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Sakata N, Yoshimatsu G, Kodama S. Development and Characteristics of Pancreatic Epsilon Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081867. [PMID: 31014006 PMCID: PMC6514973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic endocrine cells expressing the ghrelin gene and producing the ghrelin hormone were first identified in 2002. These cells, named ε cells, were recognized as the fifth type of endocrine cells. Differentiation of ε cells is induced by various transcription factors, including Nk2 homeobox 2, paired box proteins Pax-4 and Pax6, and the aristaless-related homeobox. Ghrelin is generally considered to be a "hunger hormone" that stimulates the appetite and is produced mainly by the stomach. Although the population of ε cells is small in adults, they play important roles in regulating other endocrine cells, especially β cells, by releasing ghrelin. However, the roles of ghrelin in β cells are complex. Ghrelin contributes to increased blood glucose levels by suppressing insulin release from β cells and is also involved in the growth and proliferation of β cells and the prevention of β cell apoptosis. Despite increasing evidence and clarification of the mechanisms of ε cells over the last 20 years, many questions remain to be answered. In this review, we present the current evidence for the participation of ε cells in differentiation and clarify their characteristics by focusing on the roles of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Sakata
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Gumpei Yoshimatsu
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Shohta Kodama
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
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Small molecules and extrinsic factors promoting differentiation of stem cells into insulin-producing cells. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2019; 80:128-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Stempniewicz A, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Gut Hormones, Ghrelin and Obestatin in Oral Mucositis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071534. [PMID: 30934722 PMCID: PMC6479885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to a decreased quality of life and an increase in treatment costs. Moreover, oral mucositis is a life-threatening disease. In addition to its own direct life-threatening consequences, it can also lead to a reduced survival due to the discontinuation or dose reduction of anti-neoplasm therapy. There are numerous strategies for the prevention or treatment of oral mucositis; however, their effectiveness is limited and does not correspond to expectations. This review is focused on the ghrelin and obestatin as potentially useful candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemo- or/and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stempniewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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Green BD, Grieve DJ. Biochemical properties and biological actions of obestatin and its relevence in type 2 diabetes. Peptides 2018; 100:249-259. [PMID: 29412827 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obestatin was initially discovered in rat stomach extract, and although it is principally produced in the gastric mucosa, it can be found throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This 23-amino acid C-terminally amidated peptide is derived from preproghrelin and has been ascribed a wide range of metabolic effects relevant to type 2 diabetes. Obestatin reportedly inhibits gastrointestinal motility, reduces food intake and lowers body weight and improves lipid metabolism. Furthermore, it appears to exert actions on the pancreatic β-cell, most notably increasing β-cell mass and upregulating genes associated with insulin production and β-cell regeneration, with relevance to type 2 diabetes. It is becoming evident that obestatin also exerts pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system, possibly modulating blood pressure, endothelial function and triggering cardioprotective mechanisms, which may be important in determining cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, it seems that like other gut peptides obestatin has neuroprotective properties. This review examines the biochemical properties of the obestatin peptide (its structure, sequence, stability and distribution) and the candidate receptors through which it may act. It provides a balanced examination of the reported pancreatic and extrapancreatic actions of obestatin and evaluates its potential relevance with respect to diabetes therapy, together with discussion of direct evidence linking alterations in obestatin signalling with obesity/diabetes and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Green
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK.
| | - David J Grieve
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, UK
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Hussien NI, Ebrahim N, Mohammed OM, Sabry D. Combination of Obestatin and Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevents Aggravation of Endocrine Pancreatic Damage in Type II Diabetic Rats. Int J Stem Cells 2017; 10:129-143. [PMID: 29186652 PMCID: PMC5741194 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc17035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the new promising therapies in treatment of diabetes mellitus is mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which have an interesting therapeutic potentiality based on their paracrine effect and transdifferentiation potentiality. Also obestatin improves the generation of functional β cells/islet-like cell clusters in vitro, suggesting implications for cell-based replacement therapy in diabetes. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of combination of both MSCs and obestatin on an experimental model of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Sixty male rats were divided into; group I (control group), group II (T2DM group) induced by administration of high fat diet (HFD) and injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in low dose, group III (T2DM treated with MSCs), group IV (T2DM treated with obestatin), group V (T2DM treated with MSCs and obestatin). Fasting blood glucose, C-peptide, insulin and lipid profile were measured. HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were calculated. Pancreatic expression of insulin, glucagon like peptide -1 (GLP-1) and pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) mRNA levels were measured. In addition pancreatic histological changes, insulin and Bax were analyzed by immunohistochemical examination of islets of Langerhans. Diabetic rats showed significant increase in HOMA-IR, serum glucose and lipid profile levels with significant decrease in insulin, HOMA-β, GLP-1 and Pdx1 levels. MSCs and obestatin caused significant improvement in all parameters with more significant improvement in combined therapy. The protective effects afforded by MSCs and obestatin may derive from improvement of the metabolic profile, antiapoptosis and by increase in pancreatic GLP-1and Pdx1 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha I Hussien
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesrine Ebrahim
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola M Mohammed
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dina Sabry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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6
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El-Asfar RK, Kamal MM, Abd El-Razek RS, El-Demerdash E, El-Mesallamy HO. Obestatin can potentially differentiate Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells into insulin-producing cells. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 372:91-98. [PMID: 29159483 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2725-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In vitro-generation of β-cells from Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) could provide a potential basis for diabetes mellitus cell therapy. However, the generation of functional insulin-producing cells (IPCs) from WJ-MSCs remains a challenge. Recently, obestatin, a gut hormone, was found to promote β-cell generation from pancreatic precursor cells. Accordingly, we hypothesize that obestatin can induce the differentiation of WJ-MSCs into IPCs. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to examine the ability of obestatin to generate IPCs in comparison to well-known extrinsic factors that are commonly used in IPCs differentiation protocols from MSCs, namely exendin-4 and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). To achieve our aims, WJ-MSCs were isolated, cultured and characterized by immunophenotyping and adipocytes differentiation. Afterwards, WJ-MSCs were induced to differentiate into IPCs using two differentiation protocols incorporating either exendin-4, GLP-1 or obestatin. The pancreatic progenitor marker, nestin and β-cell differentiation markers were assessed by qRT-PCR, while the functionality of the generated IPCs was assessed by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Our results showed that WJ-MSCs exhibit all the characteristics of MSCs. Interestingly, using obestatin in both the short and long differentiation protocols managed to induce the expression of β-cell markers, similar to exendin-4. In GSIS, IPCs generated using either GLP-1 or obestatin showed higher secretion of insulin as compared to those generated using exendin-4 under low-glucose conditions but failed to show a significant response to increased glucose. These results indicate obestatin can be considered as a novel potential factor to consider for generation of IPCs from WJ-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana K El-Asfar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M Kamal
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Rania S Abd El-Razek
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Ebtehal El-Demerdash
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt
| | - Hala O El-Mesallamy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11566, Egypt.
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Penna C, Tullio F, Femminò S, Rocca C, Angelone T, Cerra MC, Gallo MP, Gesmundo I, Fanciulli A, Brizzi MF, Pagliaro P, Alloatti G, Granata R. Obestatin regulates cardiovascular function and promotes cardioprotection through the nitric oxide pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3670-3678. [PMID: 28744974 PMCID: PMC5706590 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with ischaemic heart disease or chronic heart failure show altered levels of obestatin, suggesting a role for this peptide in human heart function. We have previously demonstrated that GH secretagogues and the ghrelin gene-derived peptides, including obestatin, exert cardiovascular effects by modulating cardiac inotropism and vascular tone, and reducing cell death and contractile dysfunction in hearts subjected to ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R), through the Akt/nitric oxide (NO) pathway. However, the mechanisms underlying the cardiac actions of obestatin remain largely unknown. Thus, we suggested that obestatin-induced activation of PI3K/Akt/NO and PKG signalling is implicated in protection of the myocardium when challenged by adrenergic, endothelinergic or I/R stress. We show that obestatin exerts an inhibitory tone on the performance of rat papillary muscle in both basal conditions and under β-adrenergic overstimulation, through endothelial-dependent NO/cGMP/PKG signalling. This pathway was also involved in the vasodilator effect of the peptide, used both alone and under stress induced by endothelin-1. Moreover, when infused during early reperfusion, obestatin reduced infarct size in isolated I/R rat hearts, through an NO/PKG pathway, comprising ROS/PKC signalling, and converging on mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium [mitoK(ATP)] channels. Overall, our results suggest that obestatin regulates cardiovascular function in stress conditions and induces cardioprotection by mechanisms dependent on activation of an NO/soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/PKG pathway. In fact, obestatin counteracts exaggerated β-adrenergic and endothelin-1 activity, relevant factors in heart failure, suggesting multiple positive effects of the peptide, including the lowering of cardiac afterload, thus representing a potential candidate in pharmacological post-conditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Tullio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Saveria Femminò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carmine Rocca
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria C Cerra
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biology, Ecology and E.S., University of Calabria, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Gallo
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Iacopo Gesmundo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Alloatti
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Pradhan G, Wu CS, Han Lee J, Kanikarla P, Guo S, Yechoor VK, Samson SL, Sun Y. Obestatin stimulates glucose-induced insulin secretion through ghrelin receptor GHS-R. Sci Rep 2017; 7:979. [PMID: 28428639 PMCID: PMC5430520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexigenic hormone ghrelin and anorexic hormone obestatin are encoded by the same preproghrelin gene. While it is known that ghrelin inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), the effect of obestatin on GSIS is unclear. Ghrelin’s effect is mediated by its receptor Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor (GHS-R), but the physiologically relevant receptor of obestatin remains debatable. Here we have investigated the effect of obestatin on GSIS in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo, and tested whether obestatin regulates insulin secretion through GHS-R. We found that under hyperglycemic condition, obestatin augments GSIS in rat insulinoma cells (INS-1) and in pancreatic islets from ghrelin−/− mice. Surprisingly, obestatin-induced GSIS was absent in β-cells in which GHS-R was suppressed. Obestatin-induced insulin secretion was abolished in the circulation of Ghsr−/− mice, and in pancreatic islets isolated from Ghsr−/− mice. We also found that obestatin-induced GSIS was attenuated in islets isolated from β-cell-specific Ghsr knockout MIP-Cre/ERT;Ghsrf/f mice. Our data collectively demonstrate that obestatin is a potent insulin secretagogue under hyperglycemic condition, and obestatin’s effect on insulin secretion is mediated by GHS-R in pancreatic β-cells. Our findings reveal an intriguing insight that obestatin and ghrelin have opposing effects on insulin secretion, and both are mediated through ghrelin receptor GHS-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetali Pradhan
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chia-Shan Wu
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jong Han Lee
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, 21936, Korea
| | - Preeti Kanikarla
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shaodong Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Vijay K Yechoor
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan L Samson
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Xing YX, Yang L, Kuang HY, Gao XY, Liu HL. Function of obestatin in the digestive system. Nutrition 2017; 34:21-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Cowan E, Burch KJ, Green BD, Grieve DJ. Obestatin as a key regulator of metabolism and cardiovascular function with emerging therapeutic potential for diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2165-81. [PMID: 27111465 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23-amino acid C-terminally amidated gastrointestinal peptide derived from preproghrelin and which forms an α helix. Although obestatin has a short biological half-life and is rapidly degraded, it is proposed to exert wide-ranging pathophysiological actions. Whilst the precise nature of many of its effects is unclear, accumulating evidence supports positive actions on both metabolism and cardiovascular function. For example, obestatin has been reported to inhibit food and water intake, body weight gain and gastrointestinal motility and also to mediate promotion of cell survival and prevention of apoptosis. Obestatin-induced increases in beta cell mass, enhanced adipogenesis and improved lipid metabolism have been noted along with up-regulation of genes associated with beta cell regeneration, insulin production and adipogenesis. Furthermore, human circulating obestatin levels generally demonstrate an inverse association with obesity and diabetes, whilst the peptide has been shown to confer protective metabolic effects in experimental diabetes, suggesting that it may hold therapeutic potential in this setting. Obestatin also appears to be involved in blood pressure regulation and to exert beneficial effects on endothelial function, with experimental studies indicating that it may also promote cardioprotective actions against, for example, ischaemia-reperfusion injury. This review will present a critical appraisal of the expanding obestatin research area and discuss the emerging therapeutic potential of this peptide for both metabolic and cardiovascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Cowan
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Kerry J Burch
- Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
| | - Brian D Green
- Queen's University Belfast, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - David J Grieve
- Queen's University Belfast, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Belfast, UK
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Gargantini E, Lazzari L, Settanni F, Taliano M, Trovato L, Gesmundo I, Ghigo E, Granata R. Obestatin promotes proliferation and survival of adult hippocampal progenitors and reduces amyloid-β-induced toxicity. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 422:18-30. [PMID: 26586206 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ghrelin gene-derived peptide obestatin promotes survival in different cell types through a yet undefined receptor; however, its potential neuroprotective activities are still unknown. Here, obestatin effects were investigated on proliferation and survival of adult rat hippocampal progenitor cells (AHPs). Obestatin immunoreactivity was found in AHPs; moreover, obestatin binding to AHPs was displaced by the GLP-1R agonist Ex-4 and antagonist Ex-9. Furthermore, obestatin increased cell proliferation and survival in growth factor deprived medium and inhibited apoptosis; these effects were blocked by Ex-9. The underlying mechanisms involved Gαs/cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt, and the PI3K targets GSK-3β/β-catenin and mTOR. Obestatin also counteracted Aβ1-42-induced detrimental effects through inhibition of GSK-3β activity and Tau hyperphosphorylation, main hallmarks of neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease. These findings indicate a novel protective role for obestatin in AHPs and candidate this peptide as potential therapeutic target for increasing neurogenesis and for approaching neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Gargantini
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Lazzari
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Settanni
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Marina Taliano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Letizia Trovato
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Iacopo Gesmundo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Riccarda Granata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Expression of the mammalian peptide hormone obestatin in Trichoderma reesei. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:99-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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13
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Bukowczan J, Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz P, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Tomaszewska R. Obestatin Accelerates the Recovery in the Course of Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134380. [PMID: 26226277 PMCID: PMC4520493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Several previous studies have shown that obestatin exhibits protective and regenerative effects in some organs including the stomach, kidney, and the brain. In the pancreas, pretreatment with obestatin inhibits the development of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, and promotes survival of pancreatic beta cells and human islets. However, no studies investigated the effect of obestatin administration following the onset of experimental acute pancreatitis. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of obestatin therapy in the course of ischemia/reperfusion-induced pancreatitis. Moreover, we tested the influence of ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute pancreatitis and administration of obestatin on daily food intake and pancreatic exocrine secretion. Methods Acute pancreatitis was induced by pancreatic ischemia followed by reperfusion of the pancreas. Obestatin (8nmol/kg/dose) was administered intraperitoneally twice a day, starting 24 hours after the beginning of reperfusion. The effect of obestatin in the course of necrotizing pancreatitis was assessed between 2 and 14 days, and included histological, functional, and biochemical analyses. Secretory studies were performed on the third day after sham-operation or induction of acute pancreatitis in conscious rats equipped with chronic pancreatic fistula. Results Treatment with obestatin ameliorated morphological signs of pancreatic damage including edema, vacuolization of acinar cells, hemorrhages, acinar necrosis, and leukocyte infiltration of the gland, and led to earlier pancreatic regeneration. Structural changes were accompanied by biochemical and functional improvements manifested by accelerated normalization of interleukin-1β level and activity of myeloperoxidase and lipase, attenuation of the decrease in pancreatic DNA synthesis, and by an improvement of pancreatic blood flow. Induction of acute pancreatitis by pancreatic ischemia followed by reperfusion significantly decreased daily food intake and pancreatic exocrine secretion. Administration of obestatin at doses used was without significant effect with regard to daily food intake or pancreatic exocrine secretion in sham-operated rats, as well as in rats with acute pancreatitis. On the other hand, obestatin abolished a statistical significance of difference in food intake between animals with AP and control animals without pancreatic fistula and induction of AP. Conclusion Treatment with the exogenous obestatin reduces severity of ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute pancreatitis and accelerates recovery in this disease. The involved mechanisms are likely to be multifactorial, and are mediated, at least in part, by anti-inflammatory properties of obestatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Bukowczan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Northumbria NHS Foundation Trust, Rake Lane, North Shields, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Romana Tomaszewska
- Department of Pathology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Bukowczan J, Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz P, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Tomaszewska R, Dembinski A. Pretreatment with obestatin reduces the severity of ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 760:113-21. [PMID: 25912801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obestatin, as ghrelin, has been originally extracted from the stomach, which remains its major source. Previous studies have shown that administration of obestatin exhibits protective and healing-promoting effects in several organs, including the stomach and kidney. In pancreas, pretreatment with obestatin inhibits the development of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis and promotes survival of pancreatic beta cells and human islets. The aim of the present study was to check the universality of protective effect of obestatin in the pancreas. For this reason we investigated the influence of obestatin administration on the development of ischemia/reperfusion-induced pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis was induced by pancreatic ischemia followed by reperfusion of the gland. Obestatin (4, 8 or 16 nmol/kg/dose) was administered intraperitoneally twice: 0.5h before exposure to ischemia, and 3h after the first injection. The effect of obestatin on the course of necrotizing pancreatitis was assessed after 6-h reperfusion, and included histological, functional, and biochemical analyses. Treatment with obestatin reduced morphological signs of pancreatic damage including edema, vacuolization of acinar cells, hemorrhages, acinar necrosis, and leukocyte infiltration of the gland. These effects were accompanied by an improvement of pancreatic DNA synthesis and superoxide dismutase activity, and a decrease in serum level of lipase and pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β. Moreover pretreatment with obestatin reduced myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde concentration in pancreatic tissue of rats with acute pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS Administration of obestatin inhibits the development of ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute pancreatitis. This observation, taken together with previous findings that obestatin protects the pancreas against cerulein-induced pancreatitis, indicates that protective effect of obestatin in the pancreas is universal and independent of the primary cause of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Bukowczan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Northumbria NHS Foundation Trust, Rake Lane, NE28 8NH North Shields, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Romana Tomaszewska
- Department of Pathology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Dembinski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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15
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Mitacchione G, Powers JC, Grifoni G, Woitek F, Lam A, Ly L, Settanni F, Makarewich CA, McCormick R, Trovato L, Houser SR, Granata R, Recchia FA. The gut hormone ghrelin partially reverses energy substrate metabolic alterations in the failing heart. Circ Heart Fail 2014; 7:643-51. [PMID: 24855152 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut-derived hormone ghrelin, especially its acylated form, plays a major role in the regulation of systemic metabolism and exerts also relevant cardioprotective effects; hence, it has been proposed for the treatment of heart failure (HF). We tested the hypothesis that ghrelin can directly modulate cardiac energy substrate metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS We used chronically instrumented dogs, 8 with pacing-induced HF and 6 normal controls. Human des-acyl ghrelin [1.2 nmol/kg per hour] was infused intravenously for 15 minutes, followed by washout (rebaseline) and infusion of acyl ghrelin at the same dose. (3)H-oleate and (14)C-glucose were coinfused and arterial and coronary sinus blood sampled to measure cardiac free fatty acid and glucose oxidation and lactate uptake. As expected, cardiac substrate metabolism was profoundly altered in HF because baseline oxidation levels of free fatty acids and glucose were, respectively, >70% lower and >160% higher compared with control. Neither des-acyl ghrelin nor acyl ghrelin significantly affected function and metabolism in normal hearts. However, in HF, des-acyl and acyl ghrelin enhanced myocardial oxygen consumption by 10.2±3.5% and 9.9±3.7%, respectively (P<0.05), and cardiac mechanical efficiency was not significantly altered. This was associated, respectively, with a 41.3±6.7% and 32.5±10.9% increase in free fatty acid oxidation and a 31.3±9.2% and 41.4±8.9% decrease in glucose oxidation (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Acute increases in des-acyl or acyl ghrelin do not interfere with cardiac metabolism in normal dogs, whereas they enhance free fatty acid oxidation and reduce glucose oxidation in HF dogs, thus partially correcting metabolic alterations in HF. This novel mechanism might contribute to the cardioprotective effects of ghrelin in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Mitacchione
- From the Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (G.M., J.C.P., G.G., F.W., A.L., L.L., C.A.M., R.M., S.R.H., F.A.R.); Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (F.S., L.T., R.G.); and Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy (F.A.R.)
| | - Jeffrey C Powers
- From the Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (G.M., J.C.P., G.G., F.W., A.L., L.L., C.A.M., R.M., S.R.H., F.A.R.); Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (F.S., L.T., R.G.); and Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy (F.A.R.)
| | - Gino Grifoni
- From the Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (G.M., J.C.P., G.G., F.W., A.L., L.L., C.A.M., R.M., S.R.H., F.A.R.); Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (F.S., L.T., R.G.); and Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy (F.A.R.)
| | - Felix Woitek
- From the Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (G.M., J.C.P., G.G., F.W., A.L., L.L., C.A.M., R.M., S.R.H., F.A.R.); Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (F.S., L.T., R.G.); and Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy (F.A.R.)
| | - Amy Lam
- From the Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (G.M., J.C.P., G.G., F.W., A.L., L.L., C.A.M., R.M., S.R.H., F.A.R.); Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (F.S., L.T., R.G.); and Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy (F.A.R.)
| | - Lien Ly
- From the Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (G.M., J.C.P., G.G., F.W., A.L., L.L., C.A.M., R.M., S.R.H., F.A.R.); Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (F.S., L.T., R.G.); and Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy (F.A.R.)
| | - Fabio Settanni
- From the Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (G.M., J.C.P., G.G., F.W., A.L., L.L., C.A.M., R.M., S.R.H., F.A.R.); Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (F.S., L.T., R.G.); and Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy (F.A.R.)
| | - Catherine A Makarewich
- From the Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (G.M., J.C.P., G.G., F.W., A.L., L.L., C.A.M., R.M., S.R.H., F.A.R.); Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (F.S., L.T., R.G.); and Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy (F.A.R.)
| | - Ryan McCormick
- From the Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (G.M., J.C.P., G.G., F.W., A.L., L.L., C.A.M., R.M., S.R.H., F.A.R.); Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (F.S., L.T., R.G.); and Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy (F.A.R.)
| | - Letizia Trovato
- From the Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (G.M., J.C.P., G.G., F.W., A.L., L.L., C.A.M., R.M., S.R.H., F.A.R.); Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (F.S., L.T., R.G.); and Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy (F.A.R.)
| | - Steven R Houser
- From the Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (G.M., J.C.P., G.G., F.W., A.L., L.L., C.A.M., R.M., S.R.H., F.A.R.); Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (F.S., L.T., R.G.); and Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy (F.A.R.)
| | - Riccarda Granata
- From the Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (G.M., J.C.P., G.G., F.W., A.L., L.L., C.A.M., R.M., S.R.H., F.A.R.); Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (F.S., L.T., R.G.); and Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy (F.A.R.)
| | - Fabio A Recchia
- From the Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (G.M., J.C.P., G.G., F.W., A.L., L.L., C.A.M., R.M., S.R.H., F.A.R.); Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (F.S., L.T., R.G.); and Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy (F.A.R.).
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Prodam F, Filigheddu N. Ghrelin gene products in acute and chronic inflammation. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2014; 62:369-84. [PMID: 24728531 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-014-0287-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin gene products--the peptides ghrelin, unacylated ghrelin, and obestatin--have several actions on the immune system, opening new perspectives within neuroendocrinology, metabolism and inflammation. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence regarding the less known role of these peptides in the machinery of inflammation and autoimmunity, outlining some of their most promising therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Prodam
- Departmant of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Novara, Italy
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Gesmundo I, Gallo D, Favaro E, Ghigo E, Granata R. Obestatin: a new metabolic player in the pancreas and white adipose tissue. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:976-82. [PMID: 24217898 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Obestatin is a 23 amino acid amidated peptide, member of the preproghrelin gene-derived peptides. Initially, obestatin was reported to exert opposite effects to those of ghrelin on food intake and body weight gain, through interaction with GPR39; however, these findings are still strongly debated and obestatin biological role remains largely unknown. Interestingly, binding of obestatin to the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor has been recently suggested. Despite being a controversial peptide, recent findings have clearly indicated that obestatin is indeed a multifunctional peptide, exerting a variety of effects, such as stimulation of cell proliferation, survival and differentiation, influence on glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective actions. Its positive effects on glucose and lipid metabolism candidate this peptide as a potential therapeutic tool in pathological conditions such as insulin resistance and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacopo Gesmundo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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