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Watanabe Y, Yamamoto H, Shimizu I, Hongo H, Noguchi A, Fujii N, Hoson T, Wakabayashi K, Soga K. Suppression of essential oil biosynthesis in sweet basil cotyledons under hypergravity conditions. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2024; 42:1-7. [PMID: 39067981 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism through which gravity influences the biosynthesis of essential oils in herbs is an important issue for plant and space biology. Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seedlings were cultivated under centrifugal hypergravity conditions at 100 g in the light, and the growth of cotyledons, development of glandular hairs, and biosynthesis of essential oils were analyzed. The area and fresh weight of the cotyledons increased by similar amounts irrespective of the gravitational conditions. On the abaxial surface of the cotyledons, glandular hairs, where essential oils are synthesized and stored, developed from those with single-cell heads to those with four-cell heads; however, hypergravity did not affect this development. The main components, methyl eugenol and 1,8-cineole, in the essential oils of cotyledons were lower in cotyledons grown under hypergravity conditions. The gene expression of enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway involved in the synthesis of methyl eugenol, such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and eugenol O-methyltransferase (EOMT), was downregulated by hypergravity. Hypergravity also decreased the gene expression of enzymes in the 2C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway involved in the synthesis of 1,8-cineole, such as 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 1,8-cineole synthase (CINS). These results indicate that hypergravity without affecting the development of glandular hairs, decreases the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis of methyl eugenol and 1,8-cineole, which may cause a decrease in the amounts of both essential oils in sweet basil cotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hana Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Ikumi Shimizu
- Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hongo
- Faculty of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Arisa Noguchi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Fujii
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hoson
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Wakabayashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kouichi Soga
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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Voelker J, Mauleon R, Shepherd M. A terpene synthase supergene locus determines chemotype in Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 240:1944-1960. [PMID: 37737003 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Leaf oil terpenes vary categorically in many plant populations, leading to discrete phenotypes of adaptive and economic significance, but for most species, a genetic explanation for the concerted fluctuation in terpene chemistry remains unresolved. To uncover the genetic architecture underlying multi-component terpene chemotypes in Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree), a genome-wide association study was undertaken for 148 individuals representing all six recognised chemotypes. A number of single nucleotide polymorphisms in a genomic region of c. 400 kb explained large proportions of the variation in key monoterpenes of tea tree oil. The region contained a cluster of 10 monoterpene synthase genes, including four genes predicted to encode synthases for 1,8-cineole, terpinolene, and the terpinen-4-ol precursor, sabinene hydrate. Chemotype-dependent null alleles at some sites suggested structural variants within this gene cluster, providing a possible basis for linkage disequilibrium in this region. Genotyping in a separate domesticated population revealed that all alleles surrounding this gene cluster were fixed after artificial selection for a single chemotype. These observations indicate that a supergene accounts for chemotypes in M. alternifolia. A genetic model with three haplotypes, encompassing the four characterised monoterpene synthase genes, explained the six terpene chemotypes, and was consistent with available biparental cross-segregation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Voelker
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Ramil Mauleon
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
| | - Mervyn Shepherd
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Military Road, East Lismore, NSW, 2480, Australia
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Spadeto MS, Vasconcelos LC, Menini L, Clarindo WR, Guilhen JHS, Ferreira MFS, Praça-Fontes MM. Intraspecific C-value variation and the outcomes in Psidium cattleyanum Sabine essential oil. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e260455. [PMID: 36169524 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.260455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy, a numerical alteration of the karyotype, is one of the most important mechanisms in plant speciation and diversification, but could also be detected among populations, the cytotypes. For example, Psidium cattleyanum, a polyploid complex, has chromosome numbers ranging from 2n=3x=33 to 2n=12x=132. Polyploidization causes an increase in DNA content, and both modifications may cause alteration in plant growth, physiology, and epigenetics. Based on this possibility, here we aim to verify the influence of the polyploidization on the production of P. cattleyanum essential oil chemotypes. Differences in the DNA contents, as a proxy to different ploidies, were observed and three distinct chemotypes were identified through the chromatographic profile analysis. The Psidium cattleyanum DNA content and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the essential oils presented a positive relationship. Plants with higher DNA contents presented higher levels of oil production, which was mostly composed of hydrogenated sesquiterpenes, while plants with lower DNA contents produced lower amount of oil, which was mostly composed of hydrogenated monoterpenes. Based on the importance of essential oils, polyploid plants, which present higher DNA content, are recommended as possible matrices for the propagation of new plants with the potential to produce major compounds of agronomic and pharmacological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Spadeto
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Laboratório de Citogenética e Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais, Grupo de Pesquisa Agroquímicos e Análise de Toxicidade em Bioensaios, Alegre, ES, Brasil
| | - L C Vasconcelos
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Laboratório de Citogenética e Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais, Grupo de Pesquisa Agroquímicos e Análise de Toxicidade em Bioensaios, Alegre, ES, Brasil
| | - L Menini
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo - IFES, Laboratório de Química Aplicada, Alegre, ES, Brasil
| | - W R Clarindo
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento - PPGGM, Laboratório de Citogenética e Citometria, Grupo de Pesquisa Agroquímicos e Análise de Toxicidade em Bioensaios, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
| | - J H S Guilhen
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Departamento de Agronomia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, Grupo de Pesquisa Agroquímicos e Análise de Toxicidade em Bioensaios, Alegre, ES, Brasil
| | - M F S Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Departamento de Agronomia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Laboratório de Genética Vegetal, Grupo de Pesquisa Agroquímicos e Análise de Toxicidade em Bioensaios, Alegre, ES, Brasil
| | - M M Praça-Fontes
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo - UFES, Centro de Ciências Exatas, Naturais e da Saúde, Departamento de Biologia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento, Laboratório de Citogenética e Cultura de Tecidos Vegetais, Grupo de Pesquisa Agroquímicos e Análise de Toxicidade em Bioensaios, Alegre, ES, Brasil
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Ran Z, Ding W, Cao S, Fang L, Zhou J, Zhang Y. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Effects on secondary metabolite accumulation of traditional Chinese medicines. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:932-938. [PMID: 35733285 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has played a pivotal role in maintaining the health of people, and the intrinsic quality of TCM is directly related to the clinical efficacy. The medicinal ingredients of TCM are derived from the secondary metabolites of plant metabolism and are also the result of the coordination of various physiological activities in plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are among the most ubiquitous plant mutualists that enhance the growth and yield of plants by facilitating the uptake of nutrients and water. Symbiosis of AMF with higher plants promotes growth and helps in the accumulation of secondary metabolites. However, there is still no systematic analysis and summation of their roles in the application of TCM, biosynthesis and accumulation of active substances of herbs, as well as the mechanisms. AMF directly or indirectly affect the accumulation of secondary metabolites of TCM, which is the focus of this review. First, in this review, the effects of AMF symbiosis on the content of different secondary metabolites in TCM, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids, are summarized. Moreover, the mechanism of AMF regulating the synthesis of secondary metabolites was also considered, in combination with the establishment of mycorrhizal symbionts, response mechanisms of plant hormones, nutritional elements and expression of key enzyme their activities. Finally, combined with the current application prospects for AMF in TCM, future in-depth research is planned, thus providing a reference for improving the quality of TCM. In this manuscript, we review the research status of AMF in promoting the accumulation of secondary metabolites in TCM to provide new ideas and methods for improving the quality of TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ran
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - W Ding
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - S Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - L Fang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - J Zhou
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Y Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Mhoswa L, Myburg AA, Slippers B, Külheim C, Naidoo S. Genome-wide association study identifies SNP markers and putative candidate genes for terpene traits important for Leptocybe invasa resistance in Eucalyptus grandis. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6521028. [PMID: 35134191 PMCID: PMC8982386 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Terpenes are an important group of plant specialized metabolites influencing, amongst other functions, defence mechanisms against pests. We used a genome-wide association study to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and putative candidate genes for terpene traits. We tested 15,387 informative SNP markers derived from genotyping 416 Eucalyptus grandis individuals for association with 3 terpene traits, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene, and p-cymene. A multilocus mixed model analysis identified 21 SNP markers for 1,8-cineole on chromosomes 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11, that individually explained 3.0%–8.4% and jointly 42.7% of the phenotypic variation. Association analysis of γ-terpinene found 32 significant SNP markers on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 11, explaining 3.4–15.5% and jointly 54.5% of phenotypic variation. For p-cymene, 28 significant SNP markers were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, and 11, explaining 3.4–16.1% of the phenotypic variation and jointly 46.9%. Our results show that variation underlying the 3 terpene traits is influenced by a few minor loci in combination with a few major effect loci, suggesting an oligogenic nature of the traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine Mhoswa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Carsten Külheim
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931-1295, USA
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
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6
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Chitosan and its oligosaccharides, a promising option for sustainable crop production- a review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 227:115331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhu C, Zhang S, Fu H, Zhou C, Chen L, Li X, Lin Y, Lai Z, Guo Y. Transcriptome and Phytochemical Analyses Provide New Insights Into Long Non-Coding RNAs Modulating Characteristic Secondary Metabolites of Oolong Tea ( Camellia sinensis) in Solar-Withering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1638. [PMID: 31929782 PMCID: PMC6941427 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oolong tea is a popular and semi-fermented beverage. During the processing of tea leaves, withering is the first indispensable process for improving flavor. However, the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the characteristic secondary metabolites during the withering of oolong tea leaves remain unknown. In this study, phytochemical analyses indicated that total polyphenols, flavonoids, catechins, epigallocatechin (EGC), catechin gallate (CG), gallocatechin gallate (GCG), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) were all less abundant in the solar-withered leaves (SW) than in the fresh leaves (FL) and indoor-withered leaves (IW). In contrast, terpenoid, jasmonic acid (JA), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) contents were higher in the SW than in the FL and IW. By analyzing the transcriptome data, we detected 32,036 lncRNAs. On the basis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, the flavonoid metabolic pathway, the terpenoid metabolic pathway, and the JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction pathway were enriched pathways. Additionally, 63 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE-lncRNAs) and 23 target genes were identified related to the three pathways. A comparison of the expression profiles of the DE-lncRNAs and their target genes between the SW and IW revealed four up-regulated genes (FLS, CCR, CAD, and HCT), seven up-regulated lncRNAs, four down-regulated genes (4CL, CHI, F3H, and F3'H), and three down-regulated lncRNAs related to flavonoid metabolism; nine up-regulated genes (DXS, CMK, HDS, HDR, AACT, MVK, PMK, GGPPS, and TPS), three up-regulated lncRNAs, and six down-regulated lncRNAs related to terpenoid metabolism; as well as six up-regulated genes (LOX, AOS, AOC, OPR, ACX, and MFP2), four up-regulated lncRNAs, and three down-regulated lncRNAs related to JA/MeJA biosynthesis and signal transduction. These results suggested that the expression of DE-lncRNAs and their targets involved in the three pathways may be related to the low abundance of the total polyphenols, flavonoids, and catechins (EGC, CG, GCG, ECG, and EGCG) and the high abundance of terpenoids in the SW. Moreover, solar irradiation, high JA and MeJA contents, and the endogenous target mimic (eTM)-related regulatory mechanism in the SW were also crucial for increasing the terpenoid levels. These findings provide new insights into the greater contribution of solar-withering to the high-quality flavor of oolong tea compared with the effects of indoor-withering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Fu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chengzhe Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuling Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuqiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Kainer D, Padovan A, Degenhardt J, Krause S, Mondal P, Foley WJ, Külheim C. High marker density GWAS provides novel insights into the genomic architecture of terpene oil yield in Eucalyptus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1489-1504. [PMID: 31066055 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoid-based essential oils are economically important commodities, yet beyond their biosynthetic pathways, little is known about the genetic architecture of terpene oil yield from plants. Transport, storage, evaporative loss, transcriptional regulation and precursor competition may be important contributors to this complex trait. Here, we associate 2.39 million single nucleotide polymorphisms derived from shallow whole-genome sequencing of 468 Eucalyptus polybractea individuals with 12 traits related to the overall terpene yield, eight direct measures of terpene concentration and four biomass-related traits. Our results show that in addition to terpene biosynthesis, development of secretory cavities, where terpenes are both synthesized and stored, and transport of terpenes were important components of terpene yield. For sesquiterpene concentrations, the availability of precursors in the cytosol was important. Candidate terpene synthase genes for the production of 1,8-cineole and α-pinene, and β-pinene (which comprised > 80% of the total terpenes) were functionally characterized as a 1,8-cineole synthase and a β/α-pinene synthase. Our results provide novel insights into the genomic architecture of terpene yield and we provide candidate genes for breeding or engineering of crops for biofuels or the production of industrially valuable terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kainer
- Center for BioEnergy Innovation, Bioscience Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Amanda Padovan
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- CSIRO, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Joerg Degenhardt
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Sandra Krause
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - Prodyut Mondal
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06120, Germany
| | - William J Foley
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
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Accuracy of Genomic Prediction for Foliar Terpene Traits in Eucalyptus polybractea. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2573-2583. [PMID: 29891736 PMCID: PMC6071609 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Unlike agricultural crops, most forest species have not had millennia of improvement through phenotypic selection, but can contribute energy and material resources and possibly help alleviate climate change. Yield gains similar to those achieved in agricultural crops over millennia could be made in forestry species with the use of genomic methods in a much shorter time frame. Here we compare various methods of genomic prediction for eight traits related to foliar terpene yield in Eucalyptus polybractea, a tree grown predominantly for the production of Eucalyptus oil. The genomic markers used in this study are derived from shallow whole genome sequencing of a population of 480 trees. We compare the traditional pedigree-based additive best linear unbiased predictors (ABLUP), genomic BLUP (GBLUP), BayesB genomic prediction model, and a form of GBLUP based on weighting markers according to their influence on traits (BLUP|GA). Predictive ability is assessed under varying marker densities of 10,000, 100,000 and 500,000 SNPs. Our results show that BayesB and BLUP|GA perform best across the eight traits. Predictive ability was higher for individual terpene traits, such as foliar α-pinene and 1,8-cineole concentration (0.59 and 0.73, respectively), than aggregate traits such as total foliar oil concentration (0.38). This is likely a function of the trait architecture and markers used. BLUP|GA was the best model for the two biomass related traits, height and 1 year change in height (0.25 and 0.19, respectively). Predictive ability increased with marker density for most traits, but with diminishing returns. The results of this study are a solid foundation for yield improvement of essential oil producing eucalypts. New markets such as biopolymers and terpene-derived biofuels could benefit from rapid yield increases in undomesticated oil-producing species.
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Bustos-Segura C, Padovan A, Kainer D, Foley WJ, Külheim C. Transcriptome analysis of terpene chemotypes of Melaleuca alternifolia across different tissues. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:2406-2425. [PMID: 28771760 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant chemotypes or chemical polymorphisms are defined by discrete variation in secondary metabolites within a species. This variation can have consequences for ecological interactions or the human use of plants. Understanding the molecular basis of chemotypic variation can help to explain how variation of plant secondary metabolites is controlled. We explored the transcriptomes of the 3 cardinal terpene chemotypes of Melaleuca alternifolia in young leaves, mature leaves, and stem and compared transcript abundance to variation in the constitutive profile of terpenes. Leaves from chemotype 1 plants (dominated by terpinen-4-ol) show a similar pattern of gene expression when compared to chemotype 5 plants (dominated by 1,8-cineole). Only terpene synthases in young leaves were differentially expressed between these chemotypes, supporting the idea that terpenes are mainly synthetized in young tissue. Chemotype 2 plants (dominated by terpinolene) show a greater degree of differential gene expression compared to the other chemotypes, which might be related to the isolation of plant populations that exhibit this chemotype and the possibility that the terpinolene synthase gene in M. alternifolia was derived by introgression from a closely related species, Melaleuca trichostachya. By using multivariate analyses, we were able to associate terpenes with candidate terpene synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bustos-Segura
- Division of Evolution and Ecology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Entomology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Padovan
- Division of Evolution and Ecology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - David Kainer
- Division of Evolution and Ecology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - William J Foley
- Division of Evolution and Ecology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Division of Evolution and Ecology, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Welling MT, Liu L, Rose TJ, Waters DLE, Benkendorff K. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: effects on plant terpenoid accumulation. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:552-62. [PMID: 26499392 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are a diverse group of soil-dwelling fungi that form symbiotic associations with land plants. AMF-plant associations promote the accumulation of plant terpenoids beneficial to human health, although how AMF mediate terpenoid accumulation is not fully understood. A critical assessment and discussion of the literature relating to mechanisms by which AMF influence plant terpenoid accumulation, and whether this symbiosis can be harnessed in horticultural ecosystems was performed. Modification of plant morphology, phosphorus availability and gene transcription involved with terpenoid biosynthetic pathways were identified as key mechanisms associated with terpenoid accumulation in AMF-colonised plants. In order to exploit AMF-plant symbioses in horticultural ecosystems it is important to consider the specificity of the AMF-plant association, the predominant factor affecting terpenoid accumulation, as well as the end use application of the harvested plant material. Future research should focus on resolving the relationship between ecologically matched AMF genotypes and terpenoid accumulation in plants to establish if these associations are effective in promoting mechanisms favourable for plant terpenoid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Welling
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - L Liu
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - T J Rose
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
- Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - D L E Waters
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - K Benkendorff
- School of Environment, Science & Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
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12
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Sinha P, Srivastava S, Mishra N, Singh DK, Luqman S, Chanda D, Yadav NP. Development, optimization, and characterization of a novel tea tree oil nanogel using response surface methodology. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2016; 42:1434-45. [PMID: 26821208 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2016.1141931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop and optimize nanoemulsion (NE)-based emulgel (EG) formulation as a potential vehicle for topical delivery of tea tree oil (TTO). METHODOLOGY Central composite design was adopted for optimizing the processing conditions for NE preparation by high energy emulsification method viz. surfactant concentration, co-surfactant concentration, and stirring speed. The optimized NE was developed into emulgel (EG) using pH sensitive polymer Carbopol 940 and triethanolamine as alkalizer. The prepared EG was evaluated for its pH, viscosity, and texture parameters, ex vivo permeation at 37 °C and stability. Antimicrobial evaluation of EG in comparison to conventional gel and pure TTO was also carried out against selected microbial strains. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Optimized NE had particle size and zeta potential of 16.23 ± 0.411 nm and 36.11 ± 1.234 mV, respectively. TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of droplets. The pH of EG (5.57 ± 0.05 ) was found to be in accordance with the range of human skin pH. EG also illustrated efficient permeation (79.58 μL/cm(2)) and flux value (JSS) of 7.96 μL cm(2)/h through skin in 10 h. Viscosity and texture parameters, firmness (9.3 ± 0.08 g), spreadability (2.26 ± 0.06 mJ), extrudability (61.6 ± 0.05 mJ), and adhesiveness (8.66 ± 0.08 g) depict its suitability for topical application. Antimicrobial evaluation of EG with same amount of TTO as conventional gel revealed broader zones of growth inhibitions against all the selected microbial strains. Moreover, EG was also found to be nonirritant (PII 0.0833). These parameters were consistent over 90 d. CONCLUSION TTO EG turned out to be a promising vehicle for the topical delivery of TTO with enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyam Sinha
- a Department of Herbal Medicinal Products , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Shruti Srivastava
- a Department of Herbal Medicinal Products , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Nidhi Mishra
- a Department of Herbal Medicinal Products , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Dhananjay Kumar Singh
- b Department of Molecular Bioprospection , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- b Department of Molecular Bioprospection , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Debabrata Chanda
- b Department of Molecular Bioprospection , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
| | - Narayan Prasad Yadav
- a Department of Herbal Medicinal Products , CSIR - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, PO CIMAP , Lucknow , UP , India
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13
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Kainer D, Lanfear R, Foley WJ, Külheim C. Genomic approaches to selection in outcrossing perennials: focus on essential oil crops. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2015; 128:2351-65. [PMID: 26239409 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-015-2591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The yield of essential oil in commercially harvested perennial species (e.g. 'Oil Mallee' eucalypts, Tea Trees and Hop) is dependent on complex quantitative traits such as foliar oil concentration, biomass and adaptability. These often show large natural variation and some are highly heritable, which has enabled significant gains in oil yield via traditional phenotypic recurrent selection. Analysis of transcript abundance and allelic diversity has revealed that essential oil yield is likely to be controlled by large numbers of quantitative trait loci that range from a few of medium/large effect to many of small effect. Molecular breeding techniques that exploit this information could increase gains per unit time and address complications of traditional breeding such as genetic correlations between key traits and the lower heritability of biomass. Genomic selection (GS) is a technique that uses the information from markers genotyped across the whole genome in order to predict the phenotype of progeny well before they reach maturity, allowing selection at an earlier age. In this review, we investigate the feasibility of genomic selection (GS) for the improvement of essential oil yield. We explore the challenges facing breeders selecting for oil yield, and how GS might deal with them. We then assess the factors that affect the accuracy of genomic estimated breeding values, such as linkage disequilibrium (LD), heritability, relatedness and the genetic architecture of desirable traits. We conclude that GS has the potential to significantly improve the efficiency of selection for essential oil yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kainer
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Robert Lanfear
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - William J Foley
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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14
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Padovan A, Patel HR, Chuah A, Huttley GA, Krause ST, Degenhardt J, Foley WJ, Külheim C. Transcriptome sequencing of two phenotypic mosaic Eucalyptus trees reveals large scale transcriptome re-modelling. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123226. [PMID: 25978451 PMCID: PMC4433141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic mosaic trees offer an ideal system for studying differential gene expression. We have investigated two mosaic eucalypt trees from two closely related species (Eucalyptus melliodora and E. sideroxylon), which each support two types of leaves: one part of the canopy is resistant to insect herbivory and the remaining leaves are susceptible. Driving this ecological distinction are differences in plant secondary metabolites. We used these phenotypic mosaics to investigate genome wide patterns of foliar gene expression with the aim of identifying patterns of differential gene expression and the somatic mutation(s) that lead to this phenotypic mosaicism. We sequenced the mRNA pool from leaves of the resistant and susceptible ecotypes from both mosaic eucalypts using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. We found large differences in pathway regulation and gene expression between the ecotypes of each mosaic. The expression of the genes in the MVA and MEP pathways is reflected by variation in leaf chemistry, however this is not the case for the terpene synthases. Apart from the terpene biosynthetic pathway, there are several other metabolic pathways that are differentially regulated between the two ecotypes, suggesting there is much more phenotypic diversity than has been described. Despite the close relationship between the two species, they show large differences in the global patterns of gene and pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Padovan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Hardip R. Patel
- Genome Discovery Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Aaron Chuah
- Genome Discovery Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Gavin A. Huttley
- Genome Discovery Unit, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Sandra T. Krause
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jörg Degenhardt
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - William J. Foley
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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15
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Davies FK, Jinkerson RE, Posewitz MC. Toward a photosynthetic microbial platform for terpenoid engineering. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 123:265-84. [PMID: 24510550 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-9979-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant terpenoids are among the most diverse group of naturally-occurring organic compounds known, and several are used in contemporary consumer products. Terpene synthase enzymes catalyze complex rearrangements of carbon skeleton precursors to yield thousands of unique chemical structures that range in size from the simplest five carbon isoprene unit to the long polymers of rubber. Such chemical diversity has established plant terpenoids as valuable commodity chemicals with applications in the pharmaceutical, neutraceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. More recently, terpenoids have received attention as a renewable alternative to petroleum-derived fuels and as the building blocks of synthetic biopolymers. However, the current plant- and petrochemical-based supplies of commodity terpenoids have major limitations. Photosynthetic microorganisms provide an opportunity to generate terpenoids in a renewable manner, employing a single consolidated host organism that is able to use solar energy, H2O and CO2 as the primary inputs for terpenoid biosynthesis. Advances in synthetic biology have seen important breakthroughs in microbial terpenoid engineering, traditionally via fermentative pathways in yeast and Escherichia coli. This review draws on the knowledge obtained from heterotrophic microbial engineering to propose strategies for the development of microbial photosynthetic platforms for industrial terpenoid production. The importance of utilizing the wealth of genetic information provided by nature to unravel the regulatory mechanisms of terpenoid biosynthesis is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona K Davies
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, 80401, USA,
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16
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Guzman F, Kulcheski FR, Turchetto-Zolet AC, Margis R. De novo assembly of Eugenia uniflora L. transcriptome and identification of genes from the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 229:238-246. [PMID: 25443850 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) is a member of the Myrtaceae family and is of particular interest due to its medicinal properties that are attributed to specialized metabolites with known biological activities. Among these molecules, terpenoids are the most abundant in essential oils that are found in the leaves and represent compounds with potential pharmacological benefits. The terpene diversity observed in Myrtaceae is determined by the activity of different members of the terpene synthase and oxidosqualene cyclase families. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform a de novo assembly of transcripts from E. uniflora leaves and to annotation to identify the genes potentially involved in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway and terpene diversity. In total, 72,742 unigenes with a mean length of 1048bp were identified. Of these, 43,631 and 36,289 were annotated with the NCBI non-redundant protein and Swiss-Prot databases, respectively. The gene ontology categorized the sequences into 53 functional groups. A metabolic pathway analysis with KEGG revealed 8,625 unigenes assigned to 141 metabolic pathways and 40 unigenes predicted to be associated with the biosynthesis of terpenoids. Furthermore, we identified four putative full-length terpene synthase genes involved in sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes biosynthesis, and three putative full-length oxidosqualene cyclase genes involved in the triterpenes biosynthesis. The expression of these genes was validated in different E. uniflora tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Guzman
- PPGGBM, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; PPGBCM, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Franceli Rodrigues Kulcheski
- PPGGBM, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; PPGBCM, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Rogerio Margis
- PPGGBM, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; PPGBCM, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Biofisica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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