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Sumiyadorj A, Murai K, Shimakami T, Kuroki K, Nishikawa T, Kakuya M, Yamada A, Wang Y, Ishida A, Shirasaki T, Kawase S, Li YY, Okada H, Nio K, Kawaguchi K, Yamashita T, Sakai Y, Duger D, Mizukoshi E, Honda M, Kaneko S. A single hepatitis B virus genome with a reporter allows the entire viral life cycle to be monitored in primary human hepatocytes. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2441-2454. [PMID: 35691027 PMCID: PMC9426382 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
For the development of antiviral agents to eliminate hepatitis B virus (HBV), it is essential to establish an HBV cell culture system that can easily monitor HBV infection. Here, we created a novel HBV infection monitoring system using a luminescent 11-amino acid reporter, the high-affinity subunit of nano-luciferase binary technology (HiBiT). The HiBiT-coding sequence was inserted at the N-terminus of preS1 in a 1.2-fold plasmid encoding a genotype C HBV genome. After transfection of HepG2 cells with this HiBiT-containing plasmid, the supernatant was used to prepare a recombinant cell culture-derived virus (HiBiT-HBVcc). Primary human hepatocytes (PXB) were inoculated with HiBiT-HBVcc. Following inoculation, intracellular and extracellular HiBiT activity and the levels of various HBV markers were determined. Reinfection of naive PXB cells with HiBiT-HBVcc prepared from HiBiT-HBVcc-infected PXB cells was analyzed. When PXB cells were infected with HiBiT-HBVcc at several titers, extracellular HiBiT activity was detected in a viral titer-dependent manner and was correlated with intracellular HiBiT activity. Inhibitors of HBV entry or replication suppressed extracellular HiBiT activity. Viral DNA, RNA, and proteins were detectable, including covalently closed circular DNA, by Southern blot analysis. The synthesis of relaxed-circular DNA from single-stranded DNA in HiBiT-HBV decreased to one third of that of wild-type HBV, and the infectivity of HiBiT-HBVcc decreased to one tenth of that of wild-type HBVcc. HiBiT-HBVcc prepared from PXB cells harboring HiBiT-HBV was able to infect naive PXB cells. Conclusions: Recombinant HiBiT-HBV can undergo the entire viral life cycle, thus facilitating high-throughput screening for HBV infection in vitro using supernatants. This system will be a powerful tool for developing antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariunaa Sumiyadorj
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Murai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shimakami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Kuroki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Kakuya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsumu Yamada
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsuya Ishida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Shirasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kawase
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Ying-Yi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hikari Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kouki Nio
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kawaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Taro Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshio Sakai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Davaadorj Duger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Eishiro Mizukoshi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masao Honda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Japan
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van den Akker GGH, Zacchini F, Housmans BAC, van der Vloet L, Caron MMJ, Montanaro L, Welting TJM. Current Practice in Bicistronic IRES Reporter Use: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5193. [PMID: 34068921 PMCID: PMC8156625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bicistronic reporter assays have been instrumental for transgene expression, understanding of internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) translation, and identification of novel cap-independent translational elements (CITE). We observed a large methodological variability in the use of bicistronic reporter assays and data presentation or normalization procedures. Therefore, we systematically searched the literature for bicistronic IRES reporter studies and analyzed methodological details, data visualization, and normalization procedures. Two hundred fifty-seven publications were identified using our search strategy (published 1994-2020). Experimental studies on eukaryotic adherent cell systems and the cell-free translation assay were included for further analysis. We evaluated the following methodological details for 176 full text articles: the bicistronic reporter design, the cell line or type, transfection methods, and time point of analyses post-transfection. For the cell-free translation assay, we focused on methods of in vitro transcription, type of translation lysate, and incubation times and assay temperature. Data can be presented in multiple ways: raw data from individual cistrons, a ratio of the two, or fold changes thereof. In addition, many different control experiments have been suggested when studying IRES-mediated translation. In addition, many different normalization and control experiments have been suggested when studying IRES-mediated translation. Therefore, we also categorized and summarized their use. Our unbiased analyses provide a representative overview of bicistronic IRES reporter use. We identified parameters that were reported inconsistently or incompletely, which could hamper data reproduction and interpretation. On the basis of our analyses, we encourage adhering to a number of practices that should improve transparency of bicistronic reporter data presentation and improve methodological descriptions to facilitate data replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus Gijsbertus Hubert van den Akker
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Medical Center+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.G.H.v.d.A.); (B.A.C.H.); (L.v.d.V.); (M.M.J.C.)
| | - Federico Zacchini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University, I-40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.Z.); (L.M.)
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata—CRBA, Bologna University, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, I-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Bas Adrianus Catharina Housmans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Medical Center+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.G.H.v.d.A.); (B.A.C.H.); (L.v.d.V.); (M.M.J.C.)
| | - Laura van der Vloet
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Medical Center+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.G.H.v.d.A.); (B.A.C.H.); (L.v.d.V.); (M.M.J.C.)
| | - Marjolein Maria Johanna Caron
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Medical Center+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.G.H.v.d.A.); (B.A.C.H.); (L.v.d.V.); (M.M.J.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Montanaro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University, I-40138 Bologna, Italy; (F.Z.); (L.M.)
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata—CRBA, Bologna University, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, I-40138 Bologna, Italy
- Programma Dipartimentale in Medicina di Laboratorio, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, I-40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tim Johannes Maria Welting
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University, Medical Center+, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (G.G.H.v.d.A.); (B.A.C.H.); (L.v.d.V.); (M.M.J.C.)
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Ruan J, Sun S, Cheng X, Han P, Zhang Y, Sun D. Mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, leflunomide, and mycophenolic acid directly promote hepatitis B virus replication and expression in vitro. Virol J 2020; 17:89. [PMID: 32611423 PMCID: PMC7331192 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01339-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reactivation of hepatitis B virus is a common complication that occurs in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection who have received cytotoxic chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy. This clinical phenomenon not only occurs in overt HBV infection patients but also occurs in patients with resolved HBV infection. Previous research has confirmed that epirubicin and dexamethasone can stimulate HBV replication and expression directly rather than indirectly through immunosuppression. Mitomycin and 5-fluorouracil are currently used as cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs for cancer patients. Leflunomide and mycophenolic acid are regarded as immunosuppressants for autoimmune diseases, and numerous clinical studies have reported that these drugs can reactivate HBV replication. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, leflunomide and mycophenolic acid induce HBV reactivation directly rather than indirectly through immunosuppression. Methods To observe the effect of mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, leflunomide and mycophenolic acid on HBV replication and expression, we employed HepG2.2.15 and HBV-NLuc-35 cells as a cell model. Next, by native agarose gel electrophoresis (NAGE), quantitative PCR (qPCR), luciferase assay and HBV e antigen (HBeAg) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) we detected changes in HBV replication and expression induced by these drugs. We also investigated whether lamivudine could inhibit the observed phenotype. SPSS 18.0 software was employed for statistical analysis, One-way ANOVA was used to compare multiple groups. Results Expression of HBV capsids and HBeAg in HepG2.2.15 cells was increased by increasing concentration of mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, leflunomide, and mycophenolic acid. This phenomenon was also demonstrated in HBV-NLuc-35 cells, and the expression of capsids and luciferase activity increased in the same concentration-dependent manner. Replication levels of intracellular capsid DNA and extracellular HBV DNA in HepG2.2.15 cells gradually increased in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, although epirubicin, mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, dexamethasone, leflunomide and mycophenolic acid enhanced HBV replication, lamivudine inhibited this process. Conclusion Our study confirmed that mitomycin, 5-fluorouracil, leflunomide and mycophenolic acid directly upregulated HBV replication and expression in vitro. This effect was investigated not only in HepG2.2.15 cells but also in the HBV-NLuc-35 replication system. Moreover, this effect could be prevented by nucleoside analogs, such as lamivudine (LAM). Thus, for patients with HBV infection, prophylactic antiviral therapy is necessary before receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ruan
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshanxi street, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei Province, China.,Department of Infection and Liver Disease, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shuo Sun
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshanxi street, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshanxi street, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Pengyu Han
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshanxi street, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yinge Zhang
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshanxi street, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dianxing Sun
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshanxi street, Shijiazhuang, 050082, Hebei Province, China.
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Ruan J, Ping CY, Sun S, Cheng X, Han PY, Zhang YG, Sun DX. Construction of a replication-competent hepatitis B virus vector carrying secreted luciferase transgene and establishment of new hepatitis B virus replication and expression cell lines. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:5961-5972. [PMID: 31660033 PMCID: PMC6815792 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i39.5961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we have successfully constructed replication-competent hepatitis B virus (HBV) vectors by uncoupling the P open reading frame (ORF) from the preC/C ORF to carefully design the transgene insertion site to overcome the compact organization of the HBV genome and maintain HBV replication competence. Consequently, the replication-competent HBV vectors carrying foreign genes, including pCH-BsdR, carrying blasticidin resistance gene (399 bp), and pCH-hrGFP, carrying humanized renilla green fluorescent protein gene (720 bp), were successfully obtained. However, the replication efficiency of the former is higher but it is tedious to use, while that of the latter is poor and cannot be quantified. Hence, we need to search for a new reporter gene that is convenient and quantifiable for further research.
AIM To establish a helpful tool for intracellular HBV replication and anti-viral drugs screening studies.
METHODS We utilized the replication-competent HBV viral vectors constructed by our laboratory, combined with the secreted luciferase reporter gene, to construct replication-competent HBV vectors expressing the reporter gene secretory Nanoluc Luciferase (SecNluc). HepG2.TA2-7 cells were transfected with this vector to obtain cell lines with stably secreted HBV particles carrying secNluc reporter gene.
RESULTS The replication-competent HBV vector carrying the SecNluc reporter gene pCH-sNLuc could produce all major viral RNAs and a full set of envelope proteins and achieve high-level secreted luciferase expression. HBV replication intermediates could be produced from this vector. Via transfection with pTRE-sNLuc and selection by hygromycin, we obtained isolated cell clones, named HBV-NLuc-35 cells, which could secrete secNLuc recombinant viruses, and were sensitive to existing anti-HBV drugs. Using differentiated HepaRG cells, it was verified that recombinant HBV possessed infectivity.
CONCLUSION Our research demonstrated that a replication-competent HBV vector carrying a secreted luciferase transgene possesses replication and expression ability, and the established HBV replication and expression cell lines could stably secrete viral particles carrying secNluc reporter gene. More importantly, the cell line and the secreted recombinant viral particles could be used to trace HBV replication or infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ruan
- The Liver Disease Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, the 980th Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China
- Department of Infection and Liver Disease, Shannxi University of Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Xianyang 712000, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Cai-Yan Ping
- The Liver Disease Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, the 980th Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shuo Sun
- The Liver Disease Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, the 980th Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- The Liver Disease Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, the 980th Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Peng-Yu Han
- The Liver Disease Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, the 980th Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yin-Ge Zhang
- The Liver Disease Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, the 980th Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China
| | - Dian-Xing Sun
- The Liver Disease Center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army, the 980th Hospital of Chinese People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Shijiazhuang 050082, Hebei Province, China
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Nishitsuji H, Harada K, Ujino S, Zhang J, Kohara M, Sugiyama M, Mizokami M, Shimotohno K. Investigating the hepatitis B virus life cycle using engineered reporter hepatitis B viruses. Cancer Sci 2017; 109:241-249. [PMID: 29121422 PMCID: PMC5765299 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) increases the risk of developing fibrosis, cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Current therapies are limited to type-I interferons and/or nucleos(t)ide analogues; however, these are only partially effective. The development of novel anti-HBV agents for new treatment strategies has been hampered by the lack of a suitable system that allows the in vitro replication of HBV. Studies of virus infection/replication at the molecular level using wild-type HBV are labor-intensive and time-consuming. To overcome these problems, we previously constructed a recombinant reporter HBV bearing the NanoLuc gene and showed its usefulness in identifying factors that affect HBV proliferation. Because this system mimics the early stage of the HBV life cycle faithfully, we conducted a quantitative analysis of HBV infectivity to several human hepatocyte cell lines as well as the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide and HBV protein X on the early stage of HBV proliferation using this system. Furthermore, we developed a system to produce a reporter HBV expressing a pol gene. These reporter HBV may provide an opportunity to enhance our understanding of the HBV life cycle and aid strategies for the development of new anti-HBV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nishitsuji
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Harada
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Saneyuki Ujino
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Jing Zhang
- Research and Development Center, FUSO Pharmaceutical Industries, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
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Schreiner S, Nassal M. A Role for the Host DNA Damage Response in Hepatitis B Virus cccDNA Formation-and Beyond? Viruses 2017; 9:v9050125. [PMID: 28531167 PMCID: PMC5454437 DOI: 10.3390/v9050125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection puts more than 250 million people at a greatly increased risk to develop end-stage liver disease. Like all hepadnaviruses, HBV replicates via protein-primed reverse transcription of a pregenomic (pg) RNA, yielding an unusually structured, viral polymerase-linked relaxed-circular (RC) DNA as genome in infectious particles. Upon infection, RC-DNA is converted into nuclear covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA. Associating with cellular proteins into an episomal minichromosome, cccDNA acts as template for new viral RNAs, ensuring formation of progeny virions. Hence, cccDNA represents the viral persistence reservoir that is not directly targeted by current anti-HBV therapeutics. Eliminating cccDNA will thus be at the heart of a cure for chronic hepatitis B. The low production of HBV cccDNA in most experimental models and the associated problems in reliable cccDNA quantitation have long hampered a deeper understanding of cccDNA molecular biology. Recent advancements including cccDNA-dependent cell culture systems have begun to identify select host DNA repair enzymes that HBV usurps for RC-DNA to cccDNA conversion. While this list is bound to grow, it may represent just one facet of a broader interaction with the cellular DNA damage response (DDR), a network of pathways that sense and repair aberrant DNA structures and in the process profoundly affect the cell cycle, up to inducing cell death if repair fails. Given the divergent interactions between other viruses and the DDR it will be intriguing to see how HBV copes with this multipronged host system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Schreiner
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, D-85764 Munich, Germany.
| | - Michael Nassal
- Dept. of Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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Nishitsuji H, Yamamoto H, Shiina R, Harada K, Ujino S, Shimotohno K. Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28190076 DOI: 10.3791/54849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, it is possible to construct recombinant forms of various viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), that carry foreign genes such as a reporter or marker protein in their genomes. These recombinant viruses usually faithfully mimic the life cycle of the original virus in infected cells and exhibit the same host range dependence. The development of a recombinant virus enables the efficient screening of inhibitors and the identification of specific host factors. However, to date the construction of recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been difficult because of various experimental limitations. The main limitation is the compact genome size of HBV, and a fairly strict genome size that does not exceed 1.3 genome sizes, that must be packaged into virions. Thus, the size of a foreign gene to be inserted should be smaller than 0.4 kb if no deletion of the genome DNA is to be performed. Therefore, to overcome this size limitation, the deletion of some HBV DNA is required. Here, we report the construction of recombinant HBV encoding a reporter gene to monitor the early stage of the HBV replication cycle by replacing part of the HBV core-coding region with the reporter gene by deleting part of the HBV pol coding region. Detection of recombinant HBV infection, monitored by the reporter activity, was highly sensitive and less expensive than detection using the currently available conventional methods to evaluate HBV infection. This system will be useful for a number of applications including high-throughput screening for the identification of anti-HBV inhibitors, host factors and virus-susceptible cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nishitsuji
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine;
| | - Hiromi Yamamoto
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Ritsuko Shiina
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Keisuke Harada
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc
| | - Saneyuki Ujino
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
| | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine
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Zhu X, Bührer C, Wellmann S. Cold-inducible proteins CIRP and RBM3, a unique couple with activities far beyond the cold. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3839-59. [PMID: 27147467 PMCID: PMC5021741 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRP) and RNA-binding motif protein 3 (RBM3) are two evolutionarily conserved RNA-binding proteins that are transcriptionally upregulated in response to low temperature. Featuring an RNA-recognition motif (RRM) and an arginine-glycine-rich (RGG) domain, these proteins display many similarities and specific disparities in the regulation of numerous molecular and cellular events. The resistance to serum withdrawal, endoplasmic reticulum stress, or other harsh conditions conferred by RBM3 has led to its reputation as a survival gene. Once CIRP protein is released from cells, it appears to bolster inflammation, contributing to poor prognosis in septic patients. A variety of human tumor specimens have been analyzed for CIRP and RBM3 expression. Surprisingly, RBM3 expression was primarily found to be positively associated with the survival of chemotherapy-treated patients, while CIRP expression was inversely linked to patient survival. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the evolutionary conservation of CIRP and RBM3 across species as well as their molecular interactions, cellular functions, and roles in diverse physiological and pathological processes, including circadian rhythm, inflammation, neural plasticity, stem cell properties, and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhou Zhu
- University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), Spitalstrasse 33, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Bührer
- Department of Neonatology, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Wellmann
- University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), Spitalstrasse 33, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Li B, Sun S, Li M, Cheng X, Li H, Kang F, Kang J, Dörnbrack K, Nassal M, Sun D. Suppression of hepatitis B virus antigen production and replication by wild-type HBV dependently replicating HBV shRNA vectors in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:117-129. [PMID: 27591142 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), a small DNA virus that replicates by reverse transcription of a pregenomic (pg) RNA precursor, greatly increases the risk for terminal liver disease. RNA interference (RNAi) based therapy approaches have shown potential to overcome the limited efficacy of current treatments. However, synthetic siRNAs as well as small hairpin (sh) RNAs expressed from non-integrating vectors require repeated applications; integrating vectors suffer from safety concerns. We pursue a new concept by which HBV itself is engineered into a conditionally replicating, wild-type HBV dependent anti-HBV shRNA vector. Beyond sharing HBV's hepatocyte tropism, such a vector would be self-renewing, but only as long as wild-type HBV is present. Here, we realized several important aspects of this concept. We identified two distinct regions in the 3.2 kb HBV genome which tolerate replacement by shRNA expression cassettes without compromising reverse transcription when complemented in vitro by HBV helper constructs or by wild-type HBV; a representative HBV shRNA vector was infectious in cell culture. The vector-encoded shRNAs were active, including on HBV as target. A dual anti-HBV shRNA vector delivered into HBV transgenic mice, which are not susceptible to HBV infection, by a chimeric adenovirus-HBV shuttle reduced serum hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) up to ∼4-fold, and virus particles up to ∼20-fold. Importantly, a fraction of the circulating particles contained vector-derived DNA, indicating successful complementation in vivo. These data encourage further investigations to prove antiviral efficacy and the predicted self-limiting vector spread in a small animal HBV infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baosheng Li
- Chinese PLA Medical School, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, PR China; The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050082, PR China
| | - Shuo Sun
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050082, PR China; Troop 66220 of PLA, Xingtai, Hebei Province, 054000, PR China
| | - Minran Li
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050082, PR China; The Fourth Department of the Fifth Hospital, Shijiazhuang City, 050017, PR China
| | - Xin Cheng
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050082, PR China
| | - Haijun Li
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050082, PR China
| | - Fubiao Kang
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050082, PR China
| | - Jiwen Kang
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050082, PR China
| | - Katharina Dörnbrack
- Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Nassal
- Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, D-79106, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Dianxing Sun
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050082, PR China.
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10
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Zhang Z, Zehnder B, Damrau C, Urban S. Visualization of hepatitis B virus entry - novel tools and approaches to directly follow virus entry into hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1915-26. [PMID: 27149321 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a widespread human pathogen, responsible for chronic infections of ca. 240 million people worldwide. Until recently, the entry pathway of HBV into hepatocytes was only partially understood. The identification of human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as a bona fide receptor of HBV has provided us with new tools to investigate this pathway in more details. Combined with advances in virus visualization techniques, approaches to directly visualize HBV cell attachment, NTCP interaction, virion internalization and intracellular transport are now becoming feasible. This review summarizes our current understanding of how HBV specifically enters hepatocytes, and describes possible visualization strategies applicable for a deeper understanding of the underlying cell biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benno Zehnder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Damrau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center of Infectious Diseases (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Engineering Hepadnaviruses as Reporter-Expressing Vectors: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050125. [PMID: 27171106 PMCID: PMC4885080 DOI: 10.3390/v8050125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hepadnaviridae family of small, enveloped DNA viruses are characterized by a strict host range and hepatocyte tropism. The prototype hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen and constitutes a public health problem, especially in high-incidence areas. Reporter-expressing recombinant viruses are powerful tools in both studies of basic virology and development of antiviral therapeutics. In addition, the highly restricted tropism of HBV for human hepatocytes makes it an ideal tool for hepatocyte-targeting in vivo applications such as liver-specific gene delivery. However, compact genome organization and complex replication mechanisms of hepadnaviruses have made it difficult to engineer replication-competent recombinant viruses that express biologically-relevant cargo genes. This review analyzes difficulties associated with recombinant hepadnavirus vector development, summarizes and compares the progress made in this field both historically and recently, and discusses future perspectives regarding both vector design and application.
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12
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Cheng X, Guan W, Sun S, Li B, Li H, Kang F, Kang J, Yang D, Nassal M, Sun D. Stable Human Hepatoma Cell Lines for Efficient Regulated Expression of Nucleoside/Nucleotide Analog Resistant and Vaccine Escape Hepatitis B Virus Variants and Woolly Monkey Hepatitis B Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145746. [PMID: 26699621 PMCID: PMC4689378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes acute and chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Due to its error-prone replication via reverse transcription, HBV can rapidly evolve variants that escape vaccination and/or become resistant to CHB treatment with nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (NAs). This is particularly problematic for the first generation NAs lamivudine and adefovir. Though now superseded by more potent NAs, both are still widely used. Furthermore, resistance against the older NAs can contribute to cross-resistance against more advanced NAs. For lack of feasible HBV infection systems, the biology of such variants is not well understood. From the recent discovery of Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as an HBV receptor new in vitro infection systems are emerging, yet access to the required large amounts of virions, in particular variants, remains a limiting factor. Stably HBV producing cell lines address both issues by allowing to study intracellular viral replication and as a permanent source of defined virions. Accordingly, we generated a panel of new tetracycline regulated TetOFF HepG2 hepatoma cell lines which produce six lamivudine and adefovir resistance-associated and two vaccine escape variants of HBV as well as the model virus woolly monkey HBV (WMHBV). The cell line-borne viruses reproduced the expected NA resistance profiles and all were equally sensitive against a non-NA drug. The new cell lines should be valuable to investigate under standardized conditions HBV resistance and cross-resistance. With titers of secreted virions reaching >3x107 viral genome equivalents per ml they should also facilitate exploitation of the new in vitro infection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cheng
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Weiwei Guan
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Shuo Sun
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, PR China
- Troop 66220 of PLA, Xingtai of Hebei Province, PR China
| | - Baosheng Li
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Haijun Li
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Fubiao Kang
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Jiwen Kang
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, PR China
| | - Dongliang Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Michael Nassal
- Department of Internal Medicine II / Molecular Biology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (MN); (SD)
| | - Dianxing Sun
- The Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center of PLA, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, PR China
- * E-mail: (MN); (SD)
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13
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Nishitsuji H, Ujino S, Shimizu Y, Harada K, Zhang J, Sugiyama M, Mizokami M, Shimotohno K. Novel reporter system to monitor early stages of the hepatitis B virus life cycle. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:1616-24. [PMID: 26310603 PMCID: PMC4714683 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A recombinant hepatitis B virus (HBV) expressing NanoLuc (NL) (HBV/NL) was produced by cotransfecting a plasmid containing a 1.2‐fold HBV genome carrying the NL gene with a plasmid bearing a packaging‐defective 1.2‐fold HBV genome into a human hepatoma cell line, HepG2. We found that NL activity in HBV/NL‐infected primary hepatocytes or sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide‐transduced human hepatocyte‐derived cell lines increased linearly for several days after infection and was concordant with HBV RNA levels in the cells. Treatment of the virus‐infected cells with HBV inhibitors reduced NL activity in a dose‐dependent manner. Detection of HBV/NL infection, monitored by NL activity, was highly sensitive and less expensive than detection using the conventional method to evaluate HBV infection. In addition, because we also studied host factors, this system is applicable not only for studying the HBV life cycle, but also for exploring agent(s) that regulate HBV proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Nishitsuji
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Saneyuki Ujino
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Shimizu
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Harada
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan.,Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Osaka, Japan
| | - Jing Zhang
- Research and Development Center, FUSO Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Kunitada Shimotohno
- Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
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14
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Cheng X, Gao XC, Wang JP, Yang XY, Wang Y, Li BS, Kang FB, Li HJ, Nan YM, Sun DX. Tricistronic hepatitis C virus subgenomic replicon expressing double transgenes. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:18284-18295. [PMID: 25561795 PMCID: PMC4277965 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To construct a tricistronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon with double internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes) of only 22 nucleotides for each, substituting the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) IRESes, which are most often used as the translation initiation element to form HCV replicons.
METHODS: The alternative 22-nucleotide IRES, RNA-binding motif protein 3 IRES (Rbm3 IRES), was used to form a tricistronic HCV replicon, to facilitate constructing HCV-harboring stable cell lines and successive antiviral screening using a luciferase marker. Briefly, two sequential Rbm3 IRESes were inserted into bicistronic pUC19-HCV plasmid, consequently forming a tricistronic HCV replicon (pHCV-rep-NeoR-hRluc), initiating the translation of humanized Renilla luciferase and HCV non-structural gene, along with HCV authentic IRES initiating the translation of neomycin resistance gene. The sH7 cell lines, in which the novel replicon RNA stably replicated, were constructed by neomycin and luciferase activity screening. The intracellular HCV replicon RNA, expression of inserted foreign genes and HCV non-structural gene, as well as response to anti-HCV agents, were measured in sH7 cells and cells transiently transfected with tricistronic replicon RNA.
RESULTS: The intracellular HCV replicon RNA and expression of inserted foreign genes and HCV non-structural gene in sH7 cells and cells transiently transfected with tricistronic replicon RNA were comparable to those in cells stably or transiently transfected with traditional bicistronic HCV replicons. The average relative light unit in pHCV-rep-NeoR-hRluc group was approximately 2-fold of those in the pUC19-HCV-hRLuc and Tri-JFH1 groups (1.049 × 108± 2.747 × 107vs 5.368 × 107± 1.016 × 107, P < 0.05; 1.049 × 108± 2.747 × 107vs 5.243 × 107± 1.194 × 107, P < 0.05), suggesting that the translation initiation efficiency of the first Rbm3 IRES in the two sequential IRESes was stronger than the HCV authentic IRES and EMCV IRES. The fold changes of 72 h/4 h relative light units in the pHCV-rep-NeoR-hRluc and pUC19-HCV-hRLuc groups were similar (159.619 ± 9.083 vs 163.536 ± 24.031, P = 0.7707), and were both higher than the fold change in the Tri-JFH1 group 159.619± 9.083 vs 140.811 ± 9.882, P < 0.05; 163.536 ± 24.031 vs 140.811 ± 9.882, P < 0.05), suggesting that the replication potency of the Rbm3 IRES tricistronic replicon matched the replication of bicistronic replicon and exceeded the potency of EMCV IRES replicon. Replication of tricistronic replicons was suppressed by ribavirin, simvastatin, atorvastatin, telaprevir and boceprevir. Interferon-alpha 2b could not block replication of the novel replicon RNA in sH7 cells. After interferon stimulation, MxA mRNA and protein levels were lower in sH7 than in parental cells.
CONCLUSION: Tricistronic HCV replicon with double Rbm3 IRESes could be applied to evaluate the replication inhibition efficacy of anti-HCV agents.
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15
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Deroubaix A, Osseman Q, Cassany A, Bégu D, Ragues J, Kassab S, Lainé S, Kann M. Expression of viral polymerase and phosphorylation of core protein determine core and capsid localization of the human hepatitis B virus. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:183-195. [PMID: 25274856 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Biopsies from patients show that hepadnaviral core proteins and capsids - collectively called core - are found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected hepatocytes. In the majority of studies, cytoplasmic core localization is related to low viraemia while nuclear core localization is associated with high viral loads. In order to better understand the molecular interactions leading to core localization, we analysed transfected hepatoma cells using immune fluorescence microscopy. We observed that expression of core protein in the absence of other viral proteins led to nuclear localization of core protein and capsids, while expression of core in the context of the other viral proteins resulted in a predominantly cytoplasmic localization. Analysis of which viral partner was responsible for cytoplasmic retention indicated that the HBx, surface proteins and HBeAg had no impact but that the viral polymerase was the major determinant. Further analysis revealed that ϵ, an RNA structure to which the viral polymerase binds, was essential for cytoplasmic retention. Furthermore, we showed that core protein phosphorylation at Ser 164 was essential for the cytoplasmic core localization phenotype, which is likely to explain differences observed between individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Deroubaix
- Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Programme, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa.,CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Quentin Osseman
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélia Cassany
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Dominique Bégu
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jessica Ragues
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Somar Kassab
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sébastien Lainé
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,Université Montpellier 1, CPBS, UMR 5236 CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael Kann
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
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16
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Hepatitis B virus preS1-derived lipopeptide functionalized liposomes for targeting of hepatic cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6130-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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