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Bento HJ, Ferreira A, da Paz RCR. Brazilian Boidae hemipenis morphology: Macroscopic and histological aspects. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:781-785. [PMID: 36017539 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Four genera of the Boidae family are found in Brazil: Eunectes, Corallus, Epicrates, and Boa. Male copulatory organs in snakes are located inside the tail and are called hemipenes. They are double structures in an inverted position that are exposed during copulation. This study describes the macroscopic and histological aspects of hemipenes in Boidae snakes. One Boa constrictor, three Epicrates cenchria, one Corallus hortulanus hemipenes, and one fragment of the muscular retractor penis magnus (m. retractor penis magnus) from Eunectes murinus were included in this study. The structures were evaluated macroscopically and photo-documented using a stereo microscope. Tissue fragments were included in glycol methacrylate plastic resin, cut into 3-μm-thick slices, and stained with 1% toluidine blue for microscopic evaluation. The macroscopic analysis showed that the arrangement and diameter occupied by the m. retractor penis magnus in the hemipenis and the internal and external cavernous bodies differ between species. The histological analysis showed that the hemipenis of B. constrictor, E. cenchria, and C. hortulanus has stratified epithelium in the external portion supported by dense connective tissue with blood vessels and muscle tissue. Although the literature reports the presence of skeletal musculature in the hemipenis, striated musculature with a centrally located nucleus in the fibre bundle, typical of cardiac musculature in mammals, was observed in the studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor José Bento
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil.,Wildlife Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine (FAVET), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Adelina Ferreira
- Biosciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil
| | - Regina Celia Rodrigues da Paz
- Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil.,Wildlife Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine (FAVET), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, Brazil
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2
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OUP accepted manuscript. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blac051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Al-Ma'ruf AY, Sari RP, Mustofa I, Utama S, Anwar C, Mafruchati M, Hestianah EP, Yustinasari LR, Tehupuring BC, Legowo D, Setiawan B. Morphology and histology of paryphasmata and hemibaculum of Varanus salvator based on sexual maturity. Open Vet J 2021; 11:330-336. [PMID: 34307091 PMCID: PMC8288737 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i2.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Varanus salvator is one of the reptiles being hunted by human beings for several purposes, including traditional medicine. The studies about reproductive biology aspects were limited. Aim: This study aimed to determine the morphology, histology, and histometry of V. salvator paryphasmata and hemibaculum based on Snout-Vent Length (SVL) as an indicator of sexual maturity. Methods: This study examined 18 pairs of hemipenis of V. salvator with SVL more and less than 40 cm in equal number. Paryphasmata and hemibaculum parts were observed visually and micro-sliced, then stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). The histological observation was conducted under a 40×, 100×, and 400× magnification of a light microscope. The histometry of the paryphasmata was examined using 13 Megapixels Coolpad and OptiLab Plus for microscopic pictures. The chondrocyte cell area was measured using the Optilab Plus and Image Raster three applications. Results: The sizes of glans of hemipenis, paryphasmata, and hemibaculum increased according to the increasing of SVL. The average paryphasmata row number, epidermis, and loose connective tissue thickness were not significantly different (p > 0.05). However, dense connective tissue was thicker (p < 0.05), which corresponds to SVL. Hemibaculum was composed of fibrous and hyaline cartilage characterized by chondrocyte cells. The SVL also affects (p < 0.05) the ossification of hyaline in hemipenis, while the chondrocyte cell area followed the equation −1.87E7 + 7.09E5* SVL. Conclusion: The SVL size of V. salvator affects the paryphasmata, hemibaculum, thickness of dense connective tissue of paryphasmata, and the area of chondrocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alif Yahya Al-Ma'ruf
- Pet and Wild Animals Interest Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Regita Permata Sari
- Pet and Wild Animals Interest Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Imam Mustofa
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Suzanita Utama
- Division of Veterinary Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Chairul Anwar
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Maslichah Mafruchati
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Eka Pramyrtha Hestianah
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Lita Rakhma Yustinasari
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Djoko Legowo
- Division of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Boedi Setiawan
- Division of Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Schořálková T, Kratochvíl L, Kubička L. To fight or mate? Hormonal control of sex recognition, male sexual behavior and aggression in the gecko lizard. Horm Behav 2018; 97:18-24. [PMID: 29037971 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Squamate reptiles are a highly diversified vertebrate group with extensive variability in social behavior and sexual dimorphism. However, hormonal control of these traits has not previously been investigated in sufficient depth in many squamate lineages. Here, we studied the hormonal control of male sexual behavior, aggressiveness, copulatory organ (hemipenis) size and sex recognition in the gecko Paroedura picta, comparing ovariectomized females, ovariectomized females treated with exogenous dihydrotestosterone (DHT), ovariectomized females treated with exogenous testosterone (T), control females and males. The administration of both T and DHT led to the expression of male-typical sexual behavior in females. However, in contrast to T, increased circulating levels of DHT alone were not enough to initiate the full expression of male-typical offensive aggressive behavior and development of hemipenes in females. Ovariectomized females were as sexually attractive as control females, which does not support the need for the demasculinization of the cues used for sex recognition by ovarian hormones as suggested in other sauropsids. On the other hand, our results point to the masculinization of the sex recognition cues by male gonadal androgens. Previously, we also demonstrated that sexually dimorphic growth is controlled by ovarian hormones in P. picta. Overall, it appears that individual behavioral and morphological sexually-dimorphic traits are controlled by multiple endogenous pathways in this species. Variability in the endogenous control of particular traits could have permitted their disentangling during evolution and the occurrence of (semi)independent changes across squamate phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Schořálková
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kratochvíl
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Kubička
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Guerra-Fuentes RA, Costa JCL, Missassi AFR, Prudente ALDC. Muscular evolution of hemipenis in Imantodini snakes (Squamata: Dipsadidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Arturo Guerra-Fuentes
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - João Carlos L Costa
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F R Missassi
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, Brazil
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biodiversidade e Evolução, Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Da Costa Prudente
- Laboratório de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Campus de Pesquisa, Terra Firme, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Gredler ML. Developmental and Evolutionary Origins of the Amniote Phallus. Integr Comp Biol 2016; 56:694-704. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Friesen CR, Uhrig EJ, Mason RT, Brennan PLR. Female behaviour and the interaction of male and female genital traits mediate sperm transfer during mating. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:952-64. [PMID: 26809830 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Natural selection and post-copulatory sexual selection, including sexual conflict, contribute to genital diversification. Fundamental first steps in understanding how these processes shape the evolution of specific genital traits are to determine their function experimentally and to understand the interactions between female and male genitalia during copulation. Our experimental manipulations of male and female genitalia in red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) reveal that copulation duration and copulatory plug deposition, as well as total and oviductal/vaginal sperm counts, are influenced by the interaction between male and female genital traits and female behaviour during copulation. By mating females with anesthetized cloacae to males with spine-ablated hemipenes using a fully factorial design, we identified significant female-male copulatory trait interactions and found that females prevent sperm from entering their oviducts by contracting their vaginal pouch. Furthermore, these muscular contractions limit copulatory plug size, whereas the basal spine of the male hemipene aids in sperm and plug transfer. Our results are consistent with a role of sexual conflict in mating interactions and highlight the evolutionary importance of female resistance to reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Friesen
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, USA
| | - E J Uhrig
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - R T Mason
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - P L R Brennan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 104 Clapp Laboratory, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
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