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Moon S, Lee KW, Park M, Moon J, Park SH, Kim S, Hwang J, Yoon JW, Jeon SM, Kim JS, Jeon YJ, Kweon DH. 3-Fucosyllactose-mediated modulation of immune response against virus infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 64:107187. [PMID: 38697577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Viral pathogens, particularly influenza and SARS-CoV-2, pose a significant global health challenge. Given the immunomodulatory properties of human milk oligosaccharides, in particular 2'-fucosyllactose and 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), we investigated their dietary supplementation effects on antiviral responses in mouse models. This study revealed distinct immune modulations induced by 3-FL. RNA-sequencing data showed that 3-FL increased the expression of interferon receptors, such as Interferon Alpha and Beta Receptor (IFNAR) and Interferon Gamma Receptor (IFNGR), while simultaneously downregulating interferons and interferon-stimulated genes, an effect not observed with 2'-fucosyllactose supplementation. Such modulation enhanced antiviral responses in both cell culture and animal models while attenuating pre-emptive inflammatory responses. Nitric oxide concentrations in 3-FL-supplemented A549 cells and mouse lung tissues were elevated exclusively upon infection, reaching 5.8- and 1.9-fold increases over control groups, respectively. In addition, 3-FL promoted leukocyte infiltration into the site of infection upon viral challenge. 3-FL supplementation provided protective efficacy against lethal influenza challenge in mice. The demonstrated antiviral efficacy spanned multiple influenza strains and extended to SARS-CoV-2. In conclusion, 3-FL is a unique immunomodulator that helps protect the host from viral infection while suppressing inflammation prior to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokoh Moon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Wook Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungseo Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghui Moon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soomin Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeon Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Yoon
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Min Jeon
- Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seob Kim
- Department of Nano-Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Jun Jeon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Advanced Protein Technologies Corp., Suwon, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Lin YC, Lu M, Cai W, Hu WS. Comparative transcriptomic and proteomic kinetic analysis of adeno-associated virus production systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:385. [PMID: 38896252 PMCID: PMC11186941 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a major gene delivery vehicle. We have constructed a stable rAAV producer cell line by integrating essential rAAV genome, viral and helper genes into the genome of HEK293 cell under the control of inducible promoters. Upon induction, the cell line produces transducing rAAV. To gain insight into enhancing rAAV productivity and vector quality, we performed a comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of our synthetic cell line GX2 and two wild-type AAV (wtAAV) production systems, one by virus co-infection and the other by multi-plasmid transfection. The three systems had different kinetics in viral component synthesis but generated comparable copies of AAV genomes; however, the capsid titer of GX2 was an order of magnitude lower compared to those two wtAAV systems, indicating that its capsid production may be insufficient. The genome packaging efficiency was also lower in GX2 despite it produced higher levels of Rep52 proteins than either wtAAV systems, suggesting that Rep52 protein expression may not limit genome packaging. In the two wtAAV systems, VP were the most abundant AAV proteins and their levels continued to increase, while GX2 had high level of wasteful cargo gene expression. Furthermore, upregulated inflammation, innate immune responses, and MAPK signaling, as well as downregulated mitochondrial functions, were commonly observed in either rAAV or wtAAV systems. Overall, this comparative multi-omics study provided rich insights into host cell and viral factors that are potential targets for genetic and process intervention to enhance the productivity of synthetic rAAV producer cell lines. KEY POINTS: • wtAAV infection was more efficient in producing full viral particles than the synthetic cell GX2. • Capsid protein synthesis, genome replication, and packaging may limit rAAV production in GX2. • wtAAV infection and rAAV production in GX2 elicited similar host cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA
| | - Wen Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA.
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3
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Hamamoto I. Developments and current challenges in the process of cell culture-based seasonal influenza vaccine manufacture in Japan. Glob Health Med 2024; 6:93-100. [PMID: 38690131 PMCID: PMC11043132 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2023.01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection primarily caused by influenza A and B viruses, which circulate annually and cause substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Annual influenza vaccination is currently the most effective measure for preventing influenza and greatly reduces the risk of disease severity and the incidence of complications and death. Annual seasonal influenza vaccines are traditionally produced in Japan and many other countries using viruses propagated in embryonated chicken eggs. However, at present, the effectiveness of the seasonal influenza vaccines has some significant limitations, partly because of egg-adaptive mutations in the antigenic sites of the influenza virus haemagglutinin, which are caused by the continued evolution of seasonal influenza viruses. To overcome the limitations of egg-based influenza vaccine production, a mammalian cell culture-based influenza vaccine production system has been developed in Japan in the past decade as an alternative to the current production method. In this review, I have summarised the progress in the development of cell-based seasonal influenza vaccines and discussed the technological challenges encountered in the development of influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itsuki Hamamoto
- Laboratory of Cell-based Vaccine Development, Research Center for Influenza and Respiratory Viruses, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Phan T, Ye Q, Stach C, Lin YC, Cao H, Bowen A, Langlois RA, Hu WS. Synthetic Cell Lines for Inducible Packaging of Influenza A Virus. ACS Synth Biol 2024; 13:546-557. [PMID: 38259154 PMCID: PMC10878389 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a negative-sense RNA virus that causes seasonal infections and periodic pandemics, inflicting huge economic and human costs on society. The current production of influenza virus for vaccines is initiated by generating a seed virus through the transfection of multiple plasmids in HEK293 cells followed by the infection of seed viruses into embryonated chicken eggs or cultured mammalian cells. We took a system design and synthetic biology approach to engineer cell lines that can be induced to produce all viral components except hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), which are the antigens that specify the variants of IAV. Upon the transfection of HA and NA, the cell line can produce infectious IAV particles. RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis revealed inefficient synthesis of viral RNA and upregulated expression of genes involved in host response to viral infection as potential limiting factors and offered possible targets for enhancing the productivity of the synthetic cell line. Overall, we showed for the first time that it was possible to create packaging cell lines for the production of a cytopathic negative-sense RNA virus. The approach allows for the exploitation of altered kinetics of the synthesis of viral components and offers a new method for manufacturing viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thu Phan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Qian Ye
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Christopher Stach
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yu-Chieh Lin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Haoyu Cao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Annika Bowen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ryan A. Langlois
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Lee SY, Lee J, Park HL, Park YW, Kim H, Nam JH. The Adenylyl Cyclase Activator Forskolin Increases Influenza Virus Propagation in MDCK Cells by Regulating ERK1/2 Activity. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 33:1576-1586. [PMID: 37644733 PMCID: PMC10772552 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2306.06027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective method for preventing the spread of the influenza virus. Cell-based influenza vaccines have been developed to overcome the disadvantages of egg-based vaccines and their production efficiency has been previously discussed. In this study, we investigated whether treatment with forskolin (FSK), an adenylyl cyclase activator, affected the output of a cell-based influenza vaccine. We found that FSK increased the propagation of three influenza virus subtypes (A/H1N1/California/4/09, A/H3N2/Mississippi/1/85, and B/Shandong/7/97) in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Interestingly, FSK suppressed the growth of MDCK cells. This effect could be a result of protein kinase A (PKA)-Src axis activation, which downregulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 activity and delays cell cycle progression from G1 to S. This delay in cell growth might benefit the binding and entry of the influenza virus in the early stages of viral replication. In contrast, FSK dramatically upregulated ERK1/2 activity via the cAMP-PKA-Raf-1 axis at a late stage of viral replication. Thus, increased ERK1/2 activity might contribute to increased viral ribonucleoprotein export and influenza virus propagation. The increase in viral titer induced by FSK could be explained by the action of cAMP in assisting the entry and binding of the influenza virus. Therefore, FSK addition to cell culture systems could help increase the production efficiency of cell-based vaccines against the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yeon Lee
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Lim Park
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Park
- Department of R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam 13493, Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Department of R&D, SK Bioscience, Seongnam 13493, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Nam
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea
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Malenovská H. Ruxolitinib accelerates influenza A virus adaptation in the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad232. [PMID: 37816667 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of ruxolitinib medium supplement, separately and in combination with trypsin, on influenza A virus (IAV) adaptation and propagation in the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line. METHODS AND RESULTS Two consecutive passages of three egg-based IAV strains were performed in the MDCK cell line with medium (a) without additives; (b) with a combination of ruxolitinib and trypsin; (c) with ruxolitinib; and (d) trypsin. Adaptation without a medium additive failed in both passages. After a single passage, the probability of the IAV adaptation was highly significantly influenced by the type of additive (binomial generalized linear model, χ22 = 23.84, P < 0.00001). The highest probability of adaptation was achieved with the combination of ruxolitinib and trypsin, followed by ruxolitinib alone and trypsin. After the two consecutive passages, the influence of the type of medium additive on the probability of virus adaptation was no longer significant. In two of three IAV MDCK-adapted strains, the type of medium additive had no significant influence on virus yields. CONCLUSION Ruxolitinib accelerates the adaptation of IAV in the MDCK cell line both individually and together with trypsin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Malenovská
- Collection of Animal Pathogenic Microorganisms, Veterinary Research Institute,Hudcova 296/70, 621 00 Brno-Medlánky, Czech Republic
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7
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Serial Passaging of Seasonal H3N2 Influenza A/Singapore/G2-31.1/2014 Virus in MDCK-SIAT1 Cells and Primary Chick Embryo Cells Generates HA D457G Mutation and Other Variants in HA, NA, PB1, PB1-F2, and NS1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012408. [PMID: 36293269 PMCID: PMC9604028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains one of the most prevalent viruses circulating amongst humans and has resulted in several pandemics. The prevention and control of H3N2 influenza is complicated by its propensity for evolution, which leads to vaccine mismatch and reduced vaccine efficacies. This study employed the strategy of serial passaging to compare the evolution of the human seasonal influenza strain A/Singapore/G2-31.1/2014(H3N2) in MDCK-SIAT1 versus primary chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells. Genetic analysis of the HA, NS1, NA, and PB1 gene segments by Sanger sequencing revealed the presence of specific mutations and a repertoire of viral quasispecies following serial passaging. Most quasispecies were also found in PB1, which exhibited consistently high transversion-to-transition ratios in all five MDCK-SIAT1 passages. Most notably, passage 5 virus harbored the D457G substitution in the HA2 subunit, while passage 3 virus acquired K53Q and Q69H mutations in PB1-F2. An A971 variant leading to a non-synonymous R316Q substitution in PB1 was also identified in MDCK-SIAT1 passages 2 and 4. With an increasing number of passages, the proportion of D457G mutations progressively increased and was associated with larger virus plaque sizes. However, microneutralization assays revealed no significant differences in the neutralizing antibody profiles of human-influenza-immune serum samples against pre-passaged virus and passage 5 virus. In contrast, viable virus was only detected in passage 1 of CEF cells, which gave rise to multiple viral RNA quasispecies. Our findings highlight that serial passaging is able to drive differential adaptation of H3N2 influenza in different host species and may alter viral virulence. More studies are warranted to elucidate the complex relationships between H3N2 virus evolution, viral virulence changes, and low vaccine efficacy.
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8
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Mayuramart O, Poomipak W, Rattanaburi S, Khongnomnan K, Anuntakarun S, Saengchoowong S, Chavalit T, Chantaravisoot N, Payungporn S. IRF7-deficient MDCK cell based on CRISPR/Cas9 technology for enhancing influenza virus replication and improving vaccine production. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13989. [PMID: 36164603 PMCID: PMC9508885 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus is a cause of seasonal epidemic disease and enormous economic injury. The best way to control influenza outbreaks is through vaccination. The Madin-Darby canine kidney cell line (MDCK) is currently approved to manufacture influenza vaccines. However, the viral load from cell-based production is limited by host interferons (IFN). Interferon regulating factor 7 (IRF7) is a transcription factor for type-I IFN that plays an important role in regulating the anti-viral mechanism and eliminating viruses. We developed IRF7 knock-out MDCK cells (IRF7-/ - MDCK) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The RNA expression levels of IRF7 in the IRF7-/ - MDCK cells were reduced by 94.76% and 95.22% under the uninfected and infected conditions, respectively. Furthermore, the IRF7 protein level was also significantly lower in IRF7-/ - MDCK cells for both uninfected (54.85% reduction) and viral infected conditions (32.27% reduction) compared to WT MDCK. The differential expression analysis of IFN-related genes demonstrated that the IRF7-/ - MDCK cell had a lower interferon response than wildtype MDCK under the influenza-infected condition. Gene ontology revealed down-regulation of the defense response against virus and IFN-gamma production in IRF7-/ - MDCK. The evaluation of influenza viral titers by RT-qPCR and hemagglutination assay (HA) revealed IRF7-/ - MDCK cells had higher viral titers in cell supernatant, including A/pH1N1 (4 to 5-fold) and B/Yamagata (2-fold). Therefore, the IRF7-/ - MDCK cells could be applied to cell-based influenza vaccine production with higher capacity and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oraphan Mayuramart
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Witthaya Poomipak
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somruthai Rattanaburi
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kritsada Khongnomnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Songtham Anuntakarun
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suthat Saengchoowong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanit Chavalit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naphat Chantaravisoot
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sunchai Payungporn
- Research Unit of Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of AnxA6 gene enhances influenza A virus replication in low-permissive HEK293FT cell line. Gene 2022; 809:146024. [PMID: 34673207 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using cell cultures of human origin for the propagation of influenza virus is an attractive way to preserve its glycosylation profile and antigenic properties, which is essential in influenza surveillance and vaccine production. However, only few cell lines are highly permissive to influenza virus, and none of them are of human origin. The barrier might be associated with host restriction factors inhibiting influenza growth, such as AnxA6 protein counteracting the process of influenza virion packaging. In the presented work we explore the CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of ANXA6 gene as a way to overcome the host restriction barrier and increase the susceptibility of human cell line to influenza infection. By CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing we modified HEK293FT cells and obtained several clones defective in the ANXA6 gene. The replication of the influenza A virus in original HEK293FT cells and the HEK293FT-ANXA6-/- mutant cells was compared in growth curve experiments. By combination of methods including TCID assay and flow cytometry we showed that accumulation of influenza A virus in the mutant HEK293FT-ANXA6-/- cells significantly exceeded the virus titer in the original HEK293FT cells.
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Interferon Inhibition Enhances the Pilot-Scale Production of Rabies Virus in Human Diploid MRC-5 Cells. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010049. [PMID: 35062253 PMCID: PMC8779192 DOI: 10.3390/v14010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivated vaccines based on cell culture are very useful in the prevention and control of many diseases. The most popular strategy for the production of inactivated vaccines is based on monkey-derived Vero cells, which results in high productivity of the virus but has a certain carcinogenic risk due to non-human DNA contamination. Since human diploid cells, such as MRC-5 cells, can produce a safer vaccine, efforts to develop a strategy for inactivated vaccine production using these cells have been investigated using MRC-5 cells. However, most viruses do not replicate efficiently in MRC-5 cells. In this study, we found that rabies virus (RABV) infection activated a robust interferon (IFN)-β response in MRC-5 cells but almost none in Vero cells, suggesting that the IFN response could be a key limiting factor for virus production. Treatment of the MRC-5 cells with IFN inhibitors increased RABV titers by 10-fold. Additionally, the RABV titer yield was improved five-fold when using IFN receptor 1 (IFNAR1) antibodies. As such, we established a stable IFNAR1-deficient MRC-5 cell line (MRC-5IFNAR1−), which increased RABV production by 6.5-fold compared to normal MRC-5 cells. Furthermore, in a pilot-scale production in 1500 square centimeter spinner flasks, utilization of the MRC-5IFNAR1− cell line or the addition of IFN inhibitors to MRC cells increased RABV production by 10-fold or four-fold, respectively. Thus, we successfully established a human diploid cell-based pilot scale virus production platform via inhibition of IFN response for rabies vaccines, which could also be used for other inactivated virus vaccine production.
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11
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Transcriptomic Characterization Reveals Attributes of High Influenza Virus Productivity in MDCK Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112200. [PMID: 34835006 PMCID: PMC8620111 DOI: 10.3390/v13112200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Madin–Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line is among the most commonly used cell lines for the production of influenza virus vaccines. As cell culture-based manufacturing is poised to replace egg-based processes, increasing virus production is of paramount importance. To shed light on factors affecting virus productivity, we isolated a subline, H1, which had twice the influenza virus A (IAV) productivity of the parent (P) through cell cloning, and characterized H1 and P in detail on both physical and molecular levels. Transcriptome analysis revealed that within a few hours after IAV infection, viral mRNAs constituted over one fifth of total mRNA, with several viral genes more highly expressed in H1 than P. Functional analysis of the transcriptome dynamics showed that H1 and P responded similarly to IAV infection, and were both subjected to host shutoff and inflammatory responses. Importantly, H1 was more active in translation and RNA processing intrinsically and after infection. Furthermore, H1 had more subdued inflammatory and antiviral responses. Taken together, we postulate that the high productivity of IAV hinges on the balance between suppression of host functions to divert cellular resources and the sustaining of sufficient activities for virus replication. Mechanistic insights into virus productivity can facilitate the process optimization and cell line engineering for advancing influenza vaccine manufacturing.
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12
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Genome Features and In Vitro Activity against Influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 Viruses of Six Probiotic Strains. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6662027. [PMID: 34258278 PMCID: PMC8225420 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6662027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this work was to analyze the complete genome of probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus plantarum 8 RA 3, Lactobacillus fermentum 90 TC-4, Lactobacillus fermentum 39, Bifidobacterium bifidum 791, Bifidobacterium bifidum 1, and Bifidobacterium longum 379 and to test their activity against influenza A and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Methods To confirm the taxonomic affiliation of the bacterial strains, MALDI TOF mass spectrometry and biochemical test systems were used. Whole genome sequencing was performed on the Illumina Inc. MiSeq platform. To determine the antiviral activity, A/Lipetsk/1V/2018 (H1N1 pdm09) (EPI_ISL_332798) and A/common gull/Saratov/1676/2018 (H5N6) (EPI_ISL_336925) influenza viruses and SARS-CoV-2 virus strain Australia/VIC01/2020 (GenBank: MT007544.1) were used. Results All studied probiotic bacteria are nonpathogenic for humans and do not contain the determinants of transmission-type antibiotic resistance and integrated plasmids. Resistance to antibiotics of different classes is explained by the presence of molecular efflux pumps of the MatE and MFS families. Cultures of L. fermentum 90 TC 4, L. plantarum 8 RA 3, and B. bifidum 791 showed a pronounced activity against influenza A viruses in MDCK cells. Activity against the SARS-CoV-2 virus was demonstrated only by the L. fermentum 90 TC 4 strain in VERO cells. Conclusions The studied probiotic bacteria are safe, have antiviral activity, and are of great importance for the prevention of diseases caused by respiratory viruses that can also infect the human intestine.
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13
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Kanji JN, Pabbaraju K, Croxen M, Detmer S, Bastien N, Li Y, Majer A, Keshwani H, Zelyas N, Achebe I, Jones C, Rutz M, Jacobs A, Lehman K, Hinshaw D, Tipples G. Characterization of Swine Influenza A(H1N2) Variant, Alberta, Canada, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3045-3051. [PMID: 34808085 PMCID: PMC8632177 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.210298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza strains circulating among swine populations can cause outbreaks in humans. In October 2020, we detected a variant influenza A subtype H1N2 of swine origin in a person in Alberta, Canada. We initiated a public health, veterinary, and laboratory investigation to identify the source of the infection and determine whether it had spread. We identified the probable source as a local pig farm where a household contact of the index patient worked. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolate closely resembled strains found at that farm in 2017. Retrospective and prospective surveillance using molecular testing did not identify any secondary cases among 1,532 persons tested in the surrounding area. Quick collaboration between human and veterinary public health practitioners in this case enabled a rapid response to a potential outbreak.
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14
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Xiang Y, Song Q, Gu W. Decontamination of surgical face masks and N95 respirators by dry heat pasteurization for one hour at 70°C. Am J Infect Control 2020; 48:880-882. [PMID: 32479844 PMCID: PMC7260521 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background The need for protective masks greatly exceeds their global supply during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We optimized the temperature used in the dry heat pasteurization method to destroy pathogens and decontaminate masks while retaining their filtering capacity. Results The current study showed that dry heat at both 60°C and 70°C for 1 hour could successfully kill 6 species of respiratory bacteria and one fungi species, and inactivate the H1N1 indicator virus. After being heated at 70°C for 1, 2, and 3 hours, the N95 respirators and surgical face masks showed no changes in their shape and components. The filtering efficiency of bacterial aerosol for N95 respirators were 98%, 98%, and 97% after being heated for 1, 2, and 3 hour, respectively, all of which were over the 95% efficiency required and similar to the value before being heated (99%). The filtering efficiency for surgical face masks was 97%, 97%, and 96% for 1, 2, and 3 hours of heating, respectively, all of which were also similar to the value before being heated (97%). Conclusions This method can be used at home and can significantly resolve the current shortage of masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiang
- Disinfection Supply Centre, Ningbo Women and Children's Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qifa Song
- Central Laboratory, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Wenzhen Gu
- Department of Viral Research, Ningbo Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.
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15
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Duvigneau S, Dürr R, Laske T, Bachmann M, Dostert M, Kienle A. Model-based approach for predicting the impact of genetic modifications on product yield in biopharmaceutical manufacturing-Application to influenza vaccine production. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007810. [PMID: 32598363 PMCID: PMC7323952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A large group of biopharmaceuticals is produced in cell lines. The yield of such products can be increased by genetic engineering of the corresponding cell lines. The prediction of promising genetic modifications by mathematical modeling is a valuable tool to facilitate experimental screening. Besides information on the intracellular kinetics and genetic modifications the mathematical model has to account for ubiquitous cell-to-cell variability. In this contribution, we establish a novel model-based methodology for influenza vaccine production in cell lines with overexpressed genes. The manipulation of the expression level of genes coding for host cell factors relevant for virus replication is achieved by lentiviral transduction. Since lentiviral transduction causes increased cell-to-cell variability due to different copy numbers and integration sites of the gene constructs we use a population balance modeling approach to account for this heterogeneity in terms of intracellular viral components and distributed kinetic parameters. The latter are estimated from experimental data of intracellular viral RNA levels and virus titers of infection experiments using cells overexpressing a single host cell gene. For experiments with cells overexpressing multiple host cell genes, only final virus titers were measured and thus, no direct estimation of the parameter distributions was possible. Instead, we evaluate four different computational strategies to infer these from single gene parameter sets. Finally, the best computational strategy is used to predict the most promising candidates for future modifications that show the highest potential for an increased virus yield in a combinatorial study. As expected, there is a trend to higher yields the more modifications are included. In the present work, we use a sophisticated simulation-based methodology to account for the impact of genetic modifications in producer cell lines on the yield of biomanufacturing processes. Furthermore, our approach opens the possibility to predict the most promising genetic modifications instead of identifying them in costly and time-consuming screening experiments. As an example, we apply our methodology to cell culture-based influenza vaccine production, a process that is of tremendous importance for the maintenance of public health. Here, we consider cell lines in which genes coding for one or more cellular factors are up-regulated by genetic engineering to increase the virus yield. However, the gene editing procedure increases the heterogeneity in the producer cell population because genetic modifications do not occur equally in each cell. This cell-to-cell variability is taken into account in a population balance modeling framework, thus providing a more accurate prediction of the virus yield in the heterogeneous population. Finally, we use our approach and a concise experimental data set from cell lines with one gene modification to predict the virus yield of cell lines with multiple genetic modifications. Thereby, we facilitate the experimental screening of potential candidates. We suggest that this methodology is transferable to a wide range of biomanufacturing processes and constitutes a valuable contribution to experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Duvigneau
- Institute for Automation Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Robert Dürr
- Process Synthesis and Process Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Tanja Laske
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Mandy Bachmann
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Melanie Dostert
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Achim Kienle
- Institute for Automation Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
- Process Synthesis and Process Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
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16
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Komissarov AB, Sergeeva MV, Mozhaeva EV, Eshchenko NV, Vasilieva A, Vasilyev KA, Medvedev SP, Malakhova AA, Balakhonova EA, Malanin S, Grigoryeva TV, Zhuravlev ES, Semenov DV, Richter V, Stepanov G. Increase in Sensitivity of HEK293FT Cells to Influenza Infection by CRISPR-Cas9-Mediated Knockout of IRF7 Transcription Factor. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019060232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Benam KH, Denney L, Ho LP. How the Respiratory Epithelium Senses and Reacts to Influenza Virus. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2019; 60:259-268. [PMID: 30372120 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2018-0247tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human lung is constantly exposed to the environment and potential pathogens. As the interface between host and environment, the respiratory epithelium has evolved sophisticated sensing mechanisms as part of its defense against pathogens. In this review, we examine how the respiratory epithelium senses and responds to influenza A virus, the biggest cause of respiratory viral deaths worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambez H Benam
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,2 Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Laura Denney
- 3 Translational Lung Immunology Programme, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ling-Pei Ho
- 3 Translational Lung Immunology Programme, MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Rogers LRK, de Los Campos G, Mias GI. Microarray Gene Expression Dataset Re-analysis Reveals Variability in Influenza Infection and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2616. [PMID: 31787983 PMCID: PMC6854009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza, a communicable disease, affects thousands of people worldwide. Young children, elderly, immunocompromised individuals and pregnant women are at higher risk for being infected by the influenza virus. Our study aims to highlight differentially expressed genes in influenza disease compared to influenza vaccination, including variability due to age and sex. To accomplish our goals, we conducted a meta-analysis using publicly available microarray expression data. Our inclusion criteria included subjects with influenza, subjects who received the influenza vaccine and healthy controls. We curated 18 microarray datasets for a total of 3,481 samples (1,277 controls, 297 influenza infection, 1,907 influenza vaccination). We pre-processed the raw microarray expression data in R using packages available to pre-process Affymetrix and Illumina microarray platforms. We used a Box-Cox power transformation of the data prior to our down-stream analysis to identify differentially expressed genes. Statistical analyses were based on linear mixed effects model with all study factors and successive likelihood ratio tests (LRT) to identify differentially-expressed genes. We filtered LRT results by disease (Bonferroni adjusted p < 0.05) and used a two-tailed 10% quantile cutoff to identify biologically significant genes. Furthermore, we assessed age and sex effects on the disease genes by filtering for genes with a statistically significant (Bonferroni adjusted p < 0.05) interaction between disease and age, and disease and sex. We identified 4,889 statistically significant genes when we filtered the LRT results by disease factor, and gene enrichment analysis (gene ontology and pathways) included innate immune response, viral process, defense response to virus, Hematopoietic cell lineage and NF-kappa B signaling pathway. Our quantile filtered gene lists comprised of 978 genes each associated with influenza infection and vaccination. We also identified 907 and 48 genes with statistically significant (Bonferroni adjusted p < 0.05) disease-age and disease-sex interactions, respectively. Our meta-analysis approach highlights key gene signatures and their associated pathways for both influenza infection and vaccination. We also were able to identify genes with an age and sex effect. This gives potential for improving current vaccines and exploring genes that are expressed equally across ages when considering universal vaccinations for influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavida R K Rogers
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Gustavo de Los Campos
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - George I Mias
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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19
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Chua SCJH, Tan HQ, Engelberg D, Lim LHK. Alternative Experimental Models for Studying Influenza Proteins, Host-Virus Interactions and Anti-Influenza Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E147. [PMID: 31575020 PMCID: PMC6958409 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ninety years after the discovery of the virus causing the influenza disease, this malady remains one of the biggest public health threats to mankind. Currently available drugs and vaccines only partially reduce deaths and hospitalizations. Some of the reasons for this disturbing situation stem from the sophistication of the viral machinery, but another reason is the lack of a complete understanding of the molecular and physiological basis of viral infections and host-pathogen interactions. Even the functions of the influenza proteins, their mechanisms of action and interaction with host proteins have not been fully revealed. These questions have traditionally been studied in mammalian animal models, mainly ferrets and mice (as well as pigs and non-human primates) and in cell lines. Although obviously relevant as models to humans, these experimental systems are very complex and are not conveniently accessible to various genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches. The fact that influenza remains an unsolved problem, in combination with the limitations of the conventional experimental models, motivated increasing attempts to use the power of other models, such as low eukaryotes, including invertebrate, and primary cell cultures. In this review, we summarized the efforts to study influenza in yeast, Drosophila, zebrafish and primary human tissue cultures and the major contributions these studies have made toward a better understanding of the disease. We feel that these models are still under-utilized and we highlight the unique potential each model has for better comprehending virus-host interactions and viral protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja C J H Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
| | - Hui Qing Tan
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
| | - David Engelberg
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore.
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Lina H K Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore.
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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20
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Nakamura K, Harada Y, Takahashi H, Trusheim H, Bernhard R, Hamamoto I, Hirata-Saito A, Ogane T, Mizuta K, Konomi N, Konomi Y, Asanuma H, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Yamamoto N. Systematic evaluation of suspension MDCK cells, adherent MDCK cells, and LLC-MK2 cells for preparing influenza vaccine seed virus. Vaccine 2019; 37:6526-6534. [PMID: 31500967 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Suspension Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells (MDCK-N), adherent MDCK cells (MDCK-C), and adherent rhesus monkey kidney LLC-MK2 cells (LLC-MK2D) were systematically evaluated for the preparation of influenza vaccine seed viruses for humans on the basis of primary virus isolation efficiency, growth ability, genetic stability of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, and antigenic properties in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test of each virus isolate upon further passages. All the subtypes/lineages of influenza viruses (A(H1N1), A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), B-Victoria, and B-Yamagata) were successfully isolated from clinical specimens by using MDCK-N and MDCK-C, whereas LLC-MK2D did not support virus replication well. Serial passages of A(H1N1) viruses in MDCK-N and MDCK-C induced genetic mutations of HA that resulted in moderate antigenic changes in the HI test. All A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates from MDCK-C acquired amino acid substitutions at the site from K153 to N156 of the HA protein, which resulted in striking antigenic alteration. In contrast, only 30% of MDCK-N isolates showed amino acid changes at this site. The frequency of MDCK-N isolates with less than two-fold reduction in the HI titer was as high as 70%. A(H3N2) and B-Yamagata isolates showed high antigenic stability and no specific amino acid substitution during passages in MDCK-N and MDCK-C. B-Victoria isolates from MDCK-N and MDCK-C acquired genetic changes at HA glycosylation sites that greatly affected their antigenicity. When these cell isolates were applied to passages in hen eggs, A(H1N1), B-Victoria, and B-Yamagata viruses grew well in eggs, while none of the cell isolates of A(H3N2) viruses did. Thus, we demonstrate that MDCK-N might be useful for the preparation of influenza vaccine seed viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nakamura
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuichi Harada
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Heidi Trusheim
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Emil von Behring Str. 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Roth Bernhard
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Emil von Behring Str. 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Itsuki Hamamoto
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Asumi Hirata-Saito
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 2145-13 Shimokamoto-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Teruko Ogane
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 2145-13 Shimokamoto-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Tokamachi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Nami Konomi
- Jinjikai Takahashi Clinic, 4595 Iwai, Bando-city, Ibaraki 306-0631, Japan
| | - Yasushi Konomi
- Jinjikai Takahashi Clinic, 4595 Iwai, Bando-city, Ibaraki 306-0631, Japan
| | - Hideki Asanuma
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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21
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Lai CC, Weng TC, Tseng YF, Chiang JR, Lee MS, Hu AYC. Evaluation of novel disposable bioreactors on pandemic influenza virus production. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220803. [PMID: 31404117 PMCID: PMC6690526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 1997, the highly pathogenic influenza H5N1 virus has spread from Hong Kong. According to the WHO bulletin report, the H5N1 virus is a zoonotic disease threat that has infected more than 850 humans, causing over 450 deaths. In addition, an outbreak of another new and highly pathogenic influenza virus (H7N9) occurred in 2013 in China. These highly pathogenic influenza viruses could potentially cause a worldwide pandemic. it is crucial to develop a rapid production platform to meet this surge demand against any possible influenza pandemic. A potential solution for this problem is the use of cell-based bioreactors for rapid vaccine production. These novel bioreactors, used for cell-based vaccine production, possess various advantages. For example, they enable a short production time, allow for the handling highly pathogenic influenza in closed environments, and can be easily scaled up. In this study, two novel disposable cell-based bioreactors, BelloCell and TideCell, were used to produce H5N1 clade II and H7N9 candidate vaccine viruses (CVVs). Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were used for the production of these influenza CVVs. A novel bench-scale bioreactor named BelloCell bioreactor was used in the study. All culturing conditions were tested and scaled to 10 L industrial-scale bioreactor known as TideCell002. The performances of between BelloCell and TideCell were similar in cell growth, the average MDCK cell doubling time was slightly decreased to 25 hours. The systems yielded approximately 39.2 and 18.0 μg/ml of HA protein with the 10-liter TideCell002 from the H5N1 clade II and H7N9 CVVs, respectively. The results of this study not only highlight the overall effectiveness of these bioreactors but also illustrate the potential of maintaining the same outcome when scaled up to industrial production, which has many implications for faster vaccine production. Although additional studies are required for process optimization, the results of this study are promising and show that oscillating bioreactors may be a suitable platform for pandemic influenza virus production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Lai
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- College of Life Science Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Chuan Weng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Tseng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ron Chiang
- Vaccine Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yung-Chih Hu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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22
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Yamayoshi S, Kawaoka Y. Current and future influenza vaccines. Nat Med 2019; 25:212-220. [PMID: 30692696 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although antiviral drugs and vaccines have reduced the economic and healthcare burdens of influenza, influenza epidemics continue to take a toll. Over the past decade, research on influenza viruses has revealed a potential path to improvement. The clues have come from accumulated discoveries from basic and clinical studies. Now, virus surveillance allows researchers to monitor influenza virus epidemic trends and to accumulate virus sequences in public databases, which leads to better selection of candidate viruses for vaccines and early detection of drug-resistant viruses. Here we provide an overview of current vaccine options and describe efforts directed toward the development of next-generation vaccines. Finally, we propose a plan for the development of an optimal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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23
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Kong B, Moon S, Kim Y, Heo P, Jung Y, Yu SH, Chung J, Ban C, Kim YH, Kim P, Hwang BJ, Chung WJ, Shin YK, Seong BL, Kweon DH. Virucidal nano-perforator of viral membrane trapping viral RNAs in the endosome. Nat Commun 2019; 10:185. [PMID: 30643128 PMCID: PMC6331592 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-disrupting agents that selectively target virus versus host membranes could potentially inhibit a broad-spectrum of enveloped viruses, but currently such antivirals are lacking. Here, we develop a nanodisc incorporated with a decoy virus receptor that inhibits virus infection. Mechanistically, nanodiscs carrying the viral receptor sialic acid bind to influenza virions and are co-endocytosed into host cells. At low pH in the endosome, the nanodiscs rupture the viral envelope, trapping viral RNAs inside the endolysosome for enzymatic decomposition. In contrast, liposomes containing a decoy receptor show weak antiviral activity due to the lack of membrane disruption. The nanodiscs inhibit influenza virus infection and reduce morbidity and mortality in a mouse model. Our results suggest a new class of antivirals applicable to other enveloped viruses that cause irreversible physical damage specifically to virus envelope by viruses' own fusion machine. In conclusion, the lipid nanostructure provides another dimension for antiviral activity of decoy molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoungjae Kong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokoh Moon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Heo
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghun Jung
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyeon Yu
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyo Chung
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongjin Ban
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Jeung Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jae Chung
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyun Shin
- Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Iowa, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Baik Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Biomedical Institute for Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Noshi T, Kitano M, Taniguchi K, Yamamoto A, Omoto S, Baba K, Hashimoto T, Ishida K, Kushima Y, Hattori K, Kawai M, Yoshida R, Kobayashi M, Yoshinaga T, Sato A, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y, Kida H, Shishido T, Naito A. In vitro characterization of baloxavir acid, a first-in-class cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor of the influenza virus polymerase PA subunit. Antiviral Res 2018; 160:109-117. [PMID: 30316915 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) resides in the PA subunit of the influenza virus and mediates the critical "cap-snatching" step of viral RNA transcription, which is considered to be a promising anti-influenza target. Here, we describe in vitro characterization of a novel CEN inhibitor, baloxavir acid (BXA), the active form of baloxavir marboxil (BXM). BXA inhibits viral RNA transcription via selective inhibition of CEN activity in enzymatic assays, and inhibits viral replication in infected cells without cytotoxicity in cytopathic effect assays. The antiviral activity of BXA is also confirmed in yield reduction assays with seasonal type A and B viruses, including neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant strains. Furthermore, BXA shows broad potency against various subtypes of influenza A viruses (H1N2, H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H7N9 and H9N2). Additionally, serial passages of the viruses in the presence of BXA result in isolation of PA/I38T variants with reduced BXA susceptibility. Phenotypic and genotypic analyses with reverse genetics demonstrate the mechanism of BXA action via CEN inhibition in infected cells. These results reveal the in vitro characteristics of BXA and support clinical use of BXM to treat influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keiichi Taniguchi
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Akihiko Sato
- Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Japan
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25
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Momose H, Sasaki E, Kuramitsu M, Hamaguchi I, Mizukami T. Gene expression profiling toward the next generation safety control of influenza vaccines and adjuvants in Japan. Vaccine 2018; 36:6449-6455. [PMID: 30243500 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza becomes epidemic worldwide every year, and many individuals receive vaccination annually. Quality control relating to safety and potency of influenza vaccines is important to maintain public confidence. The safety of influenza vaccines has been assessed by clinical trials, and animal safety tests are performed to monitor the consistent quality between vaccines used for clinical trials and marketing; the biological responses in vaccinated animals are evaluated, including changes in body weight and white blood cell count. Animal safety tests have been contributing to the quality relating to the safety of influenza vaccines for decades, but improvements are needed. Although precise mechanisms involving biological changes in animal safety tests have not been fully elucidated, the application of cDNA microarray technology make it possible to reliably identify genes related to biological responses in vaccinated animals. From analysis of the expression profile of >10,000 genes of lung in animals treated with an inactivated whole virion influenza vaccine, we identified 17 marker genes whose expression patterns correlated well to changes in body weight and leukocyte count in vaccinated animals. In influenza HA vaccine-treated animals exhibiting subtle changes in biological responses, a robust expression pattern of marker genes was found. Furthermore, these marker genes could also be used in the evaluation of adjuvanted influenza vaccines. The expression profile of marker genes is expected to be an alternative indicator for safety control of various influenza vaccines conferring high sensitivity and short turnaround time. Thus, gene expression profiling may be a powerful tool for safety control of vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Momose
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Eita Sasaki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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26
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Denney L, Ho LP. The role of respiratory epithelium in host defence against influenza virus infection. Biomed J 2018; 41:218-233. [PMID: 30348265 PMCID: PMC6197993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium is the major interface between the environment and the host. Sophisticated barrier, sensing, anti-microbial and immune regulatory mechanisms have evolved to help maintain homeostasis and to defend the lung against foreign substances and pathogens. During influenza virus infection, these specialised structural cells and populations of resident immune cells come together to mount the first response to the virus, one which would play a significant role in the immediate and long term outcome of the infection. In this review, we focus on the immune defence machinery of the respiratory epithelium and briefly explore how it repairs and regenerates after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Denney
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ling-Pei Ho
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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27
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A Y161F Hemagglutinin Substitution Increases Thermostability and Improves Yields of 2009 H1N1 Influenza A Virus in Cells. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01621-17. [PMID: 29118117 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01621-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the primary strategy for influenza prevention and control. However, egg-based vaccines, the predominant production platform, have several disadvantages, including the emergence of viral antigenic variants that can be induced during egg passage. These limitations have prompted the development of cell-based vaccines, which themselves are not without issue. Most importantly, vaccine seed viruses often do not grow efficiently in mammalian cell lines. Here we aimed to identify novel high-yield signatures for influenza viruses in continuous Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and Vero cells. Using influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus as the testing platform and an integrating error-prone PCR-based mutagenesis strategy, we identified a Y161F mutation in hemagglutinin (HA) that not only enhanced the infectivity of the resultant virus by more than 300-fold but also increased its thermostability without changing its original antigenic properties. The vaccine produced from the Y161F mutant fully protected mice against lethal challenge with wild-type A(H1N1)pdm09. Compared with A(H1N1)pdm09, the Y161F mutant had significantly higher avidity for avian-like and human-like receptor analogs. Of note, the introduction of the Y161F mutation into HA of seasonal H3N2 influenza A virus (IAV) and canine H3N8 IAV also increased yields and thermostability in MDCK cells and chicken embryotic eggs. Thus, residue F161 plays an important role in determining viral growth and thermostability, which could be harnessed to optimize IAV vaccine seed viruses.IMPORTANCE Although a promising complement to current egg-based influenza vaccines, cell-based vaccines have one large challenge: high-yield vaccine seeds for production. In this study, we identified a molecular signature, Y161F, in hemagglutinin (HA) that resulted in increased virus growth in Madin-Darby canine kidney and Vero cells, two cell lines commonly used for influenza vaccine manufacturing. This Y161F mutation not only increased HA thermostability but also enhanced its binding affinity for α2,6- and α2,3-linked Neu5Ac. These results suggest that a vaccine strain bearing the Y161F mutation in HA could potentially increase vaccine yields in mammalian cell culture systems.
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28
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Klotz D, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I. Type I interferons in the pathogenesis and treatment of canine diseases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 191:80-93. [PMID: 28895871 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) such as IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-ε, IFN-κ, and IFN-ω represent cytokines, which are deeply involved in the regulation and activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. They possess strong antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activities allowing their use in the therapy of different viral diseases, neoplasms, and immune-mediated disorders, respectively. Initially, treatment strategies were based on nonspecific inducers of type I IFNs, which were soon replaced by different recombinant proteins. Drugs with type I IFNs as active agents are currently used in the treatment of hepatitis B and C virus infection, lymphoma, myeloid leukemia, renal carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and multiple sclerosis in humans. In addition, recombinant feline IFN-ω has been approved for the treatment of canine parvovirus, feline leukemia virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus infections. However, the role of type I IFNs in the pathogenesis of canine diseases remains largely undetermined so far, even though some share pathogenic mechanisms and clinical features with their human counterparts. This review summarizes the present knowledge of type I IFNs and down-stream targets such as Mx and 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase proteins in the pathogenesis of infectious and immune-mediated canine diseases. Moreover, studies investigating the potential use of type I IFNs in the treatment of canine lymphomas, melanomas, sarcomas, and carcinomas, canine distemper virus, parvovirus, and papillomavirus infections as well as immune-mediated keratoconjunctivitis sicca and atopic dermatitis are presented. A separate chapter is dedicated to the therapeutic potential of IFN-λ, a type III IFN, in canine diseases. However, further future studies are still needed to unravel the exact functions of the different subtypes of type I IFNs and their target genes in healthy and diseased dogs and the full potential action of type I IFNs as treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Klotz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center of Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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29
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Wang CH, Naik NG, Liao LL, Wei SC, Chao YC. Global Screening of Antiviral Genes that Suppress Baculovirus Transgene Expression in Mammalian Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 6:194-206. [PMID: 28831401 PMCID: PMC5554962 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although baculovirus has been used as a safe and convenient gene delivery vector in mammalian cells, baculovirus-mediated transgene expression is less effective in various mammalian cell lines. Identification of the negative regulators in host cells is necessary to improve baculovirus-based expression systems. Here, we performed high-throughput shRNA library screening, targeting 176 antiviral innate immune genes, and identified 43 host restriction factor genes in a human A549 lung carcinoma cell line. Among them, suppression of receptor interaction protein kinase 1 (RIP1, also known as RIPK1) significantly increased baculoviral transgene expression without resulting in significant cell death. Silencing of RIP1 did not affect viral entry or cell viability, but it did inhibit nuclear translocation of the IRF3 and NF-κB transcription factors. Also, activation of downstream signaling mediators (such as TBK1 and IRF7) was affected, and subsequent interferon and cytokine gene expression levels were abolished. Further, Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1)—an inhibitor of RIP1 kinase activity—dramatically increased baculoviral transgene expression in RIP1-silenced cells. Using baculovirus as a model system, this study presents an initial investigation of large numbers of human cell antiviral innate immune response factors against a “nonadaptive virus.” In addition, our study has made baculovirus a more efficient gene transfer vector for some of the most frequently used mammalian cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hung Wang
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Genome Science, National Yang Ming University, No. 115, Section 2, Linong St., Beitou District, Taipei 112, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Nenavath Gopal Naik
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Li Liao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chan Wei
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chao
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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30
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Kumar D, Broor S, Rajala MS. Interaction of Host Nucleolin with Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein in the Early Phase of Infection Limits the Late Viral Gene Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164146. [PMID: 27711134 PMCID: PMC5053498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus nucleoprotein, is a multifunctional RNA-binding protein, encoded by segment-5 of the negative sense RNA genome. It serves as a key connector between the virus and the host during virus replication. It continuously shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus interacting with various host cellular factors. In the current study, host proteins interacting with nucleoprotein of Influenza A virus of H1N1 2009 pandemic strain were identified by co-immunoprecipitation studies followed by MALDI-TOF/MS analysis. Here we report the host nucleolin, a major RNA-binding protein of the nucleolus as a novel interacting partner to influenza A virus nucleoprotein. We thus, explored the implications of this interaction in virus life cycle and our studies have shown that these two proteins interact early during infection in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Depletion of nucleolin in A549 cells by siRNA targeting endogenous nucleolin followed by influenza A virus infection, disrupted its interaction with viral nucleoprotein, resulting in increased expression of gene transcripts encoding late viral proteins; matrix (M1) and hemagglutinin (HA) in infected cells. On the contrary, over expression of nucleolin in cells transiently transfected with pEGFP-NCL construct followed by virus infection significantly reduced the late viral gene transcripts, and consequently the viral titer. Altered expression of late viral genes and titers following manipulation of host cellular nucleolin, proposes the functional importance of its interaction with nucleoprotein during influenza A virus infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dogs
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/metabolism
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Nucleocapsid Proteins
- Pandemics
- Phosphoproteins/deficiency
- Phosphoproteins/genetics
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Seasons
- Transcription, Genetic
- Viral Core Proteins/genetics
- Viral Core Proteins/metabolism
- Nucleolin
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shobha Broor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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31
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McWhite CD, Meyer AG, Wilke CO. Sequence amplification via cell passaging creates spurious signals of positive adaptation in influenza virus H3N2 hemagglutinin. Virus Evol 2016; 2:vew026. [PMID: 27713835 PMCID: PMC5049878 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical influenza A virus isolates are frequently not sequenced directly. Instead, a majority of these isolates (~70% in 2015) are first subjected to passaging for amplification, most commonly in non-human cell culture. Here, we find that this passaging leaves distinct signals of adaptation, which can confound evolutionary analyses of the viral sequences. We find distinct patterns of adaptation to Madin-Darby (MDCK) and monkey cell culture absent from unpassaged hemagglutinin sequences. These patterns also dominate pooled datasets not separated by passaging type, and they increase in proportion to the number of passages performed. By contrast, MDCK-SIAT1 passaged sequences seem mostly (but not entirely) free of passaging adaptations. Contrary to previous studies, we find that using only internal branches of influenza virus phylogenetic trees is insufficient to correct for passaging artifacts. These artifacts can only be safely avoided by excluding passaged sequences entirely from subsequent analysis. We conclude that future influenza virus evolutionary analyses should appropriately control for potentially confounding effects of passaging adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D. McWhite
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology and Institute for Cellular and
Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Austin G. Meyer
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology and Institute for Cellular and
Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas
at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Claus O. Wilke
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology and Institute for Cellular and
Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas
at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin,
Austin, TX 78712, USA
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32
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Ciancanelli MJ, Abel L, Zhang SY, Casanova JL. Host genetics of severe influenza: from mouse Mx1 to human IRF7. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 38:109-20. [PMID: 26761402 PMCID: PMC4733643 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause mild to moderate respiratory illness in most people, and only rarely devastating or fatal infections. The virulence factors encoded by viral genes can explain seasonal or geographic differences at the population level but are unlikely to account for inter-individual clinical variability. Inherited or acquired immunodeficiencies may thus underlie severe cases of influenza. The crucial role of host genes was first demonstrated by forward genetics in inbred mice, with the identification of interferon (IFN)-α/β-inducible Mx1 as a canonical influenza susceptibility gene. Reverse genetics has subsequently characterized the in vivo role of other mouse genes involved in IFN-α/β and -λ immunity. A series of in vitro studies with mouse and human cells have also refined the cell-intrinsic mechanisms of protection against influenza viruses. Population-based human genetic studies have not yet uncovered variants with a significant impact. Interestingly, human primary immunodeficiencies affecting T and B cells were also not found to predispose to severe influenza. Recently however, human IRF7 was shown to be essential for IFN-α/β- and IFN-λ-dependent protective immunity against primary influenza in vivo, as inferred from a patient with life-threatening influenza revealed to be IRF7-deficient by whole exome sequencing. Next generation sequencing of human exomes and genomes will facilitate the analysis of the human genetic determinism of severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ciancanelli
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Laurent Abel
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM-U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM-U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM-U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
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33
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Rodrigues AF, Soares HR, Guerreiro MR, Alves PM, Coroadinha AS. Viral vaccines and their manufacturing cell substrates: New trends and designs in modern vaccinology. Biotechnol J 2015. [PMID: 26212697 PMCID: PMC7161866 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most effective interventions in global health. The worldwide vaccination programs significantly reduced the number of deaths caused by infectious agents. A successful example was the eradication of smallpox in 1979 after two centuries of vaccination campaigns. Since the first variolation administrations until today, the knowledge on immunology has increased substantially. This knowledge combined with the introduction of cell culture and DNA recombinant technologies revolutionized vaccine design. This review will focus on vaccines against human viral pathogens, recent developments on vaccine design and cell substrates used for their manufacture. While the production of attenuated and inactivated vaccines requires the use of the respective permissible cell substrates, the production of recombinant antigens, virus‐like particles, vectored vaccines and chimeric vaccines requires the use – and often the development – of specific cell lines. Indeed, the development of novel modern viral vaccine designs combined with, the stringent safety requirements for manufacture, and the better understanding on animal cell metabolism and physiology are increasing the awareness on the importance of cell line development and engineering areas. A new era of modern vaccinology is arriving, offering an extensive toolbox to materialize novel and creative ideas in vaccine design and its manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Rodrigues
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Hugo R Soares
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel R Guerreiro
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana S Coroadinha
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal. .,Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
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34
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To KKW, Zhou J, Chan JFW, Yuen KY. Host genes and influenza pathogenesis in humans: an emerging paradigm. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 14:7-15. [PMID: 26079652 PMCID: PMC7102748 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the pandemic influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2009 and avian influenza virus A(H7N9) in 2013 provided unique opportunities for assessing genetic predispositions to severe disease because many patients did not have any underlying risk factor or neutralizing antibody against these agents, in contrast to seasonal influenza viruses. High-throughput screening platforms and large human or animal databases from international collaborations allow rapid selection of potential candidate genes for confirmatory functional studies. In the last 2 years, at least seven new human susceptibility genes have been identified in genetic association studies. Integration of knowledge from genetic and phenotypic studies is essential to identify important gene targets for treatment and prevention of influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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35
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TORELLI A, GIANCHECCHI E, PICCIRELLA S, MANENTI A, PICCINI G, LLORENTE PASTOR E, CANOVI B, MONTOMOLI E. Sea buckthorn bud extract displays activity against cell-cultured Influenza virus. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2015; 56:E51-6. [PMID: 26789988 PMCID: PMC4718352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vaccines and antiviral drugs are the most widely used methods of preventing or treating Influenza virus infection. The role of sea buckthorn (SBT) bud dry extract as a natural antiviral drug against Influenza was investigated. METHODS Influenza virus was cultured in the MDCK cell line, with or without SBT bud extract, and virus growth was assessed by HA and TCID50 virus titration in terms of cytopathic effect on cells. Several concentrations of extract were tested, the virus titer being measured on day 4 after infection. RESULTS After infection, the virus titer in the control sample was calculated to be 2.5 TCID50/ml; treatment with SBT bud extract reduced the virus titer to 2.0 TCID50/ml at 50 μg/ml, while the HA titer was reduced from 1431 (control) to 178. Concentrations lower than 50μg/ml displayed an inhibitory effect in the HA assay, but not in the TCID50 virus titration; however, observation of the viral cultures confirmed a slowdown of viral growth at all concentrations. DISCUSSION Natural dietary supplements and phytotherapy are a growing market and offer new opportunities for the treatment of several diseases and disorders. These preliminary experiments are the first to show that SBT bud extract is able to reduce the growth of the Influenza A H1N1 virus in vitro at a concentration of 50 μg/ml. This discovery opens up the possibility of using SBT bud extract as a valid weapon against Influenza and, in addition, as the starting-point for the discovery of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. TORELLI
- VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy;,Correspondence: Alessandro Torelli, VisMederi Srl, via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy - Tel. +39 0577 231254 - Fax +39 0577 43444 - E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | | | - B. CANOVI
- Pool Pharma - MI -Scientific Director, San Giuliano Milanese, Italy
| | - E. MONTOMOLI
- VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy;, University of Siena, Italy
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Momose H, Mizukami T, Kuramitsu M, Takizawa K, Masumi A, Araki K, Furuhata K, Yamaguchi K, Hamaguchi I. Establishment of a new quality control and vaccine safety test for influenza vaccines and adjuvants using gene expression profiling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124392. [PMID: 25909814 PMCID: PMC4409070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified 17 biomarker genes which were upregulated by whole virion influenza vaccines, and reported that gene expression profiles of these biomarker genes had a good correlation with conventional animal safety tests checking body weight and leukocyte counts. In this study, we have shown that conventional animal tests showed varied and no dose-dependent results in serially diluted bulk materials of influenza HA vaccines. In contrast, dose dependency was clearly shown in the expression profiles of biomarker genes, demonstrating higher sensitivity of gene expression analysis than the current animal safety tests of influenza vaccines. The introduction of branched DNA based-concurrent expression analysis could simplify the complexity of multiple gene expression approach, and could shorten the test period from 7 days to 3 days. Furthermore, upregulation of 10 genes, Zbp1, Mx2, Irf7, Lgals9, Ifi47, Tapbp, Timp1, Trafd1, Psmb9, and Tap2, was seen upon virosomal-adjuvanted vaccine treatment, indicating that these biomarkers could be useful for the safety control of virosomal-adjuvanted vaccines. In summary, profiling biomarker gene expression could be a useful, rapid, and highly sensitive method of animal safety testing compared with conventional methods, and could be used to evaluate the safety of various types of influenza vaccines, including adjuvanted vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Momose
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuo Mizukami
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takizawa
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Masumi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Araki
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Furuhata
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Rodrigues AF, Carrondo MJT, Alves PM, Coroadinha AS. Cellular targets for improved manufacturing of virus-based biopharmaceuticals in animal cells. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:602-7. [PMID: 25450042 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The past decade witnessed the entry into the market of new virus-based biopharmaceuticals produced in animal cells such as oncolytic vectors, virus-like particle vaccines, and gene transfer vectors. Therefore, increased attention and investment to optimize cell culture processes towards enhanced manufacturing of these bioproducts is anticipated. Herein, we review key findings on virus-host interactions that have been explored in cell culture optimization. Approaches supporting improved productivity or quality of vector preparations are discussed, mainly focusing on medium design and genetic manipulation. This review provides an integrated outline for current and future efforts in exploring cellular targets for the optimization of cell culture manufacturing of virus-based biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Rodrigues
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Manuel J T Carrondo
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; FCT-UNL, P-2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana S Coroadinha
- iBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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High basal expression of interferon-stimulated genes in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells contributes to influenza A virus resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109023. [PMID: 25313647 PMCID: PMC4196766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory epithelial cells play a key role in influenza A virus (IAV) pathogenesis and host innate response. Transformed human respiratory cell lines are widely used in the study of IAV-host interactions due to their relative convenience, and inherent difficulties in working with primary cells. Transformed cells, however, may have altered susceptibility to virus infection. Proper characterization of different respiratory cell types in their responses to IAV infection is therefore needed to ensure that the cell line chosen will provide results that are of relevance in vivo. We compared replication kinetics of human H1N1 (A/USSR/77) IAVs in normal primary human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) and two commonly used respiratory epithelial cell lines namely BEAS-2B and A549 cells. We found that IAV replication was distinctly poor in BEAS-2B cells in comparison with NHBE, A549 and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. IAV resistance in BEAS-2B cells was accompanied by an activated antiviral state with high basal expression of interferon (IFN) regulatory factor-7 (IRF-7), stimulator of IFN genes (STING) and IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). Treatment of BEAS-2B cells with a pan-Janus-activated-kinase (JAK) inhibitor decreased IRF-7 and ISG expression and resulted in increased IAV replication. Therefore, the use of highly resistant BEAS-2B cells in IAV infection may not reflect the cytopathogenicity of IAV in human epithelial cells in vivo.
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Abstract
Reverse genetics systems allow artificial generation of non-segmented and segmented negative-sense RNA viruses, like influenza viruses, entirely from cloned cDNA. Since the introduction of reverse genetics systems over a decade ago, the ability to generate ‘designer’ influenza viruses in the laboratory has advanced both basic and applied research, providing a powerful tool to investigate and characterise host–pathogen interactions and advance the development of novel therapeutic strategies. The list of applications for reverse genetics has expanded vastly in recent years. In this review, we discuss the development and implications of this technique, including the recent controversy surrounding the generation of a transmissible H5N1 influenza virus. We will focus on research involving the identification of viral protein function, development of live-attenuated influenza virus vaccines, host–pathogen interactions, immunity and the generation of recombinant influenza virus vaccine vectors for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases and cancer.
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