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Vitiello A, Reale A, Conciatori V, Vicco A, Garzino-Demo A, Palù G, Parolin C, von Einem J, Calistri A. Simultaneous Expression of Different Therapeutic Genes by Infection with Multiple Oncolytic HSV-1 Vectors. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1577. [PMID: 39062150 PMCID: PMC11274547 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are anti-cancer therapeutics combining the selective killing of cancer cells with the triggering of an anti-tumoral immune response. The latter effect can be improved by arming OVs with immunomodulatory factors. Due to the heterogeneity of cancer and the tumor microenvironment, it is anticipated that strategies based on the co-expression of multiple therapeutic molecules that interfere with different features of the target malignancy will be more effective than mono-therapies. Here, we show that (i) the simultaneous expression of different proteins in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells can be achieved through their infection with a combination of OVs based on herpes simplex virus type 1 (oHSV1), each encoding a single transgene. (ii) The level of expressed proteins is dependent on the number of infectious viral particles utilized to challenge tumor cells. (iii) All recombinant viruses exhibited comparable efficacy in the killing of TNBC cells in single and multiple infections and showed similar kinetics of replication. Overall, our results suggest that a strategy based on co-infection with a panel of oHSV1s may represent a promising combinatorial therapeutic approach for TNBC, as well as for other types of solid tumors, that merits further investigation in more advanced in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Vitiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (A.R.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (A.G.-D.); (G.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Alberto Reale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (A.R.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (A.G.-D.); (G.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Valeria Conciatori
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (A.R.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (A.G.-D.); (G.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Anna Vicco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (A.R.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (A.G.-D.); (G.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (A.R.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (A.G.-D.); (G.P.); (C.P.)
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (A.R.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (A.G.-D.); (G.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristina Parolin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (A.R.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (A.G.-D.); (G.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Jens von Einem
- Institute for Virology, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Arianna Calistri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy; (A.V.); (A.R.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (A.G.-D.); (G.P.); (C.P.)
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2
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Palomäki J, Kalke K, Orpana J, Lund L, Frejborg F, Paavilainen H, Järveläinen H, Hukkanen V. Attenuated Replication-Competent Herpes Simplex Virus Expressing an ECM-Modifying Transgene Hyaluronan Synthase 2 of Naked Mole Rat in Oncolytic Gene Therapy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2657. [PMID: 38004669 PMCID: PMC10673056 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has proven successful in treating human cancer. Since the approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in 2015, HSV has been thoroughly researched to discover novel mechanisms to combat cancer and treat other diseases. Another HSV-based drug, beremagene geperpavec (B-VEC), received approval in 2023 to treat the rare genetic disease dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, and was also the first clinically approved HSV vector carrying an extracellular matrix (ECM)-modifying transgene. The ECM is a network of macromolecules surrounding cells, which provides support and regulates cell growth and differentiation, the disruption of which is common in cancer. The naked mole rat (NMR) has a thick ECM and a unique mutation in the hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) gene, which has been linked to the high cancer resistance of the species. To study the effect of this mutation in human cancer, we have developed an attenuated, replication-competent HSV vector expressing the NMR-HAS2 gene. The viral replication, transgene expression and cytotoxic effect of the novel vector was studied in glioma cells. Our results show that an attenuated, replication-competent HSV vector expressing a foreign ECM-modifying transgene, namely HAS2, provides an effective tool to study and combat cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Palomäki
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Kiira Kalke
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Julius Orpana
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Liisa Lund
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Fanny Frejborg
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Henrik Paavilainen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
| | - Hannu Järveläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Satakunta Hospital District, Satasairaala Central Hospital, Sairaalantie 3, 28500 Pori, Finland
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; (J.P.)
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Reale A, Krutzke L, Cadamuro M, Vitiello A, von Einem J, Kochanek S, Palù G, Parolin C, Calistri A. Human Monocytes Are Suitable Carriers for the Delivery of Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 In Vitro and in a Chicken Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane Model of Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119255. [PMID: 37298206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are promising therapeutics for tumors with a poor prognosis. An OV based on herpes simplex virus type 1 (oHSV-1), talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), has been recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of unresectable melanoma. T-VEC, like most OVs, is administered via intratumoral injection, underlining the unresolved problem of the systemic delivery of the oncolytic agent for the treatment of metastases and deep-seated tumors. To address this drawback, cells with a tropism for tumors can be loaded ex vivo with OVs and used as carriers for systemic oncolytic virotherapy. Here, we evaluated human monocytes as carrier cells for a prototype oHSV-1 with a similar genetic backbone as T-VEC. Many tumors specifically recruit monocytes from the bloodstream, and autologous monocytes can be obtained from peripheral blood. We demonstrate here that oHSV-1-loaded primary human monocytes migrated in vitro towards epithelial cancer cells of different origin. Moreover, human monocytic leukemia cells selectively delivered oHSV-1 to human head-and-neck xenograft tumors grown on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of fertilized chicken eggs after intravascular injection. Thus, our work shows that monocytes are promising carriers for the delivery of oHSV-1s in vivo, deserving further investigation in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Reale
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Lea Krutzke
- Department of Gene Therapy, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Adriana Vitiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Jens von Einem
- Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Kochanek
- Department of Gene Therapy, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Parolin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Arianna Calistri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy
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4
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Lasanen T, Frejborg F, Lund LM, Nyman MC, Orpana J, Habib H, Alaollitervo S, Levanova AA, Poranen MM, Hukkanen V, Kalke K. Single therapeutic dose of an antiviral UL29 siRNA swarm diminishes symptoms and viral load of mice infected intranasally with HSV-1. SMART MEDICINE 2023; 2:e20230009. [PMID: 39188276 PMCID: PMC11235724 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20230009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a human pathogen that causes recurrent infections. Acyclovir-resistant strains exist and can cause severe complications, which are potentially untreatable with current therapies. We have developed siRNA swarms that target a 653 base pair long region of the essential HSV gene UL29. As per our previous results, the anti-UL29 siRNA swarm effectively inhibits the replication of circulating HSV strains and acyclovir-resistant HSV strains in vitro, while displaying a good safety profile. We investigated a single intranasal therapeutic dose of a siRNA swarm in mice, which were first inoculated intranasally with HSV-1 and given treatment 4 h later. We utilized a luciferase-expressing HSV-1 strain, which enabled daily follow-up of infection with in vivo imaging. Our results show that a single dose of a UL29-targeted siRNA swarm can inhibit the replication of HSV-1 in orofacial tissue, which was reflected in ex vivo HSV titers and HSV DNA copy numbers as well as by a decrease in a luciferase-derived signal. Furthermore, the treatment had a tendency to protect mice from severe clinical symptoms and delay the onset of the symptoms. These results support the development of antiviral siRNA swarms as a novel treatment for HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Lasanen
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Fanny Frejborg
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringPharmaceutical Sciences LaboratoryÅbo Akademi UniversityTurkuFinland
| | - Liisa M. Lund
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Marie C. Nyman
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Julius Orpana
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Huda Habib
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Salla Alaollitervo
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Alesia A. Levanova
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research ProgrammeBiological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Minna M. Poranen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research ProgrammeBiological and Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Kiira Kalke
- Faculty of MedicineInstitute of BiomedicineUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
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Duarte LF, Gatica S, Castillo A, Kalergis AM, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, González PA. Is there a role for herpes simplex virus type 1 in multiple sclerosis? Microbes Infect 2022; 25:105084. [PMID: 36586461 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2022.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies relate the onset and severity of multiple sclerosis (MS) with viral infections. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), which is neurotropic and highly prevalent in the brain of healthy individuals, has been proposed to relate to MS. Here, we review and discuss the reported connections between HSV-1 and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Duarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Gatica
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Almendra Castillo
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
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Rose R, Brunnemann AK, Baukmann S, Bühler S, Fickenscher H, Sauerbrei A, Zell R, Krumbholz A. Antiviral susceptibility of recombinant Herpes simplex virus 1 strains with specific polymerase amino acid changes. Antiviral Res 2021; 195:105166. [PMID: 34419483 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Acyclovir (ACV) and penciclovir and their prodrugs are recommended for therapy or prophylaxis of Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections. Their administration, however, can lead to the emergence of resistant strains with altered viral thymidine kinase (TK) function, especially in immunocompromised patients. Furthermore, amino acid (aa) changes of the viral deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase (POL) may contribute to resistance to the aforementioned nucleoside analogues. Given this, treatment with foscarnet (FOS) or cidofovir (CDV) may represent an important alternative. Both drugs directly affect POL activity. Several aa changes of POL, such as L49I, E70K, L359I, E421V, P829S, T1121M, and M1226I, have been observed in ACV-resistant clinical strains which also carried relevant aa changes in their TK. Their contribution to ACV, FOS, and CDV resistance is not fully understood. In this study, these seven aa changes with unknown significance for ACV, FOS and CDV resistance were introduced separately into the POL of a recombinant HSV-1 strain rHSV-1(17+)Lox, equipped with or without information for expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). The GFP-expressing variants were tested for susceptibility to ACV, FOS and CDV. An rHSV-1(17+)Lox GFP strain with the S724N change conferring resistance to ACV and FOS was generated and included as a control. Only the S724N change was confirmed to induce ACV and FOS resistance, whereas the other changes did not contribute to resistance. The underlying nucleotide substitutions of the POL gene should be therefore considered as natural polymorphism. These data will improve sequence-based prediction of antiviral susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Rose
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Brunnemann
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Baukmann
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Bühler
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Sauerbrei
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Roland Zell
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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Funk C, Marques da Silveira e Santos D, Ott M, Raschbichler V, Bailer SM. The HSV1 Tail-Anchored Membrane Protein pUL34 Contains a Basic Motif That Supports Active Transport to the Inner Nuclear Membrane Prior to Formation of the Nuclear Egress Complex. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081544. [PMID: 34452409 PMCID: PMC8402719 DOI: 10.3390/v13081544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 nucleocapsids are released from the host nucleus by a budding process through the nuclear envelope called nuclear egress. Two viral proteins, the integral membrane proteins pUL34 and pUL31, form the nuclear egress complex at the inner nuclear membrane, which is critical for this process. The nuclear import of both proteins ensues separately from each other: pUL31 is actively imported through the central pore channel, while pUL34 is transported along the peripheral pore membrane. With this study, we identified a functional bipartite NLS between residues 178 and 194 of pUL34. pUL34 lacking its NLS is mislocalized to the TGN but retargeted to the ER upon insertion of the authentic NLS or a mimic NLS, independent of the insertion site. If co-expressed with pUL31, either of the pUL34-NLS variants is efficiently, although not completely, targeted to the nuclear rim where co-localization with pUL31 and membrane budding seem to occur, comparable to the wild-type. The viral mutant HSV1(17+)Lox-UL34-NLS mt is modestly attenuated but viable and associated with localization of pUL34-NLS mt to both the nuclear periphery and cytoplasm. We propose that targeting of pUL34 to the INM is facilitated by, but not dependent on, the presence of an NLS, thereby supporting NEC formation and viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Funk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (C.F.); (D.M.d.S.eS.)
| | - Débora Marques da Silveira e Santos
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (C.F.); (D.M.d.S.eS.)
- Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Melanie Ott
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.O.); (V.R.)
| | - Verena Raschbichler
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.O.); (V.R.)
| | - Susanne M. Bailer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; (C.F.); (D.M.d.S.eS.)
- Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany; (M.O.); (V.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-711-970-4180
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8
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Hensel N, Raker V, Förthmann B, Detering NT, Kubinski S, Buch A, Katzilieris-Petras G, Spanier J, Gudi V, Wagenknecht S, Kopfnagel V, Werfel TA, Stangel M, Beineke A, Kalinke U, Paludan SR, Sodeik B, Claus P. HSV-1 triggers paracrine fibroblast growth factor response from cortical brain cells via immediate-early protein ICP0. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:248. [PMID: 31791351 PMCID: PMC6889453 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1647-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infections of the central nervous system (CNS) can result in HSV-1 encephalitis (HSE) which is characterized by severe brain damage and long-term disabilities. Different cell types including neurons and astrocytes become infected in the course of an HSE which leads to an activation of glial cells. Activated glial cells change their neurotrophic factor profile and modulate inflammation and repair. The superfamily of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) is one of the largest family of neurotrophic factors comprising 22 ligands. FGFs induce pro-survival signaling in neurons and an anti-inflammatory answer in glial cells thereby providing a coordinated tissue response which favors repair over inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that FGF expression is altered in HSV-1-infected CNS cells. METHOD We employed primary murine cortical cultures comprising a mixed cell population of astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes. Astrocyte reactivity was morphometrically monitored by an automated image analysis algorithm as well as by analyses of A1/A2 marker expression. Altered FGF expression was detected by quantitative real-time PCR and its paracrine FGF activity. In addition, HSV-1 mutants were employed to characterize viral factors important for FGF responses of infected host cells. RESULTS Astrocytes in HSV-1-infected cortical cultures were transiently activated and became hypertrophic and expressed both A1- and A2-markers. Consistently, a number of FGFs were transiently upregulated inducing paracrine neurotrophic signaling in neighboring cells. Most prominently, FGF-4, FGF-8, FGF-9, and FGF-15 became upregulated in a switch-on like mechanism. This effect was specific for CNS cells and for a fully functional HSV-1. Moreover, the viral protein ICP0 critically mediated the FGF switch-on mechanism. CONCLUSIONS HSV-1 uses the viral protein ICP0 for the induction of FGF-expression in CNS cells. Thus, we propose that HSV-1 triggers FGF activity in the CNS for a modulation of tissue response upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niko Hensel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Verena Raker
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Förthmann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora Tula Detering
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kubinski
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Julia Spanier
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Viktoria Gudi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sylvia Wagenknecht
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Kopfnagel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Thomas Andreas Werfel
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Søren Riis Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Niedersachsen-Research Network on Neuroinfectiology (N-RENNT), Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover, Germany
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9
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Ylösmäki E, Malorzo C, Capasso C, Honkasalo O, Fusciello M, Martins B, Ylösmäki L, Louna A, Feola S, Paavilainen H, Peltonen K, Hukkanen V, Viitala T, Cerullo V. Personalized Cancer Vaccine Platform for Clinically Relevant Oncolytic Enveloped Viruses. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2315-2325. [PMID: 30005865 PMCID: PMC6127500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The approval of the first oncolytic virus for the treatment of metastatic melanoma and the compiling evidence that the use of oncolytic viruses can enhance cancer immunotherapies targeted against various immune checkpoint proteins has attracted great interest in the field of cancer virotherapy. We have developed a novel platform for clinically relevant enveloped viruses that can direct the virus-induced immune response against tumor antigens. By physically attaching tumor-specific peptides onto the viral envelope of vaccinia virus and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), we were able to induce a strong T cell-specific immune response toward these tumor antigens. These therapeutic peptides could be attached onto the viral envelope by using a cell-penetrating peptide sequence derived from human immunodeficiency virus Tat N-terminally fused to the tumor-specific peptides or, alternatively, therapeutic peptides could be conjugated with cholesterol for the attachment of the peptides onto the viral envelope. We used two mouse models of melanoma termed B16.OVA and B16-F10 for testing the efficacy of OVA SIINFEKL-peptide-coated viruses and gp100-Trp2-peptide-coated viruses, respectively, and show that by coating the viral envelope with therapeutic peptides, the anti-tumor immunity and the number of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment can be significantly enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkko Ylösmäki
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristina Malorzo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Cristian Capasso
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Oona Honkasalo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manlio Fusciello
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Beatriz Martins
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Ylösmäki
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Louna
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Feola
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henrik Paavilainen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Karita Peltonen
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.
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10
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Ianevski A, Zusinaite E, Kuivanen S, Strand M, Lysvand H, Teppor M, Kakkola L, Paavilainen H, Laajala M, Kallio-Kokko H, Valkonen M, Kantele A, Telling K, Lutsar I, Letjuka P, Metelitsa N, Oksenych V, Bjørås M, Nordbø SA, Dumpis U, Vitkauskiene A, Öhrmalm C, Bondeson K, Bergqvist A, Aittokallio T, Cox RJ, Evander M, Hukkanen V, Marjomaki V, Julkunen I, Vapalahti O, Tenson T, Merits A, Kainov D. Novel activities of safe-in-human broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:174-182. [PMID: 29698664 PMCID: PMC7113852 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
According to the WHO, there is an urgent need for better control of viral diseases. Re-positioning existing safe-in-human antiviral agents from one viral disease to another could play a pivotal role in this process. Here, we reviewed all approved, investigational and experimental antiviral agents, which are safe in man, and identified 59 compounds that target at least three viral diseases. We tested 55 of these compounds against eight different RNA and DNA viruses. We found novel activities for dalbavancin against echovirus 1, ezetimibe against human immunodeficiency virus 1 and Zika virus, as well as azacitidine, cyclosporine, minocycline, oritavancin and ritonavir against Rift valley fever virus. Thus, the spectrum of antiviral activities of existing antiviral agents could be expanded towards other viral diseases. 339 approved, investigational and experimental safe-in-human antivirals were identified. 59 compounds, which target ≥3 viral diseases, were selected. 55 of the 59 compounds were tested against 8 RNA and DNA viruses. 7 compounds were found to possess novel antiviral activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Ianevski
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7028, Norway.
| | - Eva Zusinaite
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Mårten Strand
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå 90185, Sweden.
| | - Hilde Lysvand
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.
| | - Mona Teppor
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
| | - Laura Kakkola
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.
| | | | - Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40500, Finland.
| | - Hannimari Kallio-Kokko
- Department of Virology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Miia Valkonen
- Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Anu Kantele
- Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Kaidi Telling
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
| | - Irja Lutsar
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
| | | | | | - Valentyn Oksenych
- St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Clinic of Medicine, Trondheim 7006, Norway.
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway.
| | - Svein Arne Nordbø
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway; Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim 7006, Norway.
| | - Uga Dumpis
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga 1002, Latvia.
| | - Astra Vitkauskiene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Science, Kaunas 44307, Lithuania.
| | - Christina Öhrmalm
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75309, Sweden.
| | - Kåre Bondeson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75309, Sweden.
| | - Anders Bergqvist
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75309, Sweden.
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland; Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland.
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen 5021, Norway.
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå 90185, Sweden.
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.
| | - Varpu Marjomaki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40500, Finland.
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Tanel Tenson
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
| | - Denis Kainov
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7028, Norway; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia.
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11
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Brunnemann AK, Hoffmann A, Deinhardt-Emmer S, Nagel CH, Rose R, Fickenscher H, Sauerbrei A, Krumbholz A. Relevance of non-synonymous thymidine kinase mutations for antiviral resistance of recombinant herpes simplex virus type 2 strains. Antiviral Res 2018; 152:53-57. [PMID: 29427675 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Therapy or prophylaxis of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections with the nucleoside analog aciclovir (ACV) can lead to the emergence of drug-resistant HSV-2 strains, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In this context, multiple amino acid (aa) changes can accumulate in the ACV-converting viral thymidine kinase (TK) which hampers sequence-based diagnostics significantly. In this study, the so far unknown or still doubted relevance of several individual aa changes for drug resistance in HSV-2 was clarified. For this purpose, ten recombinant fluorescent HSV-2 strains differing in the respective aa within their TK were constructed using the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) pHSV2(MS)Lox. Similar TK expression levels and similar replication behavior patterns were demonstrated for the mutants as compared to the unmodified BAC-derived HSV-2 strain. Subsequently, the resulting strains were tested for their susceptibility to ACV as well as penciclovir (PCV) in parallel to a modified cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay and by determining the relative fluorescence intensity (quantified using units, RFU) as a measure for the viral replication capacity. While aa changes Y53N and R221H conferred ACV resistance with cross-resistance to PCV, the aa changes G25A, G39E, T131M, Y133F, G150D, A157T, R248W, and L342W maintained a susceptible phenotype against both antivirals. The CPE inhibition assay and the measurement of relative fluorescence intensity yielded comparable results for the phenotypic testing of recombinant viruses. The latter test showed some technical advantages. In conclusion, the significance of single aa changes in HSV-2 TK on ACV/PCV resistance was clarified by the construction and phenotypic testing of recombinant viral strains. This was facilitated by the fluorescence based method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Brunnemann
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Hoffmann
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Deinhardt-Emmer
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Claus-Henning Nagel
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistraße 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruben Rose
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Helmut Fickenscher
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Sauerbrei
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Brunswiker Straße 4, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
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12
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Antiviral Properties of Chemical Inhibitors of Cellular Anti-Apoptotic Bcl-2 Proteins. Viruses 2017; 9:v9100271. [PMID: 28946654 PMCID: PMC5691623 DOI: 10.3390/v9100271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases remain serious threats to public health because of the shortage of effective means of control. To combat the surge of viral diseases, new treatments are urgently needed. Here we show that small-molecules, which inhibit cellular anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bcl-2i), induced the premature death of cells infected with different RNA or DNA viruses, whereas, at the same concentrations, no toxicity was observed in mock-infected cells. Moreover, these compounds limited viral replication and spread. Surprisingly, Bcl-2i also induced the premature apoptosis of cells transfected with viral RNA or plasmid DNA but not of mock-transfected cells. These results suggest that Bcl-2i sensitizes cells containing foreign RNA or DNA to apoptosis. A comparison of the toxicity, antiviral activity, and side effects of six Bcl-2i allowed us to select A-1155463 as an antiviral lead candidate. Thus, our results pave the way for the further development of Bcl-2i for the prevention and treatment of viral diseases.
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13
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Budida R, Stankov MV, Döhner K, Buch A, Panayotova-Dimitrova D, Tappe KA, Pohlmann A, Sodeik B, Behrens GMN. Herpes simplex virus 1 interferes with autophagy of murine dendritic cells and impairs their ability to stimulate CD8 + T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1819-1834. [PMID: 28771693 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I presentation is responsible for the presentation of viral proteins to CD8+ T lymphocytes and mainly depends on the classical antigen processing pathway. Recently, a second pathway involving autophagy has been implicated in this process. Here, we show an increase in the capacity of murine dendritic cells (DCs) to present viral antigens on MHC class I after infection with a mutant herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1-Δ34.5), lacking infected cell protein 34.5 (ICP34.5), when compared to its parental HSV-1 strain. The ICP34.5 protein counteracts host cell translational arrest and suppresses macroautophagy, and the lack of this protein resulted in a low viral protein abundance, which was processed and presented in an efficient way. Our study demonstrates an important role of autophagy in processing endogenous viral proteins in HSV-1-infected DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandramouli Budida
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Metodi V Stankov
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katinka Döhner
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Buch
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Kim A Tappe
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Pohlmann
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg M N Behrens
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,DZIF-German Center for Infection Research, Hannover-Braunschweig site, Hannover, Germany
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14
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Bailer SM, Funk C, Riedl A, Ruzsics Z. Herpesviral vectors and their application in oncolytic therapy, vaccination, and gene transfer. Virus Genes 2017. [PMID: 28634751 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses are enveloped DNA viruses that infect vertebrate cells. Their high potential cloning capacity and the lifelong persistence of their genomes in various host cells make them attractive platforms for vector-based therapy. In this review, we would like to highlight recent advances of three major areas of herpesvirus vector development and application: (i) oncolytic therapy, (ii) recombinant vaccines, and (iii) large capacity gene transfer vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Bailer
- Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany. .,Fraunhofer-Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christina Funk
- Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Plasma Technology IGVP, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.,Fraunhofer-Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB, Nobelstrasse 12, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - André Riedl
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research - DZIF, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Center for Infection Research - DZIF, Freiburg, Germany.
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15
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Paavilainen H, Lehtinen J, Romanovskaya A, Nygårdas M, Bamford DH, Poranen MM, Hukkanen V. Topical treatment of herpes simplex virus infection with enzymatically created siRNA swarm. Antivir Ther 2017; 22:631-637. [PMID: 28287396 DOI: 10.3851/imp3153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a common human pathogen. Despite current antivirals, it causes a significant medical burden. Drug resistant strains exist and they are especially prevalent in immunocompromised patients and in HSV eye infections. New treatment modalities are needed. METHODS BALB/c mice were corneally infected with HSV and subsequently treated with a swarm of enzymatically created, Dicer-substrate small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules that targeted the HSV gene UL29. Two infection models were used, one in which the infection was predominantly peripheral and another in which it spread to the central nervous system. Mouse survival, as well as viral spread, load, latency and peripheral shedding, was studied. RESULTS The anti-HSV-UL29 siRNA swarm alleviated HSV infection symptoms, inhibited viral shedding and replication and had a favourable effect on mouse survival. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with anti-HSV-UL29 siRNA swarm reduced symptoms and viral spread in HSV infection of mice and also inhibited local viral replication in mouse corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Paavilainen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jenni Lehtinen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | | | - Dennis H Bamford
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna M Poranen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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16
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The γ134.5 Neurovirulence Gene of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Modifies the Exosome Secretion Profile in Epithelial Cells. J Virol 2016; 90:10981-10984. [PMID: 27630235 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01157-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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17
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Heikkilä O, Nygårdas M, Paavilainen H, Ryödi E, Hukkanen V. Interleukin-27 Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection by Activating STAT1 and 3, Interleukin-6, and Chemokines IP-10 and MIG. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:617-629. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Outi Heikkilä
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Henrik Paavilainen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elina Ryödi
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Veijo Hukkanen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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18
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Huang Y, Dreyfus CF. The role of growth factors as a therapeutic approach to demyelinating disease. Exp Neurol 2016; 283:531-40. [PMID: 27016070 PMCID: PMC5010931 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A variety of growth factors are being explored as therapeutic agents relevant to the axonal and oligodendroglial deficits that occur as a result of demyelinating lesions such as are evident in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This review focuses on five such proteins that are present in the lesion site and impact oligodendrocyte regeneration. It then presents approaches that are being exploited to manipulate the lesion environment affiliated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases and suggests that the utility of these approaches can extend to demyelination. Challenges are to further understand the roles of specific growth factors on a cellular and tissue level. Emerging technologies can then be employed to optimize the use of growth factors to ameliorate the deficits associated with demyelinating degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Cheryl F Dreyfus
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 683 Hoes Lane West, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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19
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Recombinant herpes simplex virus type 1 strains with targeted mutations relevant for aciclovir susceptibility. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29903. [PMID: 27426251 PMCID: PMC4947914 DOI: 10.1038/srep29903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a novel reliable method to assess the significance of individual mutations within the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to nucleoside analogue resistance. Eleven defined single nucleotide polymorphisms that occur in the TK gene of clinical HSV-1 isolates and a fluorescence reporter were introduced into the HSV-1 strain 17+ that had been cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome. The susceptibility of these different strains to aciclovir, penciclovir, brivudin, and foscarnet was determined with a modified cytopathic effect reduction assay. The strains were also tested for their aciclovir susceptibility by measuring the relative fluorescence intensity as an indicator for HSV-1 replication and by quantifying the virus yield. Our data indicate that the amino acid substitutions R41H, R106H, A118V, L139V, K219T, S276R, L298R, S345P, and V348I represent natural polymorphisms of the TK protein, whereas G61A and P84L mediate broad cross-resistance against aciclovir, penciclovir, brivudin, and susceptibility to foscarnet. This method allows the definition of the resistance genotype of otherwise unclear mutations in the TK gene of HSV-1. Thus, it provides a scientific basis for antiviral testing in clinical isolates of patients suffering from serious diseases and will facilitate testing of new antivirals against HSV-1.
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20
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Herpes simplex virus 1 induces egress channels through marginalized host chromatin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28844. [PMID: 27349677 PMCID: PMC5378911 DOI: 10.1038/srep28844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) induces profound modification of the cell nucleus including formation of a viral replication compartment and chromatin marginalization into the nuclear periphery. We used three-dimensional soft X-ray tomography, combined with cryogenic fluorescence, confocal and electron microscopy, to analyse the transformation of peripheral chromatin during HSV-1 infection. Our data showed an increased presence of low-density gaps in the marginalized chromatin at late infection. Advanced data analysis indicated the formation of virus-nucleocapsid-sized (or wider) channels extending through the compacted chromatin of the host. Importantly, confocal and electron microscopy analysis showed that these gaps frequently contained viral nucleocapsids. These results demonstrated that HSV-1 infection induces the formation of channels penetrating the compacted layer of cellular chromatin and allowing for the passage of progeny viruses to the nuclear envelope, their site of nuclear egress.
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21
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Conserved Tryptophan Motifs in the Large Tegument Protein pUL36 Are Required for Efficient Secondary Envelopment of Herpes Simplex Virus Capsids. J Virol 2016; 90:5368-5383. [PMID: 27009950 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03167-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Herpes simplex virus (HSV) replicates in the skin and mucous membranes, and initiates lytic or latent infections in sensory neurons. Assembly of progeny virions depends on the essential large tegument protein pUL36 of 3,164 amino acid residues that links the capsids to the tegument proteins pUL37 and VP16. Of the 32 tryptophans of HSV-1-pUL36, the tryptophan-acidic motifs (1766)WD(1767) and (1862)WE(1863) are conserved in all HSV-1 and HSV-2 isolates. Here, we characterized the role of these motifs in the HSV life cycle since the rare tryptophans often have unique roles in protein function due to their large hydrophobic surface. The infectivity of the mutants HSV-1(17(+))Lox-pUL36-WD/AA-WE/AA and HSV-1(17(+))Lox-CheVP26-pUL36-WD/AA-WE/AA, in which the capsid has been tagged with the fluorescent protein Cherry, was significantly reduced. Quantitative electron microscopy shows that there were a larger number of cytosolic capsids and fewer enveloped virions compared to their respective parental strains, indicating a severe impairment in secondary capsid envelopment. The capsids of the mutant viruses accumulated in the perinuclear region around the microtubule-organizing center and were not dispersed to the cell periphery but still acquired the inner tegument proteins pUL36 and pUL37. Furthermore, cytoplasmic capsids colocalized with tegument protein VP16 and, to some extent, with tegument protein VP22 but not with the envelope glycoprotein gD. These results indicate that the unique conserved tryptophan-acidic motifs in the central region of pUL36 are required for efficient targeting of progeny capsids to the membranes of secondary capsid envelopment and for efficient virion assembly. IMPORTANCE Herpesvirus infections give rise to severe animal and human diseases, especially in young, immunocompromised, and elderly individuals. The structural hallmark of herpesvirus virions is the tegument, which contains evolutionarily conserved proteins that are essential for several stages of the herpesvirus life cycle. Here we characterized two conserved tryptophan-acidic motifs in the central region of the large tegument protein pUL36 of herpes simplex virus. When we mutated these motifs, secondary envelopment of cytosolic capsids and the production of infectious particles were severely impaired. Our data suggest that pUL36 and its homologs in other herpesviruses, and in particular such tryptophan-acidic motifs, could provide attractive targets for the development of novel drugs to prevent herpesvirus assembly and spread.
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Funk C, Ott M, Raschbichler V, Nagel CH, Binz A, Sodeik B, Bauerfeind R, Bailer SM. The Herpes Simplex Virus Protein pUL31 Escorts Nucleocapsids to Sites of Nuclear Egress, a Process Coordinated by Its N-Terminal Domain. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004957. [PMID: 26083367 PMCID: PMC4471197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Progeny capsids of herpesviruses leave the nucleus by budding through the nuclear envelope. Two viral proteins, the membrane protein pUL34 and the nucleo-phosphoprotein pUL31 form the nuclear egress complex that is required for capsid egress out of the nucleus. All pUL31 orthologs are composed of a diverse N-terminal domain with 1 to 3 basic patches and a conserved C-terminal domain. To decipher the functions of the N-terminal domain, we have generated several Herpes simplex virus mutants and show here that the N-terminal domain of pUL31 is essential with basic patches being critical for viral propagation. pUL31 and pUL34 entered the nucleus independently of each other via separate routes and the N-terminal domain of pUL31 was required to prevent their premature interaction in the cytoplasm. Unexpectedly, a classical bipartite nuclear localization signal embedded in this domain was not required for nuclear import of pUL31. In the nucleus, pUL31 associated with the nuclear envelope and newly formed capsids. Viral mutants lacking the N-terminal domain or with its basic patches neutralized still associated with nucleocapsids but were unable to translocate them to the nuclear envelope. Replacing the authentic basic patches with a novel artificial one resulted in HSV1(17+)Lox-UL31-hbpmp1mp2, that was viable but delayed in nuclear egress and compromised in viral production. Thus, while the C-terminal domain of pUL31 is sufficient for the interaction with nucleocapsids, the N-terminal domain was essential for capsid translocation to sites of nuclear egress and a coordinated interaction with pUL34. Our data indicate an orchestrated sequence of events with pUL31 binding to nucleocapsids and escorting them to the inner nuclear envelope. We propose a common mechanism for herpesviral nuclear egress: pUL31 is required for intranuclear translocation of nucleocapsids and subsequent interaction with pUL34 thereby coupling capsid maturation with primary envelopment. Herpesviral capsid assembly is initiated in the host nucleus. Due to size constraints, newly formed nucleocapsids are unable to leave the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex. Instead herpesviruses apply an evolutionarily conserved mechanism for nuclear export of capsids called nuclear egress. This process is initiated by docking of capsids at the inner nuclear membrane, budding of enveloped capsids into the perinuclear space followed by de-envelopment and release of capsids to the cytoplasm where further maturation occurs. Two viral proteins conserved throughout the herpesvirus family, the membrane protein pUL34 and the phosphoprotein pUL31 form the nuclear egress complex that is critical for primary envelopment. We show here that pUL31 and pUL34 enter the nucleus independently of each other. pUL31 is targeted to the nucleoplasm where it binds to nucleocapsids via the conserved C-terminal domain, while its N-terminal domain is important for capsid translocation to the nuclear envelope and for a coordinated interaction with pUL34. Our data suggest a mechanism that is apparently conserved among all herpesviruses with pUL31 escorting nucleocapsids to the nuclear envelope in order to couple capsid maturation with primary envelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Funk
- Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Melanie Ott
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Raschbichler
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Anne Binz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Beate Sodeik
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bauerfeind
- Institute of Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne M. Bailer
- Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Mattila RK, Harila K, Kangas SM, Paavilainen H, Heape AM, Mohr IJ, Hukkanen V. An investigation of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency in a novel mouse dorsal root ganglion model suggests a role for ICP34.5 in reactivation. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2304-2313. [PMID: 25854552 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
After a primary lytic infection at the epithelia, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) enters the innervating sensory neurons and translocates to the nucleus, where it establishes a quiescent latent infection. Periodically, the virus can reactivate and the progeny viruses spread back to the epithelium. Here, we introduce an embryonic mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG) culture system, which can be used to study the mechanisms that control the establishment, maintenance and reactivation from latency. Use of acyclovir is not necessary in our model. We examined different phases of the HSV-1 life cycle in DRG neurons, and showed that WT HSV-1 could establish both lytic and latent form of infection in the cells. After reactivating stimulus, the WT viruses showed all markers of true reactivation. In addition, we showed that deletion of the γ(1)34.5 gene rendered the virus incapable of reactivation, even though the virus was clearly able to replicate and persist in a quiescent form in the DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Mattila
- Research Center for Biomedicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - K Harila
- Research Center for Biomedicine, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - S M Kangas
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - H Paavilainen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Drug Research Doctoral Programme, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - A M Heape
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - I J Mohr
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - V Hukkanen
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Guzmán C, Bagga M, Kaur A, Westermarck J, Abankwa D. ColonyArea: an ImageJ plugin to automatically quantify colony formation in clonogenic assays. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92444. [PMID: 24647355 PMCID: PMC3960247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clonogenic or colony formation assay is a widely used method to study the number and size of cancer cell colonies that remain after irradiation or cytotoxic agent administration and serves as a measure for the anti-proliferative effect of these treatments. Alternatively, this assay is used to quantitate the transforming potential of cancer associated genes and chemical agents. Therefore, there is a need for a simplified and standardized analysis of colony formation assays for both routine laboratory use and for parallelized automated analysis. Here we describe the freely available ImageJ-plugin "ColonyArea", which is optimized for rapid and quantitative analysis of focus formation assays conducted in 6- to 24-well dishes. ColonyArea processes image data of multi-well dishes, by separating, concentrically cropping and background correcting well images individually, before colony formation is quantitated. Instead of counting the number of colonies, ColonyArea determines the percentage of area covered by crystal violet stained cell colonies, also taking the intensity of the staining and therefore cell density into account. We demonstrate that these parameters alone or in combination allow for robust quantification of IC50 values of the cytotoxic effect of two staurosporines, UCN-01 and staurosporine (STS) on human glioblastoma cells (T98G). The relation between the potencies of the two compounds compared very well with that obtained from an absorbance based method to quantify colony growth and to published data. The ColonyArea ImageJ plugin provides a simple and efficient analysis routine to quantitate assay data of one of the most commonly used cellular assays. The bundle is freely available for download as supporting information. We expect that ColonyArea will be of broad utility for cancer biologists, as well as clinical radiation scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Guzmán
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Manish Bagga
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Amanpreet Kaur
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Program of Biomedical Sciences, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Daniel Abankwa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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The neuroinvasive profiles of H129 (herpes simplex virus type 1) recombinants with putative anterograde-only transneuronal spread properties. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:1395-420. [PMID: 24585022 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The use of viruses as transneuronal tracers has become an increasingly powerful technique for defining the synaptic organization of neural networks. Although a number of recombinant alpha herpesviruses are known to spread selectively in the retrograde direction through neural circuits only one strain, the H129 strain of herpes simplex virus type 1, is reported to selectively spread in the anterograde direction. However, it is unclear from the literature whether there is an absolute block or an attenuation of retrograde spread of H129. Here, we demonstrate efficient anterograde spread, and temporally delayed retrograde spread, of H129 and three novel recombinants. In vitro studies revealed no differences in anterograde and retrograde spread of parental H129 and its recombinants through superior cervical ganglion neurons. In vivo injections of rat striatum revealed a clear bias of anterograde spread, although evidence of deficient retrograde transport was also present. Evidence of temporally delayed retrograde transneuronal spread of H129 in the retina was observed following injection of the lateral geniculate nucleus. The data also demonstrated that three novel recombinants efficiently express unique fluorescent reporters and have the capacity to infect the same neurons in dual infection paradigms. From these experiments we conclude that H129 and its recombinants not only efficiently infect neurons through anterograde transneuronal passage, but also are capable of temporally delayed retrograde transneuronal spread. In addition, the capacity to produce dual infection of projection targets following anterograde transneuronal passage provides an important addition to viral transneuronal tracing technology.
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Nagel CH, Pohlmann A, Sodeik B. Construction and characterization of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) containing herpes simplex virus full-length genomes. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1144:43-62. [PMID: 24671676 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0428-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are suitable vectors not only to maintain the large genomes of herpesviruses in Escherichia coli but also to enable the traceless introduction of any mutation using modern tools of bacterial genetics. To clone a herpes simplex virus genome, a BAC replication origin is first introduced into the viral genome by homologous recombination in eukaryotic host cells. As part of their nuclear replication cycle, genomes of herpesviruses circularize and these replication intermediates are then used to transform bacteria. After cloning, the integrity of the recombinant viral genomes is confirmed by restriction length polymorphism analysis and sequencing. The BACs may then be used to design virus mutants. Upon transfection into eukaryotic cells new herpesvirus strains harboring the desired mutations can be recovered and used for experiments in cultured cells as well as in animal infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus-Henning Nagel
- Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz-Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
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Hukkanen V, Nygårdas M. The virtues and vices of harnessing HSV vectors for CNS autoimmunity modulation. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:911-3. [PMID: 23998724 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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Lin AE, Greco TM, Döhner K, Sodeik B, Cristea IM. A proteomic perspective of inbuilt viral protein regulation: pUL46 tegument protein is targeted for degradation by ICP0 during herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:3237-52. [PMID: 23938468 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m113.030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Much like the host cells they infect, viruses must also regulate their life cycles. Herpes simples virus type 1 (HSV-1), a prominent human pathogen, uses a promoter-rich genome in conjunction with multiple viral trans-activating factors. Following entry into host cells, the virion-associated outer tegument proteins pUL46 and pUL47 act to increase expression of viral immediate-early (α) genes, thereby helping initiate the infection life cycle. Because pUL46 has gone largely unstudied, we employed a hybrid mass spectrometry-based approach to determine how pUL46 exerts its functions during early stages of infection. For a spatio-temporal characterization of pUL46, time-lapse microscopy was performed in live cells to define its dynamic localization from 2 to 24 h postinfection. Next, pUL46-containing protein complexes were immunoaffinity purified during infection of human fibroblasts and analyzed by mass spectrometry to investigate virus-virus and virus-host interactions, as well as post-translational modifications. We demonstrated that pUL46 is heavily phosphorylated in at least 23 sites. One phosphorylation site matched the consensus 14-3-3 phospho-binding motif, consistent with our identification of 14-3-3 proteins and host and viral kinases as specific pUL46 interactions. Moreover, we determined that pUL46 specifically interacts with the viral E3 ubiquitin ligase ICP0. We demonstrated that pUL46 is partially degraded in a proteasome-mediated manner during infection, and that the catalytic activity of ICP0 is responsible for this degradation. This is the first evidence of a viral protein being targeted for degradation by another viral protein during HSV-1 infection. Together, these data indicate that pUL46 levels are tightly controlled and important for the temporal regulation of viral gene expression throughout the virus life cycle. The concept of a structural virion protein, pUL46, performing nonstructural roles is likely to reflect a theme common to many viruses, and a better understanding of these functions will be important for developing therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron E Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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