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Grilc N, Valappil AC, Tillin NA, Mian OS, Wright DJ, Holmes PS, Castelli F, Bruton AM. Motor imagery drives the effects of combined action observation and motor imagery on corticospinal excitability for coordinative lower-limb actions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13057. [PMID: 38844650 PMCID: PMC11156847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63758-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Combined action observation and motor imagery (AOMI) facilitates corticospinal excitability (CSE) and may potentially induce plastic-like changes in the brain in a similar manner to physical practice. This study used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to explore changes in CSE for AOMI of coordinative lower-limb actions. Twenty-four healthy adults completed two baseline (BLH, BLNH) and three AOMI conditions, where they observed a knee extension while simultaneously imagining the same action (AOMICONG), plantarflexion (AOMICOOR-FUNC), or dorsiflexion (AOMICOOR-MOVE). Motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes were recorded as a marker of CSE for all conditions from two knee extensor, one dorsi flexor, and two plantar flexor muscles following TMS to the right leg representation of the left primary motor cortex. A main effect for experimental condition was reported for all three muscle groups. MEP amplitudes were significantly greater in the AOMICONG condition compared to the BLNH condition (p = .04) for the knee extensors, AOMICOOR-FUNC condition compared to the BLH condition (p = .03) for the plantar flexors, and AOMICOOR-MOVE condition compared to the two baseline conditions for the dorsi flexors (ps ≤ .01). The study findings support the notion that changes in CSE are driven by the imagined actions during coordinative AOMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neza Grilc
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, HNZW 271, Heinz Wolff Building, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | | | - Neale A Tillin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Omar S Mian
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - David J Wright
- School of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul S Holmes
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Federico Castelli
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Adam M Bruton
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, HNZW 271, Heinz Wolff Building, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK.
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2
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Owen R, Wakefield CJ, Roberts JW. Online corrections can occur within movement imagery: An investigation of the motor-cognitive model. Hum Mov Sci 2024; 95:103222. [PMID: 38696913 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The motor-cognitive model proposes that movement imagery additionally requires conscious monitoring owing to an absence of veridical online sensory feedback. Therefore, it is predicted that there would be a comparatively limited ability for individuals to update or correct movement imagery as they could within execution. To investigate, participants executed and imagined target-directed aiming movements featuring either an unexpected target perturbation (Exp. 1) or removal of visual sensory feedback (Exp. 2). The results of both experiments indicated that the time-course of executed and imagined movements was equally influenced by each of these online visual manipulations. Thus, contrary to some of the tenets of the motor-cognitive model, movement imagery holds the capacity to interpolate online corrections despite the absence of veridical sensory feedback. The further theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Owen
- Liverpool Hope University, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Hope Park, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK
| | - Caroline J Wakefield
- Liverpool Hope University, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Hope Park, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK
| | - James W Roberts
- Liverpool John Moores University, Research Institute of Sport & Exercise Sciences (RISES), Brain & Behaviour Research Group, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK.
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3
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Polo-Ferrero L, Canchal-Crespo D, Sáez-Gutiérrez S, Dávila-Marcos A, Puente-González AS, Méndez-Sánchez R. Specific Neurodynamic Exercises on Pain and Disability in Old Women with Chronic Mechanical Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 12:20. [PMID: 38200926 PMCID: PMC10779372 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodynamic exercise is a specific type of exercise used as a neural treatment that focuses on restoring altered homeostasis in the neuroimmune system by mobilising the nervous system and other structures. A prospective, randomized clinical trial was performed to evaluate the effect of neurodynamic exercises on disability and neck pain in elderly women over four weeks. Participants were randomized into two groups: a neurodynamic (NM) group (n = 28) and a non-specific exercise (NSE) group (n = 28). Inclusion criteria were women over 65 years of age who subjectively admitted to having mechanical neck pain for more than six months. Results showed that specific neurodynamic exercises can improve pain and disability in older women with chronic mechanical neck pain. Improvements were observed in all variables (p < 0.05). Significant between-group differences in favour of the NM group were only found for neck pressure pain thresholds and both tibialis anterior muscles. Larger effect sizes were obtained in favour of the NM group, especially for pain, disability, neck extension and inclination and pressure pain thresholds. Neurodynamic exercises have been shown to be more clinically relevant in disability and neck pain in older women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Polo-Ferrero
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.P.-F.); (S.S.-G.); (A.D.-M.); (R.M.-S.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Susana Sáez-Gutiérrez
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.P.-F.); (S.S.-G.); (A.D.-M.); (R.M.-S.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Arturo Dávila-Marcos
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.P.-F.); (S.S.-G.); (A.D.-M.); (R.M.-S.)
| | - Ana Silvia Puente-González
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.P.-F.); (S.S.-G.); (A.D.-M.); (R.M.-S.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Roberto Méndez-Sánchez
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (L.P.-F.); (S.S.-G.); (A.D.-M.); (R.M.-S.)
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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D'Aquino A, Frank C, Hagan JE, Schack T. Eye movements during motor imagery and execution reveal different visuomotor control strategies in manual interception. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14401. [PMID: 37515410 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has investigated the degree of congruency in gaze metrics between action execution (AE) and motor imagery (MI) for similar manual tasks. Although eye movement dynamics seem to be limited to relatively simple actions toward static objects, there is little evidence of how gaze parameters change during imagery as a function of more dynamic spatial and temporal task demands. This study examined the similarities and differences in eye movements during AE and MI for an interception task. Twenty-four students were asked to either mentally simulate or physically intercept a moving target on a computer display. Smooth pursuit, saccades, and response time were compared between the two conditions. The results show that MI was characterized by higher smooth pursuit gain and duration while no meaningful differences were found in the other parameters. The findings indicate that eye movements during imagery are not simply a duplicate of what happens during actual performance. Instead, eye movements appear to vary as a function of the interaction between visuomotor control strategies and task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio D'Aquino
- Neurocognition and Action Biomechanics Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Cornelia Frank
- Institute for Sport and Movement Science, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John Elvis Hagan
- Neurocognition and Action Biomechanics Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Schack
- Neurocognition and Action Biomechanics Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Research Institute for Cognition and Robotics (CoR-Lab), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Torricelli F, Tomassini A, Pezzulo G, Pozzo T, Fadiga L, D'Ausilio A. Motor invariants in action execution and perception. Phys Life Rev 2023; 44:13-47. [PMID: 36462345 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system is sensitive to statistical regularities of the external world and forms internal models of these regularities to predict environmental dynamics. Given the inherently social nature of human behavior, being capable of building reliable predictive models of others' actions may be essential for successful interaction. While social prediction might seem to be a daunting task, the study of human motor control has accumulated ample evidence that our movements follow a series of kinematic invariants, which can be used by observers to reduce their uncertainty during social exchanges. Here, we provide an overview of the most salient regularities that shape biological motion, examine the role of these invariants in recognizing others' actions, and speculate that anchoring socially-relevant perceptual decisions to such kinematic invariants provides a key computational advantage for inferring conspecifics' goals and intentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Torricelli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alice Tomassini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pezzulo
- Institute of Cognitive Sciences and Technologies, National Research Council, Via San Martino della Battaglia 44, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Thierry Pozzo
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Ausilio
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and Communication, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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6
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D'Aquino A, Frank C, Hagan JE, Schack T. Imagining interceptions: Eye movements as an online indicator of covert motor processes during motor imagery. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:940772. [PMID: 35968367 PMCID: PMC9372347 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.940772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of eye movements during motor imagery has been used to understand the influence of covert motor processes on visual-perceptual activity. There is evidence showing that gaze metrics seem to be affected by motor planning often dependent on the spatial and temporal characteristics of a task. However, previous research has focused on simulated actions toward static targets with limited empirical evidence of how eye movements change in more dynamic environments. The study examined the characteristics of eye movements during motor imagery for an interception task. Twenty-four participants were asked to track a moving target over a computer display and either mentally simulate an interception or rest. The results showed that smooth pursuit variables, such as duration and gain, were lower during motor imagery when compared to passive observation. These findings indicate that motor plans integrate visual-perceptual information based on task demands and that eye movements during imagery reflect such constraint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio D'Aquino
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Neurocognition and Action Biomechanics Group, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Cornelia Frank
- Institute for Sport and Movement Science, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - John Elvis Hagan
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Neurocognition and Action Biomechanics Group, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Schack
- Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Neurocognition and Action Biomechanics Group, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Center for Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
- Research Institute for Cognition and Robotics (CoR-Lab), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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7
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Utilizing the Variability of Practice in Physical Execution, Action Observation, and Motor Imagery: Similar or Dissimilar Mechanisms? Motor Control 2021; 25:198-210. [PMID: 33429362 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The simulation theory argues that physical execution, action observation, and imagery share similar underlying mechanisms. Accordingly, applying a high-level psychological variable (variability of practice) should have a similar effect on all three modes. To test this theory, a total of 90 right-handed students participated in this study and were randomly divided into variable versus constant groups in three practice conditions, including physical, observational, and imagery. After a pretest (10 random trials of the putting task), the participants completed 50 practice trials. The groups performed/observed/imagined the task in the variable (different distances to different goals) or constant (fixed distance and goal) practice conditions. Also, there was an extra variable group in the physical and observational conditions, deprived of watching the feedback from the action. The participants completed a retention test 24 hr after the training. The effect of practice variability was observed in physical and observational conditions, but was not seen in the imagery condition. The no-feedback groups did not perform significantly differently from the imagery groups. The reason could be the lack of actual visual feedback during imagery.
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Shearer DA, Leeworthy S, Jones S, Rickards E, Blake M, Heirene RM, Gross MJ, Bruton AM. There Is an "Eye" in Team: Exploring the Interplay Between Emotion, Gaze Behavior, and Collective Efficacy in Team Sport Settings. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:18. [PMID: 33345012 PMCID: PMC7739631 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is understood about the attentional mechanisms that lead to perceptions of collective efficacy. This paper presents two studies that address this lack of understanding. Study one examined participant's (N = 59) attentional processes relating to positive, neutral, or negative emotional facial photographs, when instructed to select their “most confident” or “least confident” team. Eye gaze metrics of first fixation duration (FFD), fixation duration (FD), and fixation count (FC) were measured alongside individual perceptions of collective efficacy and emotional valence of the teams selected. Participants had shorter FFD, longer FD, and more FC on positive faces when instructed to select their most confident team (p < 0.05). Collective efficacy and emotional valence were significantly greater when participants selected their most confident team (p < 0.05). Study two explored the influence of video content familiarity of team-based observation interventions on attentional processes and collective efficacy in interdependent team-sport athletes (N = 34). When participants were exposed to familiar (own team/sport) and unfamiliar (unknown team/sport) team-based performance video, eye tracking data revealed similar gaze behaviors for the two conditions in terms of areas of interest. However, collective efficacy increased most for the familiar condition. Study one results indicate that the emotional expressions of team members influence both where and for how long we look at potential team members, and that conspecifics' emotional expression impacts on our perceptions of collective efficacy. For Study two, given the apparent greater increase in collective efficacy for the familiar condition, the similar attentional processes evident for familiar and unfamiliar team footage suggests that differences in meaning of the observed content dictates collective efficacy perceptions. Across both studies, the findings indicate the importance of positive emotional vicarious experiences when using team-based observation interventions to improve collective efficacy in teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Shearer
- School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Treforest, United Kingdom.,Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Shona Leeworthy
- School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Treforest, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Jones
- School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Treforest, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Rickards
- School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Treforest, United Kingdom
| | - Mason Blake
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert M Heirene
- Brain and Mind Centre, School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mike J Gross
- School of Psychology and Therapeutic Studies, University of South Wales, Treforest, United Kingdom.,Welsh Institute of Performance Science, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Adam M Bruton
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, United Kingdom
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Roberts JW, Wood G, Wakefield CJ. Examining the equivalence between imagery and execution within the spatial domain - Does motor imagery account for signal-dependent noise? Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2983-2992. [PMID: 33084933 PMCID: PMC7644523 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Motor imagery is suggested to be functionally equivalent to physical execution as they each utilise a common neural representation. The present study examined whether motor imagery correspondingly reflects the spatial characteristics of physically executed movements, including the signal-dependent noise that typically manifests in more variable end locations (as indicated by effective target width; We). Participants executed or imagined a single, upper-limb target-directed aim in the horizontal medio-lateral direction. The start and end of the imagined movements were indexed by the lifting and lowering of the limb over the home position, respectively. Following each imagined movement, participants had to additionally estimate their imagined end location relative to the target. All the movements had to be completed at a pre-specified criterion time (400 ms, 600 ms, 800 ms). The results indicated that the We increased following a decrease in movement time for execution, but not imagery. Moreover, the total error of imagined movements was greater than the actual error of executed movements. While motor imagery may comprise a neural representation that also contributes to the execution of movements, it is unable to closely reflect the random sources of variability. This limitation of motor imagery may be attributed to the comparatively limited efferent motor signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Roberts
- Psychology, Action and Learning of Movement (PALM) Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK. .,Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool, L3 5AF, UK.
| | - Greg Wood
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Caroline J Wakefield
- Psychology, Action and Learning of Movement (PALM) Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park, Liverpool, L16 9JD, UK
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Wakefield CJ, Roberts JW, Wood G. Eye-movements support chronometric imagery performance even when the task is occluded. VISUAL COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2020.1789905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Wakefield
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - J. W. Roberts
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - G. Wood
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Osinski T, Acapo S, Bensmail D, Bouhassira D, Martinez V. Central Nervous System Reorganization and Pain After Spinal Cord Injury: Possible Targets for Physical Therapy-A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies. Phys Ther 2020; 100:946-962. [PMID: 32201890 DOI: 10.1093/ptj/pzaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain is one of the main symptoms associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) and can be associated with changes to the central nervous system (CNS). PURPOSE This article provides an overview of the evidence relating to CNS changes (structural and functional) associated with pain in SCIs. DATA SOURCES A systematic review was performed, according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations, on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science in March 2018. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected if they concerned changes in the CNS of patients with SCI, regardless of the type of imagery. DATA EXTRACTION Data were extracted by 2 blinded reviewers. DATA SYNTHESIS There is moderate evidence for impaired electroencephalographic function and metabolic abnormalities in the anterior cingulate in patients experiencing pain. There is preliminary evidence that patients with pain have morphological and functional changes to the somatosensory cortex and alterations to thalamic metabolism. There are conflicting data regarding the relationships between lesion characteristics and pain. In contrast, patients without pain can display protective neuroplasticity. LIMITATIONS AND CONCLUSION Further studies are required to elucidate fully the relationships between pain and neuroplasticity in patients with SCIs. However, current evidence might support the use of physical therapist treatments targeting CNS plasticity in patients with SCI pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Osinski
- INSERM UMR 987-CETD-Hôpital Ambroise Paré, 9 Avenue Charles De Gaulle, Boulogne-Billancourt, 92100 France; and Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Versailles, France
| | - Sessi Acapo
- Laboratoire de Thérapeutique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Djamel Bensmail
- Université Versailles Saint-Quentin; and Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Didier Bouhassira
- INSERM UMR 987-CETD-Hôpital Ambroise Paré; and Université Versailles Saint-Quentin
| | - Valéria Martinez
- INSERM UMR 987-CETD-Hôpital Ambroise Paré; Université Versailles Saint-Quentin; Service d'Anesthésie, Hôpital Raymond-Poincaré; and Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Garches, France
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12
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Bayani KY, Lawson RR, Levinson L, Mitchell S, Atawala N, Otwell M, Rickerson B, Wheaton LA. Implicit development of gaze strategies support motor improvements during action encoding training of prosthesis use. Neuropsychologia 2019; 127:75-83. [PMID: 30807755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Action observation training has been suggested to facilitate motor improvements in the lives of persons with neural injury. Previous studies have shown that for persons with upper limb amputation, matched limb training, where prosthesis users emulate each other, has shown promise above mismatched training where a prosthesis user emulates actions of a person with sound limbs (most commonly that of a therapist). OBJECTIVE The mechanism underlying the matched limb training benefit is unclear. Gaze strategies may reveal unique patterns between matched and mismatched training which could explain improvements in motor function in matched limb training. METHODS Twenty persons with sound limbs were trained on how to use a prosthesis simulator using matched or mismatched limb training in a single session. Eye movements were recorded during the training phase. Kinematics were recorded as persons performed the task. RESULTS Gaze patterns showed differences between the training groups. The mismatched group demonstrated a higher probability of gaze on the path between the start and end of the action, while the matched group demonstrated a significantly higher probability of focusing on the elements of the path of the action and a trend of focusing on the shoulders. Kinematics also revealed overall improvements in motor control for the matched group. CONCLUSIONS This study proposes a putative mechanism that may explain improvements in matched limb training through shifting gaze strategies. Further work is needed to understand whether implicit visual strategies seen during matched limb training might encourage motor learning during functional training with prostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Y Bayani
- School of Biological Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology, United States
| | - Regan R Lawson
- School of Biological Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology, United States
| | - Lauren Levinson
- School of Biological Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology, United States
| | - Sarah Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology, United States
| | - Neel Atawala
- School of Biological Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology, United States
| | - Malone Otwell
- School of Biological Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology, United States
| | - Beth Rickerson
- School of Biological Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology, United States
| | - Lewis A Wheaton
- School of Biological Sciences Georgia Institute of Technology, United States.
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13
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Callow N, Edwards MG, Jones AL, Hardy L, Connell S. Action dual tasks reveal differential effects of visual imagery perspectives on motor performance. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 72:1401-1411. [PMID: 30352540 DOI: 10.1177/1747021818811464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Imagery research has identified two main visual perspectives, external visual imagery (EVI, third person) and internal visual imagery (IVI, first person). Based upon findings from brain imaging literature showing that different neural substrates are recruited for IVI and EVI perspectives, and that IVI activates motor system brain areas, we hypothesised that a concurrent action dual task would cause greater interference in performance for IVI than EVI. In a first experiment, participants were allocated to either an IVI or an EVI group, and were tasked with moving an onscreen marker towards a target in three blocked conditions: imagery, imagery with a concurrent motor dual-task of sequencing, and a math control. An interaction between imagery group and condition was driven by greater root mean square error for participants in the dual-task condition in the IVI group compared with the EVI group. We replicated the experiment with an eye-tracking objective measure of IVI; the results again showed that participants in the IVI group made more errors in motor movements, and an interference effect in eye movements, during the dual-task sequencing condition compared with the EVI group. The results of the two experiments reveal that a secondary motor task does interfere with IVI, providing behavioural evidence that IVI appears to rely on motor system processes more than EVI. These results have important implications for the use of visual imagery perspectives across a number of domains, with this paper being an essential reference for those conducting visual imagery perspectives research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola Callow
- 1 Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Martin Gareth Edwards
- 2 Institut de Recherches en Sciences Psychologiques, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Alex Lee Jones
- 3 Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Lew Hardy
- 1 Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Stephanie Connell
- 1 Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
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Poiroux E, Cavaro-Ménard C, Leruez S, Lemée JM, Richard I, Dinomais M. What Do Eye Gaze Metrics Tell Us about Motor Imagery? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143831. [PMID: 26605915 PMCID: PMC4659676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the brain structures involved in performing real movements also have increased activity during imagined movements or during motor observation, and this could be the neural substrate underlying the effects of motor imagery in motor learning or motor rehabilitation. In the absence of any objective physiological method of measurement, it is currently impossible to be sure that the patient is indeed performing the task as instructed. Eye gaze recording during a motor imagery task could be a possible way to "spy" on the activity an individual is really engaged in. The aim of the present study was to compare the pattern of eye movement metrics during motor observation, visual and kinesthetic motor imagery (VI, KI), target fixation, and mental calculation. Twenty-two healthy subjects (16 females and 6 males), were required to perform tests in five conditions using imagery in the Box and Block Test tasks following the procedure described by Liepert et al. Eye movements were analysed by a non-invasive oculometric measure (SMI RED250 system). Two parameters describing gaze pattern were calculated: the index of ocular mobility (saccade duration over saccade + fixation duration) and the number of midline crossings (i.e. the number of times the subjects gaze crossed the midline of the screen when performing the different tasks). Both parameters were significantly different between visual imagery and kinesthesic imagery, visual imagery and mental calculation, and visual imagery and target fixation. For the first time we were able to show that eye movement patterns are different during VI and KI tasks. Our results suggest gaze metric parameters could be used as an objective unobtrusive approach to assess engagement in a motor imagery task. Further studies should define how oculomotor parameters could be used as an indicator of the rehabilitation task a patient is engaged in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Poiroux
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), EA 7315 F-49000, Angers, France
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Département de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, CHU d’Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Cavaro-Ménard
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), EA 7315 F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Stéphanie Leruez
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), EA 7315 F-49000, Angers, France
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Département d’Ophtalmologie, CHU d’Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean Michel Lemée
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Département de Neurochirurgie, CHU d’Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, Cedex 9, France
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, INSERM U1066 « Micro- et nano-médecines biomimétiques », bâtiment IRIS 3e étage, CHU d’Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, Cedex 9, France
| | - Isabelle Richard
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Département de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, CHU d’Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, Cedex 9, France
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Laboratoire d’épidémiologie, ergonomie et santé au travail, EA 4626 F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Mickael Dinomais
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Laboratoire Angevin de Recherche en Ingénierie des Systèmes (LARIS), EA 7315 F-49000, Angers, France
- LUNAM, Université d’Angers, Département de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, CHU d’Angers, 4 rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, Cedex 9, France
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Jiang D, Edwards MG, Mullins P, Callow N. The neural substrates for the different modalities of movement imagery. Brain Cogn 2015; 97:22-31. [PMID: 25956141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Research highlights that internal visual, external visual and kinesthetic imagery differentially effect motor performance (White & Hardy, 1995; Hardy & Callow, 1999). However, patterns of brain activation subserving these different imagery perspectives and modalities have not yet been established. In the current study, we applied the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2) to study the brain activation underpinning these types of imagery. Participants with high imagery ability (using the VMIQ-2) were selected to participate in the study. The experimental conditions involved imagining an action (one item from the VMIQ-2) using internal visual imagery, external visual imagery, kinesthetic imagery and a perceptual control condition involved looking at a fixation cross. The imagery conditions were presented using a block design and the participants' brain activation was recorded using 3T fMRI. A post-experimental questionnaire was administered to test if participants were able to maintain the imagery during the task and if they switched between the imagery perspective/modalities. Four participants failed to adhere to the imagery conditions, and their data was excluded from analysis. As hypothesized, the different perspectives and modalities of imagery elicited both common areas of activation (in the right supplementary motor area, BA6) and dissociated areas of activation. Specifically, internal visual imagery activated occipital, parietal and frontal brain areas (i.e., the dorsal stream) while external visual imagery activated occipital ventral stream areas and kinesthetic imagery activated caudate and cerebellum areas. These results provide the first central evidence for the visual perspectives and modalities delineated in the VMIQ-2, and, initial biological validity for the VMIQ-2. However, given that only one item from the VMIQ-2 was employed, future fMRI research needs to explore all items to further examine these contentions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jiang
- Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences at Bangor University, UK
| | - Martin G Edwards
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute at the Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | | | - Nichola Callow
- Institute for the Psychology of Elite Performance, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences at Bangor University, UK.
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16
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Action observation and motor imagery in performance of complex movements: Evidence from EEG and kinematics analysis. Behav Brain Res 2015; 281:290-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Chorna O, Solomon JE, Slaughter JC, Stark AR, Maitre NL. Abnormal sensory reactivity in preterm infants during the first year correlates with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of age. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2014; 99:F475-9. [PMID: 25053637 PMCID: PMC4783156 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory experience is the basis for learning in infancy. In older children, abnormal sensory reactivity is associated with behavioural and developmental disorders. We hypothesised that in preterm infants, abnormal sensory reactivity during infancy would be associated with perinatal characteristics and correlate with 2-year neurodevelopmental outcomes. METHODS We conducted a prospective observational study of infants with birth weight ≤1500 g using the Test of Sensory Function in Infants (TSFI) in the first year. Infants with gestational age ≤30 weeks were tested with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III (BSID III) at 24 months. RESULTS Of the 72 participants evaluated at 4-12 months corrected age (median 8 months), 59 (82%) had a least one TSFI score concerning for abnormal sensory reactivity. Lower gestational age was associated with abnormal reactivity to deep pressure and vestibular stimulation (p<0.001). Poor ocular-motor control predicted worse cognitive and motor scores in early childhood (OR 16.7; p=0.004), but was tightly correlated to the presence of severe white matter injury. Poor adaptive motor function in response to tactile stimuli predicted worse BSID III motor (p=0.01) and language scores (p=0.04) at 2 years, even after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal sensory reactivity is common in preterm infants; is associated with immaturity at birth, severe white matter injury and lower primary caregiver education; and predicts neurodevelopmental delays. Early identification of abnormal sensory reactivity of very preterm infants may promote parental support and education and may facilitate improved neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena Chorna
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica E Solomon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James C Slaughter
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ann R Stark
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nathalie L Maitre
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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18
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Möller C, Zimmer HD, Aschersleben G. Effects of short-term experience on anticipatory eye movements during action observation. Exp Brain Res 2014; 233:69-77. [PMID: 25209915 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that anticipatory eye movements occur during both action observation and action execution. These findings strongly support the direct matching hypothesis, which states that in observing others' actions, people take advantage of the same action knowledge that enables them to perform the same actions. Furthermore, a connection between action experience and the ability to anticipate action goals has been proposed. Concerning the role of experience, most studies concentrated on motor experts such as athletes and musicians, whereas only few studies investigated whether motor programs can be activated by short-term experience. Applying a pre-post design, we examined whether short-term experience affects anticipatory eye movements during observation. Participants (N = 150 university students) observed scenes showing an actor performing a block stacking task. Subsequently, participants performed either a block stacking task, puzzles, or a pursuit rotor task. Afterward, participants were again provided with the aforementioned block stacking task scenes. Results revealed that the block stacking task group directed their gaze significantly earlier toward the action goals of the block stacking task during posttest trials, compared with Puzzle and pursuit rotor task groups, which did not differ from each other. In accordance with the direct matching hypothesis, our study provides evidence that short-term experience with the block stacking task activates task-specific action knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Möller
- Developmental Psychology Unit, Saarland University, Building A 1 3, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany,
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McCormick SA, Causer J, Holmes PS. The influence of early aging on eye movements during motor simulation. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 36:9671. [PMID: 25005270 PMCID: PMC4150898 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-014-9671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Movement based interventions such as imagery and action observation are used increasingly to support physical rehabilitation of adults during early aging. The efficacy of these more covert approaches is based on an intuitively appealing assumption that movement execution, imagery and observation share neural substrate; alteration of one influences directly the function of the other two. Using eye movement metrics this paper reports findings that question the congruency of the three conditions. The data reveal that simulating movement through imagery and action observation may offer older adults movement practice conditions that are not constrained by the age-related decline observed in physical conditions. In addition, the findings provide support for action observation as a more effective technique for movement reproduction in comparison to imagery. This concern for imagery was also seen in the less congruent temporal relationship in movement time between imagery and movement execution suggesting imagery inaccuracy in early aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheree A. McCormick
- Cognitive Motor Function Group, Institute for Performance Research, Manchester Metropolitan University Cheshire Faculty, Crewe Green Road, Crewe Cheshire, CW1 5DU UK
| | - Joe Causer
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul S. Holmes
- Cognitive Motor Function Group, Institute for Performance Research, Manchester Metropolitan University Cheshire Faculty, Crewe Green Road, Crewe Cheshire, CW1 5DU UK
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Causer J, McCormick SA, Holmes PS. Congruency of gaze metrics in action, imagery and action observation. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:604. [PMID: 24068996 PMCID: PMC3781353 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to provide a review of eye movements during action execution, action observation, and movement imagery. Furthermore, the paper highlights aspects of congruency in gaze metrics between these states. The implications of the imagery, observation, and action gaze congruency are discussed in terms of motor learning and rehabilitation. Future research directions are outlined in order to further the understanding of shared gaze metrics between overt and covert states. Suggestions are made for how researchers and practitioners can structure action observation and movement imagery interventions to maximize (re)learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Causer
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpool, UK
| | - Sheree A. McCormick
- Centre for Cognitive Motor Function, Institute for Performance Research, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityCrewe, UK
| | - Paul S. Holmes
- Centre for Cognitive Motor Function, Institute for Performance Research, Manchester Metropolitan UniversityCrewe, UK
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