1
|
Li WX, Xu LL, Liu CF, Dong BZ, Wang YY. Analysis of an adult diabetes mellitus caused by a rare mutation of the gene: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:3942-3949. [PMID: 38994305 PMCID: PMC11235441 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i19.3942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study presents the clinical and genetic mutation characteristics of an unusual case of adult-onset diabetes mellitus occurring in adolescence, featuring a unique mutation in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG) gene. Data Access Statement: Research data supporting this publication are available from the NN repository at www.NNN.org/download/. CASE SUMMARY The methodology employed entailed meticulous collection of comprehensive clinical data from the probands and their respective family members. Additionally, high-throughput sequencing was conducted to analyze the PPARG genes of the patient, her siblings, and their offspring. The results of this investigation revealed that the patient initially exhibited elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy, accompanied by insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia. Furthermore, these strains displayed increased susceptibility to diabetic kidney disease without any discernible aggregation patterns. The results from the gene detection process demonstrated a heterozygous mutation of guanine (G) at position 284 in the coding region of exon 2 of PPARG, which replaced the base adenine (A) (exon2c.284A>Gp.Tyr95Cys). This missense mutation resulted in the substitution of tyrosine with cysteine at the 95th position of the translated protein. Notably, both of her siblings harbored a nucleotide heterozygous variation at the same site, and both were diagnosed with diabetes. CONCLUSION The PPARG gene mutation, particularly the p.Tyr95Cys mutation, may represent a newly identified subtype of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. This subtype is characterized by insulin resistance and lipid metabolism disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xuan Li
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Li Xu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bing-Zi Dong
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yun-Yang Wang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
The Potential Roles of Post-Translational Modifications of PPARγ in Treating Diabetes. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121832. [PMID: 36551260 PMCID: PMC9775095 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is mainly characterized by insulin resistance and insulin secretion deficiency, has been soaring in recent years. Accompanied by many other metabolic syndromes, such as cardiovascular diseases, T2DM represents a big challenge to public health and economic development. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor that is critical in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, has been developed as a powerful drug target for T2DM, such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Despite thiazolidinediones (TZDs), a class of PPARγ agonists, having been proven to be potent insulin sensitizers, their use is restricted in the treatment of diabetes for their adverse effects. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) have shed light on the selective activation of PPARγ, which shows great potential to circumvent TZDs' side effects while maintaining insulin sensitization. In this review, we will focus on the potential effects of PTMs of PPARγ on treating T2DM in terms of phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, O-GlcNAcylation, and S-nitrosylation. A better understanding of PTMs of PPARγ will help to design a new generation of safer compounds targeting PPARγ to treat type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kong Y, Niu A, Yuan W, Zhou Y, Xia M, Xiong X, Lu Y, Yin T, Zhang Y, Chen S, Huang Q, Zeng G, Huang Q. Interaction of FOXO1 and SUMOylated PPARγ1 induced by hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia favors vascular endothelial insulin resistance and dysfunction. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 147:107125. [PMID: 36252777 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PPARγ1 and FOXO1 are the key transcription factors that regulate insulin sensitivity. We previously found that a small ubiquitin-related modifier of PPARγ1 at K77 (SUMOylation) favored endothelial insulin resistance (IR) induced by high fat/high glucose (HF/HG) administration. However, whether and how the crosstalk between SUMOylated PPARγ1 and FOXO1 would mediate the development of the endothelial IR and dysfunction remains unclear. Here, we emphasize how PPARγ1-K77 SUMOylation would interact with FOXO1 and participate in the development of the endothelial IR and dysfunction. Our results show that the combination of HF/HG and PPARγ1-K77 SUMOylation exhibits a synergistic deteriorative effect on the endothelial IR and dysfunction, presenting decreased NO levels and elevated ET-1 levels, weakened PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling, and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation function. The further researches reveal that PPARγ1-K77 SUMOylation readily interacts with FOXO1, and FOXO1 occupies the PPAR response element (PPRE) which is supposed to be occupied by PPARγ, thus resulting in the decrease of PPARγ1 transcription activity and the mitigation of the PI3K/Akt signaling. Moreover, the mitigation of the PI3K/Akt signaling promotes in turn the accumulation of FOXO1 in the nucleus where FOXO1 interacts with the SUMOylated PPARγ1, thus exerting a positive feedback effect on IR pathogenesis. The findings uncover a novel association between PPARγ1-K77 SUMOylation and FOXO1, which contributes to our understanding of the pathogenesis of endothelial IR and dysfunction and provides novel pharmacological targets for diabetic angiopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kong
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Ailin Niu
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Wanwan Yuan
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yumeng Zhou
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Min Xia
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Xiong
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Tingting Yin
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Qianqian Huang
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Qiren Huang
- Key Provincial Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, PR China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Potential Role of PPARs in the Fetal Origins of Adult Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213474. [PMID: 36359869 PMCID: PMC9653757 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal origins of adult disease (FOAD) hypothesis holds that events during early development have a profound impact on one’s risk for the development of future adult disease. Studies from humans and animals have demonstrated that many diseases can begin in childhood and are caused by a variety of early life traumas, including maternal malnutrition, maternal disease conditions, lifestyle changes, exposure to toxins/chemicals, improper medication during pregnancy, and so on. Recently, the roles of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) in FOAD have been increasingly appreciated due to their wide variety of biological actions. PPARs are members of the nuclear hormone receptor subfamily, consisting of three distinct subtypes: PPARα, β/δ, and γ, highly expressed in the reproductive tissues. By controlling the maturation of the oocyte, ovulation, implantation of the embryo, development of the placenta, and male fertility, the PPARs play a crucial role in the transition from embryo to fetus in developing mammals. Exposure to adverse events in early life exerts a profound influence on the methylation pattern of PPARs in offspring organs, which can affect development and health throughout the life course, and even across generations. In this review, we summarize the latest research on PPARs in the area of FOAD, highlight the important role of PPARs in FOAD, and provide a potential strategy for early prevention of FOAD.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu CC, Wei X, Liu JM, Han LL, Xia CK, Wu J, You T, Zhu AF, Yao SL, Yuan SY, Xu HD, Xia ZY, Wang TT, Mao WK. Cardiac-targeted PIASy gene silencing mediates deSUMOylation of caveolin-3 and prevents ischemia/reperfusion-induced Na v1.5 downregulation and ventricular arrhythmias. Mil Med Res 2022; 9:58. [PMID: 36229865 PMCID: PMC9563440 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-022-00415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal myocardial Nav1.5 expression and function cause lethal ventricular arrhythmias during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Protein inhibitor of activated STAT Y (PIASy)-mediated caveolin-3 (Cav-3) SUMO modification affects Cav-3 binding to the voltage-gated sodium channel 1.5 (Nav1.5). PIASy activity is increased after myocardial I/R, but it is unclear whether this is attributable to plasma membrane Nav1.5 downregulation and ventricular arrhythmias. METHODS Using recombinant adeno-associated virus subtype 9 (AAV9), rat cardiac PIASy was silenced using intraventricular injection of PIASy short hairpin RNA (shRNA). After two weeks, rat hearts were subjected to I/R and electrocardiography was performed to assess malignant arrhythmias. Tissues from peri-infarct areas of the left ventricle were collected for molecular biological measurements. RESULTS PIASy was upregulated by I/R (P < 0.01), with increased SUMO2/3 modification of Cav-3 and reduced membrane Nav1.5 density (P < 0.01). AAV9-PIASy shRNA intraventricular injection into the rat heart downregulated PIASy after I/R, at both mRNA and protein levels (P < 0.05 vs. Scramble-shRNA + I/R group), decreased SUMO-modified Cav-3 levels, enhanced Cav-3 binding to Nav1.5, and prevented I/R-induced decrease of Nav1.5 and Cav-3 co-localization in the intercalated disc and lateral membrane. PIASy silencing in rat hearts reduced I/R-induced fatal arrhythmias, which was reflected by a modest decrease in the duration of ventricular fibrillation (VF; P < 0.05 vs. Scramble-shRNA + I/R group) and a significantly reduced arrhythmia score (P < 0.01 vs. Scramble-shRNA + I/R group). The anti-arrhythmic effects of PIASy silencing were also evidenced by decreased episodes of ventricular tachycardia (VT), sustained VT and VF, especially at the time 5-10 min after ischemia (P < 0.05 vs. Scramble-shRNA + IR group). Using in vitro human embryonic kidney 293 T (HEK293T) cells and isolated adult rat cardiomyocyte models exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), we confirmed that increased PIASy promoted Cav-3 modification by SUMO2/3 and Nav1.5/Cav-3 dissociation after H/R. Mutation of SUMO consensus lysine sites in Cav-3 (K38R or K144R) altered the membrane expression levels of Nav1.5 and Cav-3 before and after H/R in HEK293T cells. CONCLUSIONS I/R-induced cardiac PIASy activation increased Cav-3 SUMOylation by SUMO2/3 and dysregulated Nav1.5-related ventricular arrhythmias. Cardiac-targeted PIASy silencing mediated Cav-3 deSUMOylation and partially prevented I/R-induced Nav1.5 downregulation in the plasma membrane of cardiomyocytes, and subsequent ventricular arrhythmias in rats. PIASy was identified as a potential therapeutic target for life-threatening arrhythmias in patients with ischemic heart diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jin-Min Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lin-Lin Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Cheng-Kun Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Tao You
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, Jiangsu, China
| | - A-Fang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, CAMS and PUMC, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Shang-Long Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shi-Ying Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hao-Dong Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Zheng-Yuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Wei-Ke Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Role of Transcription Factor PPAR-γ in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis, Skin Cells, and Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179708. [PMID: 36077103 PMCID: PMC9456565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR-γ is one of three PPAR nuclear receptors that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. In immune cells, the skin, and other organs, PPAR-γ regulates lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism. The receptor translates nutritional, pharmacological, and metabolic stimuli into the changes in gene expression. The activation of PPAR-γ promotes cell differentiation, reduces the proliferation rate, and modulates the immune response. In the skin, PPARs also contribute to the functioning of the skin barrier. Since we know that the route from identification to the registration of drugs is long and expensive, PPAR-γ agonists already approved for other diseases may also represent a high interest for psoriasis. In this review, we discuss the role of PPAR-γ in the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of skin and immune cells affected by psoriasis and in contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. We also evaluate whether the agonists of PPAR-γ may become one of the therapeutic options to suppress the inflammatory response in lesional psoriatic skin and decrease the influence of comorbidities associated with psoriasis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Muzio G, Barrera G, Pizzimenti S. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) and Oxidative Stress in Physiological Conditions and in Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111734. [PMID: 34829605 PMCID: PMC8614822 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Originally described as “orphan nuclear receptors”, they can bind both natural and synthetic ligands acting as agonists or antagonists. In humans three subtypes, PPARα, β/δ, γ, are encoded by different genes, show tissue-specific expression patterns, and contribute to the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolisms, of different cell functions, including proliferation, death, differentiation, and of processes, as inflammation, angiogenesis, immune response. The PPAR ability in increasing the expression of various antioxidant genes and decreasing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory mediators, makes them be considered among the most important regulators of the cellular response to oxidative stress conditions. Based on the multiplicity of physiological effects, PPAR involvement in cancer development and progression has attracted great scientific interest with the aim to describe changes occurring in their expression in cancer cells, and to investigate the correlation with some characteristics of cancer phenotype, including increased proliferation, decreased susceptibility to apoptosis, malignancy degree and onset of resistance to anticancer drugs. This review focuses on mechanisms underlying the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of PPARs in physiological conditions, and on the reported beneficial effects of PPAR activation in cancer.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao W, Zhang X, Rong J. SUMOylation as a Therapeutic Target for Myocardial Infarction. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:701583. [PMID: 34395563 PMCID: PMC8355363 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.701583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction is a prevalent and life-threatening cardiovascular disease. The main goal of existing interventional therapies is to restore coronary reperfusion while few are designed to ameliorate the pathology of heart diseases via targeting the post-translational modifications of those critical proteins. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins are recently discovered to form a new type of protein post-translational modifications (PTM), known as SUMOylation. SUMOylation and deSUMOylation are dynamically balanced in the maintenance of various biological processes including cell division, DNA repair, epigenetic transcriptional regulation, and cellular metabolism. Importantly, SUMOylation plays a critical role in the regulation of cardiac functions and the pathology of cardiovascular diseases, especially in heart failure and myocardial infarction. This review summarizes the current understanding on the effects of SUMOylation and SUMOylated proteins in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction and identifies the potential treatments against myocardial injury via targeting SUMO. Ultimately, this review recommends SUMOylation as a key therapeutic target for treating cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuying Zhang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianhui Rong
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu Z, Meng SH, Bai JG, Sun C, Zhao LL, Tang RF, Yin ZL, Ji JW, Yang W, Ma GJ. C/EBPα Regulates FOXC1 to Modulate Tumor Growth by Interacting with PPARγ in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 20:59-66. [PMID: 31512996 DOI: 10.2174/1568009619666190912161003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Forkhead box C1 (FOXC1) is an important cancer-associated gene in tumor. PPAR-γ and C/EBPα are both transcriptional regulators involved in tumor development. OBJECTIVE We aimed to clarify the function of PPAR-γ, C/EBPα in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the relationship of PPAR-γ, C/EBPα and FOXC1 in HCC. METHODS Western blotting, immunofluorescent staining, and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate protein expression. qRT-PCR was used to assess mRNA expression. Co-IP was performed to detect the protein interaction. And ChIP and fluorescent reporter detection were used to determine the binding between protein and FOXC1 promoter. RESULTS C/EBPα could bind to FOXC1 promoter and PPAR-γ could strengthen C/EBPα's function. Expressions of C/EBPα and PPAR-γ were both negatively related to FOXC1 in human HCC tissue. Confocal displayed that C/EBPα was co-located with FOXC1 in HepG2 cells. C/EBPα could bind to FOXC1 promoter by ChIP. Luciferase activity detection exhibited that C/EBPα could inhibit FOXC1 promoter activity, especially FOXC1 promoter from -600 to -300 was the critical binding site. Only PPAR-γ could not influence luciferase activity but strengthen inhibited effect of C/EBPα. Further, the Co-IP displayed that PPAR-γ could bind to C/EBPα. When C/EBPα and PPAR-γ were both high expressed, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony information were inhibited enormously. C/EBPα plasmid combined with or without PPAR-γ agonist MDG548 treatment exhibited a strong tumor inhibition and FOXC1 suppression in mice. CONCLUSION Our data establish C/EBPα targeting FOXC1 as a potential determinant in the HCC, which supplies a new pathway to treat HCC. However, PPAR-γ has no effect on FOXC1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Shao-Hua Meng
- Second Department of Abdominal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xingtai Medical College, China
| | - Jian-Guo Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Li-Li Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory of High Level Expression in Mammalian Cells, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Linyi 276000, China
| | - Rui-Feng Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Zhao-Lin Yin
- Department of Ultrasound, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Jun-Wei Ji
- Department of Emergency, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| | - Guang-Jun Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gong S, Han X, Li M, Cai X, Liu W, Luo Y, Zhang SM, Zhou L, Ma Y, Huang X, Li Y, Zhou X, Zhu Y, Wang Q, Chen L, Ren Q, Zhang P, Ji L. Genetics and Clinical Characteristics of PPARγ Variant-Induced Diabetes in a Chinese Han Population. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:677130. [PMID: 34764936 PMCID: PMC8576343 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.677130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES PPARγ variants cause lipodystrophy, insulin resistance, and diabetes. This study aimed to determine the relationship between PPARγ genotypes and phenotypes and to explore the pathogenesis of diabetes beyond this relationship. METHODS PPARγ2 exons in 1,002 Chinese patients with early-onset type 2 diabetes (diagnosed before 40 years of age) were sequenced. The functions of variants were evaluated by in vitro assays. Additionally, a review of the literature was performed to obtain all reported cases with rare PPARγ2 variants to evaluate the characteristics of variants in different functional domains. RESULTS Six (0.6%) patients had PPARγ2 variant-induced diabetes (PPARG-DM) in the early-onset type 2 diabetes group, including three with the p.Tyr95Cys variant in activation function 1 domain (AF1), of which five patients (83%) had diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Functional experiments showed that p.Tyr95Cys suppresses 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. A total of 64 cases with damaging rare variants were reported previously. Patients with rare PPARγ2 variants in AF1 of PPARγ2 had a lower risk of lipodystrophy and a higher rate of obesity than those with variants in other domains, as confirmed in patients identified in this study. CONCLUSION The prevalence of PPARG-DM is similar in Caucasian and Chinese populations, and DKD was often observed in these patients. Patients with variants in the AF1 of PPARγ2 had milder clinical phenotypes and lack typical lipodystrophy features than those with variants in other domains. Our findings emphasize the importance of screening such patients via genetic testing and suggest that thiazolidinediones might be a good choice for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqian Gong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyao Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linong Ji, ; Xueyao Han,
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoling Cai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Luo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Si-min Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lingli Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuting Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Pinggu District Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xianghai Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Liangxiang Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
| | - Linong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Peking University Diabetes Center, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linong Ji, ; Xueyao Han,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abd El Fattah MA, Abdelhamid YA, Elyamany MF, Badary OA, Heikal OA. Rice Bran Extract Protected against LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice through Targeting PPAR-γ Nuclear Receptor. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1504-1516. [PMID: 33205365 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PPAR-γ anti-inflammatory functions have received significant attention since its agonists have been shown to exert a wide range of protective effects in many experimental models of neurologic diseases. Rice bran is very rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are reported to act as PPAR-γ partial agonists. Herein, the anti-inflammatory effect of rice bran extract (RBE) through PPAR-γ activation was evaluated in LPS-induced neuroinflammatory mouse model in comparison to pioglitazone (PG) using 80 Swiss albino mice. RBE (100 mg/kg) and PG (30 mg/kg) were given orally for 21 days and LPS (0.25 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for the last 7 days. TNF-α and COX-2 brain contents were evaluated by real-time PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, NFκB binding to its response element was evaluated alongside with the effect of treatments on IκB gene expression. Furthermore, PPAR-γ sumoylation was also studied. Finally, histopathological examination was performed for different brain areas. RBE administration was found to protect against the LPS-induced inflammatory effects by decreasing the inflammatory mediator expression in mice brains. It also decreased PPAR-γ sumoylation without significant effect on IκB expression or NFκB binding to its response element. The majority of the effects were attenuated in presence of PPAR-γ antagonist (GW9662). Level of significance was set to P < 0.05. Such findings highlight the agonistic effect of RBE component(s) on PPAR-γ and support the hypothesis of involvement of PPAR-γ activation in its neuroprotective effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- May A Abd El Fattah
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Mohammed F Elyamany
- Pharmacology & Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Osama A Badary
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt.,Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ola A Heikal
- Narcotics, Ergogenics & Toxins Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rosa F, Moridi M, Osorio JS, Lohakare J, Trevisi E, Filley S, Estill C, Bionaz M. 2,4-Thiazolidinedione in Well-Fed Lactating Dairy Goats: II. Response to Intra-Mammary Infection. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6020052. [PMID: 31195666 PMCID: PMC6632143 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a prior experiment, treatment of goats with the putative PPARγ agonist 2,4-thiazolidinedione (2,4-TZD) ameliorated the response to intramammary infection without evidence of PPARγ activation. The lack of PPARγ activation was possibly due to deficiency of vitamin A and/or a poor body condition of the animals. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that activation of PPARγ by 2,4-TZD in goats supplemented with adequate amounts of vitamin A can improve the response to sub-clinical mastitis. Lactating goats receiving a diet that met National Research Council requirements, including vitamin A, were injected with 8 mg/kg BW of 2,4-TZD (n = 6) or saline (n = 6; control (CTR)) daily. Two weeks into treatment, all goats received Streptococcus uberis (IMI) in the right mammary gland. Blood biomarkers of metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative status plus leukocytes phagocytosis were measured. Mammary epithelial cells (MEC) and macrophages were isolated from milk and liver tissue collected for gene expression analysis. Milk fat was maintained by treatment with 2,4-TZD, but decreased in CTR, after IMI. Haptoglobin was increased after IMI only in 2,4-TZD without any effect on negative acute phase proteins, indicating an improved liver function. 2,4-TZD vs. CTR had a greater amount of globulin. The expression of inflammation-related genes was increased by IMI in both macrophages and MEC. Except for decreasing expression of SCD1 in MEC, 2,4-TZD did not affect the expression of measured genes. Results confirmed the successful induction of sub-clinical mastitis but did not confirm the positive effect of 2,4-TZD on the response to IMI in well-fed goats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rosa
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Misagh Moridi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Guilan, Kilometer 5 of Rasht-Qazvin Highway, Rasht 4199613776, Iran.
| | - Johan S Osorio
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, KNU Ave 1, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza PC, Italy.
| | - Shelby Filley
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Charles Estill
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ren L, Konger RL. Evidence that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ suppresses squamous carcinogenesis through anti-inflammatory signaling and regulation of the immune response. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1589-1601. [PMID: 31111568 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A variety of evidence suggests that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonists may represent a potential pharmacologic target in the prevention or treatment of skin cancer. In particular, recent reports suggest that PPARγ activation may exert at least some of its anti-neoplastic effects through the suppression of tumor promoting chronic inflammation as well as by strengthening antitumor immune responses. This activity is thought to occur through a distinct mode of ligand interaction with PPARγ that causes transrepression of transcription factors that are involved in inflammatory and immunomodulatory signaling. However, current thiazolidinedione (TZD)-type PPARγ agonists have significant safety concerns that limit their usefulness as a preventive or therapeutic option. Due to the relatively large ligand binding pocket of PPARγ, a diverse group of ligands can be seen to interact with distinct modes of binding to PPARγ, leading to the phenomenon of partial agonist activity and selective PPARγ modulators (SPPARγM). This has led to the development of ligands that are tailored to deliver desired pharmacologic activity, but lack some of the negative side effects associated with full agonists, such as the currently utilized TZD-type PPARγ agonists. In addition, there is evidence that a number of phytochemicals that are currently being touted as antineoplastic nutraceuticals also possess PPARγ activity that may partially explain their pharmacologic activity. We propose that one or more of these partial agonists, SPPARγMs, or putative phytochemical PPARγ ligands could presumably be used as a starting point to design more efficacious anti-neoplastic PPARγ ligands that lack adverse pharmacological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ren
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Raymond L Konger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Falomir-Lockhart LJ, Cavazzutti GF, Giménez E, Toscani AM. Fatty Acid Signaling Mechanisms in Neural Cells: Fatty Acid Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:162. [PMID: 31105530 PMCID: PMC6491900 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are typically associated with structural and metabolic roles, as they can be stored as triglycerides, degraded by β-oxidation or used in phospholipids’ synthesis, the main components of biological membranes. It has been shown that these lipids exhibit also regulatory functions in different cell types. FAs can serve as secondary messengers, as well as modulators of enzymatic activities and substrates for cytokines synthesis. More recently, it has been documented a direct activity of free FAs as ligands of membrane, cytosolic, and nuclear receptors, and cumulative evidence has emerged, demonstrating its participation in a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions. It has been long known that the central nervous system is enriched with poly-unsaturated FAs, such as arachidonic (C20:4ω-6) or docosohexaenoic (C22:6ω-3) acids. These lipids participate in the regulation of membrane fluidity, axonal growth, development, memory, and inflammatory response. Furthermore, a whole family of low molecular weight compounds derived from FAs has also gained special attention as the natural ligands for cannabinoid receptors or key cytokines involved in inflammation, largely expanding the role of FAs as precursors of signaling molecules. Nutritional deficiencies, and alterations in lipid metabolism and lipid signaling have been associated with developmental and cognitive problems, as well as with neurodegenerative diseases. The molecular mechanism behind these effects still remains elusive. But in the last two decades, different families of proteins have been characterized as receptors mediating FAs signaling. This review focuses on different receptors sensing and transducing free FAs signals in neural cells: (1) membrane receptors of the family of G Protein Coupled Receptors known as Free Fatty Acid Receptors (FFARs); (2) cytosolic transport Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins (FABPs); and (3) transcription factors Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs). We discuss how these proteins modulate and mediate direct regulatory functions of free FAs in neural cells. Finally, we briefly discuss the advantages of evaluating them as potential targets for drug design in order to manipulate lipid signaling. A thorough characterization of lipid receptors of the nervous system could provide a framework for a better understanding of their roles in neurophysiology and, potentially, help for the development of novel drugs against aging and neurodegenerative processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisandro Jorge Falomir-Lockhart
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Centro Científico Tecnológico - La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gian Franco Cavazzutti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Centro Científico Tecnológico - La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Giménez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Centro Científico Tecnológico - La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Andrés Martín Toscani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Centro Científico Tecnológico - La Plata, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Korbecki J, Bobiński R, Dutka M. Self-regulation of the inflammatory response by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Inflamm Res 2019; 68:443-458. [PMID: 30927048 PMCID: PMC6517359 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family includes three transcription factors: PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ. PPAR are nuclear receptors activated by oxidised and nitrated fatty acid derivatives as well as by cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGA2 and 15d-PGJ2) during the inflammatory response. This results in the modulation of the pro-inflammatory response, preventing it from being excessively activated. Other activators of these receptors are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (arachidonic acid, ALA, EPA, and DHA). The main function of PPAR during the inflammatory reaction is to promote the inactivation of NF-κB. Possible mechanisms of inactivation include direct binding and thus inactivation of p65 NF-κB or ubiquitination leading to proteolytic degradation of p65 NF-κB. PPAR also exert indirect effects on NF-κB. They promote the expression of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, or heme oxygenase-1, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., secondary transmitters in inflammatory reactions. PPAR also cause an increase in the expression of IκBα, SIRT1, and PTEN, which interferes with the activation and function of NF-κB in inflammatory reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18 Str., 40-752, Katowice, Poland. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland.
| | - Rafał Bobiński
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Dutka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2 Str., 43-309, Bielsko-Biała, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Elucidating the Beneficial Role of PPAR Agonists in Cardiac Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113464. [PMID: 30400386 PMCID: PMC6275024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that bind to DNA and regulate transcription of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. A growing number of studies provide strong evidence that PPARs are the promising pharmacological targets for therapeutic intervention in various diseases including cardiovascular disorders caused by compromised energy metabolism. PPAR agonists have been widely used for decades as lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory drugs. Existing studies are mainly focused on the anti-atherosclerotic effects of PPAR agonists; however, their role in the maintenance of cellular bioenergetics remains unclear. Recent studies on animal models and patients suggest that PPAR agonists can normalize lipid metabolism by stimulating fatty acid oxidation. These studies indicate the importance of elucidation of PPAR agonists as potential pharmacological agents for protection of the heart from energy deprivation. Here, we summarize and provide a comprehensive analysis of previous studies on the role of PPARs in the heart under normal and pathological conditions. In addition, the review discusses the PPARs as a therapeutic target and the beneficial effects of PPAR agonists, particularly bezafibrate, to attenuate cardiomyopathy and heart failure in patients and animal models.
Collapse
|
17
|
Functional Regulation of PPARs through Post-Translational Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061738. [PMID: 29895749 PMCID: PMC6032173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and they are essential regulators of cell differentiation, tissue development, and energy metabolism. Given their central roles in sensing the cellular metabolic state and controlling metabolic homeostasis, PPARs became important targets of drug development for the management of metabolic disorders. The function of PPARs is mainly regulated through ligand binding, which induces structural changes, further affecting the interactions with co-activators or co-repressors to stimulate or inhibit their functions. In addition, PPAR functions are also regulated by various Post-translational modifications (PTMs). These PTMs include phosphorylation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, and O-GlcNAcylation, which are found at numerous modification sites. The addition of these PTMs has a wide spectrum of consequences on protein stability, transactivation function, and co-factor interaction. Moreover, certain PTMs in PPAR proteins have been associated with the status of metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize the PTMs found on the three PPAR isoforms PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, and their corresponding modifying enzymes. We also discuss the functional roles of these PTMs in regulating metabolic homeostasis and provide a perspective for future research in this intriguing field.
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu X, Li A, Ju Y, Liu W, Shi H, Hu R, Zhou Z, Sun X. β4GalT1 Mediates PPARγ N-Glycosylation to Attenuate Microglia Inflammatory Activation. Inflammation 2018; 41:1424-1436. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
19
|
Elizondo G, Vega L. Ubiquitination/sumoylation: An alternative pathway to modify gene regulation directed by xenosensors. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
20
|
Cystathionine gamma-lyase/hydrogen sulfide system is essential for adipogenesis and fat mass accumulation in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1863:165-176. [PMID: 29191638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been recognized as an important gasotransmitter analogous to nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. Cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE)-derived H2S is implicated in the regulation of insulin resistance and glucose metabolism, but the involvement of CSE/H2S system in energy homeostasis and fat mass has not been extensively explored. In this study, a potential functional role of the CSE/H2S system in in vitro adipocyte differentiation and in vivo adipogenesis and the underlying mechanism was investigated. CSE expression and H2S production were increased during adipocyte differentiation, and that the pattern of CSE mRNA expression was similar to that of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) β and δ, two key regulators for adipogenesis. C/EBPβ and γ bind to the CCAAT box in CSE promoter and stimulate CSE gene transcription. H2S induced PPARγ transactivation activity by S-sulfhydrating all the cysteine residues in the DNA binding domain and stimulated adipogenesis. High fat diet-induced fat mass was lost in CSE deficient mice, and exogenously applied H2S promoted fat mass accumulation in fruit flies. In conclusion, CSE/H2S system is essential for adipogenesis and fat mass accumulation through enhancement of PPARγ function in adipocytes. This study suggests that the CSE/H2S system is involved in the pathogenesis of obesity in mice.
Collapse
|
21
|
Crosstalk between the Androgen Receptor and PPAR Gamma Signaling Pathways in the Prostate. PPAR Res 2017; 2017:9456020. [PMID: 29181019 PMCID: PMC5664321 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9456020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors that play critical roles in the regulation of normal biological processes and several disease states. Of the nuclear receptors expressed within the prostate, the androgen receptor (AR) promotes the differentiation of prostatic epithelial cells and stimulates production of enzymes needed for liquefaction of semen. Multiple forms of AR also promote the growth of both early and late stage prostate cancers. As a result, drugs that target the AR signaling pathway are routinely used to treat patients with advanced forms of prostate cancer. Data also suggest that a second member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), is a tumor suppressor that regulates growth of normal prostate and prostate cancers. Recent studies indicate there is a bidirectional interaction between AR and PPARγ, with each receptor influencing the expression and/or activity of the other within prostatic tissues. In this review, we examine how AR and PPARγ each regulate the growth and development of normal prostatic epithelial cells and prostate cancers. We also discuss interactions between the AR and PPARγ signaling pathways and how those interactions may influence prostate biology.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Protein modification with the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) can affect protein function, enzyme activity, protein-protein interactions, protein stability, protein targeting and cellular localization. SUMO influences the function and regulation of metabolic enzymes within pathways, and in some cases targets entire metabolic pathways by affecting the activity of transcription factors or by facilitating the translocation of entire metabolic pathways to subcellular compartments. SUMO modification is also a key component of nutrient- and metabolic-sensing mechanisms that regulate cellular metabolism. In addition to its established roles in maintaining metabolic homeostasis, there is increasing evidence that SUMO is a key factor in facilitating cellular stress responses through the regulation and/or adaptation of the most fundamental metabolic processes, including energy and nucleotide metabolism. This review focuses on the role of SUMO in cellular metabolism and metabolic disease.
Collapse
|
23
|
Phan ANH, Vo VTA, Hua TNM, Kim MK, Jo SY, Choi JW, Kim HW, Son J, Suh YA, Jeong Y. PPARγ sumoylation-mediated lipid accumulation in lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:82491-82505. [PMID: 29137280 PMCID: PMC5669906 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming as a crucial emerging hallmark of cancer is critical for tumor cells to maintain cellular bioenergetics, biosynthesis and reduction/oxidation (REDOX) balance. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a nuclear hormone receptor regulating transcription of diverse gene sets involved in inflammation, metabolism, and suppressing tumor growth. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), as selective PPARγ ligands, are insulin-sensitizing drugs widely prescribed for type 2 diabetic patients in the clinic. Here, we report that sumoylation of PPARγ couples lipid metabolism to tumor suppressive function of the receptor in lung cancer. We found that ligand activation of PPARγ dramatically induced de novo lipid synthesis as well as fatty acid beta (β)-oxidation in lung cancer both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, it turns out that PPARγ regulation of lipid metabolism was dependent on sumoylation of PPARγ. Further biochemical analysis revealed that PPARγ-mediated lipid synthesis depletes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), consequently resulting in increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) level that subsequently disrupted REDOX balance in lung cancer. Therefore, liganded PPARγ sumoylation is not only critical for cellular lipid metabolism but also induces oxidative stress that contributes to tumor suppressive function of PPARγ. This study provides an important insight of future translational and clinical research into targeting PPARγ regulation of lipid metabolism in lung cancer patients accompanying type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai N H Phan
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Global Medical Science, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Vu T A Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Global Medical Science, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuyen N M Hua
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Global Medical Science, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Kyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Global Medical Science, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Jo
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Songpa-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Whan Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyoung Son
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Songpa-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ah Suh
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Songpa-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yangsik Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Global Medical Science, Institute of Lifestyle Medicine, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mota de Sá P, Richard AJ, Hang H, Stephens JM. Transcriptional Regulation of Adipogenesis. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:635-674. [PMID: 28333384 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes are the defining cell type of adipose tissue. Once considered a passive participant in energy storage, adipose tissue is now recognized as a dynamic organ that contributes to several important physiological processes, such as lipid metabolism, systemic energy homeostasis, and whole-body insulin sensitivity. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in its development and function is of great importance. Adipocyte differentiation is a highly orchestrated process which can vary between different fat depots as well as between the sexes. While hormones, miRNAs, cytoskeletal proteins, and many other effectors can modulate adipocyte development, the best understood regulators of adipogenesis are the transcription factors that inhibit or promote this process. Ectopic expression and knockdown approaches in cultured cells have been widely used to understand the contribution of transcription factors to adipocyte development, providing a basis for more sophisticated in vivo strategies to examine adipogenesis. To date, over two dozen transcription factors have been shown to play important roles in adipocyte development. These transcription factors belong to several families with many different DNA-binding domains. While peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is undoubtedly the most important transcriptional modulator of adipocyte development in all types of adipose tissue, members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein, Krüppel-like transcription factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription, GATA, early B cell factor, and interferon-regulatory factor families also regulate adipogenesis. The importance of PPARγ activity is underscored by several covalent modifications that modulate its activity and its ability to modulate adipocyte development. This review will primarily focus on the transcriptional control of adipogenesis in white fat cells and on the mechanisms involved in this fine-tuned developmental process. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:635-674, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mota de Sá
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Allison J Richard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Hardy Hang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhi X, Zhou XE, Melcher K, Xu HE. Structures and regulation of non-X orphan nuclear receptors: A retinoid hypothesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 157:27-40. [PMID: 26159912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors are defined as a family of ligand regulated transcription factors [1-6]. While this definition reflects that ligand binding is a key property of nuclear receptors, it is still a heated subject of debate if all the nuclear receptors (48 human members) can bind ligands (ligands referred here to both physiological and synthetic ligands). Recent studies in nuclear receptor structure biology and pharmacology have undoubtedly increased our knowledge of nuclear receptor functions and their regulation. As a result, they point to new avenues for the discovery and development of nuclear receptor regulators, including nuclear receptor ligands. Here we review the recent literature on orphan nuclear receptor structural analysis and ligand identification, particularly on the orphan nuclear receptors that do not heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors, which we term as non-X orphan receptors. We also propose a speculative "retinoid hypothesis" for a subset of non-X orphan nuclear receptors, which we hope to help shed light on orphan nuclear receptor biology and drug discovery. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Orphan Nuclear Receptors'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Zhi
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Autophagy Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - X Edward Zhou
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - H Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave., N.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; VARI-SIMM Center, Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of MateriaMedica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
PPARs: Protectors or Opponents of Myocardial Function? PPAR Res 2015; 2015:835985. [PMID: 26713088 PMCID: PMC4680114 DOI: 10.1155/2015/835985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 5 million people in the United States suffer from the complications of heart failure (HF), which is a rapidly expanding health complication. Disorders that contribute to HF include ischemic cardiac disease, cardiomyopathies, and hypertension. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptor family. There are three PPAR isoforms: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ. They can be activated by endogenous ligands, such as fatty acids, as well as by pharmacologic agents. Activators of PPARs are used for treating several metabolic complications, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia that are directly or indirectly associated with HF. However, some of these drugs have adverse effects that compromise cardiac function. This review article aims to summarize the current basic and clinical research findings of the beneficial or detrimental effects of PPAR biology on myocardial function.
Collapse
|