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Onyango HA, Sloan DJ, Keenan K, Kesby M, Ngugi C, Gitonga H, Hammond R. The appropriateness of empirical antibiotic therapy in the management of symptomatic urinary tract infection patients-a cross-sectional study in Nairobi County, Kenya. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2024; 6:dlae118. [PMID: 39035017 PMCID: PMC11259976 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlae118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In low- and middle-income countries, symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) patients are often prescribed antibiotics without microbiological confirmation. UTIs caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasingly common, and this heightens the risk of empirical treatment failure. This study evaluates the appropriateness of empirical antibiotic therapy to UTI patients in Nairobi County, Kenya. Methods A hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in Nairobi County, Kenya, amongst symptomatic adult and child patients. UTI was defined as a monoculture growth with colony counts of ≥104 cfu/mL. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Empirical therapy was considered appropriate if the pathogen isolated was susceptible to the prescribed antibiotic and inappropriate if the pathogen was resistant to the prescribed antibiotic. Results A total of 552 participants were enrolled with a median age of 29 years (interquartile range: 24-36). The majority were female, 398 (72%). Of the 552, 274 (50%) received empirical antibiotic therapy, and 95/274 (35%) were confirmed to have UTI by culture. The antibiotics most frequently prescribed were fluoroquinolones [ciprofloxacin in 80 (30%) and levofloxacin 43 (16%)], amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in 48 (18%) and nitrofurantoin in 32 (12%). Amongst the 95 patients with bacteriological confirmation of UTI, 50 (53%) received appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy, whilst for 38 (40%) participants, the therapy was inappropriate. Conclusions The complexity of appropriate empirical treatment for UTIs is compounded by high levels of resistance in UTI pathogens. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance strategies that could help in designing appropriate empirical regimens in resource constrained settings should be adopted for optimal empiric therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen A Onyango
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK
- College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Derek J Sloan
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - Katherine Keenan
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - Mike Kesby
- School of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - Caroline Ngugi
- College of Health Sciences, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Humphrey Gitonga
- Centre for Microbiology Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert Hammond
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK
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Musinguzi N, Ngure K, Bukusi EA, Mugo NR, Baeten JM, Anderson PL, Haberer JE. Performance of Multiple Adherence Measures for pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Among Young Women in Kenya. AIDS Behav 2023; 27:3961-3969. [PMID: 37351684 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-023-04111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding PrEP adherence is key in the formulation of HIV prevention strategies; however, measurement of adherence can be challenging. We compared multiple adherence measures in a two-year study of young Kenyan women at high risk of HIV acquisition. Among 289 participants, concordance between electronic adherence monitoring (EAM) and tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) in dried blood spots ranged from 57 to 72% depending on selected thresholds. Using area under the receiver operating curve, discrimination of quantifiable TFV-DP was high at 0.85 with EAM and low at 0.49-0.54 for multiple self-reported measures. Correlation between EAM and self-reported measures was low (r < 0.11) although correlation within self-reported measures was moderate (r > 0.69). These findings indicate that both TFV-DP and EAM are useful PrEP adherence tools. Adherence would benefit from better availability of less expensive versions of both measurement tools. Additionally, further research on TFV-DP thresholds is needed to inform interpretation and use in understanding PrEP adherence in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Musinguzi
- Global Health Collaborative, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
| | - Kenneth Ngure
- Center for Clinical Research (CCR), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Community Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A Bukusi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Microbiology Research (CMR), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nelly R Mugo
- Center for Clinical Research (CCR), Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Jared M Baeten
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Peter L Anderson
- Colorado Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado-AMC, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jessica E Haberer
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Glynn EH, Nelson AM, Tesfazghi M, Harb R, Amukele T. Pathologists Overseas: A volunteer-based model for building sustainable, high-quality pathology and laboratory medicine services in low- and middle-income countries. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:977840. [PMID: 36111111 PMCID: PMC9468261 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.977840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For thirty years Pathologists Overseas (PO) has worked in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) to provide affordable, sustainable, and high-quality pathology and laboratory medicine (PALM) services through strategic partnerships and the efforts of our large volunteer network. We address low quality diagnostic services by targeting the 3 pillars of PALM quality: human resources, systems, and quality and accreditation. To improve human resource capacity, PO and our partnering organizations provide virtual continuing education to pathologists and laboratory professionals in these countries. To improve systems, we provide laboratory information system installation and implementation support. Lastly, to improve quality and help laboratories progress toward accreditation, we support an external quality assurance program for laboratories in LMICs. As a relatively small organization, PO demonstrates that a network of dedicated volunteers, in partnership with corporations and professional organizations, can initiate sustainable change in the quality of PALM services in LMICs by focusing efforts on the core components of laboratory quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Glynn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Emily H. Glynn,
| | | | - Merih Tesfazghi
- Department of Pathology, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Roa Harb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Timothy Amukele
- ICON Laboratory Services, ICON plc, Farmingdale, NY, United States
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Fleming KA, Horton S, Wilson ML, Atun R, DeStigter K, Flanigan J, Sayed S, Adam P, Aguilar B, Andronikou S, Boehme C, Cherniak W, Cheung AN, Dahn B, Donoso-Bach L, Douglas T, Garcia P, Hussain S, Iyer HS, Kohli M, Labrique AB, Looi LM, Meara JG, Nkengasong J, Pai M, Pool KL, Ramaiya K, Schroeder L, Shah D, Sullivan R, Tan BS, Walia K. The Lancet Commission on diagnostics: transforming access to diagnostics. Lancet 2021; 398:1997-2050. [PMID: 34626542 PMCID: PMC8494468 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00673-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan Horton
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Rifat Atun
- Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Bertha Aguilar
- Médicos e Investigadores de la Lucha Contra el Cáncer de Mama, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Savvas Andronikou
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - William Cherniak
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Annie Ny Cheung
- The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | | | - Lluis Donoso-Bach
- Department of Medical Imaging, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Sarwat Hussain
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hari S Iyer
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mikashmi Kohli
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain B Labrique
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - John G Meara
- Program in Global Surgery and Social Change, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Nkengasong
- Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Madhukar Pai
- School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Lee Schroeder
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Devanshi Shah
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | | | - Kamini Walia
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Delhi, India
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Bahati F, English M, Sayed S, Horton S, Odhiambo OA, Samatar AA, McKnight J. Information asymmetry in the Kenyan medical laboratory sector. Glob Health Action 2021; 14:1964172. [PMID: 34445946 PMCID: PMC8405108 DOI: 10.1080/16549716.2021.1964172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Important information about medical laboratory providers is not readily available to all patients, clinicians nor regulators in Kenya. This study was conducted as part of a wider project aiming to improve access to high quality diagnostics by addressing information asymmetries in the Kenyan market for laboratory services. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to: 1) Gather pricing information for 49 common laboratory tests from medical laboratories in Nairobi, Kenya, noting where these prices were publicly available or withheld. 2) Assess patients' knowledge of testing information including: turnaround time, price, and test availability. METHOD This was a cross-sectional study where a mystery caller approach was used to survey 49 tests for turnaround time, price, and availability across 13 laboratories selected purposively. The mystery shopper survey was complemented by 251 patient exit interviews at two Kenyan hospitals to understand whether patients seeking laboratory tests in Nairobi had access to such information. All 251 patients were selected by convenience sampling. RESULTS We noted that 85% of the private laboratories did not disclose test prices and turnaround times to their patients. There was a wide range of prices on several key tests, with private in-facility laboratories charging an average test price of 468% of the average test price in public laboratories across all the 49 tests. We also found that many patients lacked key information regarding the tests they needed: 65% did not know the purpose of the test while 41% did not know the test price at all. CONCLUSION Under the current system, patients have limited access to information regarding the key criteria required to make a rational decision. This has a significant impact on the quality, price, and turnaround time (TAT) offered by the medical laboratories that operate in this dysfunctional market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bahati
- Health Services Research Unit, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mike English
- Health Services Research Unit, KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shahin Sayed
- Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Susan Horton
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Onyango Abel Odhiambo
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, Kenya Medical Laboratory Technicians & Technologists Board, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Abdulatif A Samatar
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, Kenya Medical Laboratory Technicians & Technologists Board, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jacob McKnight
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Datema TAM, Oskam L, Broerse JEW, Klatser PR. Review of the Stepwise Laboratory Quality Improvement Process Towards Accreditation (SLIPTA) version 2:2015. Afr J Lab Med 2020; 9:1068. [PMID: 33240798 PMCID: PMC7669969 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v9i1.1068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In 2011 the Stepwise Laboratory Quality Improvement Process Towards Accreditation (SLIPTA) was launched, aimed at strengthening the quality and competence of African clinical, public health and reference laboratories. We reviewed the first version of the SLIPTA checklist in 2011. The continued development and publication of a new version of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15189 standard demands a renewed review. Objective This study aimed to determine the suitability of SLIPTA in guiding laboratories towards ISO 15189:2012 compliance and accreditation and provide recommendations for further SLIPTA improvement. Methods The study was conducted between September 2018 and April 2019. Coverage of ISO 15189:2012 by SLIPTA checklist version 2:2015 was determined and the point distribution of the scoring system over the different sections of the SLIPTA checklist was re-investigated. These findings were compared with the review of the first version of the SLIPTA checklist (based on ISO 15189:2007) and with findings published on SLIPTA implementation and roll-out. Results The coverage of ISO 15189 by the SLIPTA checklist has increased, even though ISO 15189:012 is more extensive than ISO 15189:2007. The point distribution is still skewed towards sections related to quality planning rather than quality control and improvement. Although to date 314 laboratories have been assessed, barriers for laboratories to participate in SLIPTA are high. Sustainability of SLIPTA results is insufficiently studied. Conclusion SLIPTA checklist version 2:2015 has improved compared to earlier versions. We recommend increasing accessibility for laboratories to participate and increasing guidance for ISO-based quality management system implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacqueline E W Broerse
- Department of Science Communication, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul R Klatser
- Athena Institute, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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Parra-Herran C, Romero Y, Milner D. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine in cancer care: A global analysis of national cancer control plans. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:1938-1947. [PMID: 33152147 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to understand the structure and effectiveness of national cancer control systems, the International Cancer Control Partnership, the World Health Organization, the National Cancer Institute and the Union for International Cancer Control underwent a review of available national cancer health plans (NCCPs) and noncommunicable diseases plans (NCDPs) worldwide. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (PALM) plays a major role in cancer management, from prevention and screening to patient care (diagnosis and treatment) and population-level cancer surveillance. This review concentrates on the analysis of elements in national cancer care plans pertaining to PALM. Of 157 countries surveyed, 90 (57%) had a NCCP and 123 (78%) had a NCDP. While 54% of plans included guidelines on cancer diagnosis or plans to develop standards protocols for diagnosis, only 14% included PALM as a component of the plan. PALM-related variables such as synoptic pathology reporting, cancer staging guidelines and cancer genetics programs were similarly underrepresented (being mentioned in only 6%, 17% and 16% of plans, respectively). Absence of PALM-related variables tended to be more frequent in lower-income countries. Our analysis highlights an important gap in national cancer control initiatives worldwide represented by the overall lack of inclusion of PALM resources. Cancer control will only be effective if laboratory sciences are placed as a priority. Based on the data presented herein, there is a need to increase awareness about the importance of PALM in cancer care, and to incorporate this discipline in the design and implementation of multilevel cancer control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Parra-Herran
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yannick Romero
- Union for International Cancer Control, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Danny Milner
- American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Ziegenhorn HV, Frie KG, Ekanem IO, Ebughe G, Kamate B, Traore C, Dzamalala C, Ogunbiyi O, Igbinoba F, Liu B, Bauer M, Thomssen C, Parkin DM, Wickenhauser C, Kantelhardt EJ. Breast cancer pathology services in sub-Saharan Africa: a survey within population-based cancer registries. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20:912. [PMID: 33008380 PMCID: PMC7531092 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-020-05752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathologists face major challenges in breast cancer diagnostics in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The major problems identified as impairing the quality of pathology reports are shortcomings of equipment, organization and insufficiently qualified personnel. In addition, in the context of breast cancer, immunohistochemistry (IHC) needs to be available for the evaluation of biomarkers. In the study presented, we aim to describe the current state of breast cancer pathology in order to highlight the unmet needs. METHODS We obtained information on breast cancer pathology services within population-based cancer registries in SSA. A survey of 20 participating pathology centres was carried out. These centres represent large, rather well-equipped pathologies. The data obtained were related to the known population and breast cancer incidence of the registry areas. RESULTS The responding pathologists served populations of between 30,000 and 1.8 million and the centres surveyed dealt with 10-386 breast cancer cases per year. Time to fixation and formalin fixation time varied from overnight to more than 72 h. Only five centres processed core needle biopsies as a daily routine. Technical problems were common, with 14 centres reporting temporary power outages and 18 centres claiming to own faulty equipment with no access to technical support. Only half of the centres carried out IHC in their own laboratory. For three centres, IHC was only accessible outside of the country and one centre could not obtain any IHC results. A tumour board was established in 13 centres. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that breast cancer pathology services ensuring state-of-the-art therapy are only available in a small fraction of centres in SSA. To overcome these limitations, many of the centres require larger numbers of experienced pathologists and technical staff. Furthermore, equipment maintenance, standardization of processing guidelines and establishment of an IHC service are needed to comply with international standards of breast cancer pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes-Viktor Ziegenhorn
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburgerstrasse 8, 06097, Halle, Germany
| | - Kirstin Grosse Frie
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburgerstrasse 8, 06097, Halle, Germany
| | - Ima-Obong Ekanem
- Department of Pathology, University of Calabar, Cancer Registry, Calabar, Nigeria
- University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Godwin Ebughe
- Department of Pathology, University of Calabar, Cancer Registry, Calabar, Nigeria
- University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Bakarou Kamate
- Department of Pathology, University of Bamako, Bamako Cancer Registry, Bamako, Mali
| | - Cheick Traore
- Department of Pathology, University of Bamako, Bamako Cancer Registry, Bamako, Mali
| | - Charles Dzamalala
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, Cancer Registry, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Olufemi Ogunbiyi
- University of Ibadan, Cancer registry, Ibadan, Nigeria
- University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Biying Liu
- The African Cancer Registry Network, INCTR African Registry Program, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcus Bauer
- Institute of Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Christoph Thomssen
- Department of Gynaecology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Donald Maxwell Parkin
- The African Cancer Registry Network, INCTR African Registry Program, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institute of Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Eva Johanna Kantelhardt
- Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biometrics and Informatics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburgerstrasse 8, 06097, Halle, Germany.
- Department of Gynaecology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.
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Antibiotic use in Kenyan public hospitals: Prevalence, appropriateness and link to guideline availability. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 99:10-18. [PMID: 32781162 PMCID: PMC7562818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report findings from a point prevalence survey across 14 Kenyan public hospitals. About half of the hospitalised patients received appropriate antibiotic therapy. Laboratory investigations supported less than 1% of the antibiotic prescriptions. Physical availability of treatment guidelines influenced treatment appropriateness. There is need for context-specific, up-to-date, and accessible treatment guidelines.
Objective To examine prescription patterns and explore to what extent guidelines are available and how they might influence treatment appropriateness among hospitalised patients in Kenyan hospitals. Methods Data on antimicrobial usage were collected from hospitalised patients across 14 Kenyan public hospitals. For each prescription, appropriateness of treatment was defined using available local and international treatment guidelines and through consensus with local medical specialists. Association between appropriate treatment, guideline availability and other possible explanatory factors was explored using univariate and multiple regression analysis. Results There were 1675 (46.7%) of the 3590 hospitalised patients on antimicrobials with 3145(94%) of the 3363 antimicrobial prescriptions being antibiotics. Two patients (0.1%), had treatment based on available antibiotic susceptibility tests. Appropriate treatment was assessed in 1502 patients who had a single diagnosis. Of these, 805 (53.6%) received appropriate treatment. Physical availability of treatment guidelines increased the odds of receiving appropriate treatment Odds Ratio 6.44[95% CI 4.81–8.64]. Conclusion Appropriate antibiotic prescription remains a challenge in Kenyan public hospitals. This may be improved by the availability of context-specific, up-to-date, and readily accessible treatment guidelines across all the departments, and by providing better diagnostic support.
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Mwogi T, Mercer T, Tran DN(T, Tonui R, Tylleskar T, Were MC. Therapeutic turnaround times for common laboratory tests in a tertiary hospital in Kenya. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230858. [PMID: 32267844 PMCID: PMC7141613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
METHODS We evaluated therapeutic TAT for a tertiary hospital in Western Kenya, using a time-motion study focusing specifically on common hematology and biochemistry orders. The aim was to determine significant bottlenecks in diagnostic testing processes at the institution. RESULTS A total of 356 (155 hematology and 201 biochemistry) laboratory tests were fully tracked from the time of ordering to availability of results to care providers. The total therapeutic TAT for all tests was 21.5 ± 0.249 hours (95% CI). The therapeutic TAT for hematology was 20.3 ± 0.331 hours (95% CI) while that for biochemistry tests was 22.2 ± 0.346 hours (95% CI). Printing, sorting and dispatch of the printed results emerged as the most significant bottlenecks, accounting for up to 8 hours of delay (Hematology-8.3 ± 1.29 hours (95% CI), Biochemistry-8.5 ± 1.18 hours (95% CI)). Time of test orders affected TAT, with orders made early in the morning and those in the afternoon experiencing the most delays in TAT. CONCLUSION Significant inefficiencies exist at multiple steps in the turnaround times for routine laboratory tests at a large referral hospital within an LMIC setting. Multiple opportunities exist to improve TAT and streamline processes around diagnostic testing in this and other similar settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mwogi
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Directorate of Medicine, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Uasin Gishu, Kenya
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Moi University, Eldoret, Uasin Gishu, Kenya
| | - Tim Mercer
- Department of Population Health, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dan N. (Tina) Tran
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafeyette, IN, United States of America
| | - Ronald Tonui
- Department of Immunology, Moi University, Eldoret, Uasin Gishu, Kenya
- Laboratory Services Division, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | | | - Martin C. Were
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Moi University, Eldoret, Uasin Gishu, Kenya
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Abstract
In high-income countries, it would be inconceivable to treat a tumour when its pathology is unknown. However, this can be the case among patients in sub-Saharan Africa. The absence of pathologists and the resultant delays in reporting contribute to patients being treated before the nature of the lesion is known. This is compounded by the frequent absence of auxiliary tests to better define tumour characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Fleming
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, 43 Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HG, UK
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13
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Schroeder LF, Guarner J, Amukele TK. Essential Diagnostics for the Use of World Health Organization Essential Medicines. Clin Chem 2018; 64:1148-1157. [PMID: 29871869 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.275339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous barriers to achieving high-quality laboratory diagnostic testing in resource-limited countries. These include inconsistent supply chains, variable quality of diagnostic devices, lack of human and financial resources, the ever-growing list of available tests, and a historical reliance on syndromic treatment algorithms. A list of essential diagnostics based on an accepted standard like the WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) could coordinate stakeholders in the strengthening of laboratory capacity globally. METHODS To aid in the creation of an essential diagnostics list (EDL), we identified laboratory test indications from expert databases for the safe and effective use of WHO EML medicines. In all, 446 EML medicines were included in the study. We identified 279 conditions targeted by these medicines, spanning communicable and noncommunicable diseases (e.g., HIV, diabetes mellitus). RESULTS We found 325 unique diagnostic tests, across 2717 indications, associated with the identified conditions or their associated medicines. The indications were divided into 10 categories: toxicity (865), diagnosis (591), monitoring (379), dosing/safety (325), complications (217), pathophysiology (154), differential diagnosis (97), comorbidities (53), drug-susceptibility testing (22), and companion diagnostic testing (14). We also created a sublist of 74 higher-priority tests to help define the core of the EDL. CONCLUSIONS An EDL such as we describe here could align the global health community to solve the problems impeding equitable access to high-quality diagnostic testing in support of the global health agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee F Schroeder
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI;
| | - Jeannette Guarner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Timothy K Amukele
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Horton S, Sullivan R, Flanigan J, Fleming KA, Kuti MA, Looi LM, Pai SA, Lawler M. Delivering modern, high-quality, affordable pathology and laboratory medicine to low-income and middle-income countries: a call to action. Lancet 2018; 391:1953-1964. [PMID: 29550030 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Modern, affordable pathology and laboratory medicine (PALM) systems are essential to achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals for health in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). In this last in a Series of three papers about PALM in LMICs, we discuss the policy environment and emphasise three crucial high-level actions that are needed to deliver universal health coverage. First, nations need national strategic laboratory plans; second, these plans require adequate financing for implementation; and last, pathologists themselves need to take on leadership roles to advocate for the centrality of PALM to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals for health. The national strategic laboratory plan should deliver a tiered, networked laboratory system as a central element. Appropriate financing should be provided, at a level of at least 4% of health expenditure. Financing of new technologies such as molecular diagnostics is challenging for LMICs, even though many of these tests are cost-effective. Point-of-care testing can substantially reduce test-reporting time, but this benefit must be balanced with higher costs. Our research analysis highlights a considerable deficiency in advocacy for PALM; pathologists have been invisible in national and international health discourse and leadership. Embedding PALM in LMICs can only be achieved if pathologists advocate for these services, and undertake leadership roles, both nationally and internationally. We articulate eight key recommendations to address the current barriers identified in this Series and issue a call to action for all stakeholders to come together in a global alliance to ensure the effective provision of PALM services in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Horton
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | | | - John Flanigan
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth A Fleming
- Center for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Modupe A Kuti
- Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, and University Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Lai Meng Looi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sanjay A Pai
- Columbia Asia Referral Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Mark Lawler
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences and Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queens University, Belfast, UK
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Wilson ML, Fleming KA, Kuti MA, Looi LM, Lago N, Ru K. Access to pathology and laboratory medicine services: a crucial gap. Lancet 2018; 391:1927-1938. [PMID: 29550029 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(18)30458-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As global efforts accelerate to implement the Sustainable Development Goals and, in particular, universal health coverage, access to high-quality and timely pathology and laboratory medicine (PALM) services will be needed to support health-care systems that are tasked with achieving these goals. This access will be most challenging to achieve in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), which have a disproportionately large share of the global burden of disease but a disproportionately low share of global health-care resources, particularly PALM services. In this first in a Series of three papers on PALM in LMICs, we describe the crucial and central roles of PALM services in the accurate diagnosis and detection of disease, informing prognosis and guiding treatment, contributing to disease screening, public health surveillance and disease registries, and supporting medical-legal systems. We also describe how, even though data are sparse, these services are of both insufficient scope and inadequate quality to play their key role in health-care systems in LMICs. Lastly, we identify four key barriers to the provision of optimal PALM services in resource-limited settings: insufficient human resources or workforce capacity, inadequate education and training, inadequate infrastructure, and insufficient quality, standards, and accreditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Services, Denver Health, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Kenneth A Fleming
- Centre for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA; Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Modupe A Kuti
- Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University College Hospital, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Lai Meng Looi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nestor Lago
- Department of Pathology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kun Ru
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
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Amukele TK, Jones R, Elbireer A. Test Cost and Test Accuracy in Clinical Laboratories in Kampala, Uganda. Am J Clin Pathol 2018; 149:522-529. [PMID: 29659678 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqy017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the accuracy and costs of laboratory tests in Kampala, Uganda. METHODS A random selection of 78 laboratories tested external quality assurance samples at market rates. There were 40 moderate- to high-complexity and 38 low-complexity laboratories. Four percent (3/78) of these laboratories were accredited and 94% (73/78) were private. The 40 moderate- to high-complexity laboratories performed malaria blood smear, urine human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis, glucose, and three-panel tests: CBC, liver function tests, and kidney function tests. The 38 low-complexity laboratories performed malaria blood smear, urine hCG, and syphilis testing only. Hematology, HIV, syphilis, and malarial proficiency testing samples were prepared by accredited laboratories in Kampala. All other samples were provided by the Royal College of Pathologists of Australia. RESULTS 77.1% of all results were accurate (met target values). It varied widely by laboratory (50%-100%), test identity (malaria blood smear, 96%; serum urea nitrogen, 38%), and test type (quantitative: 66% [31%-89%], qualitative: 91% [68%-97%]). Test prices varied by up to 3,600%, and there was no correlation between test cost and accuracy (r2 = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS There were large differences in accuracy and price across laboratories in Kampala. Price was not associated with quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K Amukele
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Clinical Core Laboratory at Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University–Johns Hopkins University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Robert Jones
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ali Elbireer
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
- Clinical Core Laboratory at Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University–Johns Hopkins University, Kampala, Uganda
- African Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM), Addis, Ethiopia
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Taremwa IM, Ampaire L, Iramiot J, Muhwezi O, Matte A, Itabangi H, Mbabazi H, Atwebembeire J, Kamwine M, Katawera V, Mbalibulha Y, Orikiriza P, Boum Y. Assessment of three medical and research laboratories using WHO AFRO_SLIPTA Quality Standards in Southwestern Uganda: a long way to go. Pan Afr Med J 2017. [PMID: 29515747 PMCID: PMC5837159 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2017.28.129.10995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction While the laboratory represents more than 70% of clinical diagnosis and patient management, access to reliable and quality laboratory diagnostics in sub-Saharan Africa remains a challenge. To gain knowledge and suggest evidence based interventions towards laboratory improvement in Southwestern Uganda, we assessed the baseline laboratory quality standards in three medical and research laboratories in Southwestern Uganda. Methods We conducted a cross sectional survey from October, 2013 to April, 2014. Selected laboratories, including one private research, one private for profit and one public laboratory, were assessed using the WHO AFRO_SLIPTA checklist and baseline scores were determined. Results The three laboratories assessed met basic facility requirements, had trained personnel, and safety measures in place. Sample reception was properly designed and executed with a well designated chain of custody. All laboratories had sufficient equipment for the nature of work they were involved in. However, we found that standard operating procedures were incomplete in all three laboratories, lack of quality audit schemes by two laboratories and only one laboratory enrolled into external quality assurance schemes. The SLIPTA scores were one star for the research laboratory and no star for both the public and private-for-profit laboratories. Conclusion While most of the laboratory systems were in place, the low scores obtained by the assessed laboratories reflect the need for improvement to reach standards of quality assured diagnostics in the region. Therefore, routine mentorship and regional supportive supervision are necessary to increase the quality of laboratory services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mugisha Taremwa
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Lucas Ampaire
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Jacob Iramiot
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Obed Muhwezi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Aloysius Matte
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Herbert Itabangi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Hope Mbabazi
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Jeninah Atwebembeire
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Monicah Kamwine
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Victoria Katawera
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Yona Mbalibulha
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Patrick Orikiriza
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Yap Boum
- Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.,Epicentre Mbarara Research Centre, Mbarara, Uganda
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Duong CN, Bond KB, Carvalho H, Thu HBT, Nguyen T, Rush T. Rapid Ascent From Zero Quality to International Organization for Standardization Accreditation: A Case Study of Hai Duong Preventive Medicine Center in Vietnam, 2012-2013. Am J Clin Pathol 2017; 147:427-431. [PMID: 28340123 PMCID: PMC10682564 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqx017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In 2012, the Vietnam Ministry of Health sought to improve the quality of health laboratories by introducing international quality standards. METHODS Strengthening Laboratory Management Toward Accreditation (SLMTA), a year-long, structured, quality improvement curriculum (including projects and mentorship) was piloted in 12 laboratories. Progress was measured using a standardized audit tool (Stepwise Laboratory Quality Improvement Process Towards Accreditation). RESULTS All 12 pilot laboratories (a mix of hospital and public health) demonstrated improvement; median scores rose from 44% to 78% compliance. The public health laboratory in Hai Duong Province entered the program with the lowest score of the group (28%) yet concluded with the highest score (86%). Five months after the completion of the program, without any additional external support, they were accredited. Laboratory management/staff describe factors key to their success: support from the facility senior management, how-to guidance provided by SLMTA, support from the site mentor, and strong commitment of laboratory staff. CONCLUSIONS Hai Duong preventive medical center is one of only a handful of laboratories to reach accreditation after participation in SLMTA and the only laboratory to do so without additional support. Due to the success seen in Hai Duong and other pilot laboratories, Vietnam has expanded the use of SLMTA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle B. Bond
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
- Division of Global HIV and TB, International Laboratory Branch, Center for Global Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Humberto Carvalho
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Washington, DC
| | | | - Thuong Nguyen
- National Institute for Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thomas Rush
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Guarner J, Street C, Matlock M, Cole L, Brierre F. Improving Gram stain proficiency in hospital and satellite laboratories that do not have microbiology. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:458-461. [PMID: 27658158 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consolidation of laboratories has left many hospitals and satellite laboratories with minimal microbiologic testing. In many hospitals and satellite laboratories, Gram stains on primary specimens are still performed despite difficultly in maintaining proficiency. METHODS To maintain Gram stain proficiency at a community 450-bed hospital with an active emergency room we designed bimonthly challenges that require reporting Gram staining and morphology of different organisms. The challenges consist of five specimens prepared by the reference microbiology laboratory from cultures and primary specimens. Twenty to 23 medical laboratory scientists participate reading the challenges. Results from the challenges are discussed with each medical laboratory scientists. In addition, printed images from the challenges are presented at huddle to add microbiology knowledge. RESULTS On the first three challenges, Gram staining was read correctly in 71%-77% of the time while morphology 53%-66%. In the last six challenges correct answers for Gram stain were 77%-99% while morphology 73%-96%. CONCLUSIONS We observed statistically significant improvement when reading Gram stains by providing frequent challenges to medical laboratory scientists. The clinical importance of Gram stain results is emphasized during huddle presentations increasing knowledge and motivation to perform the test for patients.
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Davies J, Abimiku A, Alobo M, Mullan Z, Nugent R, Schneidman M, Sikhondze W, Onyebujoh P. Sustainable clinical laboratory capacity for health in Africa. LANCET GLOBAL HEALTH 2017; 5:e248-e249. [PMID: 28108137 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(17)30024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Davies
- The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, London, UK; Centre for Global Health, King's College London, London, UK; School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | - Rachel Nugent
- Chronic Non-communicable Diseases Global Initative, RTI International, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Miriam Schneidman
- Nutrition and Population Global Practice, World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Welile Sikhondze
- National TB Control Program, Ministry of Health, WHO Regional Office for Africa Inter-country Support Team for East/Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Philip Onyebujoh
- WHO/AFRO/CDS Laboratories Focal Point (HIV/TB/Hepatitis), WHO Regional Office for Africa Inter-country Support Team for East/Southern Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe.
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Abstract
Objectives Noncommunicable diseases, including malignancies, represent an increasing proportion of the global human disease burden, but low- and middle-income countries lack the necessary infrastructure to diagnose and treat the rising number of patients with cancer. Methods African Strategies for Advancing Pathology devised the lab-in-a-box to guide rapid deployment of anatomic pathologic services in sub-Saharan Africa. Results This framework defines essential elements of a laboratory network, providing the full spectrum of cancer care, and explores the many barriers to creating fully functional laboratory networks in resource-limited settings. Conclusions For global cancer care access and quality to advance, multiple stakeholders must commit to common goals and objectives and develop a comprehensive, sustainable system. African Strategies for Advancing Pathology will continue aligning stakeholders and advocating for meaningful policy changes to create positive, measurable, and long-lasting impact on global cancer care.
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Fleming KA, Naidoo M, Wilson M, Flanigan J, Horton S, Kuti M, Looi LM, Price C, Ru K, Ghafur A, Wang J, Lago N. An Essential Pathology Package for Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Am J Clin Pathol 2017; 147:15-32. [PMID: 28158414 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives We review the current status of pathology services in low- and middle-income countries and propose an “essential pathology package” along with estimated costs. The purpose is to provide guidance to policy makers as countries move toward universal health care systems. Methods Five key themes were reviewed using existing literature (role of leadership; education, training, and continuing professional development; technology; accreditation, management, and quality standards; and reimbursement systems). A tiered system is described, building on existing proposals. The economic analysis draws on the very limited published studies, combined with expert opinion. Results Countries have underinvested in pathology services, with detrimental effects on health care. The equipment needs for a tier 1 laboratory in a primary health facility are modest ($2-$5,000), compared with $150,000 to $200,000 in a district hospital, and higher in a referral hospital (depending on tests undertaken). Access to a national (or regional) specialized laboratory undertaking disease surveillance and registry is important. Recurrent costs of appropriate laboratories in district and referral hospitals are around 6% of the hospital budget in midsized hospitals and likely decline in the largest hospitals. Primary health facilities rely largely on single-use tests. Conclusions Pathology is an essential component of good universal health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Fleming
- From the Centre for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, Washington, DC
- Green Templeton College
| | - Mahendra Naidoo
- From the Centre for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Michael Wilson
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Services, Denver Health, Denver, CO
| | - John Flanigan
- From the Centre for Global Health, National Cancer Institute, Washington, DC
| | - Susan Horton
- Global Health Economics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Modupe Kuti
- Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan & University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Lai Meng Looi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chris Price
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kun Ru
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine
| | | | - Jianxiang Wang
- Institute of Hematology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nestor Lago
- Department of Pathology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Amukele T, Schroeder L. What Is the Value of Clinical Laboratory Testing? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:339-341. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2016.022251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fleming KA. Pathology and cancer policy. J Cancer Policy 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpo.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Laboratory Diagnostics Market in East Africa: A Survey of Test Types, Test Availability, and Test Prices in Kampala, Uganda. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26226183 PMCID: PMC4520457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic laboratory tests are routinely defined in terms of their sensitivity, specificity, and ease of use. But the actual clinical impact of a diagnostic test also depends on its availability and price. This is especially true in resource-limited settings such as sub-Saharan Africa. We present a first-of-its-kind report of diagnostic test types, availability, and prices in Kampala, Uganda. METHODS Test types (identity) and availability were based on menus and volumes obtained from clinical laboratories in late 2011 in Kampala using a standard questionnaire. As a measure of test availability, we used the Availability Index (AI). AI is the combined daily testing volumes of laboratories offering a given test, divided by the combined daily testing volumes of all laboratories in Kampala. Test prices were based on a sampling of prices collected in person and via telephone surveys in 2015. FINDINGS Test volumes and menus were obtained for 95% (907/954) of laboratories in Kampala city. These 907 laboratories offered 100 different test types. The ten most commonly offered tests in decreasing order were Malaria, HCG, HIV serology, Syphilis, Typhoid, Urinalysis, Brucellosis, Stool Analysis, Glucose, and ABO/Rh. In terms of AI, the 100 tests clustered into three groups: high (12 tests), moderate (33 tests), and minimal (55 tests) availability. 50% and 36% of overall availability was provided through private and public laboratories, respectively. Point-of-care laboratories contributed 35% to the AI of high availability tests, but only 6% to the AI of the other tests. The mean price of the most commonly offered test types was $2.62 (range $1.83-$3.46). INTERPRETATION One hundred different laboratory test types were in use in Kampala in late 2011. Both public and private laboratories were critical to test availability. The tests offered in point-of-care laboratories tended to be the most available tests. Prices of the most common tests ranged from $1.83-$3.46.
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Amukele TK, Sokoll LJ, Pepper D, Howard DP, Street J. Can Unmanned Aerial Systems (Drones) Be Used for the Routine Transport of Chemistry, Hematology, and Coagulation Laboratory Specimens? PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222261 PMCID: PMC4519103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS or drones) could potentially be used for the routine transport of small goods such as diagnostic clinical laboratory specimens. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published study of the impact of UAS transportation on laboratory tests. METHODS Three paired samples were obtained from each one of 56 adult volunteers in a single phlebotomy event (336 samples total): two tubes each for chemistry, hematology, and coagulation testing respectively. 168 samples were driven to the flight field and held stationary. The other 168 samples were flown in the UAS for a range of times, from 6 to 38 minutes. After the flight, 33 of the most common chemistry, hematology, and coagulation tests were performed. Statistical methods as well as performance criteria from four distinct clinical, academic, and regulatory bodies were used to evaluate the results. RESULTS Results from flown and stationary sample pairs were similar for all 33 analytes. Bias and intercepts were <10% and <13% respectively for all analytes. Bland-Altman comparisons showed a mean difference of 3.2% for Glucose and <1% for other analytes. Only bicarbonate did not meet the strictest (Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia Quality Assurance Program) performance criteria. This was due to poor precision rather than bias. There were no systematic differences between laboratory-derived (analytic) CV's and the CV's of our flown versus terrestrial sample pairs however CV's from the sample pairs tended to be slightly higher than analytic CV's. The overall concordance, based on clinical stratification (normal versus abnormal), was 97%. Length of flight had no impact on the results. CONCLUSIONS Transportation of laboratory specimens via small UASs does not affect the accuracy of routine chemistry, hematology, and coagulation tests results from selfsame samples. However it results in slightly poorer precision for some analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K. Amukele
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Clinical Core Laboratory at Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University-Johns Hopkins University, Kampala, Uganda
- * E-mail:
| | - Lori J. Sokoll
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel Pepper
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dana P. Howard
- NextGen Aeronautics, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Jeff Street
- NextGen Aeronautics, Torrance, California, United States of America
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Guarner J, Amukele T, Mehari M, Gemechu T, Woldeamanuel Y, Winkler AM, Asrat D, Wilson ML, Rio CD. Building capacity in laboratory medicine in Africa by increasing physician involvement: a laboratory medicine course for clinicians. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 143:405-11. [PMID: 25696799 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpnyt1wpsrclc6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe a 4-day laboratory medicine course for clinicians given at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia, designed to improve the use of laboratory-based diagnoses. METHODS Each day was dedicated to one of the following topics: hematology, blood bank/transfusion medicine and coagulation, chemistry, and microbiology. The course included lectures, case-based learning, laboratory tours, and interactive computer case-based homework. The same 12-question knowledge quiz was given before and after the course. RESULTS Twenty-eight participants took the quiz before and 21 after completing the course. The average score was 5.28 (range, 2-10) for the initial quiz and 8.09 (range, 4-11) for the second quiz (P = .0001). Two of 12 and 8 of 12 questions were answered correctly by more than 60% of trainees on the initial and second quiz, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge and awareness of the role of the laboratory increased after participation in the course. Understanding of laboratory medicine principles by clinicians will likely improve use of laboratory services and build capacity in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Guarner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Timothy Amukele
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Meheretu Mehari
- Clinical Laboratory, Black Lion Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tufa Gemechu
- College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Anne M. Winkler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Daniel Asrat
- College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Michael L. Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver
| | - Carlos del Rio
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
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Quality pathology and laboratory diagnostic services are key to improving global health outcomes: improving global health outcomes is not possible without accurate disease diagnosis. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 143:325-8. [PMID: 25696789 DOI: 10.1309/ajcp6k0dzcnvcsci] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Amukele TK, Schroeder LF, Jackson JB, Elbireer A. Most clinical laboratory testing in Kampala occurs in high-volume, high-quality laboratories or low-volume, low-quality laboratories. A tale of two cities. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 143:50-6. [PMID: 25511142 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpcya54dwzqpqt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe key characteristics (laboratory quality, test volumes, and complexity) of clinical laboratories in Kampala, Uganda (population ~1.7 million). METHODS Cross-sectional survey using a standard questionnaire to document laboratory type and quality, as well as test menus and volumes. Quality was based on the World Health Organization-Africa Region checklist. RESULTS Of the 954 laboratories identified (a density of one laboratory per 1,781 persons), 779 (82%) performed only simple kit tests or light microscope examinations. The 95% (907/954) of laboratories for whom volumes were obtained performed an average aggregate of 13,189 tests daily, for a test utilization rate of around 2 tests per individual per year. Laboratories could be segregated into eight groups based on quality, test volume, and complexity. However, 90% of the testing was performed by just two groups: (1) low-volume (≤100 tests daily), low-quality laboratories performing simple tests or (2) high-volume (>100 tests daily), high-quality laboratories. Each of these two groups did 45% of the daily testing volume (90% combined). CONCLUSIONS Clinical laboratory density in Kampala (1/1,781 persons) is high, approaching that in the United States (1/1,347 persons). Low-volume/low-quality and high-volume/high-quality laboratories do 90% of the daily aggregate testing. Quality improvement (QI) schemes for Africa must be appropriate to low-volume laboratories as well as to the large laboratories that have been the focus of previous QI efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K. Amukele
- Makerere University–Johns Hopkins University Clinical Core Laboratory at Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - J. Brooks Jackson
- Makerere University–Johns Hopkins University Clinical Core Laboratory at Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ali Elbireer
- Makerere University–Johns Hopkins University Clinical Core Laboratory at Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Mbah H, Ojo E, Ameh J, Musuluma H, Negedu-Momoh OR, Jegede F, Ojo O, Uwakwe N, Ochei K, Dada M, Udah D, Chiegil R, Torpey K. Piloting laboratory quality system management in six health facilities in Nigeria. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116185. [PMID: 25542022 PMCID: PMC4277469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Achieving accreditation in laboratories is a challenge in Nigeria like in most African countries. Nigeria adopted the World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa Stepwise Laboratory (Quality) Improvement Process Towards Accreditation (WHO/AFRO– SLIPTA) in 2010. We report on FHI360 effort and progress in piloting WHO-AFRO recognition and accreditation preparedness in six health facility laboratories in five different states of Nigeria. Method Laboratory assessments were conducted at baseline, follow up and exit using the WHO/AFRO– SLIPTA checklist. From the total percentage score obtained, the quality status of laboratories were classified using a zero to five star rating, based on the WHO/AFRO quality improvement stepwise approach. Major interventions include advocacy, capacity building, mentorship and quality improvement projects. Results At baseline audit, two of the laboratories attained 1- star while the remaining four were at 0- star. At follow up audit one lab was at 1- star, two at 3-star and three at 4-star. At exit audit, four labs were at 4- star, one at 3-star and one at 2-star rating. One laboratory dropped a ‘star’ at exit audit, while others consistently improved. The two weakest elements at baseline; internal audit (4%) and occurrence/incidence management (15%) improved significantly, with an exit score of 76% and 81% respectively. The elements facility and safety was the major strength across board throughout the audit exercise. Conclusion This effort resulted in measurable and positive impact on the laboratories. We recommend further improvement towards a formal international accreditation status and scale up of WHO/AFRO– SLIPTA implementation in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Mbah
- Family Health International (FHI360), Plot 1073-A1, GODAB Plaza, Area 3, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Ojo
- Family Health International (FHI360), Plot 1073-A1, GODAB Plaza, Area 3, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
| | - James Ameh
- Family Health International (FHI360), Plot 1073-A1, GODAB Plaza, Area 3, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Humphrey Musuluma
- Family Health International (FHI360), Plot 1073-A1, GODAB Plaza, Area 3, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Feyisayo Jegede
- Family Health International (FHI360), Plot 1073-A1, GODAB Plaza, Area 3, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmilayo Ojo
- Family Health International (FHI360), Plot 1073-A1, GODAB Plaza, Area 3, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nkem Uwakwe
- Family Health International (FHI360), Plot 1073-A1, GODAB Plaza, Area 3, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley Ochei
- Family Health International (FHI360), Plot 1073-A1, GODAB Plaza, Area 3, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Michael Dada
- Family Health International (FHI360), Plot 1073-A1, GODAB Plaza, Area 3, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Donald Udah
- Family Health International (FHI360), Plot 1073-A1, GODAB Plaza, Area 3, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Robert Chiegil
- Family Health International (FHI360), Plot 1073-A1, GODAB Plaza, Area 3, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Kwasi Torpey
- Family Health International (FHI360), Plot 1073-A1, GODAB Plaza, Area 3, Garki-Abuja, Nigeria
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Luman ET, Yao K, Nkengasong JN. A comprehensive review of the SLMTA literature part 1: Content analysis and future priorities. Afr J Lab Med 2014; 3:265. [PMID: 29043200 PMCID: PMC5637796 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v3i2.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since its introduction in 2009, the Strengthening Laboratory Management Toward Accreditation (SLMTA) programme has been implemented widely throughout Africa, as well as in the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Southeast Asia. Objective We compiled results from local, national and global studies to provide a broad view of the programme and identify directions for the future. The review consists of two companion papers; this paper focuses on content analysis, examining various thematic components of the SLMTA programme and future priorities. Methods A systematic literature search identified 28 published articles about implementing the SLMTA programme. Results for various components of the SLMTA programme were reviewed and summarised. Results Local and national studies provide substantial information on previous experiences with quality management systems; variations on SLMTA implementation; building human resource capacity for trainers, mentors and auditors; the benefits and effectiveness of various types of mentorship; the importance of management buy-in to ensure country ownership; the need to instill a culture of quality in the laboratory; success factors and challenges; and future directions for the programme. Conclusions Local, national and global results suggest that the SLMTA programme has been overwhelmingly successful in transforming laboratory quality management. There is an urgent need to move forward in four strategic directions: progression (continued improvement in SLMTA laboratories), saturation (additional laboratories within countries that have implemented SLMTA), expansion (implementation in additional countries), and extension (adapting SLMTA for implementation beyond the laboratory), to lead to transformation of overall health systems and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Luman
- International Laboratory Branch, Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Katy Yao
- International Laboratory Branch, Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - John N Nkengasong
- International Laboratory Branch, Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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Schroeder LF, Amukele T. Medical laboratories in sub-Saharan Africa that meet international quality standards. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 141:791-5. [PMID: 24838322 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpq5ktkagsscfn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A recent survey of laboratories in Kampala, Uganda, demonstrated that only 0.3% of laboratories (3/954) met international quality standards. To benchmark laboratory quality throughout the rest of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), we compiled a list of SSA laboratories meeting international quality standards. METHODS Accrediting bodies were queried via online registries or direct communication in May 2013. RESULTS There were 380 laboratories accredited to international standards in SSA. Ninety-one percent were in South Africa. Thirty-seven of 49 countries had no laboratories accredited to international quality standards. Accredited laboratory density (per million people) in South Africa, Namibia, and Botswana were similar to those in many European countries. Single variable linear regression showed a correlation between accredited laboratory density and health expenditures per person (adjusted R(2) = 0.81, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Most SSA countries do not have an accredited clinical laboratory. For those that do, there is a strong correlation between country-specific accredited laboratory density and per-capita health expenditures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Amukele
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Alemnji GA, Zeh C, Yao K, Fonjungo PN. Strengthening national health laboratories in sub-Saharan Africa: a decade of remarkable progress. Trop Med Int Health 2014; 19:450-8. [PMID: 24506521 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Efforts to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic have underscored the fragile and neglected nature of some national health laboratories in Africa. In response, national and international partners and various governments have worked collaboratively over the last several years to build sustainable laboratory capacities within the continent. Key accomplishments reflecting this successful partnership include the establishment of the African-based World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (WHO-AFRO) Stepwise Laboratory Quality Improvement Process Towards Accreditation (SLIPTA); development of the Strengthening Laboratory Management Toward Accreditation (SLMTA) training programme; and launching of a Pan African-based institution, the African Society for Laboratory Medicine (ASLM). These platforms continue to serve as the foundations for national health laboratory infrastructure enhancement, capacity development and overall quality system improvement. Further targeted interventions should encourage countries to aim at integrated tiered referral networks, promote quality system improvement and accreditation, develop laboratory policies and strategic plans, enhance training and laboratory workforce development and a retention strategy, create career paths for laboratory professionals and establish public-private partnerships. Maintaining the gains and ensuring sustainability will require concerted action by all stakeholders with strong leadership and funding from African governments and from the African Union.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Alemnji
- Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Caribbean Regional Office, Bridgetown, Barbados
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Fitzgibbon JE, Wallis CL. Laboratory challenges conducting international clinical research in resource-limited settings. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 65 Suppl 1:S36-9. [PMID: 24321984 PMCID: PMC3893068 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
There are many challenges to performing clinical research in resource-limited settings. Here, we discuss several of the most common laboratory issues that must be addressed. These include issues relating to organization and personnel, laboratory facilities and equipment, standard operating procedures, external quality assurance, shipping, laboratory capacity, and data management. Although much progress has been made, innovative ways of addressing some of these issues are still very much needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Fitzgibbon
- Drug Development and Clinical Sciences Branch, Therapeutics Research Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Carole L. Wallis
- Specialty Molecular Division, Molecular Pathology, Lancet Laboratories, South Africa
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Jegede FE, Mbah HA, Yakubu TN, Adedokun O, Negedu-Momoh OR, Torpey K. Laboratory Quality Audit in 25 Anti-Retroviral Therapy Facilities in North West of Nigeria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojcd.2014.44028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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