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Krivoshein G, Bakreen A, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Malm T, Giniatullin R, Jolkkonen J. Activation of Meningeal Afferents Relevant to Trigeminal Headache Pain after Photothrombotic Stroke Lesion: A Pilot Study in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012590. [PMID: 36293444 PMCID: PMC9604291 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke can be followed by immediate severe headaches. As headaches are initiated by the activation of trigeminal meningeal afferents, we assessed changes in the activity of meningeal afferents in mice subjected to cortical photothrombosis. Cortical photothrombosis induced ipsilateral lesions of variable sizes that were associated with contralateral sensorimotor impairment. Nociceptive firing of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels, activated by the agonist Yoda1, was increased in meningeal afferents in the ischemic hemispheres. These meningeal afferents also had a higher maximal spike frequency at baseline and during activation of the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel by Yoda1. Moreover, in these meningeal afferents, nociceptive firing was active during the entire induction of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channels by capsaicin. No such activation was observed on the contralateral hemi-skulls of the same group of mice or in control mice. Our data suggest the involvement of mechanosensitive Piezo1 channels capable of maintaining high-frequency spiking activity and of nociceptive TRPV1 channels in trigeminal headache pain responses after experimental ischemic stroke in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgii Krivoshein
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abdulhameed Bakreen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arn M. J. M. van den Maagdenberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tarja Malm
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jukka Jolkkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Correspondence:
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Rosuvastatin Improves Cognitive Function of Chronic Hypertensive Rats by Attenuating White Matter Lesions and Beta-Amyloid Deposits. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4864017. [PMID: 32851076 PMCID: PMC7441415 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4864017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertensive white matter lesion (WML) is one of common causes of vascular cognitive impairment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of rosuvastatin on cognitive impairment and its underlying mechanisms in chronic hypertensive rats. From the 8th week after establishment of stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive rats (RHRSPs), rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg) or saline as a control was administrated once daily for consecutive 12 weeks by gastric gavage. Cognitive function was assessed with the Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test. WML was observed by Luxol fast blue staining. Aβ deposits, Claudin-5, Occludin, and ZO-1 were determined by immunofluorescence. After rosuvastatin treatment, the escape latencies were decreased and the time of crossing the hidden platform was increased in the Morris water maze, compared with the vehicle-treated RHRSP group. In a novel object recognition test, the recognition index in the rosuvastatin-treated RHRSP group was significantly larger than that in the vehicle-treated RHRSP group. Rosuvastatin treatment presented with the effects of lower WML grades, higher expression of tight junction proteins Claudin-5, Occludin, and ZO-1 in the corpus callosum, and less Aβ deposits in the cortex and hippocampus. The data suggested that rosuvastatin improved the cognitive function of chronic hypertensive rats partly by attenuating WML and reducing Aβ burden.
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Korolkova OY, Widatalla SE, Whalen DS, Nangami GN, Abimbola A, Williams SD, Beasley HK, Reisenbichler E, Washington MK, Ochieng J, Mayer IA, Lehmann BD, Sakwe AM. Reciprocal expression of Annexin A6 and RasGRF2 discriminates rapidly growing from invasive triple negative breast cancer subsets. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231711. [PMID: 32298357 PMCID: PMC7162501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Actively growing tumors are often histologically associated with Ki67 positivity, while the detection of invasiveness relies on non-quantitative pathologic evaluation of mostly advanced tumors. We recently reported that reduced expression of the Ca2+-dependent membrane-binding annexin A6 (AnxA6) is associated with increased expression of the Ca2+ activated RasGRF2 (GRF2), and that the expression status of these proteins inversely influence the growth and motility of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Here, we establish that the reciprocal expression of AnxA6 and GRF2 is at least in part, dependent on inhibition of non-selective Ca2+ channels in AnxA6-low but not AnxA6-high TNBC cells. Immunohistochemical staining of breast cancer tissues revealed that compared to non-TNBC tumors, TNBC tumors express lower levels of AnxA6 and higher Ki67 expression. GRF2 expression levels strongly correlated with high Ki67 in pretreatment biopsies from patients with residual disease and with residual tumor size following chemotherapy. Elevated AnxA6 expression more reliably identified patients who responded to chemotherapy, while low AnxA6 levels were significantly associated with shorter distant relapse-free survival. Finally, the reciprocal expression of AnxA6 and GRF2 can delineate GRF2-low/AnxA6-high invasive from GRF2-high/AnxA6-low rapidly growing TNBCs. These data suggest that AnxA6 may be a reliable biomarker for distant relapse-free survival and response of TNBC patients to chemotherapy, and that the reciprocal expression of AnxA6 and GRF2 can reliably delineate TNBCs into rapidly growing and invasive subsets which may be more relevant for subset-specific therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Y. Korolkova
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sarrah E. Widatalla
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Diva S. Whalen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gladys N. Nangami
- Department of Pathology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Adeniyi Abimbola
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stephen D. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Heather K. Beasley
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Emily Reisenbichler
- Department of Pathology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mary Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Josiah Ochieng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ingrid A. Mayer
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Lehmann
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Amos M. Sakwe
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Cao Z, Harvey SS, Bliss TM, Cheng MY, Steinberg GK. Inflammatory Responses in the Secondary Thalamic Injury After Cortical Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurol 2020; 11:236. [PMID: 32318016 PMCID: PMC7154072 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the major causes of chronic disability worldwide and increasing efforts have focused on studying brain repair and recovery after stroke. Following stroke, the primary injury site can disrupt functional connections in nearby and remotely connected brain regions, resulting in the development of secondary injuries that may impede long-term functional recovery. In particular, secondary degenerative injury occurs in the connected ipsilesional thalamus following a cortical stroke. Although secondary thalamic injury was first described decades ago, the underlying mechanisms still remain unclear. We performed a systematic literature review using the NCBI PubMed database for studies that focused on the secondary thalamic degeneration after cortical ischemic stroke. In this review, we discussed emerging studies that characterized the pathological changes in the secondary degenerative thalamus after stroke; these included excitotoxicity, apoptosis, amyloid beta protein accumulation, blood-brain-barrier breakdown, and inflammatory responses. In particular, we highlighted key findings of the dynamic inflammatory responses in the secondary thalamic injury and discussed the involvement of several cell types in this process. We also discussed studies that investigated the effects of blocking secondary thalamic injury on inflammatory responses and stroke outcome. Targeting secondary injuries after stroke may alleviate network-wide deficits, and ultimately promote stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sean S Harvey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Tonya M Bliss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Hu HJ, Wang SS, Wang YX, Liu Y, Feng XM, Shen Y, Zhu L, Chen HZ, Song M. Blockade of the forward Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger suppresses the growth of glioblastoma cells through Ca 2+ -mediated cell death. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:2691-2707. [PMID: 31034096 PMCID: PMC6609550 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) working in either forward or reverse mode participates in maintaining intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) homeostasis, which is essential for determining cell fate. Previously, numerous blockers targeting reverse or forward NCX have been developed and studied in ischaemic tissue injury but barely examined in glioblastoma for the purpose of anti‐tumour therapy. We assessed the effect of NCX blockers on glioblastoma growth and whether NCX can become a therapeutic target. Experimental Approach Patch‐clamp recording, Ca2+ imaging, flow cytometry, and Western blot were used to study the effects of specific and non‐specific NCX blockers on cultured glioblastoma cells. In vivo bioluminescent imaging was used to measure effects on grafted glioblastoma. Key Results Selectively blocking the reverse NCX with SEA0400, SN‐6, and YM‐244769 did not affect tumour cell viability. Blocking the forward NCX with bepridil, CB‐DMB, or KB‐R7943 elevated [Ca2+]i and killed glioblastoma cells. Bepridil and CB‐DMB caused Ca2+‐dependent cell cycle arrest together with apoptosis, which were all attenuated by a Ca2+ chelator BAPTA‐AM. Systemic administration of bepridil inhibited growth of brain‐grafted glioblastoma. Bepridil did not appear to have a cytotoxic effect on human astrocytes, which have higher functional expression of NCX than glioblastoma cells. Conclusions and Implications Low expression of the NCX makes glioblastoma cells sensitive to disturbance of [Ca2+]i. Interventions designed to block the forward NCX can cause Ca2+‐mediated injury to glioblastoma thus having therapeutic potential. Bepridil could be a lead compound for developing new anti‐tumour drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jie Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Shan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Mei Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingke Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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De Vriese K, Himschoot E, Dünser K, Nguyen L, Drozdzecki A, Costa A, Nowack MK, Kleine-Vehn J, Audenaert D, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Identification of Novel Inhibitors of Auxin-Induced Ca 2+ Signaling via a Plant-Based Chemical Screen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:480-496. [PMID: 30737267 PMCID: PMC6501068 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many signal perception mechanisms are connected to Ca2+-based second messenger signaling to modulate specific cellular responses. The well-characterized plant hormone auxin elicits a very rapid Ca2+ signal. However, the cellular targets of auxin-induced Ca2+ are largely unknown. Here, we screened a biologically annotated chemical library for inhibitors of auxin-induced Ca2+ entry in plant cell suspensions to better understand the molecular mechanism of auxin-induced Ca2+ and to explore the physiological relevance of Ca2+ in auxin signal transduction. Using this approach, we defined a set of diverse, small molecules that interfere with auxin-induced Ca2+ entry. Based on annotated biological activities of the hit molecules, we found that auxin-induced Ca2+ signaling is, among others, highly sensitive to disruption of membrane proton gradients and the mammalian Ca2+ channel inhibitor bepridil. Whereas protonophores nonselectively inhibited auxin-induced and osmotic stress-induced Ca2+ signals, bepridil specifically inhibited auxin-induced Ca2+ We found evidence that bepridil severely alters vacuolar morphology and antagonized auxin-induced vacuolar remodeling. Further exploration of this plant-tailored collection of inhibitors will lead to a better understanding of auxin-induced Ca2+ entry and its relevance for auxin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ellie Himschoot
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Long Nguyen
- Screening Core, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrzej Drozdzecki
- Screening Core, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Moritz K Nowack
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominique Audenaert
- Screening Core, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Centre for Bioassay Development and Screening (C-BIOS), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, 21985 Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Lipsanen A, Parkkinen S, Khabbal J, Mäkinen P, Peräniemi S, Hiltunen M, Jolkkonen J. KB-R7943, an inhibitor of the reverse Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, does not modify secondary pathology in the thalamus following focal cerebral stroke in rats. Neurosci Lett 2014; 580:173-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Active calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) regulates NMDA receptor mediated postischemic long-term potentiation (i-LTP) by promoting the interaction between CaMKII and NMDA receptors in ischemia. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:827161. [PMID: 24734203 PMCID: PMC3964903 DOI: 10.1155/2014/827161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Active calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) has been reported to take a critical role in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). Changes in CaMKII activity were detected in various ischemia models. It is tempting to know whether and how CaMKII takes a role in NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated postischemic long-term potentiation (NMDA i-LTP). Here, we monitored changes in NMDAR-mediated field excitatory postsynaptic potentials (NMDA fEPSPs) at different time points following ischemia onset in vitro oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) ischemia model. We found that 10 min OGD treatment induced significant i-LTP in NMDA fEPSPs, whereas shorter (3 min) or longer (25 min) OGD treatment failed to induce prominent NMDA i-LTP. CaMKII activity or CaMKII autophosphorylation displays a similar bifurcated trend at different time points following onset of ischemia both in vitro OGD or in vivo photothrombotic lesion (PT) models, suggesting a correlation of increased CaMKII activity or CaMKII autophosphorylation with NMDA i-LTP. Disturbing the association between CaMKII and GluN2B subunit of NMDARs with short cell-permeable peptides Tat-GluN2B reversed NMDA i-LTP induced by OGD treatment. The results provide support to a notion that increased interaction between NMDAR and CaMKII following ischemia-induced increased CaMKII activity and autophosphorylation is essential for induction of NMDA i-LTP.
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Lipsanen A, Kalesnykas G, Pro-Sistiaga P, Hiltunen M, Vanninen R, Bernaudin M, Touzani O, Jolkkonen J. Lack of secondary pathology in the thalamus after focal cerebral ischemia in nonhuman primates. Exp Neurol 2013; 248:224-7. [PMID: 23810737 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Remote regions such as the thalamus undergo secondary degeneration after cerebral ischemia. In rodents, the pathology in the thalamus is characterized by a robust inflammatory reaction, β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and calcification. Here we studied whether nonhuman primates subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) display a similar pathology. Common marmosets (n=4) were subjected to transient MCAO for 3 h. Two sham-operated animals served as controls. All animals underwent MRI examination (T2) on postoperative day 7 to assess the location of the infarct. After a 45-day follow-up period, the animals were perfused for histology to evaluate β-amyloid and calcium load in the peri-infarct regions and the thalamus. There was no Aβ or calcium staining in the sham-operated marmosets. The contralateral hemisphere was devoid of Aβ and calcium staining in MCAO animals, except calcium staining in one animal. In the ipsilateral cortex, patchy groups of Aβ-positive cells were observed. Occasional calcium staining was observed in the peri-infarct regions, lesion core, and remote regions such as the substantia nigra. The most important, the thalamus was devoid of any sign of Aβ and calcium aggregation in MCAO animals. Staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) showed marked astrogliosis in the ipsilateral cortex and thalamus. In conclusion, our preliminary study in marmosets did not identify Aβ and calcium pathology in the thalamus following cerebral ischemia as shown in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Lipsanen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine-Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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