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Lammi MJ, Qu C. Regulation of Oxygen Tension as a Strategy to Control Chondrocytic Phenotype for Cartilage Tissue Engineering and Regeneration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:211. [PMID: 38534484 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cartilage defects and osteoarthritis are health problems which are major burdens on health care systems globally, especially in aging populations. Cartilage is a vulnerable tissue, which generally faces a progressive degenerative process when injured. This makes it the 11th most common cause of global disability. Conservative methods are used to treat the initial phases of the illness, while orthopedic management is the method used for more progressed phases. These include, for instance, arthroscopic shaving, microfracturing and mosaicplasty, and joint replacement as the final treatment. Cell-based implantation methods have also been developed. Despite reports of successful treatments, they often suffer from the non-optimal nature of chondrocyte phenotype in the repair tissue. Thus, improved strategies to control the phenotype of the regenerating cells are needed. Avascular tissue cartilage relies on diffusion for nutrients acquisition and the removal of metabolic waste products. A low oxygen content is also present in cartilage, and the chondrocytes are, in fact, well adapted to it. Therefore, this raises an idea that the regulation of oxygen tension could be a strategy to control the chondrocyte phenotype expression, important in cartilage tissue for regenerative purposes. This narrative review discusses the aspects related to oxygen tension in the metabolism and regulation of articular and growth plate chondrocytes and progenitor cell phenotypes, and the role of some microenvironmental factors as regulators of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko J Lammi
- Department of Medical and Translational Biology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chengjuan Qu
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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2
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Zhu D, Trinh P, Liu E, Yang F. Cell-Cell Interactions Enhance Cartilage Zonal Development in 3D Gradient Hydrogels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:831-843. [PMID: 36629329 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue is characterized by zonal organization with gradual transitions of biochemical and mechanical cues from superficial to deep zones. We previously reported that 3D gradient hydrogels made of polyethylene glycol and chondroitin sulfate can induce zonal-specific responses of chondrocytes, resulting in zonal cartilage formation that mimics native tissues. While the role of cell-matrix interactions has been studied extensively, how cell-cell interactions across different zones influence cartilage zonal development remains unknown. The goal of this study is to harness gradient hydrogels as a tool to elucidate the role of cell-cell interactions in driving cartilage zonal development. When encapsulated in intact gradient hydrogels, chondrocytes exhibited strong zonal-specific responses that mimic native cartilage zonal organization. However, the separate culture of each zone of gradient hydrogels resulted in a significant decrease in cell proliferation and cartilage matrix deposition across all zones, while the trend of zonal dependence remains. Unexpectedly, mixing the coculture of all five zones of hydrogels in the same culture well largely abolished the zonal differences, with all zones behaving similarly to the softest zone. These results suggest that paracrine signal exchange among cells in different zones is essential in driving cartilage zonal development, and a spatial organization of zones is required for proper tissue zonal development. Intact, separate, or coculture groups resulted in distinct gene expression patterns in mechanosensing and cartilage-specific markers, suggesting that cell-cell interactions can also modulate mechanosensing. We further showed that 7 days of priming in intact gradient culture was sufficient to instruct the cells to complete the zonal development, and the separate or mixed coculture after 7 days of intact culture had minimal effects on cartilage formation. This study highlights the important role of cell-cell interactions in driving cartilage zonal development and validates gradient hydrogels as a useful tool to elucidate the role of cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions in driving zonal development during tissue morphogenesis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqing Zhu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Pavin Trinh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Elisa Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
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3
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Dehghan-Baniani D, Mehrjou B, Chu PK, Lee WYW, Wu H. Recent Advances in "Functional Engineering of Articular Cartilage Zones by Polymeric Biomaterials Mediated with Physical, Mechanical, and Biological/Chemical Cues". Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 12:e2202581. [PMID: 36571465 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) plays an unquestionable role in joint movements but unfortunately the healing capacity is restricted due to its avascular and acellular nature. While cartilage tissue engineering has been lifesaving, it is very challenging to remodel the complex cartilage composition and architecture with gradient physio-mechanical properties vital to proper tissue functions. To address these issues, a better understanding of the intrinsic AC properties and how cells respond to stimuli from the external microenvironment must be better understood. This is essential in order to take one step closer to producing functional cartilaginous constructs for clinical use. Recently, biopolymers have aroused much attention due to their versatility, processability, and flexibility because the properties can be tailored to match the requirements of AC. This review highlights polymeric scaffolds developed in the past decade for reconstruction of zonal AC layers including the superficial zone, middle zone, and deep zone by means of exogenous stimuli such as physical, mechanical, and biological/chemical signals. The mimicked properties are reviewed in terms of the biochemical composition and organization, cell fate (morphology, orientation, and differentiation), as well as mechanical properties and finally, the challenges and potential ways to tackle them are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Dehghan-Baniani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Babak Mehrjou
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wayne Yuk Wai Lee
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, SH Ho Scoliosis Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Joint Scoliosis Research Centre of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Nanjing University, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, CUHK InnoHK Centres, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongkai Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemistry and the Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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4
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Urtaza U, Guaresti O, Gorroñogoitia I, Zubiarrain-Laserna A, Muiños-López E, Granero-Moltó F, Lamo de Espinosa JM, López-Martinez T, Mazo M, Prósper F, Zaldua AM, Anakabe J. 3D printed bioresorbable scaffolds for articular cartilage tissue engineering: a comparative study between neat polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactide-b-ethylene glycol) (PLA-PEG) block copolymer. Biomed Mater 2022; 17. [PMID: 35700720 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ac78b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work identifies and describes different material-scaffold geometry combinations for cartilage tissue engineering (CTE). Previously reported potentially interesting scaffold geometries were tuned and printed using bioresorbable polycaprolactone and poly(lactide-b-ethylene) block copolymer. Medical grades of both polymers were 3D printed with fused filament fabrication technology within an ISO 7 classified cleanroom. Resulting scaffolds were then optically, mechanically and biologically tested. Results indicated that a few material-scaffold geometry combinations present potential for excellent cell viability as well as for an enhance of the chondrogenic properties of the cells, hence suggesting their suitability for CTE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emma Muiños-López
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Froilán Granero-Moltó
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - J M Lamo de Espinosa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Mazo
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Felipe Prósper
- Hematology and Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine Program, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Foundation for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Jon Anakabe
- Leartiker S. Coop., Markina-Xemein 48270, Spain
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Burdis R, Chariyev-Prinz F, Kelly DJ. Bioprinting of biomimetic self-organised cartilage with a supporting joint fixation device. Biofabrication 2021; 14. [PMID: 34825656 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac36be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite sustained efforts, engineering truly biomimetic articular cartilage (AC) via traditional top-down approaches remains challenging. Emerging biofabrication strategies, from 3D bioprinting to scaffold-free approaches that leverage principles of cellular self-organisation, are generating significant interest in the field of cartilage tissue engineering as a means of developing biomimetic tissue analoguesin vitro.Although such strategies have advanced the quality of engineered cartilage, recapitulation of many key structural features of native AC, in particular a collagen network mimicking the tissue's 'Benninghoff arcade', remains elusive. Additionally, a complete solution to fixating engineered cartilagesin situwithin damaged synovial joints has yet to be identified. This study sought to address both of these key challenges by engineering biomimetic AC within a device designed to anchor the tissue within a synovial joint defect. We first designed and fabricated a fixation device capable of anchoring engineered cartilage into the subchondral bone. Next, we developed a strategy for inkjet printing porcine mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) into this supporting fixation device, which was also designed to provide instructive cues to direct the self-organisation of MSC condensations towards a stratified engineered AC. We found that a higher starting cell-density supported the development of a more zonally defined collagen network within the engineered tissue. Dynamic culture was implemented to further enhance the quality of this engineered tissue, resulting in an approximate 3 fold increase in glycosaminoglycan and collagen accumulation. Ultimately this strategy supported the development of AC that exhibited near-native levels of glycosaminoglycan accumulation (>5% WW), as well as a biomimetic collagen network organisation with a perpendicular to a parallel fibre arrangement (relative to the tissue surface) from the deep to superficial zones via arcading fibres within the middle zone of the engineered tissue. Collectively, this work demonstrates the successful convergence of novel biofabrication methods, bioprinting strategies and culture regimes to engineer a hybrid implant suited to resurfacing AC defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Burdis
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Farhad Chariyev-Prinz
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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6
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Uzieliene I, Bironaite D, Bernotas P, Sobolev A, Bernotiene E. Mechanotransducive Biomimetic Systems for Chondrogenic Differentiation In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9690. [PMID: 34575847 PMCID: PMC8469886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a long-term chronic joint disease characterized by the deterioration of bones and cartilage, which results in rubbing of bones which causes joint stiffness, pain, and restriction of movement. Tissue engineering strategies for repairing damaged and diseased cartilage tissue have been widely studied with various types of stem cells, chondrocytes, and extracellular matrices being on the lead of new discoveries. The application of natural or synthetic compound-based scaffolds for the improvement of chondrogenic differentiation efficiency and cartilage tissue engineering is of great interest in regenerative medicine. However, the properties of such constructs under conditions of mechanical load, which is one of the most important factors for the successful cartilage regeneration and functioning in vivo is poorly understood. In this review, we have primarily focused on natural compounds, particularly extracellular matrix macromolecule-based scaffolds and their combinations for the chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells and chondrocytes. We also discuss different mechanical forces and compression models that are used for In Vitro studies to improve chondrogenic differentiation. Summary of provided mechanical stimulation models In Vitro reviews the current state of the cartilage tissue regeneration technologies and to the potential for more efficient application of cell- and scaffold-based technologies for osteoarthritis or other cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Uzieliene
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (I.U.); (D.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Daiva Bironaite
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (I.U.); (D.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Paulius Bernotas
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (I.U.); (D.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Arkadij Sobolev
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, 21 Aizkraukles Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Eiva Bernotiene
- State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Department of Regenerative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (I.U.); (D.B.); (P.B.)
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7
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Carroll SF, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. Measuring and Modeling Oxygen Transport and Consumption in 3D Hydrogels Containing Chondrocytes and Stem Cells of Different Tissue Origins. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:591126. [PMID: 34124013 PMCID: PMC8188180 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.591126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the local cellular environment influences cell metabolism, phenotype and matrix synthesis is crucial to engineering functional tissue grafts of a clinically relevant scale. The objective of this study was to investigate how the local oxygen environment within engineered cartilaginous tissues is influenced by factors such as cell source, environmental oxygen tension and the cell seeding density. Furthermore, the subsequent impact of such factors on both the cellular oxygen consumption rate and cartilage matrix synthesis were also examined. Bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSCs), infrapatellar fat pad derived stem cells (FPSCs) and chondrocytes (CCs) were seeded into agarose hydrogels and stimulated with transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF- β3). The local oxygen concentration was measured within the center of the constructs, and numerical modeling was employed to predict oxygen gradients and the average oxygen consumption rate within the engineered tissues. The cellular oxygen consumption rate of hydrogel encapsulated CCs remained relatively unchanged with time in culture. In contrast, stem cells were found to possess a relatively high initial oxygen consumption rate, but adopted a less oxidative, more chondrocyte-like oxygen consumption profile following chondrogenic differentiation, resulting in net increases in engineered tissue oxygenation. Furthermore, a greater reduction in oxygen uptake was observed when the oxygen concentration of the external cell culture environment was reduced. In general, cartilage matrix deposition was found to be maximal in regions of low oxygen, but collagen synthesis was inhibited in very low (less than 2%) oxygen regions. These findings suggest that promoting an oxygen consumption profile similar to that of chondrocytes might be considered a key determinant to the success of stem cell-based cartilage tissue engineering strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon F Carroll
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor T Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical, Manufacturing and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Wu Y, Kennedy P, Bonazza N, Yu Y, Dhawan A, Ozbolat I. Three-Dimensional Bioprinting of Articular Cartilage: A Systematic Review. Cartilage 2021; 12:76-92. [PMID: 30373384 PMCID: PMC7755962 DOI: 10.1177/1947603518809410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treatment of chondral injury is clinically challenging. Available chondral repair/regeneration techniques have significant shortcomings. A viable and durable tissue engineering strategy for articular cartilage repair remains an unmet need. Our objective was to systematically evaluate the published data on bioprinted articular cartilage with regards to scaffold-based, scaffold-free and in situ cartilage bioprinting. DESIGN We performed a systematic review of studies using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were searched and all articles evaluating the use of 3-dimensional (3D) bioprinting in articular cartilage were included. Inclusion criteria included studies written in or translated to English, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and specifically discussing bioinks and/or bioprinting of living cells related to articular cartilage applications. Review papers, articles in a foreign language, and studies not involving bioprinting of living cells related to articular cartilage applications were excluded. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies for articular cartilage bioprinting were identified that met inclusion and exclusion criteria. The technologies, materials, cell types used in these studies, and the biological and physical properties of the created constructs have been demonstrated. CONCLUSION These 27 studies have demonstrated 3D bioprinting of articular cartilage to be a tissue engineering strategy that has tremendous potential translational value. The unique abilities of the varied techniques allow replication of mechanical properties and advances toward zonal differentiation. This review demonstrates that bioprinting has great capacity for clinical cartilage reconstruction and future in vivo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Patrick Kennedy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas Bonazza
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yin Yu
- Institute for Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aman Dhawan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Ozbolat
- Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA,Biomedical Engineering Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA,Materials Research Institute, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA,Ibrahim Tarik Ozbolat, Penn State University, W313 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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9
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Vainieri ML, Alini M, Yayon A, van Osch GJVM, Grad S. Mechanical Stress Inhibits Early Stages of Endogenous Cell Migration: A Pilot Study in an Ex Vivo Osteochondral Model. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081754. [PMID: 32781503 PMCID: PMC7466115 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration has a central role in osteochondral defect repair initiation and biomaterial-mediated regeneration. New advancements to reestablish tissue function include biomaterials and factors promoting cell recruitment, differentiation and tissue integration, but little is known about responses to mechanical stimuli. In the present pilot study, we tested the influence of extrinsic forces in combination with biomaterials releasing chemoattractant signals on cell migration. We used an ex vivo mechanically stimulated osteochondral defect explant filled with fibrin/hyaluronan hydrogel, in presence or absence of platelet-derived growth factor-BB or stromal cell-derived factor 1, to assess endogenous cell recruitment into the wound site. Periodic mechanical stress at early time point negatively influenced cell infiltration compared to unloaded samples, and the implementation of chemokines to increase cell migration was not efficient to overcome this negative effect. The gene expression at 15 days of culture indicated a marked downregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)13 and MMP3, a decrease of β1 integrin and increased mRNA levels of actin in osteochondral samples exposed to complex load. This work using an ex vivo osteochondral mechanically stimulated advanced platform demonstrated that recurrent mechanical stress at early time points impeded cell migration into the hydrogel, providing a unique opportunity to improve our understanding on management of joint injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Vainieri
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (M.L.V.); (M.A.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mauro Alini
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (M.L.V.); (M.A.)
| | - Avner Yayon
- ProCore Ltd., Weizmann Science Park, 7 Golda Meir St., Ness Ziona 70400, Israel;
| | - Gerjo J. V. M. van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Delft, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sibylle Grad
- AO Research Institute Davos, 7270 Davos, Switzerland; (M.L.V.); (M.A.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-81-4142480
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10
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Semba JA, Mieloch AA, Rybka JD. Introduction to the state-of-the-art 3D bioprinting methods, design, and applications in orthopedics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bprint.2019.e00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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11
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Schipani R, Scheurer S, Florentin R, Critchley SE, Kelly DJ. Reinforcing interpenetrating network hydrogels with 3D printed polymer networks to engineer cartilage mimetic composites. Biofabrication 2020; 12:035011. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab8708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Calejo I, Costa-Almeida R, Reis RL, Gomes ME. A Physiology-Inspired Multifactorial Toolbox in Soft-to-Hard Musculoskeletal Interface Tissue Engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:83-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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13
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Rathan S, Dejob L, Schipani R, Haffner B, Möbius ME, Kelly DJ. Fiber Reinforced Cartilage ECM Functionalized Bioinks for Functional Cartilage Tissue Engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801501. [PMID: 30624015 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Focal articular cartilage (AC) defects, if left untreated, can lead to debilitating diseases such as osteoarthritis. While several tissue engineering strategies have been developed to promote cartilage regeneration, it is still challenging to generate functional AC capable of sustaining high load-bearing environments. Here, a new class of cartilage extracellular matrix (cECM)-functionalized alginate bioink is developed for the bioprinting of cartilaginous tissues. The bioinks are 3D-printable, support mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) viability postprinting and robust chondrogenesis in vitro, with the highest levels of COLLII and ACAN expression observed in bioinks containing the highest concentration of cECM. Enhanced chondrogenesis in cECM-functionalized bioinks is also associated with progression along an endochondral-like pathway, as evident by increases in RUNX2 expression and calcium deposition in vitro. The bioinks loaded with MSCs and TGF-β3 are also found capable of supporting robust chondrogenesis, opening the possibility of using such bioinks for direct "print-and-implant" cartilage repair strategies. Finally, it is demonstrated that networks of 3D-printed polycaprolactone fibers with compressive modulus comparable to native AC can be used to mechanically reinforce these bioinks, with no loss in cell viability. It is envisioned that combinations of such biomaterials can be used in multiple-tool biofabrication strategies for the bioprinting of biomimetic cartilaginous implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Rathan
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Léa Dejob
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Mulhouse, Université de Haute-Alsace, 68200, Mulhouse, France
| | - Rossana Schipani
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
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14
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Yodmuang S, Guo H, Brial C, Warren RF, Torzilli PA, Chen T, Maher SA. Effect of interface mechanical discontinuities on scaffold-cartilage integration. J Orthop Res 2019; 37:845-854. [PMID: 30690798 PMCID: PMC6957060 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A consistent lack of lateral integration between scaffolds and adjacent articular cartilage has been exhibited in vitro and in vivo. Given the mismatch in mechanical properties between scaffolds and articular cartilage, the mechanical discontinuity that occurs at the interface has been implicated as a key factor, but remains inadequately studied. Our objective was to investigate how the mechanical environment within a mechanically loaded scaffold-cartilage construct might affect integration. We hypothesized that the magnitude of the mechanical discontinuity at the scaffold-cartilage interface would be related to decreased integration. To test this hypothesis, chondrocyte seeded scaffolds were embedded into cartilage explants, pre-cultured for 14 days, and then mechanically loaded for 28 days at either 1N or 6N of applied load. Constructs were kept either peripherally confined or unconfined throughout the duration of the experiment. Stress, strain, fluid flow, and relative displacements at the cartilage-scaffold interface and within the scaffold were quantified using biphasic, inhomogeneous finite element models (bFEMs). The bFEMs indicated compressive and shear stress discontinuities occurred at the scaffold-cartilage interface for the confined and unconfined groups. The mechanical strength of the scaffold-cartilage interface and scaffold GAG content were higher in the radially confined 1N loaded groups. Multivariate regression analyses identified the strength of the interface prior to the commencement of loading and fluid flow within the scaffold as the main factors associated with scaffold-cartilage integration. Our study suggests a minimum level of scaffold-cartilage integration is needed prior to the commencement of loading, although the exact threshold has yet to be identified. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supansa Yodmuang
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Hongqiang Guo
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Caroline Brial
- Department of Biomechanics, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York 10021 New York
| | - Russell F. Warren
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Peter A. Torzilli
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Tony Chen
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Suzanne A. Maher
- Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York,,Department of Biomechanics, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York 10021 New York
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15
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Daly AC, Kelly DJ. Biofabrication of spatially organised tissues by directing the growth of cellular spheroids within 3D printed polymeric microchambers. Biomaterials 2019; 197:194-206. [PMID: 30660995 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Successful tissue engineering requires the generation of human scale implants that mimic the structure, composition and mechanical properties of native tissues. Here, we report a novel biofabrication strategy that enables the engineering of structurally organised tissues by guiding the growth of cellular spheroids within arrays of 3D printed polymeric microchambers. With the goal of engineering stratified articular cartilage, inkjet bioprinting was used to deposit defined numbers of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and chondrocytes into pre-printed microchambers. These jetted cell suspensions rapidly underwent condensation within the hydrophobic microchambers, leading to the formation of organised arrays of cellular spheroids. The microchambers were also designed to provide boundary conditions to these spheroids, guiding their growth and eventual fusion, leading to the development of stratified cartilage tissue with a depth-dependant collagen fiber architecture that mimicked the structure of native articular cartilage. Furthermore, the composition and biomechanical properties of the bioprinted cartilage was also comparable to the native tissue. Using multi-tool biofabrication, we were also able to engineer anatomically accurate, human scale, osteochondral templates by printing this microchamber system on top of a hypertrophic cartilage region designed to support endochondral bone formation and then maintaining the entire construct in long-term bioreactor culture to enhance tissue development. This bioprinting strategy provides a versatile and scalable approach to engineer structurally organised cartilage tissues for joint resurfacing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Daly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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16
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Critchley S, Cunniffe G, O'Reilly A, Diaz-Payno P, Schipani R, McAlinden A, Withers D, Shin J, Alsberg E, Kelly DJ. Regeneration of Osteochondral Defects Using Developmentally Inspired Cartilaginous Templates. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 25:159-171. [PMID: 30358516 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2018.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Successfully treating osteochondral defects involves regenerating both the damaged articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone, in addition to the complex interface that separates these tissues. In this study, we demonstrate that a cartilage template, engineered using bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, can enhance the regeneration of such defects and promote the development of a more mechanically functional repair tissue. We also use a computational mechanobiological model to understand how joint-specific environmental factors, specifically oxygen levels and tissue strains, regulate the conversion of the engineered template into cartilage and bone in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Critchley
- 1 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,2 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gráinne Cunniffe
- 1 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,2 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adam O'Reilly
- 1 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,2 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pedro Diaz-Payno
- 1 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,2 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rossana Schipani
- 1 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,2 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aidan McAlinden
- 3 Section of Veterinary Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Jungyoun Shin
- 5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Eben Alsberg
- 5 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,6 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,7 National Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- 1 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,2 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,8 Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin and Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,9 Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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17
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Haugh MG, Vaughan TJ, Madl CM, Raftery RM, McNamara LM, O'Brien FJ, Heilshorn SC. Investigating the interplay between substrate stiffness and ligand chemistry in directing mesenchymal stem cell differentiation within 3D macro-porous substrates. Biomaterials 2018; 171:23-33. [PMID: 29677521 PMCID: PMC5997298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dimensionality can have a profound impact on stiffness-mediated differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, while we have begun to understand cellular response when encapsulated within 3D substrates, the behavior of cells within macro-porous substrates is relatively underexplored. The goal of this study was to determine the influence of macro-porous topographies on stiffness-mediated differentiation of MSCs. We developed macro-porous recombinant elastin-like protein (ELP) substrates that allow independent control of mechanical properties and ligand chemistry. We then used computational modeling to probe the impact of pore topography on the mechanical stimulus that cells are exposed to within these substrates, and finally we investigated stiffness induced biases towards adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs within macro-porous substrates. Computational modeling revealed that there is significant heterogeneity in the mechanical stimuli that cells are exposed to within porous substrates and that this heterogeneity is predominantly due to the wide range of possible cellular orientations within the pores. Surprisingly, MSCs grown within 3D porous substrates respond to increasing substrate stiffness by up-regulating both osteogenesis and adipogenesis. These results demonstrate that within porous substrates the behavior of MSCs diverges from previously observed responses to substrate stiffness, emphasizing the importance of topography as a determinant of cellular behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Haugh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ted J Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Rosanne M Raftery
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laoise M McNamara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Fergal J O'Brien
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI & TCD, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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18
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Albro MB, Bergholt MS, St-Pierre JP, Vinals Guitart A, Zlotnick HM, Evita EG, Stevens MM. Raman spectroscopic imaging for quantification of depth-dependent and local heterogeneities in native and engineered cartilage. NPJ Regen Med 2018; 3:3. [PMID: 29449966 PMCID: PMC5807411 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-018-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage possesses a remarkable, mechanically-robust extracellular matrix (ECM) that is organized and distributed throughout the tissue to resist physiologic strains and provide low friction during articulation. The ability to characterize the make-up and distribution of the cartilage ECM is critical to both understand the process by which articular cartilage undergoes disease-related degeneration and to develop novel tissue repair strategies to restore tissue functionality. However, the ability to quantitatively measure the spatial distribution of cartilage ECM constituents throughout the tissue has remained a major challenge. In this experimental investigation, we assessed the analytical ability of Raman micro-spectroscopic imaging to semi-quantitatively measure the distribution of the major ECM constituents in cartilage tissues. Raman spectroscopic images were acquired of two distinct cartilage tissue types that possess large spatial ECM gradients throughout their depth: native articular cartilage explants and large engineered cartilage tissue constructs. Spectral acquisitions were processed via multivariate curve resolution to decompose the "fingerprint" range spectra (800-1800 cm-1) to the component spectra of GAG, collagen, and water, giving rise to the depth dependent concentration profile of each constituent throughout the tissues. These Raman spectroscopic acquired-profiles exhibited strong agreement with profiles independently acquired via direct biochemical assaying of spatial tissue sections. Further, we harness this spectroscopic technique to evaluate local heterogeneities through the depth of cartilage. This work represents a powerful analytical validation of the accuracy of Raman spectroscopic imaging measurements of the spatial distribution of biochemical components in a biological tissue and shows that it can be used as a valuable tool for quantitatively measuring the distribution and organization of ECM constituents in native and engineered cartilage tissue specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Albro
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - M. S. Bergholt
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - J. P. St-Pierre
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - A. Vinals Guitart
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - H. M. Zlotnick
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - E. G. Evita
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - M. M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
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19
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Daly AC, Sathy BN, Kelly DJ. Engineering large cartilage tissues using dynamic bioreactor culture at defined oxygen conditions. J Tissue Eng 2018; 9:2041731417753718. [PMID: 29399319 PMCID: PMC5788092 DOI: 10.1177/2041731417753718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells maintained in appropriate culture conditions are capable of producing robust cartilage tissue. However, gradients in nutrient availability that arise during three-dimensional culture can result in the development of spatially inhomogeneous cartilage tissues with core regions devoid of matrix. Previous attempts at developing dynamic culture systems to overcome these limitations have reported suppression of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis compared to static conditions. We hypothesize that by modulating oxygen availability during bioreactor culture, it is possible to engineer cartilage tissues of scale. The objective of this study was to determine whether dynamic bioreactor culture, at defined oxygen conditions, could facilitate the development of large, spatially homogeneous cartilage tissues using mesenchymal stem cell laden hydrogels. A dynamic culture regime was directly compared to static conditions for its capacity to support chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in both small and large alginate hydrogels. The influence of external oxygen tension on the response to the dynamic culture conditions was explored by performing the experiment at 20% O2 and 3% O2. At 20% O2, dynamic culture significantly suppressed chondrogenesis in engineered tissues of all sizes. In contrast, at 3% O2 dynamic culture significantly enhanced the distribution and amount of cartilage matrix components (sulphated glycosaminoglycan and collagen II) in larger constructs compared to static conditions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that dynamic culture regimes that provide adequate nutrient availability and a low oxygen environment can be employed to engineer large homogeneous cartilage tissues. Such culture systems could facilitate the scaling up of cartilage tissue engineering strategies towards clinically relevant dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Daly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Binulal N Sathy
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi, India
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Critchley SE, Eswaramoorthy R, Kelly DJ. Low‐oxygen conditions promote synergistic increases in chondrogenesis during co‐culture of human osteoarthritic stem cells and chondrocytes. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1074-1084. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Critchley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of EngineeringTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER)Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of EngineeringTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER)Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of EngineeringTrinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
- Department of AnatomyRoyal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER)Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin Dublin Ireland
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21
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Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is a seemingly simple tissue that has only one type of constituting cell and no blood vessels and nerves. In the early days of tissue engineering, cartilage appeared to be an easy and promising target for reconstruction and this was especially motivating because of widespread AC pathologies such as osteoarthritis and frequent sports-induced injuries. However, AC has proven to be anything but simple. Recreating the varying properties of its zonal structure is a challenge that has not yet been fully answered. This caused the shift in tissue engineering strategies toward bioinspired or biomimetic approaches that attempt to mimic and simulate as much as possible the structure and function of the native tissues. Hydrogels, particularly gradient hydrogels, have shown great potential as components of the biomimetic engineering of the cartilaginous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gadjanski
- Belgrade Metropolitan University, Belgrade, Serbia
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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22
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Gadjanski I. Recent advances on gradient hydrogels in biomimetic cartilage tissue engineering. F1000Res 2017; 6:F1000 Faculty Rev-2158. [PMID: 29333257 PMCID: PMC5749123 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12391.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is a seemingly simple tissue that has only one type of constituting cell and no blood vessels and nerves. In the early days of tissue engineering, cartilage appeared to be an easy and promising target for reconstruction and this was especially motivating because of widespread AC pathologies such as osteoarthritis and frequent sports-induced injuries. However, AC has proven to be anything but simple. Recreating the varying properties of its zonal structure is a challenge that has not yet been fully answered. This caused the shift in tissue engineering strategies toward bioinspired or biomimetic approaches that attempt to mimic and simulate as much as possible the structure and function of the native tissues. Hydrogels, particularly gradient hydrogels, have shown great potential as components of the biomimetic engineering of the cartilaginous tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Gadjanski
- Belgrade Metropolitan University, Belgrade, Serbia
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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23
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Carroll SF, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. Cyclic Tensile Strain Can Play a Role in Directing both Intramembranous and Endochondral Ossification of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2017; 5:73. [PMID: 29230389 PMCID: PMC5712005 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2017.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Successfully regenerating damaged or diseased bone and other joint tissues will require a detailed understanding of how joint specific environmental cues regulate the fate of progenitor cells that are recruited or delivered to the site of injury. The goal of this study was to explore the role of cyclic tensile strain (CTS) in regulating the initiation of mesenchymal stem cell/multipotent stromal cell (MSC) differentiation, and specifically their progression along the endochondral pathway. To this end, we first explored the influence of CTS on the differentiation of MSCs in the absence of any specific growth factor, and secondly, we examined the influence of the long-term application of this mechanical stimulus on markers of endochondral ossification in MSCs maintained in chondrogenic culture conditions. A custom bioreactor was developed to apply uniaxial tensile deformation to bone marrow-derived MSCs encapsulated within physiological relevant 3D fibrin hydrogels. Mechanical loading, applied in the absence of soluble differentiation factors, was found to enhance the expression of both tenogenic (COL1A1) and osteogenic markers (BMP2, RUNX2, and ALPL), while suppressing markers of adipogenesis. No evidence of chondrogenesis was observed, suggesting that CTS can play a role in initiating direct intramembranous ossification. During long-term culture in the presence of a chondrogenic growth factor, CTS was shown to induce MSC re-organization and alignment, increase proteoglycan and collagen production, and to enhance the expression of markers associated with endochondral ossification (BMP2, RUNX2, ALPL, OPN, and COL10A1) in a strain magnitude-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings indicate that tensile loading may play a key role in promoting both intramembranous and endochondral ossification of MSCs in a context-dependent manner. In both cases, this loading-induced promotion of osteogenesis was correlated with an increase in the expression of the osteogenic growth factor BMP2. The results of this study demonstrate the potent role that extrinsic mechanical loading plays in guiding stem cell fate, which must be carefully considered when designing cell and tissue-engineering therapies if they are to realize their clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon F. Carroll
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor T. Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Levato R, Webb WR, Otto IA, Mensinga A, Zhang Y, van Rijen M, van Weeren R, Khan IM, Malda J. The bio in the ink: cartilage regeneration with bioprintable hydrogels and articular cartilage-derived progenitor cells. Acta Biomater 2017; 61:41-53. [PMID: 28782725 PMCID: PMC7116023 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell-laden hydrogels are the primary building blocks for bioprinting, and, also termed bioinks, are the foundations for creating structures that can potentially recapitulate the architecture of articular cartilage. To be functional, hydrogel constructs need to unlock the regenerative capacity of encapsulated cells. The recent identification of multipotent articular cartilage-resident chondroprogenitor cells (ACPCs), which share important traits with adult stem cells, represents a new opportunity for cartilage regeneration. However, little is known about the suitability of ACPCs for tissue engineering, especially in combination with biomaterials. This study aimed to investigate the potential of ACPCs in hydrogels for cartilage regeneration and biofabrication, and to evaluate their ability for zone-specific matrix production. Gelatin methacryloyl (gelMA)-based hydrogels were used to culture ACPCs, bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and chondrocytes, and as bioinks for printing. Our data shows ACPCs outperformed chondrocytes in terms of neo-cartilage production and unlike MSCs, ACPCs had the lowest gene expression levels of hypertrophy marker collagen type X, and the highest expression of PRG4, a key factor in joint lubrication. Co-cultures of the cell types in multi-compartment hydrogels allowed generating constructs with a layered distribution of collagens and glycosaminoglycans. By combining ACPC- and MSC-laden bioinks, a bioprinted model of articular cartilage was generated, consisting of defined superficial and deep regions, each with distinct cellular and extracellular matrix composition. Taken together, these results provide important information for the use of ACPC-laden hydrogels in regenerative medicine, and pave the way to the biofabrication of 3D constructs with multiple cell types for cartilage regeneration or in vitro tissue models. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Despite its limited ability to repair, articular cartilage harbors an endogenous population of progenitor cells (ACPCs), that to date, received limited attention in biomaterials and tissue engineering applications. Harnessing the potential of these cells in 3D hydrogels can open new avenues for biomaterial-based regenerative therapies, especially with advanced biofabrication technologies (e.g. bioprinting). This study highlights the potential of ACPCs to generate neo-cartilage in a gelatin-based hydrogel and bioink. The ACPC-laden hydrogel is a suitable substrate for chondrogenesis and data shows it has a bias in directing cells towards a superficial zone phenotype. For the first time, ACPC-hydrogels are evaluated both as alternative for and in combination with chondrocytes and MSCs, using co-cultures and bioprinting for cartilage regeneration in vitro. This study provides important cues on ACPCs, indicating they represent a promising cell source for the next generation of cartilage constructs with increased biomimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Levato
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - William R Webb
- Center for Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Iris A Otto
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anneloes Mensinga
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yadan Zhang
- Center for Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Mattie van Rijen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilyas M Khan
- Center for Nanohealth, Swansea University Medical School, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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25
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Schiavi J, Reppel L, Charif N, de Isla N, Mainard D, Benkirane-Jessel N, Stoltz JF, Rahouadj R, Huselstein C. Mechanical stimulations on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance cells differentiation in a three-dimensional layered scaffold. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:360-369. [PMID: 28486755 DOI: 10.1002/term.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolds laden with stem cells are a promising approach for articular cartilage repair. Investigations have shown that implantation of artificial matrices, growth factors or chondrocytes can stimulate cartilage formation, but no existing strategies apply mechanical stimulation on stratified scaffolds to mimic the cartilage environment. The purpose of this study was to adapt a spraying method for stratified cartilage engineering and to stimulate the biosubstitute. Human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow were seeded in an alginate (Alg)/hyaluronic acid (HA) or Alg/hydroxyapatite (Hap) gel to direct cartilage and hypertrophic cartilage/subchondral bone differentiation, respectively, in different layers within a single scaffold. Homogeneous or composite stratified scaffolds were cultured for 28 days and cell viability and differentiation were assessed. The heterogeneous scaffold was stimulated daily. The mechanical behaviour of the stratified scaffolds were investigated by plane-strain compression tests. Results showed that the spraying process did not affect cell viability. Moreover, cell differentiation driven by the microenvironment was increased with loading: in the layer with Alg/HA, a specific extracellular matrix of cartilage, composed of glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen was observed, and in the Alg/Hap layer more collagen X was detected. Hap seemed to drive cells to a hypertrophic chondrocytic phenotype and increased mechanical resistance of the scaffold. In conclusion, mechanical stimulations will allow for the production of a stratified biosubstitute, laden with human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, which is capable in vivo to mimic all depths of chondral defects, thanks to an efficient combination of stem cells, biomaterial compositions and mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schiavi
- CNRS UMR 7365 - Lorraine University, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Fédération de Recherche 3209, Bioingénierie Moléculaire Cellulaire et Thérapeutique, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Loïc Reppel
- CNRS UMR 7365 - Lorraine University, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Fédération de Recherche 3209, Bioingénierie Moléculaire Cellulaire et Thérapeutique, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,CHRU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Naceur Charif
- CNRS UMR 7365 - Lorraine University, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Fédération de Recherche 3209, Bioingénierie Moléculaire Cellulaire et Thérapeutique, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Natalia de Isla
- CNRS UMR 7365 - Lorraine University, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Fédération de Recherche 3209, Bioingénierie Moléculaire Cellulaire et Thérapeutique, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Didier Mainard
- CNRS UMR 7365 - Lorraine University, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Fédération de Recherche 3209, Bioingénierie Moléculaire Cellulaire et Thérapeutique, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,CHRU de Nancy, Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologique, Nancy, France
| | | | - Jean-François Stoltz
- CNRS UMR 7365 - Lorraine University, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Fédération de Recherche 3209, Bioingénierie Moléculaire Cellulaire et Thérapeutique, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,CHRU de Nancy, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Rachid Rahouadj
- CNRS - UMR 7563 - Lorraine University, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Céline Huselstein
- CNRS UMR 7365 - Lorraine University, Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), Biopôle, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Fédération de Recherche 3209, Bioingénierie Moléculaire Cellulaire et Thérapeutique, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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26
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Rodenas-Rochina J, Kelly DJ, Gómez Ribelles JL, Lebourg M. Influence of oxygen levels on chondrogenesis of porcine mesenchymal stem cells cultured in polycaprolactone scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1684-1691. [PMID: 28218494 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is known to be regulated by a number of environmental factors, including local oxygen levels. The hypothesis of this study is that the response of MSCs to hypoxia is dependent on the physical and chemical characteristics of the substrate used. The objective of this study was to explore how different modifications to polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds influenced the response of MSCs to hypoxia. PCL, PCL-hyaluronic acid (HA), and PCL-Bioglass® (BG) scaffolds were seeded with MSCs derived from bone marrow and cultured for 35 days under normoxic or low oxygen conditions, and the resulting biochemical properties of the MSC laden construct were assessed. Low oxygen tension has a positive effect over cell proliferation and macromolecules biosynthesis. Furthermore, hypoxia enhanced the distribution of collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) deposition through the scaffold. On the other hand, MSCs displayed certain material dependent responses to hypoxia. Low oxygen tension had a positive effect on cell proliferation in BG and HA scaffolds, but only a positive effect on GAGs synthesis in PCL and HA scaffolds. In conclusion, hypoxia increased cell viability and expression of chondrogenic markers but the cell response was modulated by the type of scaffold used. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1684-1691, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Rodenas-Rochina
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, CBIT, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jose Luis Gómez Ribelles
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, CBIT, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain
| | - Myriam Lebourg
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, CBIT, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, (CIBER-BBN), Valencia, Spain
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27
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Pauly HM, Sathy BN, Olvera D, McCarthy HO, Kelly DJ, Popat KC, Dunne NJ, Haut Donahue TL. * Hierarchically Structured Electrospun Scaffolds with Chemically Conjugated Growth Factor for Ligament Tissue Engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 23:823-836. [PMID: 28350237 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee is vital for proper joint function and is commonly ruptured during sports injuries or car accidents. Due to a lack of intrinsic healing capacity and drawbacks with allografts and autografts, there is a need for a tissue-engineered ACL replacement. Our group has previously used aligned sheets of electrospun polycaprolactone nanofibers to develop solid cylindrical bundles of longitudinally aligned nanofibers. We have shown that these nanofiber bundles support cell proliferation and elongation and the hierarchical structure and material properties are similar to the native human ACL. It is possible to combine multiple nanofiber bundles to create a scaffold that attempts to mimic the macroscale structure of the ACL. The goal of this work was to develop a hierarchical bioactive scaffold for ligament tissue engineering using connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)-conjugated nanofiber bundles and evaluate the behavior of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on these scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. CTGF was immobilized onto the surface of individual nanofiber bundles or scaffolds consisting of multiple nanofiber bundles. The conjugation efficiency and the release of conjugated CTGF were assessed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, assays, and immunofluorescence staining. Scaffolds were seeded with MSCs and maintained in vitro for 7 days (individual nanofiber bundles), in vitro for 21 days (scaled-up scaffolds of 20 nanofiber bundles), or in vivo for 6 weeks (small scaffolds of 4 nanofiber bundles), and ligament-specific tissue formation was assessed in comparison to non-CTGF-conjugated control scaffolds. Results showed that CTGF conjugation encouraged cell proliferation and ligament-specific tissue formation in vitro and in vivo. The results suggest that hierarchical electrospun nanofiber bundles conjugated with CTGF are a scalable and bioactive scaffold for ACL tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Pauly
- 1 School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Binulal N Sathy
- 2 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dinorath Olvera
- 2 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- 3 School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- 2 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland .,4 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland .,5 Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin, Ireland .,6 Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ketul C Popat
- 1 School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado.,7 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Nicholas J Dunne
- 2 Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute , Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland .,3 School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast, United Kingdom .,8 Centre for Medical Engineering Research, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tammy Lynn Haut Donahue
- 1 School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado.,7 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University , Fort Collins, Colorado
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28
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Short bursts of cyclic mechanical compression modulate tissue formation in a 3D hybrid scaffold. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 71:165-174. [PMID: 28342324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among the cues affecting cells behaviour, mechanical stimuli are known to have a key role in tissue formation and mineralization of bone cells. While soft scaffolds are better at mimicking the extracellular environment, they cannot withstand the high loads required to be efficient substitutes for bone in vivo. We propose a 3D hybrid scaffold combining the load-bearing capabilities of polycaprolactone (PCL) and the ECM-like chemistry of collagen gel to support the dynamic mechanical differentiation of human embryonic mesodermal progenitor cells (hES-MPs). In this study, hES-MPs were cultured in vitro and a BOSE Bioreactor was employed to induce cells differentiation by mechanical stimulation. From day 6, samples were compressed by applying a 5% strain ramp followed by peak-to-peak 1% strain sinewaves at 1Hz for 15min. Three different conditions were tested: unloaded (U), loaded from day 6 to day 10 (L1) and loaded as L1 and from day 16 to day 20 (L2). Cell viability, DNA content and osteocalcin expression were tested. Samples were further stained with 1% osmium tetroxide in order to investigate tissue growth and mineral deposition by micro-computed tomography (µCT). Tissue growth involved volumes either inside or outside samples at day 21 for L1, suggesting cyclic stimulation is a trigger for delayed proliferative response of cells. Cyclic load also had a role in the mineralization process preventing mineral deposition when applied at the early stage of culture. Conversely, cyclic load during the late stage of culture on pre-compressed samples induced mineral formation. This study shows that short bursts of compression applied at different stages of culture have contrasting effects on the ability of hES-MPs to induce tissue formation and mineral deposition. The results pave the way for a new approach using mechanical stimulation in the development of engineered in vitro tissue as replacement for large bone fractures.
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29
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Guo T, Lembong J, Zhang LG, Fisher JP. Three-Dimensional Printing Articular Cartilage: Recapitulating the Complexity of Native Tissue<sup/>. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2016; 23:225-236. [PMID: 27875945 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2016.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, the field of tissue engineering combined with rapid prototyping (RP) techniques has been successful in creating biological substitutes that mimic tissues. Its applications in regenerative medicine have drawn efforts in research from various scientific fields, diagnostics, and clinical translation to therapies. While some areas of therapeutics are well developed, such as skin replacement, many others such as cartilage repair can still greatly benefit from tissue engineering and RP due to the low success and/or inefficiency of current existing, often surgical treatments. Through fabrication of complex scaffolds and development of advanced materials, RP provides a new avenue for cartilage repair. Computer-aided design and three-dimensional (3D) printing allow the fabrication of modeled cartilage scaffolds for repair and regeneration of damaged cartilage tissues. Specifically, the various processes of 3D printing will be discussed in details, both cellular and acellular techniques, covering the different materials, geometries, and operational printing conditions for the development of tissue-engineered articular cartilage. Finally, we conclude with some insights on future applications and challenges related to this technology, especially using 3D printing techniques to recapitulate the complexity of native structure for advanced cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- 1 Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | - Josephine Lembong
- 1 Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
| | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- 2 Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University , Washington, District of Columbia
| | - John P Fisher
- 1 Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland
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30
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Daly AC, Critchley SE, Rencsok EM, Kelly DJ. A comparison of different bioinks for 3D bioprinting of fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage. Biofabrication 2016; 8:045002. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/4/045002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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31
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Mellati A, Fan CM, Tamayol A, Annabi N, Dai S, Bi J, Jin B, Xian C, Khademhosseini A, Zhang H. Microengineered 3D cell-laden thermoresponsive hydrogels for mimicking cell morphology and orientation in cartilage tissue engineering. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:217-231. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mellati
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Chia-Ming Fan
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research; University of South Australia; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Ali Tamayol
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Boston Massachusetts 02115
| | - Nasim Annabi
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Boston Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Northeastern University; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Sheng Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Jingxiu Bi
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Bo Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Cory Xian
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research; University of South Australia; Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts 02139
- Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts 02139
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering; Harvard University; Boston Massachusetts 02115
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology; Konkuk University; Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu Seoul 143-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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32
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Unravelling the Role of Mechanical Stimuli in Regulating Cell Fate During Osteochondral Defect Repair. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:3446-3459. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Luo L, O'Reilly AR, Thorpe SD, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. Engineering zonal cartilaginous tissue by modulating oxygen levels and mechanical cues through the depth of infrapatellar fat pad stem cell laden hydrogels. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2613-2628. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Adam R. O'Reilly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Stephen D. Thorpe
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Conor T. Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Anatomy; Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER); Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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34
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Luo L, Chu JYJ, Eswaramoorthy R, Mulhall KJ, Kelly DJ. Engineering Tissues That Mimic the Zonal Nature of Articular Cartilage Using Decellularized Cartilage Explants Seeded with Adult Stem Cells. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:1933-1943. [PMID: 33440551 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) possesses uniquely complex mechanical properties; for example its stiffness increases with depth through the tissue and it softens when compressed. These properties are integral to the function of AC and can be attributed to the tissue's collagen network and how it interacts with negatively charged proteoglycans. In this study, scaffolds containing arrays of channels were produced from decellularized AC explants derived from skeletally immature and mature pigs. These scaffolds were then repopulated with human infrapatellar fat pad derived stem cells (FPSCs). After 4 weeks in culture, FPSCs filled channels within the decellularized explants with a matrix rich in proteoglycans and collagen. Cellular and neo-matrix alignment within these scaffolds appeared to be influenced by the underlying collagen architecture of the decellularized cartilage. Repopulating scaffolds derived from decellularized skeletally mature cartilage with FPSCs led to the development of engineered cartilage with depth-dependent mechanical properties mimicking aspects of native tissue. Furthermore, these constructs displayed the characteristic strain softening behavior of AC. These findings highlight the importance of the collagen network to engineering mechanically functional cartilage grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Johnnie Y J Chu
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, No.1, Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116, India
| | - Kevin J Mulhall
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Naughton Institute, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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35
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Nazempour A, Van Wie BJ. Chondrocytes, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, and Their Combination in Articular Cartilage Regenerative Medicine. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:1325-54. [PMID: 26987846 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) is a highly organized connective tissue lining, covering the ends of bones within articulating joints. Its highly ordered structure is essential for stable motion and provides a frictionless surface easing load transfer. AC is vulnerable to lesions and, because it is aneural and avascular, it has limited self-repair potential which often leads to osteoarthritis. To date, no fully successful treatment for osteoarthritis has been reported. Thus, the development of innovative therapeutic approaches is desperately needed. Autologous chondrocyte implantation, the only cell-based surgical intervention approved in the United States for treating cartilage defects, has limitations because of de-differentiation of articular chondrocytes (AChs) upon in vitro expansion. De-differentiation can be abated if initial populations of AChs are co-cultured with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which not only undergo chondrogenesis themselves but also support chondrocyte vitality. In this review we summarize studies utilizing AChs, non-AChs, and MSCs and compare associated outcomes. Moreover, a comprehensive set of recent human studies using chondrocytes to direct MSC differentiation, MSCs to support chondrocyte re-differentiation and proliferation in co-culture environments, and exploratory animal intra- and inter-species studies are systematically reviewed and discussed in an innovative manner allowing side-by-side comparisons of protocols and outcomes. Finally, a comprehensive set of recommendations are made for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nazempour
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6515, USA
| | - B J Van Wie
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6515, USA.
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36
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Panadero J, Lanceros-Mendez S, Ribelles JG. Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage tissue engineering: Individual and synergetic effects of three-dimensional environment and mechanical loading. Acta Biomater 2016; 33:1-12. [PMID: 26826532 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis of dedifferentiated chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells is influenced not only by soluble molecules like growth factors, but also by the cell environment itself. The latter is achieved through both mechanical cues - which act as stimulation factor and influences nutrient transport - and adhesion to extracellular matrix cues - which determine cell shape. Although the effects of soluble molecules and cell environment have been intensively addressed, few observations and conclusions about the interaction between the two have been achieved. In this work, we review the state of the art on the single effects between mechanical and biochemical cues, as well as on the combination of the two. Furthermore, we provide a discussion on the techniques currently used to determine the mechanical properties of materials and tissues generated in vitro, their limitations and the future research needs to properly address the identified problems. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The importance of biomechanical cues in chondrogenesis is well known. This paper reviews the existing literature on the effect of mechanical stimulation on chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in order to regenerate hyaline cartilage. Contradictory results found with respect to the effect of different modes of external loading can be explained by the different properties of the scaffolding system that holds the cells, which determine cell adhesion and morphology and spatial distribution of cells, as well as the stress transmission to the cells. Thus, this review seeks to provide an insight into the interplay between external loading program and scaffold properties during chondrogenic differentiation. The review of the literature reveals an important gap in the knowledge in this field and encourages new experimental studies. The main issue is that in each of the few cases in which the interplay is investigated, just two groups of scaffolds are compared, leaving intermediate adhesion conditions out of study. The authors propose broader studies implementing new high-throughput techniques for mechanical characterization of tissue engineering constructs and the inclusion of fatigue analysis as support methodology to more exhaustive mechanical characterization.
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37
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Huang J, Fu H, Wang Z, Meng Q, Liu S, Wang H, Zheng X, Dai J, Zhang Z. BMSCs-laden gelatin/sodium alginate/carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel for 3D bioprinting. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24231f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatin/sodium alginate/carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogel mixed with bone mesenchymal stem cells for 3D bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Han Fu
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Qingyuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Sumei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Heran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics
- Shenyang Institute of Automation
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenyang 110016
- P. R. China
| | - Xiongfei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics
- Shenyang Institute of Automation
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenyang 110016
- P. R. China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface
- Division of Nanobiomedicine
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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Decellularization of porcine articular cartilage explants and their subsequent repopulation with human chondroprogenitor cells. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 55:21-31. [PMID: 26521085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Engineering tissues with comparable structure, composition and mechanical functionality to native articular cartilage remains a challenge. One possible solution would be to decellularize xenogeneic articular cartilage in such a way that the structure of the tissue is maintained, and to then repopulate this decellularized matrix with human chondroprogenitor cells that will facilitate the reconstitution, maintenance and eventual turnover of the construct following implantation. The overall objective of this study was to develop a protocol to efficiently decellularize porcine articular cartilage grafts and to identify a methodology to subsequently repopulate such explants with human chondroprogenitor cells. To this end, channels were first introduced into cylindrical articular cartilage explants, which were then decellularized with a combination of various chemical reagents including sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nucleases. The decellularization protocol resulted in a ~90% reduction in porcine DNA content, with little observed effect on the collagen content and the collagen architecture of the tissue, although a near-complete removal of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) and a related reduction in tissue compressive properties was observed. The introduction of channels did not have any detrimental effect on the biochemical or the mechanical properties of the decellularized tissue. Next, decellularized cartilage explants with or without channels were seeded with human infrapatellar fat pad derived stem cells (FPSCs) and cultured chondrogenically under either static or rotational conditions for 10 days. Both channeled and non-channeled explants supported the viability, proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of FPSCs. The addition of channels facilitated cell migration and subsequent deposition of cartilage-specific matrix into more central regions of these explants. The application of rotational culture appeared to promote a less proliferative cellular phenotype and led to an increase in sGAG synthesis within the explants. Rotational culture also appeared to promote higher cell viability and led to a more even distribution of cells within the channels of decellularized explants. To conclude, this study describes an effective protocol for the decellularization of porcine articular cartilage grafts and a novel methodology for the partial recellularization of such explants with human stem cells. Decellularized soft tissue explants that maintain their native collagen architecture may represent promising scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering applications.
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Luo L, Thorpe SD, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. The effects of dynamic compression on the development of cartilage grafts engineered using bone marrow and infrapatellar fat pad derived stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:055011. [PMID: 26391756 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/5/055011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioreactors that subject cell seeded scaffolds or hydrogels to biophysical stimulation have been used to improve the functionality of tissue engineered cartilage and to explore how such constructs might respond to the application of joint specific mechanical loading. Whether a particular cell type responds appropriately to physiological levels of biophysical stimulation could be considered a key determinant of its suitability for cartilage tissue engineering applications. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dynamic compression on chondrogenesis of stem cells isolated from different tissue sources. Porcine bone marrow (BM) and infrapatellar fat pad (FP) derived stem cells were encapsulated in agarose hydrogels and cultured in a chondrogenic medium in free swelling (FS) conditions for 21 d, after which samples were subjected to dynamic compression (DC) of 10% strain (1 Hz, 1 h d(-1)) for a further 21 d. Both BM derived stem cells (BMSCs) and FP derived stem cells (FPSCs) were capable of generating cartilaginous tissues with near native levels of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content, although the spatial development of the engineered grafts strongly depended on the stem cell source. The mechanical properties of cartilage grafts generated from both stem cell sources also approached that observed in skeletally immature animals. Depending on the stem cell source and the donor, the application of DC either enhanced or had no significant effect on the functional development of cartilaginous grafts engineered using either BMSCs or FPSCs. BMSC seeded constructs subjected to DC stained less intensely for collagen type I. Furthermore, histological and micro-computed tomography analysis showed mineral deposition within BMSC seeded constructs was suppressed by the application of DC. Therefore, while the application of DC in vitro may only lead to modest improvements in the mechanical functionality of cartilaginous grafts, it may play an important role in the development of phenotypically stable constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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40
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Karimi T, Barati D, Karaman O, Moeinzadeh S, Jabbari E. A developmentally inspired combined mechanical and biochemical signaling approach on zonal lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells in articular cartilage regeneration. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:112-27. [PMID: 25387395 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00197d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is organized into multiple zones including superficial, middle and calcified zones with distinct cellular and extracellular components to impart lubrication, compressive strength, and rigidity for load transmission to bone, respectively. During native cartilage tissue development, changes in biochemical, mechanical, and cellular factors direct the formation of stratified structure of articular cartilage. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of combined gradients in cell density, matrix stiffness, and zone-specific growth factors on the zonal organization of articular cartilage. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were encapsulated in acrylate-functionalized lactide-chain-extended polyethylene glycol (SPELA) gels simulating cell density and stiffness of the superficial, middle and calcified zones. The cell-encapsulated gels were cultivated in a medium supplemented with growth factors specific to each zone and the expression of zone-specific markers was measured with incubation time. Encapsulation of 60 × 10(6) cells per mL hMSCs in a soft gel (80 kPa modulus) and cultivation with a combination of TGF-β1 (3 ng mL(-1)) and BMP-7 (100 ng mL(-1)) led to the expression of markers for the superficial zone. Conversely, encapsulation of 15 × 10(6) cells per mL hMSCs in a stiff gel (320 MPa modulus) and cultivation with a combination of TGF-β1 (30 ng mL(-1)) and hydroxyapatite (3%) led to the expression of markers for the calcified zone. Further, encapsulation of 20 × 10(6) cells per mL hMSCs in a gel with 2.1 MPa modulus and cultivation with a combination of TGF-β1 (30 ng mL(-1)) and IGF-1 (100 ng mL(-1)) led to up-regulation of the middle zone markers. Results demonstrate that a developmental approach with gradients in cell density, matrix stiffness, and zone-specific growth factors can potentially regenerate zonal structure of the articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Karimi
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Swearingen Engineering Center, Rm 2C11, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Mesallati T, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. Engineering cartilaginous grafts using chondrocyte-laden hydrogels supported by a superficial layer of stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1343-1353. [PMID: 26010516 DOI: 10.1002/term.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
During postnatal joint development, progenitor cells that reside in the superficial region of articular cartilage first drive the rapid growth of the tissue and later help direct the formation of mature hyaline cartilage. These developmental processes may provide directions for the optimal structuring of co-cultured chondrocytes (CCs) and multipotent stromal/stem cells (MSCs) required for engineering cartilaginous tissues. The objective of this study was to engineer cartilage grafts by recapitulating aspects of joint development where a population of superficial progenitor cells drives the development of the tissue. To this end, MSCs were either self-assembled on top of CC-laden agarose gels (structured co-culture) or were mixed with CCs before being embedded in an agarose hydrogel (mixed co-culture). Porcine infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem cells (FPSCs) and bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) were used as sources of progenitor cells. The DNA, sGAG and collagen content of a mixed co-culture of FPSCs and CCs was found to be lower than the combined content of two control hydrogels seeded with CCs and FPSCs only. In contrast, a mixed co-culture of BMSCs and CCs led to increased proliferation and sGAG and collagen accumulation. Of note was the finding that a structured co-culture, at the appropriate cell density, led to greater sGAG accumulation than a mixed co-culture for both MSC sources. In conclusion, assembling MSCs onto CC-laden hydrogels dramatically enhances the development of the engineered tissue, with the superficial layer of progenitor cells driving CC proliferation and cartilage ECM production, mimicking certain aspects of developing cartilage. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Mesallati
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor T Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ireland
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Sheehy EJ, Mesallati T, Kelly L, Vinardell T, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. Tissue Engineering Whole Bones Through Endochondral Ossification: Regenerating the Distal Phalanx. Biores Open Access 2015; 4:229-41. [PMID: 26309799 PMCID: PMC4540120 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2015.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel strategies are urgently required to facilitate regeneration of entire bones lost due to trauma or disease. In this study, we present a novel framework for the regeneration of whole bones by tissue engineering anatomically shaped hypertrophic cartilaginous grafts in vitro that subsequently drive endochondral bone formation in vivo. To realize this, we first fabricated molds from digitized images to generate mesenchymal stem cell-laden alginate hydrogels in the shape of different bones (the temporomandibular joint [TMJ] condyle and the distal phalanx). These constructs could be stimulated in vitro to generate anatomically shaped hypertrophic cartilaginous tissues that had begun to calcify around their periphery. Constructs were then formed into the shape of the distal phalanx to create the hypertrophic precursor of the osseous component of an engineered long bone. A layer of cartilage engineered through self-assembly of chondrocytes served as the articular surface of these constructs. Following chondrogenic priming and subcutaneous implantation, the hypertrophic phase of the engineered phalanx underwent endochondral ossification, leading to the generation of a vascularized bone integrated with a covering layer of stable articular cartilage. Furthermore, spatial bone deposition within the construct could be modulated by altering the architecture of the osseous component before implantation. These findings open up new horizons to whole limb regeneration by recapitulating key aspects of normal bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon J. Sheehy
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tariq Mesallati
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lara Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tatiana Vinardell
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor T. Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Brady MA, Waldman SD, Ethier CR. The Application of Multiple Biophysical Cues to Engineer Functional Neocartilage for Treatment of Osteoarthritis. Part I: Cellular Response. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:1-19. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariea A. Brady
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - C. Ross Ethier
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
A key goal of functional cartilage tissue engineering is to develop constructs with mechanical properties approaching those of the native tissue. Herein we describe a number of tests to characterize the mechanical properties of tissue engineered cartilage. Specifically, methods to determine the equilibrium confined compressive (or aggregate) modulus, the equilibrium unconfined compressive (or Young's) modulus, and the dynamic modulus of tissue engineered cartilaginous constructs are described. As these measurements are commonly used in both the articular cartilage mechanics literature and the cartilage tissue engineering literature to describe the mechanical functionality of cartilaginous constructs, they facilitate comparisons to be made between the properties of native and engineered tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinorath Olvera
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Daly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel John Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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45
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Liu Y, Buckley CT, Almeida HV, Mulhall KJ, Kelly DJ. Infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem cells maintain their chondrogenic capacity in disease and can be used to engineer cartilaginous grafts of clinically relevant dimensions. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:3050-62. [PMID: 24785365 PMCID: PMC4229863 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A therapy for regenerating large cartilaginous lesions within the articular surface of osteoarthritic joints remains elusive. While tissue engineering strategies such as matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation can be used in the repair of focal cartilage defects, extending such approaches to the treatment of osteoarthritis will require a number of scientific and technical challenges to be overcome. These include the identification of an abundant source of chondroprogenitor cells that maintain their chondrogenic capacity in disease, as well as the development of novel approaches to engineer scalable cartilaginous grafts that could be used to resurface large areas of damaged joints. In this study, it is first demonstrated that infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem cells (FPSCs) isolated from osteoarthritic (OA) donors possess a comparable chondrogenic capacity to FPSCs isolated from patients undergoing ligament reconstruction. In a further validation of their functionality, we also demonstrate that FPSCs from OA donors respond to the application of physiological levels of cyclic hydrostatic pressure by increasing aggrecan gene expression and the production of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. We next explored whether cartilaginous grafts could be engineered with diseased human FPSCs using a self-assembly or scaffold-free approach. After examining a range of culture conditions, it was found that continuous supplementation with both transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) and bone morphogenic protein-6 (BMP-6) promoted the development of tissues rich in proteoglycans and type II collagen. The final phase of the study sought to scale-up this approach to engineer cartilaginous grafts of clinically relevant dimensions (≥2 cm in diameter) by assembling FPSCs onto electrospun PLLA fiber membranes. Over 6 weeks in culture, it was possible to generate robust, flexible cartilage-like grafts of scale, opening up the possibility that tissues engineered using FPSCs derived from OA patients could potentially be used to resurface large areas of joint surfaces damaged by trauma or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Liu
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Sports Surgery Clinic, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor Timothy Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Henrique V. Almeida
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Daniel John Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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46
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Lambrechts D, Roeffaers M, Kerckhofs G, Hofkens J, Van de Putte T, Schrooten J, Van Oosterwyck H. Reporter cell activity within hydrogel constructs quantified from oxygen-independent bioluminescence. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8065-77. [PMID: 24957291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By providing a three-dimensional (3D) support to cells, hydrogels offer a more relevant in vivo tissue-like environment as compared to two-dimensional cell cultures. Hydrogels can be applied as screening platforms to investigate in 3D the role of biochemical and biophysical cues on cell behaviour using bioluminescent reporter cells. Gradients in oxygen concentration that result from the interplay between molecular transport and cell metabolism can however cause substantial variability in the observed bioluminescent reporter cell activity. To assess the influence of these oxygen gradients on the emitted bioluminescence for various hydrogel geometries, a combined experimental and modelling approach was implemented. We show that the applied model is able to predict oxygen gradient independent bioluminescent intensities which correlate better to the experimentally determined viable cell numbers, as compared to the experimentally measured bioluminescent intensities. By analysis of the bioluminescence reaction dynamics we obtained a quantitative description of cellular oxygen metabolism within the hydrogel, which was validated by direct measurements of oxygen concentration within the hydrogel. Bioluminescence peak intensities can therefore be used as a quantitative measurement of reporter cell activity within a hydrogel, but an unambiguous interpretation of these intensities requires a compensation for the influence of cell-induced oxygen gradients on the luciferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lambrechts
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Roeffaers
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Van de Putte
- TiGenix NV, Haasrode Researchpark 1724, Romeinse Straat 12 box 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Schrooten
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 - Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 - Box 813, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 300C - Box 2419, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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47
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Mesallati T, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. Engineering articular cartilage-like grafts by self-assembly of infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1686-98. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Mesallati
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; School of Engineering; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Conor T. Buckley
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; School of Engineering; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering; Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; School of Engineering; Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER); Trinity College Dublin; Dublin Ireland
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48
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Altering the architecture of tissue engineered hypertrophic cartilaginous grafts facilitates vascularisation and accelerates mineralisation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90716. [PMID: 24595316 PMCID: PMC3942470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cartilaginous tissues engineered using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be leveraged to generate bone in vivo by executing an endochondral program, leading to increased interest in the use of such hypertrophic grafts for the regeneration of osseous defects. During normal skeletogenesis, canals within the developing hypertrophic cartilage play a key role in facilitating endochondral ossification. Inspired by this developmental feature, the objective of this study was to promote endochondral ossification of an engineered cartilaginous construct through modification of scaffold architecture. Our hypothesis was that the introduction of channels into MSC-seeded hydrogels would firstly facilitate the in vitro development of scaled-up hypertrophic cartilaginous tissues, and secondly would accelerate vascularisation and mineralisation of the graft in vivo. MSCs were encapsulated into hydrogels containing either an array of micro-channels, or into non-channelled ‘solid’ controls, and maintained in culture conditions known to promote a hypertrophic cartilaginous phenotype. Solid constructs accumulated significantly more sGAG and collagen in vitro, while channelled constructs accumulated significantly more calcium. In vivo, the channels acted as conduits for vascularisation and accelerated mineralisation of the engineered graft. Cartilaginous tissue within the channels underwent endochondral ossification, producing lamellar bone surrounding a hematopoietic marrow component. This study highlights the potential of utilising engineering methodologies, inspired by developmental skeletal processes, in order to enhance endochondral bone regeneration strategies.
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Ahearne M, Liu Y, Kelly DJ. Combining freshly isolated chondroprogenitor cells from the infrapatellar fat pad with a growth factor delivery hydrogel as a putative single stage therapy for articular cartilage repair. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:930-9. [PMID: 24090441 PMCID: PMC3938932 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factor delivery systems incorporating chondroprogenitor cells are an attractive potential treatment option for damaged cartilage. The rapid isolation, processing, and implantation of therapeutically relevant numbers of autologous chondroprogenitor cells, all performed "in-theatre" during a single surgical procedure, would significantly accelerate the clinical translation of such tissue engineered implants by avoiding the time, financial and regulatory challenges associated with in vitro cell expansion, and differentiation. The first objective of this study was to explore if rapid adherence to a specific substrate could be used as a simple means to quickly identify a subpopulation of chondroprogenitor cells from freshly digested infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) tissue. Adhesion of cells to tissue culture plastic within 30 min was examined as a mechanism of isolating subpopulations of cells from the freshly digested IFP. CD90, a cell surface marker associated with cell adhesion, was found to be more highly expressed in rapidly adhering cells (termed "RA" cells) compared to those that did not adhere (termed "NA" cells) in this timeframe. The NA subpopulation contained a lower number of colony forming cells, but overall had a greater chondrogenic potential but a diminished osteogenic potential compared to the RA subpopulation and unmanipulated freshly isolated (FI) control cells. When cultured in agarose hydrogels, NA cells proliferated faster than RA cells, accumulating significantly higher amounts of total sGAG and collagen. Finally, we sought to determine if cartilage tissue could be engineered by seeding such FI cells into a transforming growth factor-β3 delivery hydrogel. In such a system, both RA and NA cell populations demonstrated an ability to proliferate and produced a matrix rich in sGAG (∼2% w/w) that stained positively for type II collagen; however, the tissues were comparable to that generated using FI cells. Therefore, while the results of these in vitro studies do not provide strong evidence to support the use of selective substrate adhesion as a means to isolate chondroprogenitor cells, the findings demonstrate the potential of combining a growth factor delivery hydrogel and FI IFP cells as a single stage therapy for cartilage defect repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ahearne
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yurong Liu
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel J. Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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50
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Abstract
Osteochondral defects are difficult to treat because the articular cartilage and the subchondral bone have dissimilar characteristics and abilities to regenerate. Bioinspired scaffolds are designed to mimic structural and biological cues of the native osteochondral unit, supporting both cartilaginous and subchondral bone repair and the integration of the newly formed osteochondral matrix with the surrounding tissues. The aim of this review is to outline fundamental requirements and strategies for the development of biomimetic scaffolds reproducing the unique and multifaceted anatomical structure of the osteochondral unit. Recent progress in preclinical animal studies using bilayer and multilayer scaffolds, together with continuous gradient scaffolds will be discussed and placed in a translational perspective with data emerging from their clinical application to treat osteochondral defects in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Lopa
- 1 Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, IRCCS Galeazzi Orthopaedic Institute , Milan, Italy
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