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2-methoxyestradiol sensitizes breast cancer cells to taxanes by targeting centrosomes. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4479-4489. [PMID: 33400733 PMCID: PMC7721614 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes amplification is a hallmark of cancer. We hypothesize that 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) sensitizes breast cancer (BC) cells to taxanes by targeting amplified centrosomes. We assessed the extent by which 2-ME together with paclitaxel (PTX) induces centrosome alterations with subsequent mitotic catastrophe in different BC subtypes. 2-ME induced a significant reduction in PTX IC50 values in all cells tested ranging from 28–44% (P < 0.05). Treatment with both PTX and 2-ME significantly increased the number of misaligned metaphases compared to PTX alone (34%, 100% and 52% for MCF7, MDA-MB231 and SUM149, respectively; P < 0.05). The number of cells with multipolar spindle formation was significantly increased (81%, 220% and 285% for MCF7, MDA-MB231 and SUM 149, respectively; P < 0.05). PTX and 2-ME treatment significantly increased interphase declustering in cancer cells (56% for MCF7, 208% for MDA-MB231 and 218% for SUM149, respectively; P < 0.05) and metaphase declustering (1.4-fold, 1.56-fold and 2.48-fold increase for MCF7, MDA-MB231 and SUM149, respectively; P < 0.05). This report is the first to document centrosome declustering as a mechanism of action of 2-ME and provides a potential approach for reducing taxane toxicity in cancer treated patients.
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Pal P, Hales K, Hales DB. The pro-apoptotic actions of 2-methoxyestradiol against ovarian cancer involve catalytic activation of PKCδ signaling. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3646-3659. [PMID: 33088425 PMCID: PMC7546757 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: 2-methoxyestradiol (2MeOE2) is a natural metabolite of estradiol, which is generated by the action of CYP1A1 enzyme in the liver. We have previously shown that a flaxseed-supplemented diet decreases both the incidence and severity of ovarian cancer in laying hens, also induces CYP1A1 expression in liver. Recently, we have shown that as a biologically derived active component of flax diet, 2MeOE2 induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells which is partially dependent on p38 MAPK. The objective of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of actions of 2MeOE2, a known microtubule disrupting agent, in inducing apoptosis in ovarian tumors. Results: 2MeOE2 induces γH2Ax expression and apoptotic histone modifications in ovarian cancer cells, which are predicted downstream targets of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) during apoptosis. Overexpressing full length PKCδ alone does not induce apoptosis but potentiates 2MeOE2-mediated apoptosis. C3-domain mutated dominant-negative PKCδ (PKCδDN) significantly reduces 2MeOE2-induced caspase-3 cleavage and apoptotic histone modification. Silencing PKCδ diminishes 2MeOE2-mediated apoptosis. The catalytic fragment of PKCδ (PKCδCAT) evokes pro-apoptotic effects which are principally dependent on p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Conclusions: The pro-apoptotic actions of 2MeOE2 are in part dependent on catalytic activation of PKCδ. Catalytic activation of PKCδ accelerates the 2MeOE2-induced apoptotic cascade. This study describes a novel molecular action of flaxseed diet in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purab Pal
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Karen Hales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
| | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
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Pal P, Hales K, Petrik J, Hales DB. Pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic actions of 2-methoxyestradiol and docosahexaenoic acid, the biologically derived active compounds from flaxseed diet, in preventing ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2019; 12:49. [PMID: 31128594 PMCID: PMC6535187 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-019-0523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that a whole flaxseed supplemented diet decreased the onset and severity of ovarian cancer in the laying hen, the only known animal model of spontaneous ovarian cancer. Flaxseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids (OM3FA), mostly α-Linoleic acid (ALA), which gets converted to Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by the action of delta-6 desaturase enzyme. Ingestion of flaxseed also causes an increase in production of 2-methoxyestradiol (2MeOE2) via the induction of the CYP1A1 pathway of estrogen metabolism. We have previously reported that the flaxseed diet induces apoptosis via p38-MAPK pathway in chicken tumors. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the flaxseed diet on ovarian cancer in chickens, focusing on two hallmarks of cancer, apoptosis and angiogenesis. RESULTS The anti-cancer effects of two active biologically derived compounds of flax diet, 2MeOE2 and DHA, were individually tested on human ovarian cancer cells and in vivo by the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay. Our results indicate that a flaxseed-supplemented diet promotes apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis in chicken tumors but not in normal ovaries. 2MeOE2 promotes apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells, inhibits angiogenesis on CAM and its actions are dependent on the p38-MAPK pathway. DHA does not have any pro-apoptotic effect on human ovarian cancer cells but has strong anti-angiogenic effects as seen on CAM, but not dependent on the p38-MAPK pathway. CONCLUSIONS Dietary flaxseed supplementation promotes a pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effect in ovarian tumors, not in normal ovaries. The biologically derived active compounds from flaxseed diet act through different pathways to elicit their respective anti-cancer effects. A flaxseed-supplemented diet is a promising approach for prevention of ovarian cancer as well as having a significant potential as an adjuvant treatment to supplement chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of advanced stages of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purab Pal
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 245B, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Karen Hales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA
| | - Jim Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 245B, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA.
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Tao H, Mei J, Tang X. The anticancer effects of 2-methoxyestradiol on human huh7 cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 512:635-640. [PMID: 30914193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with a poor prognosis. 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME) is currently under preclinical evaluation as a treatment for many malignancies, but the utility of the drug in terms of HCC treatment remains unclear. Here, we explored the effect of 2-ME on human huh7 cell proliferation and apoptosis and discuss the possible molecular mechanisms involved. The MTT assay showed that proliferation was markedly inhibited by 2-ME (at 5, 10, 15, and 20 μmol/L) in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Moreover, flow cytometry indicated that 2-ME induced cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase, and early apoptosis. We used Western blotting and PCR to detect the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Bcl-2; 2-ME decreased the mRNA/protein expression levels of both effectors. Furthermore, 2-ME remarkably suppressed xenograft tumor growth in nude mice, and no visible toxicity was observed in either the liver or kidneys. Immunohistochemically, the Bcl-2 and VEGF expression levels were significantly lower than those of controls. Thus, 2-ME inhibited huh7 cell proliferation, promoted apoptosis, and suppressed xenograft tumor growth in nude mice, perhaps reflecting the effects of the drug on VEGF and Bcl-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei province, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Mei
- Gastroenterology Department, Wuhan 672 Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, 430079, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- General Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei province, PR China.
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2-Methoxyestradiol Attenuates Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostate Hyperplasia in Rats through Inhibition of HIF-1 α/TGF- β/Smad2 Axis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:4389484. [PMID: 30154949 PMCID: PMC6093036 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4389484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disorder in the male population. 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) is an end metabolite of estrogens with pleiotropic pharmacological properties. This study aimed to explore the potential ameliorative effects of 2ME against testosterone-induced BPH in rats. 2-Methoxyestradiol (50 and 100 mg/kg, dissolved in DMSO) prevented the rise in prostatic index and weight in comparison to testosterone-alone-treated animals for 2 weeks. Histological examination indicated that 2ME ameliorated pathological changes in prostate architecture. This was confirmed by the ability of 2ME to decrease the glandular epithelial height when compared to the testosterone group. Also, 2ME improved testosterone-induced oxidative stress as it inhibited the rise in lipid peroxide content and the exhaustion of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The beneficial effects of 2ME against the development of BPH were substantiated by assessing proliferation markers, preventing the rise in cyclin D1 protein expression and enhancing Bax/Bcl2 mRNA ratio. It significantly reduced prostate content of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). In addition, 2ME reduced hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-1α) and phospho-Smad2 (p-Smad2) protein expression compared to the testosterone group. In conclusion, 2ME attenuates experimentally induced BPH by testosterone in rats through, at least partly, inhibition of HIF-1α/TGF-β/Smad2 axis.
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Nel M, Joubert AM, Dohle W, Potter BV, Theron AE. Modes of cell death induced by tetrahydroisoquinoline-based analogs in MDA-MB-231 breast and A549 lung cancer cell lines. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:1881-1904. [PMID: 29983544 PMCID: PMC6025772 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s152718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background A and B rings of the steroidal microtubule disruptor, 2-methoxyestradiol, and its analogs can be mimicked with a tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) core. THIQs are cytotoxic agents with potential anticancer activities. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the modes of cell death induced by four nonsteroidal THIQ-based analogs, such as STX 2895, STX 3329, STX 3451 and STX 3450, on MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast and A549 epithelial lung carcinoma cells. Materials and methods Cytotoxicity studies determined the half-maximal growth inhibitory concentration of the analogs to be at nanomolar concentrations without the induction of necrosis. Light and fluorescent microscopy determined that compounds caused microtubule depolymerization and displayed morphological hallmarks of apoptosis. Results Flow cytometric analyses confirmed apoptosis induction as well as an increased G2/M phase on cell cycle analysis. Furthermore, intrinsic pathway signaling was implicated due to increased cytochrome c release and a decrease in mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Potential involvement of autophagy was observed due to increased acidic vacuole formation and increased aggresome activation factor. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that these four THIQ-based analogs exert anti-proliferative and antimitotic effects, induce apoptosis and involve autophagic processes. Further investigation into the efficacy of these potential anticancer drugs will be conducted in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Nel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa,
| | - Anna M Joubert
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa,
| | - Wolfgang Dohle
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Barry Vl Potter
- Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne E Theron
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa,
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Proline oxidase silencing induces proline-dependent pro-survival pathways in MCF-7 cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:13748-13757. [PMID: 29568391 PMCID: PMC5862612 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proline degradation by proline dehydrogenase/proline oxidase (PRODH/POX) contributes to apoptosis or autophagy. The identification of specific pathway of apoptosis/survival regulation is the aim of this study. We generated knocked-down PRODH/POX MCF-7 breast cancer cells (MCF-7shPRODH/POX). PRODH/POX silencing did not affect cell viability. However, it contributed to decrease in DNA and collagen biosynthesis, increase in prolidase activity and intracellular proline concentration as well as increase in the expression of iNOS, NF-κB, mTOR, HIF-1α, COX-2, AMPK, Atg7 and Beclin-1 in MCF-7shPRODH/POX cells. In these cells, glycyl-proline (GlyPro, substrate for prolidase) further inhibited DNA and collagen biosynthesis, maintained high prolidase activity, intracellular concentration of proline and up-regulated HIF-1α, AMPK, Atg7 and Beclin-1, compared to GlyPro-treated MCF-7 cells. In MCF-7 cells, GlyPro increased collagen biosynthesis, concentration of proline and expression of caspase-3, cleaved caspases -3 and -9, iNOS, NF-κB, COX-2 and AMPKβ. PRODH/POX knock-down contributed to pro-survival autophagy pathways in MCF-7 cells and GlyPro-derived proline augmented this process. However, GlyPro induced apoptosis in PRODH/POX-expressing MCF-7 cells as detected by up-regulation of active caspases -3 and -9. The data suggest that PRODH/POX silencing induces autophagy in MCF-7 cells and GlyPro-derived proline supports this process.
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Promoter hypermethylation of LGALS4 correlates with poor prognosis in patients with urothelial carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:23787-23802. [PMID: 28423602 PMCID: PMC5410344 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectine-4 (gal-4), encoded by the LGALS4 gene, was recently shown to exhibit a tumor suppressive effect in colorectal carcinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, although how the expression of this gene is regulated remains unknown. No reports describe the significance of gal-4 in the malignant potential of urothelial tumors. Thus, we analyzed LGALS4 methylation and gene expression and their clinical relevance and biological function in urothelial carcinoma (UC). LGALS4 methylation was initially identified as a progression biomarker for UC patients through genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of 16 tumor samples. Bisulfite sequencing PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed to validate the promoter methylation and expression of LGALS4. We used quantitative methylation-specific PCR to determine the methylation levels of LGALS4 normalized to ACTB in the tumor samples of 79 UC patients and compared the levels between patients with different clinicopathological characteristics. The association with survival probability was analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis. The ectopic expression of gal-4 in cancer cell lines was used to address its biological function in UC in vitro. The promoter hypermethylation of LGALS4 (>2.51, log10 scale) revealed a positive correlation with high levels of both histological grade and tumor T category and with lymph node metastasis (all P≤0.001). In addition, LGALS4 hypermethylation was an independent predictor of inferior survival in UC patients (P<0.05). The ectopic expression studies demonstrated that gal-4 suppressed urothelial cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion. Thus, LGALS4 may function as a tumor suppressor gene in UC progression. Our findings provide evidence that methylation-mediated LGALS4 gene repression may be involved in urothelial tumor progression.
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Oxidative Stress Gene Expression Profile Correlates with Cancer Patient Poor Prognosis: Identification of Crucial Pathways Might Select Novel Therapeutic Approaches. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2597581. [PMID: 28770020 PMCID: PMC5523271 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2597581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of altered redox status and high reactive oxygen species (ROS) is still controversial in cancer development and progression. Intracellular levels of ROS are elevated in cancer cells suggesting a role in cancer initiation and progression; on the contrary, ROS elevated levels may induce programmed cell death and have been associated with cancer suppression. Thus, it is crucial to consider the double-face of ROS, for novel therapeutic strategies targeting redox regulatory mechanisms. In this review, in order to derive cancer-type specific oxidative stress genes' profile and their potential prognostic role, we integrated a publicly available oxidative stress gene signature with patient survival data from the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Overall, we found several genes statistically significant associated with poor prognosis in the examined six tumor types. Among them, FoxM1 and thioredoxin reductase1 expression showed the same pattern in four out of six cancers, suggesting their specific critical role in cancer-related oxidative stress adaptation. Our analysis also unveiled an enriched cellular network, highlighting specific pathways, in which many genes are strictly correlated. Finally, we discussed novel findings on the correlation between oxidative stress and cancer stem cells in order to define those pathways to be prioritized in drug development.
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Aberrant β-catenin expression in urothelial carcinomas in blackfoot disease-endemic areas. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2017; 33:11-16. [PMID: 28088268 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-known toxic element and carcinogenic agent. The aim of this study was to investigate p63, E-cadherin, and β-catenin proteins in urothelial carcinoma (UC) in both arsenic contaminated areas [so-called blackfoot disease (BFD) area] and non-BFD areas. The expressions of p63, E-cadherin, and β-catenin proteins in 20 UC cases of blackfoot disease and 22 UC cases in non-BFD areas were detected using immunohistochemical methods. The results revealed a high p63 expression in 20 (47.6%) UC cases and high E-cadherin expression in six (14.3%) UC cases. Expressions of p63 and E-cadherin showed no significant correlations with clinicopathologic parameters. However, all 20 BFD cases and 12 of 22 (54.5%) non-BFD cases showed aberrant β-catenin expression. Ten out of 22 (45.5%) non-BFD cases also had normal membranous immunoreactivity. The β-catenin staining pattern significantly differed between cases in endemic and nonendemic areas of BFD (p=0.001). Tumor sites also significantly correlated with β-catenin expression (p=0.044). In addition, membranous localization of β-catenin was lower in UC from BFD-endemic areas compared with those from non-BFD endemic areas. In conclusion, it is suggested that relocalization of β-catenin from membrane to cytoplasm may be involved in the tumorigenesis of UC from BFD-endemic areas.
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Kimáková P, Solár P, Fecková B, Sačková V, Solárová Z, Ilkovičová L, Kello M. Photoactivated hypericin increases the expression of SOD-2 and makes MCF-7 cells resistant to photodynamic therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:749-755. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Zhang D, Zhang B, Zhou LX, Zhao J, Yan YY, Li YL, Zeng JM, Wang LL, Yang B, Lin NM. Deacetylisovaltratum disrupts microtubule dynamics and causes G 2/M-phase arrest in human gastric cancer cells in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1597-1605. [PMID: 27665846 PMCID: PMC5260834 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Deacetylisovaltratum (DI) is isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Patrinia heterophylla Bunge, which exhibits anti-cancer activity. Here, we investigated the effects of DI on human gastric carcinoma cell lines in vitro and elucidated its anti-cancer mechanisms. Methods: Human gastric carcinoma AGS and HGC-27 cell lines were treated with DI, and cell viability was detected with MTT assay. Cell cycle stages, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured using flow cytometry. Protein levels were analyzed by Western blotting. Tubulin polymerization assays and immunofluorescence were used to characterize the tubulin polymerization process. Results: DI inhibited the cell viability of AGS and HGC-27 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner with IC50 values of 12.0 and 28.8 μmol/L, respectively, at 24 h of treatment. Treatment with DI (10–100 μmol/L) dose-dependently promoted tubulin polymerization, and induced significant G2/M cell cycle arrest in AGS and HGC-27 cells. Moreover, DI treatment disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential and induced caspase-dependent apoptosis in AGS and HGC-27 cells. Conclusion: DI induces G2/M-phase arrest by disrupting tubulin polymerization in human gastric cancer cells, which highlights its potent anti-cancer activity and potential application in gastric cancer therapy.
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Ho IL, Kuo KL, Liu SH, Chang HC, Hsieh JT, Wu JT, Chiang CK, Lin WC, Tsai YC, Chou CT, Hsu CH, Pu YS, Shi CS, Huang KH. MLN4924 Synergistically Enhances Cisplatin-induced Cytotoxicity via JNK and Bcl-xL Pathways in Human Urothelial Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16948. [PMID: 26592553 PMCID: PMC4655337 DOI: 10.1038/srep16948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the primary treatment for metastatic bladder urothelial carcinoma. However, the response rate is only 40–65%. This study investigated the anti-tumor effect and underlying mechanisms of the combination of cisplatin and the NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 in human bladder urothelial carcinoma. The combination of cisplatin and MLN4924 exerted synergistic cytotoxicity on two high-grade bladder urothelial carcinoma cell lines, NTUB1 and T24 (combination index <1). MLN4924 also potentiated the cisplatin-induced apoptosis and activation of caspase-3 and -7, phospho-histone H2A.X and PARP. c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and a down-regulation of B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL) were also observed during cisplatin and MLN4924 treatment. Inhibition of JNK activation partially restored cell viability and Bcl-xL expression. Bcl-xL overexpression also rescued cell viability. MLN4924 significantly potentiated cisplatin-induced tumor suppression in urothelial carcinoma xenograft mice. In summary, MLN4924 synergistically enhanced the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin via an increase in DNA damage, JNK activation and down-regulation of Bcl-xL in urothelial carcinoma cells. These findings provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lin Ho
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lin Kuo
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa- Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chiang Chang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ton Hsieh
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - June-Tai Wu
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chou Lin
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Tsai
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tso Chou
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsun Hsu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Shiau Pu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Sheng Shi
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Aquino-Gálvez A, González-Ávila G, Delgado-Tello J, Castillejos-López M, Mendoza-Milla C, Zúñiga J, Checa M, Maldonado-Martínez HA, Trinidad-López A, Cisneros J, Torres-Espíndola LM, Hernández-Jiménez C, Sommer B, Cabello-Gutiérrez C, Gutiérrez-González LH. Effects of 2-methoxyestradiol on apoptosis and HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression in lung cancer cells under normoxia and hypoxia. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:577-83. [PMID: 26548300 PMCID: PMC4699616 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic tumor cells are known to be more resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiation than normoxic cells. However, the effects of 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), an anti-angiogenic, antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic drug, on hypoxic lung cancer cells are unknown. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of 2-ME on cell growth, apoptosis, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and HIF-2α gene and protein expression in A549 cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. To establish the optimal 2-ME concentration with which to carry out the apoptosis assay and to examine mRNA and protein expression of HIFs, cell growth analysis was carried out through N-hexa-methylpararosaniline staining assays in A549 cell cultures treated with one of five different 2-ME concentrations at different times under normoxic or hypoxic growth conditions. The 2-ME concentration of 10 mM at 72 h was selected to perform all further experiments. Apoptotic cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to determine HIF-1α and HIF-2α protein expression in total cell extracts. Cellular localization of HIF-1α and HIF-2α was assessed by immunocytochemistry. HIF-1α and HIF-2α gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. A significant increase in the percentage of apoptosis was observed when cells were treated with 2-ME under a normoxic but not under hypoxic conditions (p=0.006). HIF-1α and HIF-2α protein expression levels were significantly decreased in cells cultured under hypoxic conditions and treated with 2-ME (p<0.001). Furthermore, 2-ME decreased the HIF-1α and HIF-2α nuclear staining in cells cultured under hypoxia. The HIF-1α and HIF-2α mRNA levels were significantly lower when cells were exposed to 2-ME under normoxia and hypoxia. Our results suggest that 2-ME could have beneficial results when used with conventional chemotherapy in an attempt to lower the invasive and metastatic processes during cancer development due to its effects on the gene expression and protein synthesis of HIFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoldo Aquino-Gálvez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Georgina González-Ávila
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Javier Delgado-Tello
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Manuel Castillejos-López
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Criselda Mendoza-Milla
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Zúñiga
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Marco Checa
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | | | - Axel Trinidad-López
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - José Cisneros
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | | | | | - Bettina Sommer
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cabello-Gutiérrez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias 'Ismael Cosío Villegas', Mexico City, DF, Mexico
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15
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Lin WC, Kuo KL, Shi CS, Wu JT, Hsieh JT, Chang HC, Liao SM, Chou CT, Chiang CK, Chiu WS, Chiu TY, Pu YS, Ho IL, Wang ZH, Chang SC, Liu SH, Jeng YM, Huang KH. MLN4924, a Novel NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor, exhibits antitumor activity and enhances cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in human cervical carcinoma: in vitro and in vivo study. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:3350-3362. [PMID: 26807316 PMCID: PMC4697682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MLN4924, an inhibitor of NEDD8 activating enzyme (NAE), has been reported to have activity against various malignancies. Here, we investigated the antitumor properties of MLN4924 and MLN4924 in combination with cisplatin on human cervical carcinoma (CC) in vitro and in vivo. Two human CC cell lines, ME-180 and HeLa, were used in this study. The cytotoxic effects of MLN4924 and/or cisplatin were measured by cell viability (MTT), proliferation (BrdU incorporation), apoptosis (flow cytometry with annexin V-FITC labeling), and the expression of cell apoptosis-related proteins (Western blotting). In vivo efficacy was determined in Nu/Nu nude mice with ME-180 and HeLa xenografts. The results showed that MLN4924 elicited viability inhibition, anti-proliferation and apoptosis in human CC cells, accompanied by activations of apoptosis-related molecules and Bid, Bcl-2 phosphorylation interruption, and interference with cell cycle regulators. Moreover, MLN4924 caused an endoplasmic reticulum stress response (caspase-4, ATF-4 and CHOP activations) and expression of other cellular stress molecules (JNK and c-Jun activations). Additionally, MLN4924 suppressed growth of CC xenografts in nude mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MLN4924 potentiated cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in CC cells with activation of caspases. Consistently with this, MLN4924 significantly enhanced cisplatin-induced growth inhibition of CC xenografts. Together, these findings suggest that MLN4924 alone or in combination with cisplatin is of value in treating human CCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chou Lin
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Lin Kuo
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Sheng Shi
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - June-Tai Wu
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Ton Hsieh
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Chiang Chang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Liao
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tso Chou
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Kang Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Shuo Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University School of DentistryTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yuan Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeong-Shiau Pu
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Lin Ho
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Zuo-He Wang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chen Chang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Shing-Hwa Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-How Huang
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
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16
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Minorics R, Bózsity N, Molnár J, Wölfling J, Mernyák E, Schneider G, Ocsovszki I, Zupkó I. A molecular understanding of D-homoestrone-induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2365-74. [PMID: 26228523 PMCID: PMC4594678 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (ME), one of the most widely investigated A-ring-modified metabolites of estrone, exerts significant anticancer activity on numerous cancer cell lines. Its pharmacological actions, including cell cycle arrest, microtubule disruption and pro-apoptotic activity, have already been described in detail. The currently tested d-ring-modified analogue of estrone, d-homoestrone, selectively inhibits cervical cancer cell proliferation and induces a G2/M phase cell cycle blockade, resulting in the development of apoptosis. The question arose of whether the difference in the chemical structures of these analogues can influence the mechanism of anticancer action. The aim of the present study was therefore to elucidate the molecular contributors of intracellular processes induced by d-homoestrone in HeLa cells. Apoptosis triggered by d-homoestrone develops through activation of the intrinsic pathway, as demonstrated by determination of the activities of caspase-8 and -9. It was revealed that d-homoestrone-treated HeLa cells are not able to enter mitosis because the cyclin-dependent kinase 1-cyclin B complex loses its activity, resulting in the decreased inactivation of stathmin and a concomitant disturbance of microtubule formation. However, unlike 2-ME, d-homoestrone does not exert a direct effect on tubulin polymerization. These results led to the conclusion that the d-homoestrone-triggered intracellular processes resulting in a cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HeLa cells differ from those in the case of 2-ME. This may be regarded as an alternative mechanism of action among steroidal anticancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Minorics
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Noémi Bózsity
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Molnár
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - János Wölfling
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gyula Schneider
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Ocsovszki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Zupkó
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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17
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Wen X, Huang A, Hu J, Zhong Z, Liu Y, Li Z, Pan X, Liu Z. Neuroprotective effect of astaxanthin against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 cells: Involvement of the Akt/GSK-3β pathway. Neuroscience 2015. [PMID: 26197224 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) mediated the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Astaxanthin (ATX) has been reported to exert antioxidant activities as well as neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro. But it is still unknown whether the Akt/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) signaling mediated the neuroprotective effect of ATX in HT22 cells. Flow cytometric analysis was used to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Caspase and PARP activity was measured. The expressions of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Bcl-2, Bax, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), cytochrome-c (Cyto-c), p-Akt and p-GSK-3β were evaluated to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that ATX significantly attenuated glutamate-induced cell viability loss and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, decreased the expression of caspase-3/8/9 activity and cleaved PARP, and suppressed the intracellular accumulation of ROS in HT22 cells after exposure to glutamate. ATX also increased the mitochondrial expression of AIF, Cyto-c as well as Bax while decreased Bcl-2. Moreover, ATX also induced the HO-1 expression in a dose and time-dependent manner, increased the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) activity and nuclear Nrf2 expression. Furthermore, treatment with ATX restored the p-Akt and p-GSK-3β (Ser9) as well as HO-1 expression reduced by glutamate. This protective effect was partially blocked by the inhibitors lithium chloride treatment in HT22, indicating the involvement of Akt/GSK-3β inactivation during the neuroprotective effect of ATX. Our results provide the first evidence that ATX can protect glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in HT22 via attenuating caspase activation and mitochondrial dysfunction and modulating the Akt/GSK-3β signaling, indicating ATX may be useful for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wen
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou-Birmingham University Brain and Cognition Center, No. 1 Panfu Road, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - A Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - J Hu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Z Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou-Birmingham University Brain and Cognition Center, No. 1 Panfu Road, Guangzhou 510180, China
| | - X Pan
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou-Birmingham University Brain and Cognition Center, No. 1 Panfu Road, Guangzhou 510180, China.
| | - Z Liu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, China.
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18
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Gorska M, Kuban-Jankowska A, Zmijewski M, Gammazza AM, Cappello F, Wnuk M, Gorzynik M, Rzeszutek I, Daca A, Lewinska A, Wozniak M. DNA strand breaks induced by nuclear hijacking of neuronal NOS as an anti-cancer effect of 2-methoxyestradiol. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15449-63. [PMID: 25972363 PMCID: PMC4558163 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) is a physiological metabolite of 17β-estradiol. At pharmacological concentrations, 2-ME inhibits colon, breast and lung cancer in tumor models. Here we investigated the effect of physiologically relevant concentrations of 2-ME in osteosarcoma cell model. We demonstrated that 2-ME increased nuclear localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, resulting in nitro-oxidative DNA damage. This in turn caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells. We suggest that 2-ME is a naturally occurring hormone with potential anti-cancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gorska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Michal Zmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Antonella Marino Gammazza
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy “Emerico Luna”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Section of Human Anatomy “Emerico Luna”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Monika Gorzynik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Iwona Rzeszutek
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Daca
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Lewinska
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Michal Wozniak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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19
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Yu B, Li H, Zhang J, Zheng W, Chen T. Rational design and fabrication of a cancer-targeted chitosan nanocarrier to enhance selective cellular uptake and anticancer efficacy of selenocystine. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2497-2504. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb02146k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A cancer-targeted chitosan nanocarrier has been rationally designed to enhance the selective cellular uptake and anticancer efficacy of selenocystine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
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20
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Selenium-enriched Spirulina protects INS-1E pancreatic beta cells from human islet amyloid polypeptide-induced apoptosis through suppression of ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and PI3/AKT pathway. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:509-22. [PMID: 25112514 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) aggregation is linked to loss of pancreatic beta cells in type 2 diabetes, in part due to oxidative stress. Currently, little is known about the effects of selenium-enriched Spirulina on beta cells with the presence of hIAPP. In this study, INS-1E rat insulinoma cells were used as a model to evaluate in vitro protective effects of Se-enriched Spirulina extract (Se-SE) against hIAPP-induced cell death, as well as the underlying mechanisms. METHODS Flow cytometric analysis was used to evaluate cell apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and ROS generation. Caspase activity was measured using a fluorometric method. Western blotting was applied to detect protein expression. RESULTS Our results showed that exposure of INS-1E cells to hIAPP resulted in cell viability loss, LDH release and appearance of sub-G peak. However, cytotoxicity of hIAPP was significantly attenuated by co-treatment with Se-SE. Se-SE also inhibited hIAPP-induced activation of caspase-3, -8 and -9. Additionally, hIAPP-induced accumulation of ROS and superoxide was suppressed by co-treatment with Se-SE. Moreover, Se-SE was able to prevent hIAPP-induced depletion of ΔΨm and intracellular ATP, reduction in mitochondrial mass, changes in the expression of Bcl-2 family members, release of mitochondrial apoptogenic factors. Furthermore, hIAPP-mediated AKT inhibition was restored by co-treatment with Se-SE. CONCLUSION Our results showed that Se-SE protects INS-1E cells from hIAPP-induced cell death through preventing ROS overproduction, mitochondrial dysfunction and modulating PI3K/AKT pathway.
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21
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Pinto MP, Medina RA, Owen GI. 2-methoxyestradiol and disorders of female reproductive tissues. Discov Oncol 2014; 5:274-83. [PMID: 24764201 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0181-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) is an endogenous metabolite of 17β-estradiol. Once thought of as a mere degradation product, 2ME has gained attention as an important component of reproductive physiology and as a therapeutic agent in reproductive pathologies such as preeclampsia, endometriosis, infertility, and cancer. In this review, we discuss the involvement of 2ME in reproductive pathophysiology and summarize its known mechanisms of action: microtubule disruption, inhibition of angiogenesis and stimulation of apoptosis. Currently, the clinical uses of 2ME as a single agent are limited due to its poor water solubility and thus low bioavailability; however, 2ME analogs and derivatives have been recently developed and tested as cancer treatments. Despite some isolated success stories and ongoing research, 2ME derivatives have not yet provided the expected results. The adjuvant use of 2ME derivatives with chemotherapeutic agents is hindered by their intrinsic toxicity confounding the unwanted secondary effects of chemotherapy. However, due to the well-tested tolerance of the body to high doses of native 2ME, it may the combination of native 2ME with conventional treatments that will offer novel clinically relevant regimens for cancer and other reproductive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio P Pinto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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