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Søgaard CK, Otterlei M. Targeting proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) for cancer therapy. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2024; 100:209-246. [PMID: 39034053 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is an essential scaffold protein in many cellular processes. It is best known for its role as a DNA sliding clamp and processivity factor during DNA replication, which has been extensively reviewed by others. However, the importance of PCNA extends beyond its DNA-associated functions in DNA replication, chromatin remodelling, DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance (DDT), as new non-canonical roles of PCNA in the cytosol have recently been identified. These include roles in the regulation of immune evasion, apoptosis, metabolism, and cellular signalling. The diverse roles of PCNA are largely mediated by its myriad protein interactions, and its centrality to cellular processes makes PCNA a valid therapeutic anticancer target. PCNA is expressed in all cells and plays an essential role in normal cellular homeostasis; therefore, the main challenge in targeting PCNA is to selectively kill cancer cells while avoiding unacceptable toxicity to healthy cells. This chapter focuses on the stress-related roles of PCNA, and how targeting these PCNA roles can be exploited in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K Søgaard
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Otterlei
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; APIM Therapeutics A/S, Trondheim, Norway.
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2
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Hardebeck S, Jácobo Goebbels N, Michalski C, Schreiber S, Jose J. Identification of a potent PCNA-p15-interaction inhibitor by autodisplay-based peptide library screening. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14471. [PMID: 38646975 PMCID: PMC11033925 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is an essential factor for DNA metabolism. The influence of PCNA on DNA replication and repair, combined with the high expression rate of PCNA in various tumours renders PCNA a promising target for cancer therapy. In this context, an autodisplay-based screening method was developed to identify peptidic PCNA interaction inhibitors. A 12-mer randomized peptide library consisting of 2.54 × 106 colony-forming units was constructed and displayed at the surface of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells by autodisplay. Cells exhibiting an enhanced binding to fluorescent mScarlet-I-PCNA were enriched in four sorting rounds by flow cytometry. This led to the discovery of five peptide variants with affinity to mScarlet-I-PCNA. Among these, P3 (TCPLRWITHDHP) exhibited the highest binding signal. Subsequent flow cytometric analysis revealed a dissociation constant of 0.62 μM for PCNA-P3 interaction. Furthermore, the inhibition of PCNA interactions was investigated using p15, a PIP-box containing protein involved in DNA replication and repair. P3 inhibited the PCNA-p1551-70 interaction with a half maximal inhibitory activity of 16.2 μM, characterizing P3 as a potent inhibitor of the PCNA-p15 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hardebeck
- University of MünsterInstitute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryMünsterGermany
| | | | - Caroline Michalski
- University of MünsterInstitute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryMünsterGermany
| | - Sebastian Schreiber
- University of MünsterInstitute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryMünsterGermany
| | - Joachim Jose
- University of MünsterInstitute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal ChemistryMünsterGermany
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3
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Gu L, Li M, Li CM, Haratipour P, Lingeman R, Jossart J, Gutova M, Flores L, Hyde C, Kenjić N, Li H, Chung V, Li H, Lomenick B, Von Hoff DD, Synold TW, Aboody KS, Liu Y, Horne D, Hickey RJ, Perry JJP, Malkas LH. Small molecule targeting of transcription-replication conflict for selective chemotherapy. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1235-1247.e6. [PMID: 37531956 PMCID: PMC10592352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeting transcription replication conflicts, a major source of endogenous DNA double-stranded breaks and genomic instability could have important anticancer therapeutic implications. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is critical to DNA replication and repair processes. Through a rational drug design approach, we identified a small molecule PCNA inhibitor, AOH1996, which selectively kills cancer cells. AOH1996 enhances the interaction between PCNA and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, RPB1, and dissociates PCNA from actively transcribed chromatin regions, while inducing DNA double-stranded breaks in a transcription-dependent manner. Attenuation of RPB1 interaction with PCNA, by a point mutation in RPB1's PCNA-binding region, confers resistance to AOH1996. Orally administrable and metabolically stable, AOH1996 suppresses tumor growth as a monotherapy or as a combination treatment but causes no discernable side effects. Inhibitors of transcription replication conflict resolution may provide a new and unique therapeutic avenue for exploiting this cancer-selective vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Gu
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Min Li
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Caroline M Li
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Pouya Haratipour
- Department of Cancer Biology & Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Robert Lingeman
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Jossart
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Margarita Gutova
- Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Linda Flores
- Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Caitlyn Hyde
- Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Nikola Kenjić
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Haiqing Li
- Department of Genomics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Chung
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Brett Lomenick
- Proteome Exploration Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Daniel D Von Hoff
- Clinical Translational Research Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, 445N 5th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Timothy W Synold
- Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Karen S Aboody
- Department of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Yilun Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - David Horne
- Department of Cancer Biology & Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Hickey
- Department of Cancer Biology & Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - J Jefferson P Perry
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Linda H Malkas
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics & Experimental Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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Fatima M, Abourehab MAS, Aggarwal G, Jain GK, Sahebkar A, Kesharwani P. Advancement of cell-penetrating peptides in combating triple-negative breast cancer. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103353. [PMID: 36099963 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research efforts have been made and are still ongoing in the search for an ideal anti-cancer therapy. Almost all chemotherapeutics require a carrier or vehicle, a drug delivery system that can transport the drug specifically to the targeted cancer cells, sparing normal cells. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) provide an effective and efficient pathway for the intra-cellular transportation of various bioactive molecules in several biomedical therapies. They are now well-recognized as facilitators of intracellular cargo delivery and have excellent potential for targeted anti-cancer therapy. In this review, we explain CPPs, recent progress in the development of new CPPs, and their utilization to transport cargoes such as imaging agents, chemotherapeutics, and short-interfering RNAs (siRNA) into tumor cells, contributing to the advancement of novel tumor-specific delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahak Fatima
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India
| | - Mohammed A S Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Geeta Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110 017, India
| | - Gaurav K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi 110 017, India
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110 062, India.
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Identification of a five genes prognosis signature for triple-negative breast cancer using multi-omics methods and bioinformatics analysis. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1578-1589. [PMID: 35474355 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a high degree of malignancy, lack of effective diagnosis and treatment, and poor prognosis. Bioinformatics methods are used to screen the hub genes and signal pathways involved in the progress of TNBC to provide reliable biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of TNBC. Download the raw data of four TNBC-related datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and use them for bioinformatics analysis. GEO2R tool was used to analyze and identify differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs. DAVID database was used to carry out gene ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome Pathways (KEGG) signal pathway enrichment analysis for DE mRNAs. STRING database and Cytoscape were used to build DE mRNAs protein-protein interaction (PPI) network diagram and visualize PPI network, respectively. Through cytoHubba, cBioPortal database, Kaplan-Meier mapper database, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) Database, UALCAN Database, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, Tumor Immunity Estimation Resource identify hub genes. Perform qRT-PCR, Human Protein Atlas analysis, mutation analysis, survival analysis, clinical-pathological characteristics, and infiltrating immune cell analysis. 22 DE mRNAs were identified from the four datasets, including 16 upregulated DE mRNAs and six downregulated DE mRNAs. Enrichment analysis of the KEGG showed that DE mRNAs were principally enriched in pathways in cancer, mismatch repair, cell cycle, platinum drug resistance, breast cancer. Six hub genes were screened based on the PPI network diagram of DE mRNAs. Survival analysis found that TOP2A, CCNA2, PCNA, MSH2, CDK6 are related to the prognosis of TNBC. In addition, mutations, clinical indicators, and immune infiltration analysis show that these five hub genes play an important role in the progress of TNBC and immune monitoring. Compared with MCF-10A, MCF-7, and SKBR-3 cells, TOP2A, PCNA, MSH2, and CDK6 were significantly upregulated in MDA-MB-321 cells. Compared with normal, luminal, and Her-2 positive tissues, CCNA2, MSH2, and CDK6 were significantly upregulated in TNBC. Through comparative analysis of GEO datasets related to colorectal cancer and lung adenocarcinoma, it was determined that these five hub genes were unique differentially expressed genes of TNBC. At last, the hub genes related to the progression, prognosis, and immunity of TNBC have been successfully screened. They are indeed specific to TNBC as prognostic features. They can be used as potential markers for the prognosis of TNBC and provide potential therapeutic targets.
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ELIMINATOR: essentiality analysis using multisystem networks and integer programming. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 23:324. [PMID: 35933325 PMCID: PMC9357337 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04855-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene is considered as essential when it is indispensable for cells to grow and replicate in a certain environment. However, gene essentiality is not a structural property but rather a contextual one, which depends on the specific biological conditions affecting the cell. This circumstantial essentiality of genes is what brings the attention of scientist since we can identify genes essential for cancer cells but not essential for healthy cells. This same contextuality makes their identification extremely challenging. Huge experimental efforts such as Project Achilles where the essentiality of thousands of genes is measured together with a plethora of molecular data (transcriptomics, copy number, mutations, etc.) in over one thousand cell lines can shed light on the causality behind the essentiality of a gene in a given environment. Here, we present an in-silico method for the identification of patient-specific essential genes using constraint-based modelling (CBM). Our method expands the ideas behind traditional CBM to accommodate multisystem networks. In essence, it first calculates the minimum number of lowly expressed genes required to be activated by the cell to sustain life as defined by a set of requirements; and second, it performs an exhaustive in-silico gene knockout to find those that lead to the need of activating additional lowly expressed genes. We validated the proposed methodology using a set of 452 cancer cell lines derived from the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia where an exhaustive experimental large-scale gene knockout study using CRISPR (Achilles Project) evaluates the impact of each removal. We also show that the integration of different essentiality predictions per gene, what we called Essentiality Congruity Score, reduces the number of false positives. Finally, we explored our method in a breast cancer patient dataset, and our results showed high concordance with previous publications. These findings suggest that identifying genes whose activity is fundamental to sustain cellular life in a patient-specific manner is feasible using in-silico methods. The patient-level gene essentiality predictions can pave the way for precision medicine by identifying potential drug targets whose deletion can induce death in tumour cells.
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Liao H, Niu C. Role of CD47-SIRPα Checkpoint in Nanomedicine-Based Anti-Cancer Treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:887463. [PMID: 35557862 PMCID: PMC9087583 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.887463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cancers have evolved various mechanisms to evade immunological surveillance, such as the inhibitory immune checkpoint of the CD47-SIRPα signaling pathway. By targeting this signaling pathway, researchers have developed diverse nanovehicles with different loaded drugs and modifications in anticancer treatment. In this review, we present a brief overview of CD47-SIRPα interaction and nanomedicine. Then, we delve into recent applications of the CD47-SIRPα interaction as a target for nanomedicine-based antitumor treatment and its combination with other targeting pathway drugs and/or therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Liao
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Ultrasonography, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengcheng Niu
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Ultrasonography, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Chengcheng Niu,
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8
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Si Y, Chen K, Ngo HG, Guan JS, Totoro A, Zhou Z, Kim S, Kim T, Zhou L, Liu X. Targeted EV to Deliver Chemotherapy to Treat Triple-Negative Breast Cancers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:146. [PMID: 35057042 PMCID: PMC8781632 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are heterogeneous and metastatic, and targeted therapy is highly needed for TNBC treatment. Recent studies showed that extracellular vesicles (EV) have great potential to deliver therapies to treat cancers. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a natural compound, verrucarin A (Ver-A), delivered by targeted EV, to treat TNBC. First, the surface expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and CD47 were confirmed with immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of patient tissue microarray, flow cytometry and Western blotting. EVs were isolated from HEK 293F culture and surface tagged with anti-EGFR/CD47 mAbs to construct mAb-EV. The flow cytometry, confocal imaging and live-animal In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS) demonstrated that mAb-EV could effectively target TNBC and deliver the drug. The drug Ver-A, with dosage-dependent high cytotoxicity to TNBC cells, was packed in mAb-EV. The anti-TNBC efficacy study showed that Ver-A blocked tumor growth in both 4T1 xenografted immunocompetent mouse models and TNBC patient-derived xenograft models with minimal side effects. This study demonstrated that the targeted mAb-EV-Ver-A had great potential to treat TNBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Si
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (K.C.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (K.C.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Hanh Giai Ngo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (K.C.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Jia Shiung Guan
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.S.G.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Angela Totoro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (K.C.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhuoxin Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (K.C.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
| | - Seulhee Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.S.G.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Taehyun Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.S.G.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (K.C.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 703 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (J.S.G.); (S.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), 1825 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (Y.S.); (K.C.); (H.G.N.); (A.T.); (Z.Z.); (L.Z.)
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Zhang S, Zhou T, Wang Z, Yi F, Li C, Guo W, Xu H, Cui H, Dong X, Liu J, Song X, Cao L. Post-Translational Modifications of PCNA in Control of DNA Synthesis and DNA Damage Tolerance-the Implications in Carcinogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4047-4059. [PMID: 34671219 PMCID: PMC8495385 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The faithful DNA replication is a critical event for cell survival and inheritance. However, exogenous or endogenous sources of damage challenge the accurate synthesis of DNA, which causes DNA lesions. The DNA lesions are obstacles for replication fork progression. However, the prolonged replication fork stalling leads to replication fork collapse, which may cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). In order to maintain genomic stability, eukaryotic cells evolve translesion synthesis (TLS) and template switching (TS) to resolve the replication stalling. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) trimer acts as a slide clamp and encircles DNA to orchestrate DNA synthesis and DNA damage tolerance (DDT). The post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PCNA regulate these functions to ensure the appropriate initiation and termination of replication and DDT. The aberrant regulation of PCNA PTMs will result in DSB, which causes mutagenesis and poor response to chemotherapy. Here, we review the roles of the PCNA PTMs in DNA duplication and DDT. We propose that clarifying the regulation of PCNA PTMs may provide insights into understanding the development of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Fei Yi
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Chunlu Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Wendong Guo
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Hongde Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Hongyan Cui
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Xiang Dong
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Liu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
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10
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Ma R, Zhu K, Yuan D, Gong M, Li Y, Li K, Meng L. Downregulation of the FBXO43 gene inhibits tumor growth in human breast cancer by limiting its interaction with PCNA. J Transl Med 2021; 19:425. [PMID: 34645483 PMCID: PMC8513237 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function and regulatory mechanism of FBXO43 in breast cancer (BC) are still unclear. Here, we intended to determine the role and mechanism of FBXO43 in BC. METHODS FBXO43 expression in BC was evaluated by analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). RT-qPCR and western blotting were utilized to detect FBXO43 expression in BC cell lines. Lentivirus was applied to downregulate FBXO43 in human BC cells. Proliferation assays were performed to evaluate the proliferative ability of BC cells. The apoptosis and cell cycle analysis of BC cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Cell migration and invasion were investigated via Transwell assays. The function of FBXO43 in vivo was evaluated by constructing a xenograft mouse model. The proteins that might interact with FBXO43 in BC were identified by mass spectrometry, bioinformatics analysis, and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays. Finally, rescue experiments were conducted to validate the recovery effects of the proteins interacting with FBXO43. RESULTS FBXO43 was highly expressed in BC and was significantly downregulated after FBXO43 knockdown. The proliferation, migration, and invasion of BC cells were inhibited, and cell apoptosis was induced by FBXO43 knockdown. In addition, an in vivo experiment indicated that FBXO43 knockdown could inhibit the cell growth of BC. The results of the Co-IP assay showed that FBXO43 interacted with PCNA. Further rescue experiments confirmed that overexpression of PCNA significantly reversed the effects of FBXO43 knockdown on BC cells. CONCLUSION Downregulation of FBXO43 inhibits the tumor growth of BC by limiting its interaction with PCNA. FBXO43 might be a new potential oncogene and a therapeutic target for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rulan Ma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dawei Yuan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meijun Gong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yijun Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lei Meng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 West Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Gao J, Li X, Li D, Liu Y, Cao W, Chen X, Li Z, Wang X, Cao Q, Peng T, Jin H, Shan H. Quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis of biomarker combinations for human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1086. [PMID: 34422998 PMCID: PMC8339853 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Background Esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common cancers in developing countries. However, currently there are no specific biomarkers for ESCC. This study evaluated the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), tumor suppressor protein p53, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as biomarkers for ESCC. Methods This study included 60 clinical cases (30 ESCC and 30 non-ESCC cases that were confirmed pathologically). The expression of PCNA, p53, EGFR, and VEGF were investigated using a quantitative computerized immunohistochemistry (IHC) method. The expression level of each protein was indicated by a H-score from the quantitative analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and area under curve (AUC) analyses were performed. The sensitivity and specificity of each individual protein and combinations of the proteins were calculated. Results The H-score analysis indicated that expressions of EGFR, PCNA, and VEGF were statistically significantly higher in ESCC than non-ESCC patients; however, p53 was not. The panels of combinations of these proteins were more sensitive than that of any single protein. In the triplicate combination, the AUC prediction probability increased to 0.86, while the single protein AUC prediction probabilities were 0.74 (EGFR), 0.80 (PCNA), and 0.70 (VEGF). Conclusions The high expression of PCNA, EGFR, and VEGF suggests that they are potential biomarkers for ESCC. The combination of these biomarkers may provide targets for molecular therapy and molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiebing Gao
- Department of Radiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xinglin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Center for Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Center for Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wanwei Cao
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Qingdong Cao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Tukang Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Hongjun Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Hong Shan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging and Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.,Center for Interventional Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
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12
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Wang YL, Lee CC, Shen YC, Lin PL, Wu WR, Lin YZ, Cheng WC, Chang H, Hung Y, Cho YC, Liu LC, Xia WY, Ji JH, Liang JA, Chiang SF, Liu CG, Yao J, Hung MC, Wang SC. Evading immune surveillance via tyrosine phosphorylation of nuclear PCNA. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109537. [PMID: 34433039 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased DNA replication and metastasis are hallmarks of cancer progression, while deregulated proliferation often triggers sustained replication stresses in cancer cells. How cancer cells overcome the growth stress and proceed to metastasis remains largely elusive. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is an indispensable component of the DNA replication machinery. Here, we show that phosphorylation of PCNA on tyrosine 211 (pY211-PCNA) regulates DNA metabolism and tumor microenvironment. Abrogation of pY211-PCNA blocks fork processivity, resulting in biogenesis of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) through a MRE11-dependent mechanism. The cytosolic ssDNA subsequently induces inflammatory cytokines through a cyclic GMP-AMP synthetase (cGAS)-dependent cascade, triggering an anti-tumor immunity by natural killer (NK) cells to suppress distant metastasis. Expression of pY211-PCNA is inversely correlated with cytosolic ssDNA and associated with poor survival in patients with cancer. Our results pave the way to biomarkers and therapies exploiting immune responsiveness to target metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Liang Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Chun Lee
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Shen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Le Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Rong Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - You-Zhe Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery Ph.D. Program, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Han Chang
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Yu Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Cho
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chih Liu
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ya Xia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin-Huei Ji
- Department of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Ji-An Liang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Chiang
- Lab of Precision Medicine, Feng-Yuan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Gong Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery Ph.D. Program, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
| | - Shao-Chun Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; Research Center for Tumor Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery Ph.D. Program, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan; Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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13
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Sundaram R, Manohar K, Patel SK, Acharya N, Vasudevan D. Structural analyses of PCNA from the fungal pathogen Candida albicans identify three regions with species-specific conformations. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1328-1349. [PMID: 33544878 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An assembly of multiprotein complexes achieves chromosomal DNA replication at the replication fork. In eukaryotes, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays a vital role in the assembly of multiprotein complexes at the replication fork and is essential for cell viability. PCNA from several organisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been structurally characterised. However, the structural analyses of PCNA from fungal pathogens are limited. Recently, we have reported that PCNA from the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans complements the essential functions of ScPCNA in S. cerevisiae. Still, it only partially rescues the loss of ScPCNA when the yeast cells are under genotoxic stress. To understand this further, herein, we have determined the crystal structure of CaPCNA and compared that with the existing structures of other fungal and human PCNA. Our comparative structural and in-solution small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analyses reveal that CaPCNA forms a stable homotrimer, both in crystal and in solution. It displays noticeable structural alterations in the oligomerisation interface, P-loop and hydrophobic pocket regions, suggesting its differential function in a heterologous system and avenues for developing specific therapeutics. DATABASES: The PDB and SASBDB accession codes for CaPCNA are 7BUP and SASDHQ9, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajivgandhi Sundaram
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Crystallography, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India
| | - Kodavati Manohar
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shraddheya Kumar Patel
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Narottam Acharya
- Laboratory of Genomic Instability and Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Dileep Vasudevan
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Crystallography, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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14
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Chang HR, Jung E, Cho S, Jeon YJ, Kim Y. Targeting Non-Oncogene Addiction for Cancer Therapy. Biomolecules 2021; 11:129. [PMID: 33498235 PMCID: PMC7909239 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and technological advances have been useful in identifying genetic profiles of tumorigenesis, novel target proteins and various clinical biomarkers, cancer continues to be a major global health threat. DNA replication, DNA damage response (DDR) and repair, and cell cycle regulation continue to be essential systems in targeted cancer therapies. Although many genes involved in DDR are known to be tumor suppressor genes, cancer cells are often dependent and addicted to these genes, making them excellent therapeutic targets. In this review, genes implicated in DNA replication, DDR, DNA repair, cell cycle regulation are discussed with reference to peptide or small molecule inhibitors which may prove therapeutic in cancer patients. Additionally, the potential of utilizing novel synthetic lethal genes in these pathways is examined, providing possible new targets for future therapeutics. Specifically, we evaluate the potential of TONSL as a novel gene for targeted therapy. Although it is a scaffold protein with no known enzymatic activity, the strategy used for developing PCNA inhibitors can also be utilized to target TONSL. This review summarizes current knowledge on non-oncogene addiction, and the utilization of synthetic lethality for developing novel inhibitors targeting non-oncogenic addiction for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Ryung Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Eunyoung Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Soobin Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Young-Jun Jeon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
| | - Yonghwan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women’s Health, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul 04310, Korea; (E.J.); (S.C.)
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15
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Si Y, Xu Y, Guan J, Chen K, Kim S, Yang ES, Zhou L, Liu XM. Anti-EGFR antibody-drug conjugate for triple-negative breast cancer therapy. Eng Life Sci 2021; 21:37-44. [PMID: 33531889 PMCID: PMC7837297 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are highly aggressive, metastatic and recurrent. Cytotoxic chemotherapies with limited clinical benefits and severe side effects are the standard therapeutic strategies, but, to date, there is no efficacious targeted therapy. Literature and our data showed that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed on TNBC cell surface and is a promising oncological target. The objective of this study was to develop an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) to target EGFR+ TNBC and deliver high-potency drug. First, we constructed an ADC by conjugating anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody with mertansine which inhibits microtubule assembly via linker Sulfo-SMCC. Second, we confirmed the TNBC-targeting specificity of anti-EGFR ADC by evaluating its surface binding and internalization in MDA-MB-468 cells and targeting to TNBC xenograft in subcutaneous mouse mode. The live-cell and live-animal imaging with confocal laser scanning microscopy and In Vivo Imaging System (IVIS) confirmed the TNBC-targeting. Finally, both in vitro toxicity assay and in vivo anti-cancer efficacy study in TNBC xenograft models showed that the constructed ADC significantly inhibited TNBC growth, and the pharmacokinetics study indicated its high circulation stability. This study indicated that the anti-EGFR ADC has a great potential to against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Si
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)BirminghamALUSA
| | - Yuanxin Xu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)BirminghamALUSA
| | | | - Kai Chen
- Department of MedicineUABBirminghamALUSA
| | - Seulhee Kim
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)BirminghamALUSA
| | - Eddy S. Yang
- Department of Radiation OncologyO'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at UABBirminghamALUSA
| | | | - Xiaoguang Margaret Liu
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB)BirminghamALUSA
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16
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Cardano M, Tribioli C, Prosperi E. Targeting Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) as an Effective Strategy to Inhibit Tumor Cell Proliferation. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20:240-252. [PMID: 31951183 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200115162814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeting highly proliferating cells is an important issue for many types of aggressive tumors. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) is an essential protein that participates in a variety of processes of DNA metabolism, including DNA replication and repair, chromatin organization and transcription and sister chromatid cohesion. In addition, PCNA is involved in cell survival, and possibly in pathways of energy metabolism, such as glycolysis. Thus, the possibility of targeting this protein for chemotherapy against highly proliferating malignancies is under active investigation. Currently, approaches to treat cells with agents targeting PCNA rely on the use of small molecules or on peptides that either bind to PCNA, or act as a competitor of interacting partners. Here, we describe the status of the art in the development of agents targeting PCNA and discuss their application in different types of tumor cell lines and in animal model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana Cardano
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare del C.N.R. "Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Pavia- 27100, Italy
| | - Carla Tribioli
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare del C.N.R. "Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Pavia- 27100, Italy
| | - Ennio Prosperi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare del C.N.R. "Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Pavia- 27100, Italy
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17
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Dowarha D, Chou RH, Yu C. S100A1 blocks the interaction between p53 and mdm2 and decreases cell proliferation activity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234152. [PMID: 32497081 PMCID: PMC7272100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
About 50% of human cancers across the globe arise due to a mutation in the p53 gene which gives rise to its functional inactive form, and in the rest of the cancer the efficacy of active p53 (wild-type) is hindered by MDM2-mediated degradation. Breakdown of the p53-MDM2 association may constitute an effective strategy to stimulate or reinstate the activity of wild type p53, thereby reviving the p53 tumor suppressor capability. S100A1 has been revealed to associate with the N-terminal domain of MDM2 and p53 protein. We utilized NMR spectroscopy to study the interface amongst the S100A1 and N-terminal domain of MDM2. Additionally, the S100A1-MDM2 complex generated through the HADDOCK program was then superimposed with the p53 (peptide) -MDM2 complex reported earlier. The overlay indicated that a segment of S100A1 could block the interaction of p53 (peptide) -MDM2 complex significantly. To further justify our assumption, we performed HSQC-NMR titration for the S100A1 and p53 N-terminal domain (p53-TAD). The data obtained indicated that the S100A1 segment comprising nearly 17 residues have some common residues that interact with both MDM2 and p53-TAD. Further, we synthesized the 17-residue peptide derived from the S100A1 protein and attached it to the cell-penetrating HIV-TAT peptide. The HSQC-NMR competitive binding experiment revealed that Peptide 1 could successfully interfere with the p53-MDM2 interaction. Furthermore, functional effects of the peptide was validated in cancer cells. The results showed that Peptide 1 effectively inhibited cell proliferation, and increased the protein levels of p53 and its downstream p21 in MCF-7 cells. Treatment of Peptide 1 resulted in cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, and also induced apoptotic cell death at higher concentration. Taken together, the results suggest that disruption of the interaction of p53 and MDM2 by Peptide 1 could activate normal p53 functions, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. We proposed here that S100A1 could influence the p53-MDM2 interaction credibly and possibly reactivates the wild type p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepu Dowarha
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CY); (RHC)
| | - Chin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CY); (RHC)
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18
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Liu HC, Chiang CC, Lin CH, Chen CS, Wei CW, Lin SY, Yiang GT, Yu YL. Anti-cancer therapeutic benefit of red guava extracts as a potential therapy in combination with doxorubicin or targeted therapy for triple-negative breast cancer cells. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1015-1022. [PMID: 32410830 PMCID: PMC7211147 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.40131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Guava extracts purified from leaf and bark have many bio-active molecules with anti-cancer activities. In addition, lycopene-rich extracts obtained from red guava fruit can induce apoptosis in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and, therefore, hormone therapy and targeted therapy are not used in the clinic. The purpose of this study was to determine whether red guava fruit extracts can affect the proliferation of TNBC cells. In this study, cell viability was determined by using the MTT assay. Apoptosis and necrosis were analyzed using flow cytometry. Cleaved caspase-3 and PARP were analyzed by western blotting. We found that red guava extracts can, through caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage signaling, induce apoptotic and necrotic death in TNBC cells. Our results thus show the therapeutic benefit of red guava extracts as a potential cancer treatment for TNBC in combination with doxorubicin or targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chun Liu
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan.,Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chuan Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,enter for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Chyou-Wei Wei
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Giou-Teng Yiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Luen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,enter for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
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19
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The NAE Pathway: Autobahn to the Nucleus for Cell Surface Receptors. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080915. [PMID: 31426451 PMCID: PMC6721735 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Various growth factors and full-length cell surface receptors such as EGFR are translocated from the cell surface to the nucleoplasm, baffling cell biologists to the mechanisms and functions of this process. Elevated levels of nuclear EGFR correlate with poor prognosis in various cancers. In recent years, nuclear EGFR has been implicated in regulating gene transcription, cell proliferation and DNA damage repair. Different models have been proposed to explain how the receptors are transported into the nucleus. However, a clear consensus has yet to be reached. Recently, we described the nuclear envelope associated endosomes (NAE) pathway, which delivers EGFR from the cell surface to the nucleus. This pathway involves transport, docking and fusion of NAEs with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. EGFR is then presumed to be transported through the nuclear pore complex, extracted from membranes and solubilised. The SUN1/2 nuclear envelope proteins, Importin-beta, nuclear pore complex proteins and the Sec61 translocon have been implicated in the process. While this framework can explain the cell surface to nucleus traffic of EGFR and other cell surface receptors, it raises several questions that we consider in this review, together with implications for health and disease.
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20
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Gu L, Lingeman R, Yakushijin F, Sun E, Cui Q, Chao J, Hu W, Li H, Hickey RJ, Stark JM, Yuan YC, Chen Y, Vonderfecht SL, Synold TW, Shi Y, Reckamp KL, Horne D, Malkas LH. The Anticancer Activity of a First-in-class Small-molecule Targeting PCNA. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:6053-6065. [PMID: 29967249 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays an essential role in regulating DNA synthesis and repair and is indispensable to cancer cell growth and survival. We previously reported a novel cancer associated PCNA isoform (dubbed caPCNA), which was ubiquitously expressed in a broad range of cancer cells and tumor tissues, but not significantly in nonmalignant cells. We found the L126-Y133 region of caPCNA is structurally altered and more accessible to protein-protein interaction. A cell-permeable peptide harboring the L126-Y133 sequence blocked PCNA interaction in cancer cells and selectively kills cancer cells and xenograft tumors. On the basis of these findings, we sought small molecules targeting this peptide region as potential broad-spectrum anticancer agents. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN By computer modeling and medicinal chemistry targeting a surface pocket partly delineated by the L126-Y133 region of PCNA, we identified a potent PCNA inhibitor (AOH1160) and characterized its therapeutic properties and potential toxicity. RESULTS AOH1160 selectively kills many types of cancer cells at below micromolar concentrations without causing significant toxicity to a broad range of nonmalignant cells. Mechanistically, AOH1160 interferes with DNA replication, blocks homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair, and causes cell-cycle arrest. It induces apoptosis in cancer cells and sensitizes them to cisplatin treatment. AOH1160 is orally available to animals and suppresses tumor growth in a dosage form compatible to clinical applications. Importantly, it does not cause significant toxicity at 2.5 times of an effective dose. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated the favorable therapeutic properties and the potential of AOH1160 as a broad-spectrum therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Gu
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California.
| | - Robert Lingeman
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Fumiko Yakushijin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Emily Sun
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Qi Cui
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Jianfei Chao
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Weidong Hu
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Hongzhi Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Robert J Hickey
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California.,Translational Biomarker Discovery Core, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Jeremy M Stark
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Yate-Ching Yuan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Steven L Vonderfecht
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Timothy W Synold
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Karen L Reckamp
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - David Horne
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Linda H Malkas
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
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21
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Bhattacharya P, Shetake NG, Pandey BN, Kumar A. Receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in cancer radiotherapy and its targeting for tumor radiosensitization. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:628-644. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1478160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Poushali Bhattacharya
- Radiation Signaling and Cancer Biology Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Neena G. Shetake
- Radiation Signaling and Cancer Biology Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Badri N. Pandey
- Radiation Signaling and Cancer Biology Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Radiation Signaling and Cancer Biology Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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22
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Shemesh A, Kundu K, Peleg R, Yossef R, Kaplanov I, Ghosh S, Khrapunsky Y, Gershoni-Yahalom O, Rabinski T, Cerwenka A, Atlas R, Porgador A. NKp44-Derived Peptide Binds Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen and Mediates Tumor Cell Death. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1114. [PMID: 29875773 PMCID: PMC5974751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is considered as a hub protein and is a key regulator of DNA replication, repair, cell cycle control, and apoptosis. PCNA is overexpressed in many cancer types, and PCNA overexpression is correlated with cancer virulence. Membrane-associated PCNA is a ligand for the NKp44 (NCR2) innate immune receptor. The purpose of this study was to characterize the PCNA-binding site within NKp44. We have identified NKp44-derived linear peptide (pep8), which can specifically interact with PCNA and partly block the NKp44–PCNA interaction. We then tested whether NKp44-derived pep8 (NKp44-pep8) fused to cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can be employed for targeting the intracellular PCNA for the purpose of anticancer therapy. Treatment of tumor cells with NKp44-pep8, fused to R11-NLS cell-penetrating peptide (R11-NLS-pep8), reduced cell viability and promoted cell death, in various murine and human cancer cell lines. Administration of R11-NLS-pep8 to tumor-bearing mice suppressed tumor growth in the 4T1 breast cancer and the B16 melanoma in vivo models. We therefore identified the NKp44 binding site to PCNA and further developed an NKp44-peptide-based agent that can inhibit tumor growth through interfering with the function of intracellular PCNA in the tumor cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishai Shemesh
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Kiran Kundu
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Refael Peleg
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Rami Yossef
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irena Kaplanov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Susmita Ghosh
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yana Khrapunsky
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Orly Gershoni-Yahalom
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Tatiana Rabinski
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Innate Immunity Group, German Cancer Research Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Roee Atlas
- National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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23
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Zhang M, Zhao L. CKAP2 Promotes Ovarian Cancer Proliferation and Tumorigenesis Through the FAK-ERK Pathway. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:983-990. [PMID: 28933561 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of cytoskeleton-associated protein 2 (CKAP2) has been observed in ovarian cancer. This study aimed to determine the effects of overexpression of CKAP2 on cell proliferation and tumorigenesis and to explore the potential signal pathway in the oncogenic process. Expression of CKAP2 in tissue of ovarian cancer patients was detected. Human cancer cell line SKOV3 was overexpressed with CKAP2 and measured for cell growth and mobility. Moreover, CKAP2 effect was estimated using mouse tumor xenografts. mRNA expression levels of related genes were assessed. Expression levels of CKAP2 and p-ERK2 in SKOV3 cells were detected before and after treatment of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor. mRNA and protein levels of CKAP2 were significantly elevated in human ovarian tumor tissues. Overexpression of CKAP2 in SKOV3 cells promoted cell proliferation and migration. Implantation of overexpressed SKOV3 cells showed significant tumorigenesis ability. mRNA expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), and SNAI1 were elevated in overexpressed SKOV3 cells. Cells with CKAP2 overexpression also had significantly increased p-ERK2 level. Moreover, FAK inhibitor treatment significantly decreased CKAP2 expression levels as well as the phosphorylation level of ERK2 in SKOV3 cells. This study suggests that overexpression of CKAP2 enhanced proliferation and mobility of carcinoma cells through the FAK-ERK2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaocheng People's Hospital , Liaocheng, China
| | - Longjun Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Liaocheng People's Hospital , Liaocheng, China
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24
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Hou XF, Xu LP, Song HY, Li S, Wu C, Wang JF. ECRG2 enhances the anti-cancer effects of cisplatin in cisplatin-resistant esophageal cancer cells via upregulation of p53 and downregulation of PCNA. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:1796-1803. [PMID: 28348485 PMCID: PMC5352920 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i10.1796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the anti-tumor effects of esophageal cancer-related gene 2 (ECRG2) in combination with cisplatin (DDP) in DDP-resistant esophageal cancer cells (EC9706/DDP).
METHODS A drug-resistant cell model was established, with EC9706/DDP cells being treated with ECRG2 and/or DDP. Cell viability was examined by MTT assay. The rate of cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), metallothionein (MT), and p53 were determined by RT-PCR and PCNA, while MT and p53 protein expression levels were determined by western blotting.
RESULTS The anti-proliferative effect of ECRG2 in combination with DDP was superior when compared to ECRG2 or DDP alone. The inhibition rate for the combination reached its peak (51.33%) at 96 h. The early apoptotic rates of the control, ECRG2 alone, DDP alone, and ECRG2 plus DDP groups were 5.71% ± 0.27%, 12.68% ± 0.61%, 14.15% ± 0.87%, and 27.96% ± 0.36%, respectively. Although all treatment groups were significantly different from the control group (P < 0.05), the combination treatment of ECRG2 plus DDP performed significantly better when compared to either ECRG2 or DDP alone (P < 0.05). The combination of ECRG2 and DDP significantly upregulated p53 mRNA and protein levels and downregulated PCNA mRNA and protein levels compared to ECRG2 or DDP alone (P < 0.05). However, no changes were seen in the expression of MT mRNA or protein.
CONCLUSION ECRG2 in combination with DDP can inhibit viability and induce apoptosis in esophageal cancer DDP-resistant cells, possibly via upregulation of p53 expression and downregulation of PCNA expression. These findings suggest that the combination of ECRG2 and DDP may be a promising strategy for the clinical treatment of esophageal cancers that are resistant to DDP.
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25
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Simon M, Mesmar F, Helguero L, Williams C. Genome-wide effects of MELK-inhibitor in triple-negative breast cancer cells indicate context-dependent response with p53 as a key determinant. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172832. [PMID: 28235006 PMCID: PMC5325553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive, highly recurrent breast cancer subtype, affecting approximately one-fifth of all breast cancer patients. Subpopulations of treatment-resistant cancer stem cells within the tumors are considered to contribute to disease recurrence. A potential druggable target for such cells is the maternal embryonic leucine-zipper kinase (MELK). MELK expression is upregulated in mammary stem cells and in undifferentiated cancers, where it correlates with poor prognosis and potentially mediates treatment resistance. Several MELK inhibitors have been developed, of which one, OTSSP167, is currently in clinical trials. In order to better understand how MELK and its inhibition influence TNBC, we verified its anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects in claudin-low TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 and SUM-159 using MTS assays and/or trypan blue viability assays together with analysis of PARP cleavage. Then, using microarrays, we explored which genes were affected by OTSSP167. We demonstrate that different sets of genes are regulated in MDA-MB-231 and SUM-159, but in both cell lines genes involved in cell cycle, mitosis and protein metabolism and folding were regulated. We identified p53 (TP53) as a potential upstream regulator of the regulated genes. Using western blot we found that OTSSP167 downregulates mutant p53 in all tested TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, SUM-159, and BT-549), but upregulates wild-type p53 in the luminal A subtype MCF-7 cell line. We propose that OTSSP167 might have context-dependent or off-target effects, but that one consistent mechanism of action could involve the destabilization of mutant p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Simon
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Fahmi Mesmar
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Luisa Helguero
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Department of Biosciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cecilia Williams
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Division of Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH – Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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26
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Wu CW, Liu HC, Yu YL, Hung YT, Wei CW, Yiang GT. Combined treatment with vitamin C and methotrexate inhibits triple-negative breast cancer cell growth by increasing H2O2 accumulation and activating caspase-3 and p38 pathways. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2177-2184. [PMID: 28259996 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is widely used as both an anticancer and anti-rheumatoid arthritis drug. Although MTX has been used to inhibit the growth of many cancer cells, it cannot effectively inhibit growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC cells). Vitamin C is an antioxidant that can prevent oxidative stress. In addition, vitamin C has been applied as adjunct treatment for growth inhibition of cancer cells. Recent studies indicated that combined treatment with vitamin C and MTX may inhibit MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell growth through G2/M elongation. However, the mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine whether combined treatment with low-dose vitamin C and MTX inhibits TNBC cell growth and to investigate the mechanisms of vitamin C/MTX-induced cytotoxicity. Neither low-dose vitamin C alone nor MTX alone inhibited TNBC cell growth. However, combined low-dose vitamin C and MTX had synergistic anti-proliferative/cytotoxic effects on TNBC cells. In addition, co-treatment increased H2O2 levels and activated both caspase-3 and p38 cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiao-Chun Liu
- Department of Nursing, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Luen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ting Hung
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chyou-Wei Wei
- Department of Nutrition, Master Program of Biomedical Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung 433, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Giou-Teng Yiang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the most well-studied signaling pathways in cancer progression. As a result, numerous therapeutics including small-molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies have been developed to target this critical oncogenic driver. Several of these EGFR inhibitors (EGFRi) have been evaluated in metastatic breast cancer, as high-level EGFR expression in primary tumors correlates with the highly aggressive basal-like phenotype and predicts for poor patient prognosis. Surprisingly, these trials have been unanimously unsuccessful at improving patient outcomes. Numerous factors, such as lack of proper patient selection may have contributed to the failure of these trials. However, recent findings suggest that there are fundamental changes in EGFR signaling that take place during primary tumor invasion, dissemination and ultimate metastasis of breast cancer cells. Herein, we review the outcomes of EGFR-targeted clinical trials in breast cancer and explore our current understanding of EGFR signaling within primary mammary tumors and how these events are altered in the metastatic setting. Overall, we put forth the hypothesis that fundamental changes in EGFR signaling between primary and metastatic tumors, a process we term the 'EGFR paradox,' contribute to the clinically observed inherent resistance to EGFRi. Furthermore, this hypothesis introduces the possibility of utilizing EGFR agonism as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
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28
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Yin S, Li Z, Huang J, Miao Z, Zhang J, Lu C, Xu H, Xu H. Prognostic value and clinicopathological significance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:319-327. [PMID: 28138255 PMCID: PMC5237593 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s126551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in gastric cancer has long been assessed, yet results remain controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the prognostic value and clinicopathological significance of PCNA in gastric cancer. METHODS A systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases was conducted. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to investigate the correlations between PCNA expression and clinicopathological features, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS). RESULTS A total of 19 studies involving 2,852 participants were included in our analysis. The pooled HR indicated that high PCNA expression was significantly associated with poor OS (HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.32-2.08) and DFS (HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.40-2.36). Subgroup analysis revealed that the association between PCNA and OS was also significant in Asian and European patients. In addition, the pooled ORs showed that high PCNA expression was significantly associated with deeper tumor invasion (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.71-3.27), lymph node metastasis (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.85-3.35), and advanced stage cancer (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.36-2.63). CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis indicates that high PCNA expression might be a prognosticator of poor survival and a promising therapeutic target for gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Hao Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology
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Peng C, Ma W, Xia W, Zheng W. Integrated analysis of differentially expressed genes and pathways in triple‑negative breast cancer. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1087-1094. [PMID: 28075450 PMCID: PMC5367345 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by an aggressive phenotype and reduced survival. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the carcinogenesis of TNBC and to identify novel target molecules for therapy. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in TNBC and normal adjacent tissue were assessed by analyzing the GSE41970 microarray data using Qlucore Omics Explorer, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. Pathway enrichment analyses for DEGs were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery online resource. A protein‑protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes, and subnetworks were analyzed by ClusterONE. The PPI network and subnetworks were visualized using Cytoscape software. A total of 121 DEGs were obtained, of which 101 were upregulated and 20 were downregulated. The upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in 14 pathways and 83 GO biological processes, while the downregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in 18 GO biological processes. The PPI network with 118 nodes and 1,264 edges was constructed and three subnetworks were extracted from the entire network. The significant hub DEGs with high degrees were identified, including TP53, glyceraldehyde‑3‑phosphate dehydrogenase, cyclin D1, HRAS and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, which were predominantly enriched in the cell cycle pathway and pathways in cancer. A number of critical genes and pathways were revealed to be associated with TNBC. The present study may provide an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of TNBC and contribute to the development of therapeutic targets for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cancan Peng
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Wenli Ma
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, 421 Hospital of PLA, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510318, P.R. China
| | - Wenling Zheng
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Li J, Bushel PR. EPIG-Seq: extracting patterns and identifying co-expressed genes from RNA-Seq data. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:255. [PMID: 27004791 PMCID: PMC4804494 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) measures genome-wide gene expression. RNA-Seq data is count-based rendering normal distribution models for analysis inappropriate. Normalization of RNA-Seq data to transform the data has limitations which can adversely impact the analysis. Furthermore, there are a few count-based methods for analysis of RNA-Seq data but they are essentially for pairwise analysis of treatment groups or multiclasses but not pattern-based to identify co-expressed genes. Results We adapted our extracting patterns and identifying genes methodology for RNA-Seq (EPIG-Seq) count data. The software uses count-based correlation to measure similarity between genes, quasi-Poisson modelling to estimate dispersion in the data and a location parameter to indicate magnitude of differential expression. EPIG-Seq is different than any other software currently available for pattern analysis of RNA-Seq data in that EPIG-Seq 1) uses count level data and supports cases of inflated zeros, 2) identifies statistically significant clusters of genes that are co-expressed across experimental conditions, 3) takes into account dispersion in the replicate data and 4) provides reliable results even with small sample sizes. EPIG-Seq operates in two steps: 1) extract the pattern profiles from data as seeds for clustering co-expressed genes and 2) cluster the genes to the pattern seeds and compute statistical significance of the pattern of co-expressed genes. EPIG-Seq provides a table of the genes with bootstrapped p-values and profile plots of the patterns of co-expressed genes. In addition, EPIG-Seq provides a heat map and principal component dimension reduction plot of the clustered genes as visual aids. We demonstrate the utility of EPIG-Seq through the analysis of toxicogenomics and cancer data sets to identify biologically relevant co-expressed genes. EPIG-Seq is available at: sourceforge.net/projects/epig-seq. Conclusions EPIG-Seq is unlike any other software currently available for pattern analysis of RNA-Seq count level data across experimental groups. Using the EPIG-Seq software to analyze RNA-Seq count data across biological conditions permits the ability to extract biologically meaningful co-expressed genes associated with coordinated regulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2584-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Li
- Integrative Bioinformatics Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Microarray and Genome Informatics Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.,Kelly Government Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Pierre R Bushel
- Microarray and Genome Informatics Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA. .,Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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31
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Chen MK, Hung MC. Regulation of therapeutic resistance in cancers by receptor tyrosine kinases. Am J Cancer Res 2016; 6:827-842. [PMID: 27186434 PMCID: PMC4859887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to DNA damage lesions due to cellular stress, DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are activated to promote cell survival and genetic stability or unrepaired lesion-induced cell death. Current cancer treatments predominantly utilize DNA damaging agents, such as irradiation and chemotherapy drugs, to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and induce cell death through the activation of DDR. However, a portion of cancer patients is reported to develop therapeutic resistance to these DDR-inducing agents. One significant resistance mechanism in cancer cells is oncogenic kinase overexpression, which promotes cell survival by enhancing DNA damage repair pathways and evading cell cycle arrest. Among the oncogenic kinases, overexpression of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is reported in many of solid tumors, and numerous clinical trials targeting RTKs are currently in progress. As the emerging trend in cancer treatment combines DNA damaging agents and RTK inhibitors, it is important to understand the substrates of RTKs relative to the DDR pathways. In addition, alteration of RTK expression and their phosphorylated substrates can serve as biomarkers to stratify patients for combination therapies. In this review, we summarize the deleterious effects of RTKs on the DDR pathways and the emerging biomarkers for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kuang Chen
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, Texas 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Center of Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia UniversityTaichung 413, Taiwan
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Kalimutho M, Parsons K, Mittal D, López JA, Srihari S, Khanna KK. Targeted Therapies for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Combating a Stubborn Disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:822-846. [PMID: 26538316 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) constitute a heterogeneous subtype of breast cancers that have a poor clinical outcome. Although no approved targeted therapy is available for TNBCs, molecular-profiling efforts have revealed promising molecular targets, with several candidate compounds having now entered clinical trials for TNBC patients. However, initial results remain modest, thereby highlighting challenges potentially involving intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity and acquisition of therapy resistance. We present a comprehensive review on emerging targeted therapies for treating TNBCs, including the promising approach of immunotherapy and the prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. We discuss the impact of pathway rewiring in the acquisition of drug resistance, and the prospect of employing combination therapy strategies to overcome challenges towards identifying clinically-viable targeted treatment options for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugan Kalimutho
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia.
| | - Kate Parsons
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 411, Australia
| | - Deepak Mittal
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - J Alejandro López
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 411, Australia; Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Sriganesh Srihari
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 411, Australia.
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Mendes TFS, Kluskens LD, Rodrigues LR. Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Nanosolutions for a Big Challenge. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500053. [PMID: 27980912 PMCID: PMC5115335 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a particular immunopathological subtype of breast cancer that lacks expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER/PR) and amplification of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene. Characterized by aggressive and metastatic phenotypes and high rates of relapse, TNBC is the only breast cancer subgroup still lacking effective therapeutic options, thus presenting the worst prognosis. The development of targeted therapies, as well as early diagnosis methods, is vital to ensure an adequate and timely therapeutic intervention in patients with TNBC. This review intends to discuss potentially emerging approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of TNBC patients, with a special focus on nano-based solutions that actively target these particular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leon D Kluskens
- Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho 4710-057 Braga Portugal
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34
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Lee HH, Wang YN, Hung MC. Non-canonical signaling mode of the epidermal growth factor receptor family. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:2944-58. [PMID: 26693051 PMCID: PMC4656722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its family members are key players in both physiological and pathological settings for which they are well recognized as models for investigating the functions and regulations of other membrane receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and serve as therapeutic targets critical to clinical need and fundamental research. The canonical view of the pivotal functions in the EGFR family has been well documented as being an initiator of signaling amplification cascades from the plasma membrane to different subcellular compartments via receptor endocytic trafficking, intermolecular interaction, and kinase-substrate reaction in a temporalspatial manner. However, several lines of evidence have identified non-canonical roles of the EGFR family, acting as a transcriptional factor and a chromatin regulator in the nucleus to regulate gene expression, DNA replication, and DNA damage repair. Moreover, the EGFR family can even exert its impact outside the host cell through exosomal vesicle secretion. The emerging concept of the non-canonical roles of the EGFR family reveals an astonishing and elaborate scheme on the molecular functions of membrane RTKs, offering new insights into the receptor biology as well as the development of comprehensive therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Huan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77030, TX, USA
| | - Ying-Nai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77030, TX, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston 77030, TX, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical UniversityTaichung 404, Taiwan
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at HoustonHouston 77030, TX, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia UniversityTaichung 413, Taiwan
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35
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Vahedi S, Chueh FY, Dutta S, Chandran B, Yu CL. Nuclear lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase and its interaction with CR6-interacting factor 1 promote the survival of human leukemic T cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:43-50. [PMID: 25997448 PMCID: PMC4484609 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression and hyperactivation of lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) have been associated with leukemia development. We previously showed that, other than its known function as a cytoplasmic signal transducer, Lck also acts as a nuclear transcription factor in mouse leukemic cells. In the present study, we demonstrated the presence of nuclear Lck in human leukemic T cells and in primary cells. We further established a positive correlation between Lck nuclear localization and its kinase activity. Proteomic analysis identified CR6-interacting factor 1 (CRIF1) as one of the Lck-interacting proteins. CRIF1 and Lck association in the nucleus was confirmed both by immunofluorescence microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation in human leukemic T cells. Close-range interaction between Lck and CRIF1 was validated by in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA). Consistent with the role of nuclear CRIF1 as a tumor suppressor, CRIF1 silencing promotes leukemic T cell survival in the absence of growth factors. This protective effect can be recapitulated by endogenous Lck or reconstituted Lck in leukemic T cells. All together, our results support a novel function of nuclear Lck in promoting human leukemic T cell survival through interaction with a tumor suppressor. It has important implications in defining a paradigm shift of non-canonical protein tyrosine kinase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrooz Vahedi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H.M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Fu-Yu Chueh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H.M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Sujoy Dutta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H.M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Bala Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H.M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Chao-Lan Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, H.M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Karagoz K, Sinha R, Arga KY. Triple negative breast cancer: a multi-omics network discovery strategy for candidate targets and driving pathways. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 19:115-30. [PMID: 25611337 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2014.0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) represents approximately 15% of breast cancers and is characterized by lack of expression of both estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR), together with absence of human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2). TNBC has attracted considerable attention due to its aggressiveness such as large tumor size, high proliferation rate, and metastasis. The absence of clinically efficient molecular targets is of great concern in treatment of patients with TNBC. In light of the complexity of TNBC, we applied a systematic and integrative transcriptomics and interactomics approach utilizing transcriptional regulatory and protein-protein interaction networks to discover putative transcriptional control mechanisms of TNBC. To this end, we identified TNBC-driven molecular pathways such as the Janus kinase-signal transducers, and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways. The multi-omics molecular target and biomarker discovery approach presented here can offer ways forward on novel diagnostics and potentially help to design personalized therapeutics for TNBC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kubra Karagoz
- 1 Department of Bioengineering, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
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37
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Tyrosine 370 phosphorylation of ATM positively regulates DNA damage response. Cell Res 2015; 25:225-36. [PMID: 25601159 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) mediates DNA damage response by controling irradiation-induced foci formation, cell cycle checkpoint, and apoptosis. However, how upstream signaling regulates ATM is not completely understood. Here, we show that upon irradiation stimulation, ATM associates with and is phosphorylated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at Tyr370 (Y370) at the site of DNA double-strand breaks. Depletion of endogenous EGFR impairs ATM-mediated foci formation, homologous recombination, and DNA repair. Moreover, pretreatment with an EGFR kinase inhibitor, gefitinib, blocks EGFR and ATM association, hinders CHK2 activation and subsequent foci formation, and increases radiosensitivity. Thus, we reveal a critical mechanism by which EGFR directly regulates ATM activation in DNA damage response, and our results suggest that the status of ATM Y370 phosphorylation has the potential to serve as a biomarker to stratify patients for either radiotherapy alone or in combination with EGFR inhibition.
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BELIZZI ANTONIA, GRECO MARIARAFFAELLA, RUBINO ROSA, PARADISO ANGELO, FORCINITI STEFANIA, ZEEBERG KATRINE, CARDONE ROSAANGELA, RESHKIN STEPHANJOEL. The scaffolding protein NHERF1 sensitizes EGFR-dependent tumor growth, motility and invadopodia function to gefitinib treatment in breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:1214-24. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Low-dose X-ray irradiation promotes osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and fracture healing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104016. [PMID: 25089831 PMCID: PMC4121287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Great controversy exists regarding the biologic responses of osteoblasts to X-ray irradiation, and the mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, the biological effects of low-dose radiation on stimulating osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and fracture healing were identified using in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal studies. First, low-dose (0.5 Gy) X-ray irradiation induced the cell viability and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. However, high-dose (5 Gy) X-ray irradiation inhibited the viability and proliferation of osteoblasts. In addition, dynamic variations in osteoblast differentiation markers, including type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, Runx2, Osterix and osteocalcin, were observed after both low-dose and high-dose irradiation by Western blot analysis. Second, fracture healing was evaluated via histology and gene expression after single-dose X-ray irradiation, and low-dose X-ray irradiation accelerates fracture healing of closed femoral fractures in rats. In low-dose X-ray irradiated fractures, an increase in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells, cartilage formation and fracture calluses was observed. In addition, we observed more rapid completion of endochondral and intramembranous ossification, which was accompanied by altered expression of genes involved in bone remodeling and fracture callus mineralization. Although the expression level of several osteoblast differentiation genes was increased in the fracture calluses of high-dose irradiated rats, the callus formation and fracture union were delayed compared with the control and low-dose irradiated fractures. These results reveal beneficial effects of low-dose irradiation, including the stimulation of osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and fracture healing, and highlight its potential translational application in novel therapies against bone-related diseases.
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40
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A PCNA-derived cell permeable peptide selectively inhibits neuroblastoma cell growth. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94773. [PMID: 24728180 PMCID: PMC3984256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), through its interaction with various proteins involved in DNA synthesis, cell cycle regulation, and DNA repair, plays a central role in maintaining genome stability. We previously reported a novel cancer associated PCNA isoform (dubbed caPCNA), which was significantly expressed in a broad range of cancer cells and tumor tissues, but not in non-malignant cells. We found that the caPCNA-specific antigenic site lies between L126 and Y133, a region within the interconnector domain of PCNA that is known to be a major binding site for many of PCNA's interacting proteins. We hypothesized that therapeutic agents targeting protein-protein interactions mediated through this region may confer differential toxicity to normal and malignant cells. To test this hypothesis, we designed a cell permeable peptide containing the PCNA L126-Y133 sequence. Here, we report that this peptide selectively kills human neuroblastoma cells, especially those with MYCN gene amplification, with much less toxicity to non-malignant human cells. Mechanistically, the peptide is able to block PCNA interactions in cancer cells. It interferes with DNA synthesis and homologous recombination-mediated double-stranded DNA break repair, resulting in S-phase arrest, accumulation of DNA damage, and enhanced sensitivity to cisplatin. These results demonstrate conceptually the utility of this peptide for treating neuroblastomas, particularly, the unfavorable MYCN-amplified tumors.
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41
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Wang SC. PCNA: a silent housekeeper or a potential therapeutic target? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:178-86. [PMID: 24655521 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is known as a molecular marker for proliferation given its role in replication. Three identical molecules of PCNA form a molecular sliding clamp around the DNA double helix. This provides an essential platform on which multiple proteins are dynamically recruited and coordinately regulated. Over the past decade, new research has provided a deeper comprehension of PCNA as a coordinator of essential cellular functions for cell growth, death, and maintenance. Although the biology of PCNA in proliferation has been comprehensively reviewed, research progress in unveiling the potential of targeting PCNA for disease treatment has not been systematically discussed. Here we briefly summarize the basic structural and functional characteristics of PCNA, and then discuss new developments in its protein interactions, trimer formation, and signaling regulation that open the door to possible therapeutic targeting of PCNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Chun Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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42
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Brand TM, Iida M, Dunn EF, Luthar N, Kostopoulos KT, Corrigan KL, Wleklinski MJ, Yang D, Wisinski KB, Salgia R, Wheeler DL. Nuclear epidermal growth factor receptor is a functional molecular target in triple-negative breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1356-68. [PMID: 24634415 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subclass of breast cancers (i.e., estrogen receptor-negative, progesterone receptor-negative, and HER2-negative) that have poor prognosis and very few identified molecular targets. Strikingly, a high percentage of TNBCs overexpresses the EGF receptor (EGFR), yet EGFR inhibition has yielded little clinical benefit. Over the last decade, advances in EGFR biology have established that EGFR functions in two distinct signaling pathways: (i) classical membrane-bound signaling and (ii) nuclear signaling. Previous studies have demonstrated that nuclear EGFR (nEGFR) can enhance resistance to anti-EGFR therapies and is correlated with poor overall survival in breast cancer. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that nEGFR may promote intrinsic resistance to cetuximab in TNBC. To examine this question, a battery of TNBC cell lines and human tumors were screened and found to express nEGFR. Knockdown of EGFR expression demonstrated that TNBC cell lines retained dependency on EGFR for proliferation, yet all cell lines were resistant to cetuximab. Furthermore, Src Family Kinases (SFKs) influenced nEGFR translocation in TNBC cell lines and in vivo tumor models, where inhibition of SFK activity led to potent reductions in nEGFR expression. Inhibition of nEGFR translocation led to a subsequent accumulation of EGFR on the plasma membrane, which greatly enhanced sensitivity of TNBC cells to cetuximab. Collectively, these data suggest that targeting both the nEGFR signaling pathway, through the inhibition of its nuclear transport, and the classical EGFR signaling pathway with cetuximab may be a viable approach for the treatment of patients with TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Brand
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Human Oncology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin; and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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43
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Thike AA, Yong-Zheng Chong L, Cheok PY, Li HH, Wai-Cheong Yip G, Huat Bay B, Tse GMK, Iqbal J, Tan PH. Loss of androgen receptor expression predicts early recurrence in triple-negative and basal-like breast cancer. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:352-60. [PMID: 23929266 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of triple-negative invasive breast cancers, defined by the absence of estrogen and progesterone receptors and c-erbB2 expression, remains challenging. Androgen receptor, a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that is involved in signaling pathways regulating cell proliferation, has been implicated in breast tumorigenesis. We immunohistochemically examined the expression of androgen receptor, basal markers (CK14, 34βE12) and EGFR in 699 triple-negative invasive breast cancers in tissue microarrays using the streptavidin-biotin method, and correlated the findings with clinical outcome. Positive androgen receptor expression was defined as staining of 1% or more of tumor cell nuclei. Survival outcomes were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between groups with log-rank statistics. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the effect of androgen receptor on survival outcomes. Immunohistochemical positivity was observed in 38% of tumors, with the proportion of stained tumor cells ranging from 1 to 95% (mean 29%, median 10%). Androgen receptor expression was inversely associated with histologic grade and mitotic score. CK14, 34βE12 and EGFR confirmed 85% of cases to be basal-like, without significant association of basal-like phenotype with androgen receptor expression. Disease-free survival was significantly better in androgen receptor-positive triple-negative breast cancer, with a trend for improved overall survival. Decreased recurrence likelihood in both triple-negative and basal-like tumors (hazard ratio, 0.704; 95% confidence intervals, 0.498-0.994; P=0.0464; and hazard ratio, 0.675; 95% confidence intervals, 0.468-0.974; P=0.0355, respectively) was noted within 5 years of diagnosis but not thereafter. Our study suggests that loss of androgen receptor in triple-negative breast cancers augurs a worse prognosis, including those with basal-like features. More work in elucidating its relationship with mechanisms of progression, as well as trials of targeted treatment for androgen receptor-expressing triple-negative tumors, needs to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye Aye Thike
- 1] Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore [2] Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore [3] Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore [4] Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luke Yong-Zheng Chong
- 1] Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore [2] Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore [3] Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore [4] Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Poh Yian Cheok
- Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Hua Li
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - George Wai-Cheong Yip
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary Man-Kit Tse
- 1] Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore [2] Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore [3] Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore [4] Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jabed Iqbal
- 1] Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore [2] Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore [3] Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore [4] Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- 1] Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore [2] Department of Clinical Research, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore [3] Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore [4] Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Wu CL, Tsai HC, Chen ZW, Wu CM, Li TM, Fong YC, Tang CH. Ras activation mediates WISP-1-induced increases in cell motility and matrix metalloproteinase expression in human osteosarcoma. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2812-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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45
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Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 is involved in WISP-1-promoted cell motility in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78022. [PMID: 24205072 PMCID: PMC3804520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has a tendency to migrate and metastasize. WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP-1) is a cysteine-rich protein that belongs to the Cyr61, CTGF, Nov (CCN) family of matrix cellular proteins. The effect of WISP-1 on human OSCC cells, however, is unknown. Here, we showed that WISP-1 increased cell migration and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in OSCC cells. Pretreatment of cells with integrin αvβ3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) significantly abolished WISP-1–induced cell migration and ICAM-1 expression. On the other hand, WISP-1–mediated cell motility and ICAM-1 upregulation were attenuated by ASK1, JNK, and p38 inhibitor. Furthermore, WISP-1 also enhanced activator protein 1 (AP-1) activation, and the integrin αvβ3 mAb, and ASK1, JNK, and p38 inhibitors reduced WISP-1–mediated AP-1 activation. Moreover, WISP-1 and ICAM-1 expression correlated with the tumor stage of patients with OSCC. Our results indicate that WISP-1 enhances the migration of OSCC cells by increasing ICAM-1 expression through the αvβ3 integrin receptor and the ASK1, JNK/p38, and AP-1 signal transduction pathways.
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46
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Chang SLY, Chou RH, Zeng HJ, Lin YH, Chiu TY, Yang DM, Hung SC, Lai CH, Hsieh JT, Shyu WC, Yu YL. Downregulation of DAB2IP promotes mesenchymal-to-neuroepithelial transition and neuronal differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75884. [PMID: 24073285 PMCID: PMC3779184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The DOC-2/DAB2 interactive protein (DAB2IP) is a new member of the Ras GTPase–activating protein family. Recent studies have shown that, in addition to its tumor suppressive role in various tumors, DAB2IP also plays an important role in regulating neuronal migration and positioning during brain development. In this study, we determined the roles of DAB2IP in the neuronal differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We found that lentiviral short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of DAB2IP promoted the mesenchymal-to-neuroepithelial stem cell transition (MtNeST) and neuronal differentiation, which were accompanied by a reduction of cell proliferation but not apoptosis or cellular senescence. This suggests that DAB2IP plays an important role in the neuronal induction of hMSCs. Moreover, our finding that reduction of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) activity upon LiCl pretreatment inhibited both the MtNeST and production of MAP2-positive cells upon DAB2IP knockdown suggests that this transition is most likely mediated by regulation of the GSK3β signaling pathway. Our study demonstrates that DAB2IP participates in the first step of neuron induction of hMSCs, which implies a potentially important role for DAB2IP in the MtNeST during neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Li-Yun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, and Graduate Institute of Molecular Systems Biomedicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hwang Chou
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jie Zeng
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yu Chiu
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biophotonics, School of Medical Technology and Engineering and Biophotonics and Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - De-Ming Yang
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biophotonics, School of Medical Technology and Engineering and Biophotonics and Molecular Imaging Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chieh Hung
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Education, Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- University of Texas, Department of Urology, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Translational Medicine Research Center and Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLY); (WCS)
| | - Yung-Luen Yu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLY); (WCS)
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Ectopic expression of nolz-1 in neural progenitors promotes cell cycle exit/premature neuronal differentiation accompanying with abnormal apoptosis in the developing mouse telencephalon. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74975. [PMID: 24073229 PMCID: PMC3779228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nolz-1, as a murine member of the NET zinc-finger protein family, is expressed in post-mitotic differentiating neurons of striatum during development. To explore the function of Nolz-1 in regulating the neurogenesis of forebrain, we studied the effects of ectopic expression of Nolz-1 in neural progenitors. We generated the Cre-loxP dependent conditional transgenic mice in which Nolz-1 was ectopically expressed in proliferative neural progenitors. Ectopic expression of Nolz-1 in neural progenitors by intercrossing the Nolz-1 conditional transgenic mice with the nestin-Cre mice resulted in hypoplasia of telencephalon in double transgenic mice. Decreased proliferation of neural progenitor cells were found in the telencephalon, as evidenced by the reduction of BrdU-, Ki67- and phospho-histone 3-positive cells in E11.5-12.5 germinal zone of telencephalon. Transgenic Nolz-1 also promoted cell cycle exit and as a consequence might facilitate premature differentiation of progenitors, because TuJ1-positive neurons were ectopically found in the ventricular zone and there was a general increase of TuJ1 immunoreactivity in the telencephalon. Moreover, clusters of strong TuJ1-expressing neurons were present in E12.5 germinal zone. Some of these strong TuJ1-positive clusters, however, contained apoptotic condensed DNA, suggesting that inappropriate premature differentiation may lead to abnormal apoptosis in some progenitor cells. Consistent with the transgenic mouse analysis in vivo, similar effects of Nozl-1 over-expression in induction of apoptosis, inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion of neuronal differentiation were also observed in three different N18, ST14A and N2A neural cell lines in vitro. Taken together, our study indicates that ectopic expression of Nolz-1 in neural progenitors promotes cell cycle exit/premature neuronal differentiation and induces abnormal apoptosis in the developing telencephalon.
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Brand TM, Iida M, Luthar N, Starr MM, Huppert EJ, Wheeler DL. Nuclear EGFR as a molecular target in cancer. Radiother Oncol 2013; 108:370-7. [PMID: 23830194 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been one of the most targeted receptors in the field of oncology. While anti-EGFR inhibitors have demonstrated clinical success in specific cancers, most patients demonstrate either intrinsic or acquired resistance within one year of treatment. Many mechanisms of resistance to EGFR inhibitors have been identified, one of these being attributed to alternatively localized EGFR from the cell membrane into the cell's nucleus. Inside the nucleus, EGFR functions as a co-transcription factor for several genes involved in cell proliferation and angiogenesis, and as a tyrosine kinase to activate and stabilize proliferating cell nuclear antigen and DNA dependent protein kinase. Nuclear localized EGFR is highly associated with disease progression, worse overall survival in numerous cancers, and enhanced resistance to radiation, chemotherapy, and the anti-EGFR therapies gefitinib and cetuximab. In this review the current knowledge of how nuclear EGFR enhances resistance to cancer therapeutics is discussed, in addition to highlighting ways to target nuclear EGFR as an anti-cancer strategy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Brand
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, Madison, USA
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