1
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Singam A, Bhattacharya C, Park S. Aging-related changes in the mechanical properties of single cells. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32974. [PMID: 38994100 PMCID: PMC11238009 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanical properties, along with biochemical and molecular properties, play crucial roles in governing cellular function and homeostasis. Cellular mechanics are influenced by various factors, including physiological and pathological states, making them potential biomarkers for diseases and aging. While several methods such as AFM, particle-tracking microrheology, optical tweezers/stretching, magnetic tweezers/twisting cytometry, microfluidics, and micropipette aspiration have been widely utilized to measure the mechanical properties of single cells, our understanding of how aging affects these properties remains limited. To fill this knowledge gap, we provide a brief overview of the commonly used methods to measure single-cell mechanical properties. We then delve into the effects of aging on the mechanical properties of different cell types. Finally, we discuss the importance of studying cellular viscous and viscoelastic properties as well as aging induced by different stressors to gain a deeper understanding of the aging process and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarnath Singam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Chandrabali Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Seungman Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
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2
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Pettenuzzo S, Arduino A, Belluzzi E, Pozzuoli A, Fontanella CG, Ruggieri P, Salomoni V, Majorana C, Berardo A. Biomechanics of Chondrocytes and Chondrons in Healthy Conditions and Osteoarthritis: A Review of the Mechanical Characterisations at the Microscale. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1942. [PMID: 37509581 PMCID: PMC10377681 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical studies are expanding across a variety of fields, from biomedicine to biomedical engineering. From the molecular to the system level, mechanical stimuli are crucial regulators of the development of organs and tissues, their growth and related processes such as remodelling, regeneration or disease. When dealing with cell mechanics, various experimental techniques have been developed to analyse the passive response of cells; however, cell variability and the extraction process, complex experimental procedures and different models and assumptions may affect the resulting mechanical properties. For these purposes, this review was aimed at collecting the available literature focused on experimental chondrocyte and chondron biomechanics with direct connection to their biochemical functions and activities, in order to point out important information regarding the planning of an experimental test or a comparison with the available results. In particular, this review highlighted (i) the most common experimental techniques used, (ii) the results and models adopted by different authors, (iii) a critical perspective on features that could affect the results and finally (iv) the quantification of structural and mechanical changes due to a degenerative pathology such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Pettenuzzo
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Arduino
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Belluzzi
- Musculoskeletal Pathology and Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova (DiSCOG), Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova (DiSCOG), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Assunta Pozzuoli
- Musculoskeletal Pathology and Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova (DiSCOG), Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova (DiSCOG), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova (DiSCOG), 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Salomoni
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Management and Engineering (DTG), Stradella S. Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Carmelo Majorana
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alice Berardo
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
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3
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Belluzzi E, Todros S, Pozzuoli A, Ruggieri P, Carniel EL, Berardo A. Human Cartilage Biomechanics: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches towards the Identification of Mechanical Properties in Healthy and Osteoarthritic Conditions. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11041014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is a complex connective tissue with the fundamental functions of load bearing, shock absorption and lubrication in joints. However, traumatic events, aging and degenerative pathologies may affect its structural integrity and function, causing pain and long-term disability. Osteoarthritis represents a health issue, which concerns an increasing number of people worldwide. Moreover, it has been observed that this pathology also affects the mechanical behavior of the articular cartilage. To better understand this correlation, the here proposed review analyzes the physiological aspects that influence cartilage microstructure and biomechanics, with a special focus on the pathological changes caused by osteoarthritis. Particularly, the experimental data on human articular cartilage are presented with reference to different techniques adopted for mechanical testing and the related theoretical mechanical models usually applied to articular cartilage are briefly discussed.
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4
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Kim YJ, Cho MJ, Yu WD, Kim MJ, Kim SY, Lee JH. Links of Cytoskeletal Integrity with Disease and Aging. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182896. [PMID: 36139471 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex feature and involves loss of multiple functions and nonreversible phenotypes. However, several studies suggest it is possible to protect against aging and promote rejuvenation. Aging is associated with many factors, such as telomere shortening, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and loss of homeostasis. The integrity of the cytoskeleton is associated with several cellular functions, such as migration, proliferation, degeneration, and mitochondrial bioenergy production, and chronic disorders, including neuronal degeneration and premature aging. Cytoskeletal integrity is closely related with several functional activities of cells, such as aging, proliferation, degeneration, and mitochondrial bioenergy production. Therefore, regulation of cytoskeletal integrity may be useful to elicit antiaging effects and to treat degenerative diseases, such as dementia. The actin cytoskeleton is dynamic because its assembly and disassembly change depending on the cellular status. Aged cells exhibit loss of cytoskeletal stability and decline in functional activities linked to longevity. Several studies reported that improvement of cytoskeletal stability can recover functional activities. In particular, microtubule stabilizers can be used to treat dementia. Furthermore, studies of the quality of aged oocytes and embryos revealed a relationship between cytoskeletal integrity and mitochondrial activity. This review summarizes the links of cytoskeletal properties with aging and degenerative diseases and how cytoskeletal integrity can be modulated to elicit antiaging and therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Kim
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, Jung-gu, Seoul 04637, Korea
| | - Min Jeong Cho
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, Jung-gu, Seoul 04637, Korea
| | - Won Dong Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pochen 11160, Korea
| | - Myung Joo Kim
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, Jung-gu, Seoul 04637, Korea
| | - Sally Yunsun Kim
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- CHA Fertility Center Seoul Station, Jung-gu, Seoul 04637, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pochen 11160, Korea
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5
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Vakiel P, Shekarforoush M, Dennison CR, Achari Y, Muench G, Scott M, Hart DA, Shrive NG. Correlation of damage score in PTOA with changes in stress on cartilage in an ovine model. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2020; 2:100109. [PMID: 36474890 PMCID: PMC9718328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2020.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective There is a high risk of developing osteoarthritis (OA) following traumatic injury to the knee. Severe ligament injuries can disrupt the integrity of the multicomponent knee at both biological and biomechanical levels. We hypothesize changes in cartilages stresses could lead to tissue damage and development of OA. Design The in-vivo gait kinematics of the stifle (knee) joint of four adult female ovine subjects were recorded prior to and at ten-and-twenty weeks following partial ACL-MCL transection. The subjects were sacrificed and the experimental joint from each subject was mounted on a parallel robotic system programmed with the kinematic findings. Ten custom-built Fibre Bragg Grating optic sensors were arranged to measure contact stresses on the surface of the tibial plateau articular cartilage. These sensors provide the first accurate stress measurements in a joint during gait replication using the previously recorded in-vivo kinematics. The relationship between the results obtained and observed focal damage was assessed. Results The locations on the tibial plateaus that experienced the greatest change in contact stresses corresponded with the locations of focal damage development. No direct link was detected between individual animal differences in kinematics and variations in stress magnitudes or the development of focal cartilage damage. Conclusions The findings highlight the importance of mechanical stress determinants in the integrated set point for the knee (with individual variation), and how injury-related stress changes correlate with development of PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Vakiel
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mehdi Shekarforoush
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher R. Dennison
- Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yamini Achari
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gregory Muench
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Scott
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A. Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Foothills Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nigel G. Shrive
- McCaig Institute for Bone & Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Bajpai A, Li R, Chen W. The cellular mechanobiology of aging: from biology to mechanics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1491:3-24. [PMID: 33231326 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a chronic, complicated process that leads to degenerative physical and biological changes in living organisms. Aging is associated with permanent, gradual physiological cellular decay that affects all aspects of cellular mechanobiological features, including cellular cytoskeleton structures, mechanosensitive signaling pathways, and forces in the cell, as well as the cell's ability to sense and adapt to extracellular biomechanical signals in the tissue environment through mechanotransduction. These mechanobiological changes in cells are directly or indirectly responsible for dysfunctions and diseases in various organ systems, including the cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, skin, and immune systems. This review critically examines the role of aging in the progressive decline of the mechanobiology occurring in cells, and establishes mechanistic frameworks to understand the mechanobiological effects of aging on disease progression and to develop new strategies for halting and reversing the aging process. Our review also highlights the recent development of novel bioengineering approaches for studying the key mechanobiological mechanisms in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apratim Bajpai
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York
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7
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A multiscale framework for evaluating three-dimensional cell mechanics in fibril-reinforced poroelastic tissues with anatomical cell distribution – Analysis of chondrocyte deformation behavior in mechanically loaded articular cartilage. J Biomech 2020; 101:109648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Determination of viscohyperelastic properties of tubule epithelial cells by an approach combined with AFM nanoindentation and finite element analysis. Micron 2020; 129:102779. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.102779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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9
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Wang H, Qiao Y, Liu J, Jiang B, Zhang G, Zhang C, Liu X. Experimental study of the difference in deformation between normal and pathological, renal and bladder, cells induced by acoustic radiation force. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2020; 49:155-161. [PMID: 32006056 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-020-01422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that alterations in the mechanical properties of cells may be associated with the onset and progression of some forms of pathology. In this paper, an experimental study of two types of cells, renal (cancer) and bladder (cancer) cells, is described which used acoustic radiation force (ARF) generated by a high-frequency ultrasound focusing transducer and performed on the operating platform of an inverted light microscope. Comparing images of cancer cells with those of normal cells of the same kind, we find that the cancer cells are more prone to deform than normal cells of the same kind under the same ARF. In addition, cancer cells with higher malignancy are more deformable than those with lower malignancy. This means that the deformability of cells may be used to distinguish diseased cells from normal ones, and more aggressive cells from less aggressive ones, which may provide a more rapid and accurate method for clinical diagnosis of urological disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
- School of Science, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yupei Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jiehui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Gutian Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chengwei Zhang
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaozhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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10
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Proteome Alterations in Equine Osteochondrotic Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246179. [PMID: 31817880 PMCID: PMC6940994 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteochondrosis is a failure of the endochondral ossification that affects developing joints in humans and several animal species. It is a localized idiopathic joint disorder characterized by focal chondronecrosis and growing cartilage retention, which can lead to the formation of fissures, subchondral bone cysts, or intra-articular fragments. Osteochondrosis is a complex multifactorial disease associated with extracellular matrix alterations and failure in chondrocyte differentiation, mainly due to genetic, biochemical, and nutritional factors, as well as traumas. This study describes the main proteomic alterations occurring in chondrocytes isolated from osteochondrotic cartilage fragments. A comparative analysis performed on equine osteochondrotic and healthy chondrocytes showed 26 protein species as differentially represented. In particular, quantitative changes in the extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal and chaperone proteins, and in cell adhesion and signaling molecules were observed in osteochondrotic cells, compared to healthy controls. Functional group analysis annotated most of these proteins in “growth plate and cartilage development”, while others were included in “glycolysis and gluconeogenesis”, “positive regulation of protein import”, “cell–cell adhesion mediator activity”, and “mitochondrion nucleoid”. These results may help to clarify some chondrocyte functional alterations that may play a significant role in determining the onset and progression of equine osteochondrosis and, being related, of human juvenile osteochondrosis.
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11
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Saidova AA, Vorobjev IA. Lineage Commitment, Signaling Pathways, and the Cytoskeleton Systems in Mesenchymal Stem Cells. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2019; 26:13-25. [PMID: 31663422 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2019.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adult tissues are promising candidates for personalized cell therapy and tissue engineering. Significant progress was achieved in our understanding of the regulation of MSCs proliferation and differentiation by different cues during the past years. Proliferation and differentiation of MSCs are sensitive to the extracellular matrix (ECM) properties, physical cues, and chemical signaling. Sheath stress, matrix stiffness, surface adhesiveness, and micro- and nanotopography define cell shape and dictate lineage commitment of MSCs even in the absence of specific chemical signals. We discuss mechanotransduction as the major route from ECM through the cytoskeleton toward signaling pathways and gene expression. All components of the cytoskeleton from primary cilium and focal adhesions (FAs) to actin, microtubules (MTs), and intermediate filaments (IFs) are involved in the mechanotransduction. Differentiation of MSCs is regulated via the complex network of interrelated signaling pathways, including RhoA/ROCK, Akt/Erk, and YAP/TAZ effectors of Hippo pathway. These pathways could be regulated both by chemical and mechanical stimuli. Attenuation of these pathways in MSCs results in specific changes in FAs and actin cytoskeleton. Besides, differentiation of MSCs affects MTs and IFs. Recent findings highlight the role of intranuclear actin in the regulation of transcription factors in response to mechanical environmental stimuli. Alterations of cytoskeletal components reflect the MSC senescence state and their migratory capacity. In this review, we discuss the relationships between the molecular interactions in signaling pathways and morphological response of cytoskeletal components and reveal the complex interrelations between cytoskeleton systems and signaling pathways during lineage commitment of MSCs. Impact Statement This review describes the complex network of relationships between mechanical and biochemical stimuli in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and their balance which defines the morphological changes of cell shape due to rearrangement of cytoskeletal systems during lineage commitment of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena A Saidova
- Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Center of Experimental Embryology and Reproductive Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan A Vorobjev
- Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biology, School of Science and Humanities and National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
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12
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Wang K, He X, Linthicum W, Mezan R, Wang L, Rojanasakul Y, Wen Q, Yang Y. Carbon Nanotubes Induced Fibrogenesis on Nanostructured Substrates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. NANO 2017; 4:689-699. [PMID: 28944063 PMCID: PMC5608452 DOI: 10.1039/c6en00402d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
While the rapidly evolving nanotechnology has shown promise in electronics, energy, healthcare and many other fields, there is an increasing concern about the adverse health consequences of engineered nanomaterials. To accurately evaluate the toxicity of nanomaterials, in vitro models incorporated with in vivo microenvironment characteristics are desirable. This study aims to delineate the influence of nanotopography on fibrogenic response of normal human lung fibroblasts to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Nanoscale gratings and pillars of various heights were fabricated on polydimethylsiloxane substrates. Cell spreading and biomechanics were measured, and fibrogenic responses including proliferation, collagen production and reactive oxygen species generation of the fibroblasts grown on the nanostructured substrates in response to MWCNTs were assessed. It was observed that the cells could be largely stretched on shallow nanogratings, leading to stiffer cytoskeleton and nucleus, enhanced cell proliferation and collagen production, and consequently, toxic response sensitivity of the fibroblasts was undermined. In contrast, the cell spreading and stiffness could be reduced using tall, isotropic nanopillars, which significantly improved the cell toxic sensitivity to the MWCNTs. In addition to highlighting the significant influence of cell-nanotopography interactions on cell sensing CNTs, this study contributed to development of physiologically relevant in vitro models for nanotoxicology study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA, 26506
| | - Xiaoqing He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA, 26506
| | - Will Linthicum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, 01609
| | - Ryan Mezan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA, 26506
| | - Liying Wang
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA, 26505
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA, 26506
| | - Qi Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, 01609
- Department of Physics, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA, 01609
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA, 26506
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13
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Nguyen QT, Jacobsen TD, Chahine NO. Effects of Inflammation on Multiscale Biomechanical Properties of Cartilaginous Cells and Tissues. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:2644-2656. [PMID: 29152560 PMCID: PMC5686563 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Cells
within cartilaginous tissues are mechanosensitive and thus
require mechanical loading for regulation of tissue homeostasis and
metabolism. Mechanical loading plays critical roles in cell differentiation,
proliferation, biosynthesis, and homeostasis. Inflammation is an important
event occurring during multiple processes, such as aging, injury,
and disease. Inflammation has significant effects on biological processes
as well as mechanical function of cells and tissues. These effects
are highly dependent on cell/tissue type, timing, and magnitude. In
this review, we summarize key findings pertaining to effects of inflammation
on multiscale mechanical properties at subcellular, cellular, and
tissue level in cartilaginous tissues, including alterations in mechanotransduction
and mechanosensitivity. The emphasis is on articular cartilage and
the intervertebral disc, which are impacted by inflammatory insults
during degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis, joint pain,
and back pain. To recapitulate the pro-inflammatory cascades that
occur in vivo, different inflammatory stimuli have been used for in
vitro and in situ studies, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF),
various interleukins (IL), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Therefore,
this review will focus on the effects of these stimuli because they
are the best studied pro-inflammatory cytokines in cartilaginous tissues.
Understanding the current state of the field of inflammation and cell/tissue
biomechanics may potentially identify future directions for novel
and translational therapeutics with multiscale biomechanical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q T Nguyen
- Bioengineering-Biomechanics Laboratory The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States
| | - T D Jacobsen
- Bioengineering-Biomechanics Laboratory The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York 11549, United States
| | - N O Chahine
- Bioengineering-Biomechanics Laboratory The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health System, Manhasset, New York 11030, United States.,Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York 11549, United States
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14
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Sharma P, Bolten ZT, Wagner DR, Hsieh AH. Deformability of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Is Dependent on Vimentin Intermediate Filaments. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:1365-1374. [PMID: 28091965 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are being studied extensively due to their potential as a therapeutic cell source for many load-bearing tissues. Compression of tissues and the subsequent deformation of cells are just one type physical strain MSCs will need to withstand in vivo. Mechanotransduction by MSCs and their mechanical properties are partially controlled by the cytoskeleton, including vimentin intermediate filaments (IFs). Vimentin IF deficiency has been tied to changes in mechanosensing and mechanical properties of cells in some cell types. However, how vimentin IFs contribute to MSC deformability has not been comprehensively studied. Investigating the role of vimentin IFs in MSC mechanosensing and mechanical properties will assist in functional understanding and development of MSC therapies. In this study, we examined vimentin IFs' contribution to MSCs' ability to deform under external deformation using RNA interference. Our results indicate that a deficient vimentin IF network decreases the deformability of MSCs, and that this may be caused by the remaining cytoskeletal network compensating for the vimentin IF network alteration. Our observations introduce another piece of information regarding how vimentin IFs are involved in the complex role the cytoskeleton plays in the mechanical properties of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Sharma
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Zachary T Bolten
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Diane R Wagner
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Adam H Hsieh
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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15
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Effects of mechanical stress on chondrocyte phenotype and chondrocyte extracellular matrix expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37268. [PMID: 27853300 PMCID: PMC5112533 DOI: 10.1038/srep37268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical factors play a key role in regulating the development of cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. This study aimed to identify the influence of mechanical stress in cartilage and chondrocytes. To explore the effects of mechanical stress on cartilage morphology, we observed cartilages in different regions by histological and microscopic examination. Nanoindentation was performed to assess cartilage biomechanics. To investigate the effects of mechanical stress on chondrocytes, cyclic tensile strain (CTS, 0.5 Hz, 10%) was applied to monolayer cultures of human articular chondrocytes by using Flexcell-5000. We quantified the mechanical properties of chondrocytes by atomic force microscopy. Chondrocytes were stained with Toluidine blue and Alcian blue after exposure to CTS. The expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules was detected by qPCR and immunofluorescence analyses in chondrocytes after CTS. Our results demonstrated distinct morphologies and mechanical properties in different cartilage regions. In conclusion, mechanical stress can affect the chondrocyte phenotype, thereby altering the expression of chondrocyte ECM.
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16
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Liu L, Chen L, Mai Z, Peng Z, Yu K, Liu G, Ai H. Cyclical compressive stress induces differentiation of rat primary mandibular condylar chondrocytes through phosphorylated myosin light chain II. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4293-4300. [PMID: 27748856 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of myosin light chain II (MLC‑II) in cellular differentiation of rat mandibular condylar chondrocytes (MCCs) induced by cyclical uniaxial compressive stress (CUCS) remains unclear. In the current study, a four‑point bending system was used to apply CUCS to primary cultured MCCs from rats. It was identified that CUCS stimulated features of cellular differentiation including morphological alterations, cytoskeleton rearrangement and overproduction of proteoglycans. Furthermore, CUCS promoted runt‑related transcription factor‑2 (RUNX2) expression at mRNA (P<0.01) and protein levels (P<0.05) and elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity (P<0.01), which are both markers of osteogenic differentiation. Under conditions of stress, western blotting indicated that the ratio of phosphorylated MLC‑II to total MLC‑II was increased significantly (P<0.05). Silencing MLC‑II by RNA interference reduced ALP activity (P<0.01), and eliminated RUNX2 mRNA expression (P<0.01). Addition of the MLC kinase inhibitor, ML‑7, reduced the CUCS‑associated upregulation of RUNX2 expression (P<0.01) and ALP activity (P<0.01). The data indicated that CUCS promoted cellular differentiation of rat primary MCCs, and this was suggested to be via the phosphorylation of MLC‑II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Mai
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Zhuli Peng
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Kafung Yu
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Guanqi Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ai
- Department of Stomatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China
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17
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A combined experimental atomic force microscopy-based nanoindentation and computational modeling approach to unravel the key contributors to the time-dependent mechanical behavior of single cells. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2016; 16:297-311. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-016-0817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Grady ME, Composto RJ, Eckmann DM. Cell elasticity with altered cytoskeletal architectures across multiple cell types. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 61:197-207. [PMID: 26874250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is primarily responsible for providing structural support, localization and transport of organelles, and intracellular trafficking. The structural support is supplied by actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, which contribute to overall cell elasticity to varying degrees. We evaluate cell elasticity in five different cell types with drug-induced cytoskeletal derangements to probe how actin filaments and microtubules contribute to cell elasticity and whether it is conserved across cell type. Specifically, we measure elastic stiffness in primary chondrocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells (HUVEC), hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HUH-7), and fibrosarcoma cells (HT 1080) subjected to two cytoskeletal destabilizers: cytochalasin D and nocodazole, which disrupt actin and microtubule polymerization, respectively. Elastic stiffness is measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the disruption of the cytoskeleton is confirmed using fluorescence microscopy. The two cancer cell lines showed significantly reduced elastic moduli values (~0.5kPa) when compared to the three healthy cell lines (~2kPa). Non-cancer cells whose actin filaments were disrupted using cytochalasin D showed a decrease of 60-80% in moduli values compared to untreated cells of the same origin, whereas the nocodazole-treated cells showed no change in elasticity. Overall, we demonstrate actin filaments contribute more to elastic stiffness than microtubules but this result is cell type dependent. Cancer cells behaved differently, exhibiting increased stiffness as well as stiffness variability when subjected to nocodazole. We show that disruption of microtubule dynamics affects cancer cell elasticity, suggesting therapeutic drugs targeting microtubules be monitored for significant elastic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha E Grady
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Russell J Composto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, 3231 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - David M Eckmann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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19
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Zhou Y, David MA, Chen X, Wan LQ, Duncan RL, Wang L, Lu XL. Effects of Osmolarity on the Spontaneous Calcium Signaling of In Situ Juvenile and Adult Articular Chondrocytes. Ann Biomed Eng 2015. [PMID: 26219403 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcium is a universal second messenger that mediates the metabolic activity of chondrocytes in articular cartilage. Spontaneous intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) oscillations, similar to those in neurons and myocytes, have recently been observed in chondrocytes. This study analyzed and compared the effects of different osmotic environments (hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic) on the spontaneous [Ca(2+)]i signaling of in situ chondrocytes residing in juvenile and adult cartilage explants. In spite of a lower cell density, a significantly higher percentage of chondrocytes in adult cartilage under all osmotic environments demonstrated spontaneous [Ca(2+)]i oscillations than chondrocytes in juvenile cartilage. For both juvenile and adult chondrocytes, hypotonic stress increased while hypertonic stress decreased the response rates. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal characteristics of the [Ca(2+)]i peaks vary in an age-dependent manner. In the hypotonic environment, the [Ca(2+)]i oscillation frequency of responsive adult cells is almost tripled whereas the juvenile cells respond with an increased duration and magnitude of each [Ca(2+)]i peak. Both juvenile and adult chondrocytes demonstrated significantly slower [Ca(2+)]i oscillations with longer rising and recovery time under the hypertonic condition. Taken together, these results shed new insights into the interplay between age and osmotic environment that may regulate the fundamental metabolism of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street SPL126, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Michael A David
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Xingyu Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street SPL126, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Randall L Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street SPL126, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - X Lucas Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, 130 Academy Street SPL126, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Traditionally, cell analysis has focused on using molecular biomarkers for basic research, cell preparation, and clinical diagnostics; however, new microtechnologies are enabling evaluation of the mechanical properties of cells at throughputs that make them amenable to widespread use. We review the current understanding of how the mechanical characteristics of cells relate to underlying molecular and architectural changes, describe how these changes evolve with cell-state and disease processes, and propose promising biomedical applications that will be facilitated by the increased throughput of mechanical testing: from diagnosing cancer and monitoring immune states to preparing cells for regenerative medicine. We provide background about techniques that laid the groundwork for the quantitative understanding of cell mechanics and discuss current efforts to develop robust techniques for rapid analysis that aim to implement mechanophenotyping as a routine tool in biomedicine. Looking forward, we describe additional milestones that will facilitate broad adoption, as well as new directions not only in mechanically assessing cells but also in perturbing them to passively engineer cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Darling
- Center for Biomedical Engineering.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology.,Department of Orthopaedics, and.,School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912;
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering.,California NanoSystems Institute, and.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
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21
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Morgan JT, Raghunathan VK, Chang YR, Murphy CJ, Russell P. The intrinsic stiffness of human trabecular meshwork cells increases with senescence. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15362-74. [PMID: 25915531 PMCID: PMC4558157 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the human trabecular meshwork (HTM) plays a central role in the age-associated disease glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness. The etiology remains poorly understood but cellular senescence, increased stiffness of the tissue, and the expression of Wnt antagonists such as secreted frizzled related protein-1 (SFRP1) have been implicated. However, it is not known if senescence is causally linked to either stiffness or SFRP1 expression. In this study, we utilized in vitro HTM senescence to determine the effect on cellular stiffening and SFRP1 expression. Stiffness of cultured cells was measured using atomic force microscopy and the morphology of the cytoskeleton was determined using immunofluorescent analysis. SFRP1 expression was measured using qPCR and immunofluorescent analysis. Senescent cell stiffness increased 1.88±0.14 or 2.57±0.14 fold in the presence or absence of serum, respectively. This was accompanied by increased vimentin expression, stress fiber formation, and SFRP1 expression. In aggregate, these data demonstrate that senescence may be a causal factor in HTM stiffening and elevated SFRP1 expression, and contribute towards disease progression. These findings provide insight into the etiology of glaucoma and, more broadly, suggest a causal link between senescence and altered tissue biomechanics in aging-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Morgan
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Vijay Krishna Raghunathan
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Yow-Ren Chang
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J. Murphy
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology &; Vision Science, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paul Russell
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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22
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Nguyen TD, Oloyede A, Singh S, Gu Y. Microscale consolidation analysis of relaxation behavior of single living chondrocytes subjected to varying strain-rates. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2015; 49:343-54. [PMID: 26093345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Besides the elastic stiffness, the relaxation behavior of single living cells is also of interest of various researchers when studying cell mechanics. It is hypothesized that the relaxation response of the cells is governed by both intrinsic viscoelasticity of the solid phase and fluid-solid interactions mechanisms. There are a number of mechanical models have been developed to investigate the relaxation behavior of single cells. However, there is lack of model enable to accurately capture both of the mechanisms. Therefore, in this study, the porohyperelastic (PHE) model, which is an extension of the consolidation theory, combined with inverse Finite Element Analysis (FEA) technique was used at the first time to investigate the relaxation response of living chondrocytes. This model was also utilized to study the dependence of relaxation behavior of the cells on strain-rates. The stress-relaxation experiments under the various strain-rates were conducted with the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The results have demonstrated that the PHE model could effectively capture the stress-relaxation behavior of the living chondrocytes, especially at intermediate to high strain-rates. Although this model gave some errors at lower strain-rates, its performance was acceptable. Therefore, the PHE model is properly a promising model for single cell mechanics studies. Moreover, it has been found that the hydraulic permeability of living chondrocytes reduced with decreasing of strain-rates. It might be due to the intracellular fluid volume fraction and the fluid pore pressure gradients of chondrocytes were higher when higher strain-rates applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Dung Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adekunle Oloyede
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sanjleena Singh
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - YuanTong Gu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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23
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Chen C, Xie J, Rajappa R, Deng L, Fredberg J, Yang L. Interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α increase stiffness and impair contractile function of articular chondrocytes. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:121-9. [PMID: 25520178 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmu116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are major proinflammatory cytokines involved in osteoarthritis (OA). These cytokines disturb chondrocyte metabolism by suppressing the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins and stimulating the release of catabolic proteases, but little is known about their role in chondrocyte mechanics. Thus, the aim of this study was to measure the effects of IL-1β and TNF-α on the mechanical properties of the chondrocytes. Chondrocytes from goat knee joints were cultured in 96-well plates. The cellular stiffness and contractile function were probed using optical magnetic twisting cytometry, the cytoskeleton and the expression of extracellular matrix proteins were visualized using immunofluorescent staining, and chondrocyte phenotypical expression was measured by western blot analysis. Results showed that chondrocyte stiffness was dramatically decreased by disruption of F-actin but was unaffected by disruption of the intermediate filament vimentin. Treatment with 10 ng/ml IL-1β or 40 ng/ml TNF-α for 24 h substantially increased the expression level of F-actin and cellular stiffness, and impaired cell stiffening in response to the contractile agonist histamine, but these effects were blocked by the Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor Y27632. In conclusion, IL-1β and TNF-α substantially change the mechanical properties of the chondrocytes in vitro. While changes of chondrocyte mechanics in vivo during OA progression remain unclear, this finding reveals a prominent role of these cytokines in cellular mechanics and provides insight for anti-cytokine therapies of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ravikumar Rajappa
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02115, USA Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linhong Deng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jeffrey Fredberg
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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24
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Fick JM, Huttu MRJ, Lammi MJ, Korhonen RK. In vitro glycation of articular cartilage alters the biomechanical response of chondrocytes in a depth-dependent manner. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1410-8. [PMID: 25278052 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if increasing cartilage cross-links through in vitro glycation of cartilage explants can alter the biomechanical response of chondrocytes to compressive deformation. METHOD Bovine osteochondral explants were either incubated with cell culture solution supplemented with (n = 7) or without (n = 7) ribose for 42 h in order to induce glycation. Deformation-induced changes in cell volume, dimensions and local tissue strains were determined through confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and the use of a custom built micro-compression device. Osteochondral explants were also utilized to demonstrate changes in depth-wise tissue properties, biomechanical tissue properties and cross-links such as pentosidine (Pent), hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP) and lysyl pyridinoline (LP). RESULTS The ribose treated osteochondral samples experienced reduced cell volume deformation in the upper tissue zone by ∼ 8% (P = 0.005), as compared the control samples, through restricting cell expansion. In the deeper tissue zone, cell volume deformation was increased by ∼ 12% (P < 0.001) via the transmission of mechanical signals further into the tissue depth. Biomechanical testing of the ribose treated osteochondral samples demonstrated an increase in the equilibrium and dynamic strain dependent moduli (P < 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). The biochemical analysis revealed an increase in Pent cross-links (P < 0.001). Depth-wise tissue property analyses revealed increased levels of carbohydrate content, greater levels of fixed charge density and an increased carbohydrate to protein ratio from 6 to 16%, 55-100% and 72-79% of the normalized tissue thickness (from the surface), respectively, in the ribose-treated group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In vitro glycation alters the biomechanical response of chondrocytes in cartilage differently in upper and deeper zones, offering possible insights into how aging could alter cell deformation behavior in cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Fick
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland.
| | - M R J Huttu
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - M J Lammi
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - R K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
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25
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Li M, Liu L, Xi N, Wang Y. Research progress in quantifying the mechanical properties of single living cells using atomic force microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0581-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Chen C, Tambe DT, Deng L, Yang L. Biomechanical properties and mechanobiology of the articular chondrocyte. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C1202-8. [PMID: 24067919 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00242.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To withstand physiological loading over a lifetime, human synovial joints are covered and protected by articular cartilage, a layer of low-friction, load-bearing tissue. The unique mechanical function of articular cartilage largely depends on the composition and structural integrity of the cartilage matrix. The matrix is produced by highly specialized resident cells called chondrocytes. Under physiological loading, chondrocytes maintain the balance between degradation and synthesis of matrix macromolecules. Under excessive loading or injury, however, degradation exceeds synthesis, causing joint degeneration and, eventually, osteoarthritis (OA). Hence, the mechanoresponses of chondrocytes play an important role in the development of OA. Despite its clear importance, the mechanobiology of articular chondrocytes is not well understood. To summarize our current understanding, here we review studies of the effect of mechanical forces on mechanical and biological properties of articular chondrocytes. First, we present the viscoelastic properties of the cell nucleus, chondrocyte, pericellular matrix, and chondron. Then we discuss how these properties change in OA. Finally, we discuss the responses of normal and osteoarthritic chondrocytes to a variety of mechanical stimuli. Studies reviewed here may provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of OA and may help in development of effective biophysical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Center for Joint Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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