenger
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7031 Haworth, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States of America
| | - Seth J. Lewin
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7031 Haworth, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States of America
| | - Mizuki Azuma
- Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, 7031 Haworth, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66045, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Targeting the extracellular matrix: Matricellular proteins regulate cell–extracellular matrix communication within distinct niches of the intervertebral disc. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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Identification of novel SHOX target genes in the developing limb using a transgenic mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98543. [PMID: 24887312 PMCID: PMC4041798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiency of the human short stature homeobox-containing gene (SHOX) has been identified in several disorders characterized by reduced height and skeletal anomalies such as Turner syndrome, Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis and Langer mesomelic dysplasia as well as isolated short stature. SHOX acts as a transcription factor during limb development and is expressed in chondrocytes of the growth plates. Although highly conserved in vertebrates, rodents lack a SHOX orthologue. This offers the unique opportunity to analyze the effects of human SHOX expression in transgenic mice. We have generated a mouse expressing the human SHOXa cDNA under the control of a murine Col2a1 promoter and enhancer (Tg(Col2a1-SHOX)). SHOX and marker gene expression as well as skeletal phenotypes were characterized in two transgenic lines. No significant skeletal anomalies were found in transgenic compared to wildtype mice. Quantitative and in situ hybridization analyses revealed that Tg(Col2a1-SHOX), however, affected extracellular matrix gene expression during early limb development, suggesting a role for SHOX in growth plate assembly and extracellular matrix composition during long bone development. For instance, we could show that the connective tissue growth factor gene Ctgf, a gene involved in chondrogenic and angiogenic differentiation, is transcriptionally regulated by SHOX in transgenic mice. This finding was confirmed in human NHDF and U2OS cells and chicken micromass culture, demonstrating the value of the SHOX-transgenic mouse for the characterization of SHOX-dependent genes and pathways in early limb development.
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Chen JL, Duan L, Zhu W, Xiong J, Wang D. Extracellular matrix production in vitro in cartilage tissue engineering. J Transl Med 2014; 12:88. [PMID: 24708713 PMCID: PMC4233628 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering is arising as a technique for the repair of cartilage lesions in clinical applications. However, fibrocartilage formation weakened the mechanical functions of the articular, which compromises the clinical outcomes. Due to the low proliferation ability, dedifferentiation property and low production of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) of the chondrocytes, the cartilage synthesis in vitro has been one of the major limitations for obtaining high-quality engineered cartilage constructs. This review discusses cells, biomaterial scaffolds and stimulating factors that can facilitate the cartilage-specific ECM production and accumulation in the in vitro culture system. Special emphasis has been put on the factors that affect the production of ECM macromolecules such as collagen type II and proteoglycans in the review, aiming at providing new strategies to improve the quality of tissue-engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daping Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen 518035, Guangdong Province, China.
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Itoh S, Hattori T, Tomita N, Aoyama E, Yutani Y, Yamashiro T, Takigawa M. CCN family member 2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) has anti-aging effects that protect articular cartilage from age-related degenerative changes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71156. [PMID: 23951098 PMCID: PMC3741357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the role of connective tissue growth factor CCN2/CTGF (CCN2) in the maintenance of the articular cartilaginous phenotype, we analyzed knee joints from aging transgenic mice (TG) overexpressing CCN2 driven by the Col2a1 promoter. Knee joints from 3-, 14-, 40-, and 60-day-old and 5-, 12-, 18-, 21-, and 24-month-old littermates were analyzed. Ccn2-LacZ transgene expression in articular cartilage was followed by X-gal staining until 5 months of age. Overexpression of CCN2 protein was confirmed through all ages in TG articular cartilage and in growth plates. Radiographic analysis of knee joints showed a narrowing joint space and other features of osteoarthritis in 50% of WT, but not in any of the TG mice. Transgenic articular cartilage showed enhanced toluidine blue and safranin-O staining as well as chondrocyte proliferation but reduced staining for type X and I collagen and MMP-13 as compared with those parameters for WT cartilage. Staining for aggrecan neoepitope, a marker of aggrecan degradation in WT articular cartilage, increased at 5 and 12 months, but disappeared at 24 months due to loss of cartilage; whereas it was reduced in TG articular cartilage after 12 months. Expression of cartilage genes and MMPs under cyclic tension stress (CTS) was measured by using primary cultures of chondrocytes obtained from wild-type (WT) rib cartilage and TG or WT epiphyseal cartilage. CTS applied to primary cultures of mock-transfected rib chondrocytes from WT cartilage and WT epiphyseal cartilage induced expression of Col1a1, ColXa1, Mmp-13, and Mmp-9 mRNAs; however, their levels were not affected in CCN2-overexpressing chondrocytes and TG epiphyseal cartilage. In conclusion, cartilage-specific overexpression of CCN2 during the developmental and growth periods reduced age-related changes in articular cartilage. Thus CCN2 may play a role as an anti-aging factor by stabilizing articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takako Hattori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail: (TH); (MT)
| | - Nao Tomita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eriko Aoyama
- Biodental Research Center, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail: (TH); (MT)
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Abstract
CCN family member 2 (CCN2), also known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), has been suggested to be an endochondral ossification genetic factor that has been termed “ecogenin”, because in vitro studies revealed that CCN2 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of growth-plate chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and vascular endothelial cells, all of which play important roles in endochondral ossification. In addition to its action toward these three types of cells, CCN2 was recently found to promote the formation of osteoclasts in vitro, which cells play an important role in the replacement of cartilage by bone during endochondral ossification, thus strengthening the “ecogenin” hypothesis. For confirmation of this hypothesis, transgenic mice over-expressing CCN2 in cartilage were generated. The results proved the hypothesis; i.e., the over-expression of CCN2 in cartilage stimulated the proliferation and differentiation of growth-plate chondrocytes, resulting in the promotion of endochondral ossification. In addition to its “ecogenin” action, CCN2 had earlier been shown to promote the differentiation of various cartilage cells including articular cartilage cells. In accordance with these findings, cartilage-specific overexpression of CCN2 in the transgenic mice was shown to protect against the development of osteoarthritic changes in aging articular cartilage. Thus, CCN2 may also play a role as an anti-aging (chondroprotective) factor, stabilizing articular cartilage. CCN2 also had been shown to promote intramembranous ossification, regenerate cartilage and bone, and induce angiogenesis in vivo. For understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying such multifunctional actions, yeast two-hybrid analysis, protein array analysis, solid-phase binding assay, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis have been used to search for binding partners of CCN2. ECMs such as fibronectin and aggrecan, growth factors including BMPs and FGF2 and their receptors such as FGFR1 and 2 and RANK, as well as CCN family members themselves, were shown to bind to CCN2. Regarding the interaction of CCN2 with some of them, various binding modules in the CCN2 molecule have been identified. Therefore, the numerous biological actions of CCN2 would depend on what kinds of binding partners and what levels of them are present in the microenvironment of different types of cells, as well as on the state of differentiation of these cells. Through this mechanism, CCN2 would orchestrate various signaling pathways, acting as a signal conductor to promote harmonized skeletal growth and regeneration.
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