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Chauhan AS, Kumar M, Chaudhary S, Dhiman A, Patidar A, Jakhar P, Jaswal P, Sharma K, Sheokand N, Malhotra H, Raje CI, Raje M. Trafficking of a multifunctional protein by endosomal microautophagy: linking two independent unconventional secretory pathways. FASEB J 2019; 33:5626-5640. [PMID: 30640524 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802102r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During physiologic stresses, like micronutrient starvation, infection, and cancer, the cytosolic moonlighting protein glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is trafficked to the plasma membrane (PM) and extracellular milieu (ECM). Our work demonstrates that GAPDH mobilized to the PM, and the ECM does not utilize the classic endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi route of secretion; instead, it is first selectively translocated into early and late endosomes from the cytosol via microautophagy. GAPDH recruited to this common entry point is subsequently delivered into multivesicular bodies, leading to its membrane trafficking through secretion via exosomes and secretory lysosomes. We present evidence that both pathways of GAPDH membrane trafficking are up-regulated upon iron starvation, potentially by mobilization of intracellular calcium. These pathways also play a role in clearance of misfolded intracellular polypeptide aggregates. Our findings suggest that cells build in redundancy for vital cellular pathways to maintain micronutrient homeostasis and prevent buildup of toxic intracellular misfolded protein refuse.-Chauhan, A. S., Kumar, M., Chaudhary, S., Dhiman, A., Patidar, A., Jakhar, P., Jaswal, P., Sharma, K., Sheokand, N., Malhotra, H., Raje, C. I., Raje. M. Trafficking of a multifunctional protein by endosomal microautophagy: linking two independent unconventional secretory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Singh Chauhan
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Surbhi Chaudhary
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Asmita Dhiman
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Patidar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Priyanka Jakhar
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Pallavi Jaswal
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Kapil Sharma
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Navdeep Sheokand
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | - Himanshu Malhotra
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Manoj Raje
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Chandigarh, India
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Abbadessa D, Smurthwaite CA, Reed CW, Wolkowicz R. A Single-Cell Platform for Monitoring Viral Proteolytic Cleavage in Different Cellular Compartments. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2016; 8:23-31. [PMID: 27688710 PMCID: PMC5034881 DOI: 10.4137/bci.s30379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases affect human health despite advances in biomedical research and drug discovery. Among these, viruses are especially difficult to tackle due to the sudden transfer from animals to humans, high mutational rates, resistance to current treatments, and the intricacies of their molecular interactions with the host. As an example of these interactions, we describe a cell-based approach to monitor specific proteolytic events executed by either the viral-encoded protease or by host proteins on the virus. We then emphasize the significance of examining proteolysis within the subcellular compartment where cleavage occurs naturally. We show the power of stable expression, highlighting the usefulness of the cell-based multiplexed approach, which we have adapted to two independent assays previously developed to monitor (a) the activity of the HIV-1-encoded protease or (b) the cleavage of the HIV-1-encoded envelope protein by the host. Multiplexing was achieved by mixing cells each carrying a different assay or, alternatively, by engineering cells expressing two assays. Multiplexing relies on the robustness of the individual assays and their clear discrimination, further enhancing screening capabilities in an attempt to block proteolytic events required for viral infectivity and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin Abbadessa
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Connor W Reed
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Roland Wolkowicz
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Smurthwaite CA, Williams W, Fetsko A, Abbadessa D, Stolp ZD, Reed CW, Dharmawan A, Wolkowicz R. Genetic barcoding with fluorescent proteins for multiplexed applications. J Vis Exp 2015:52452. [PMID: 25938804 PMCID: PMC4541556 DOI: 10.3791/52452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins, fluorescent dyes and fluorophores in general have revolutionized the field of molecular cell biology. In particular, the discovery of fluorescent proteins and their genes have enabled the engineering of protein fusions for localization, the analysis of transcriptional activation and translation of proteins of interest, or the general tracking of individual cells and cell populations. The use of fluorescent protein genes in combination with retroviral technology has further allowed the expression of these proteins in mammalian cells in a stable and reliable manner. Shown here is how one can utilize these genes to give cells within a population of cells their own biosignature. As the biosignature is achieved with retroviral technology, cells are barcoded 'indefinitely'. As such, they can be individually tracked within a mixture of barcoded cells and utilized in more complex biological applications. The tracking of distinct populations in a mixture of cells is ideal for multiplexed applications such as discovery of drugs against a multitude of targets or the activation profile of different promoters. The protocol describes how to elegantly develop and amplify barcoded mammalian cells with distinct genetic fluorescent markers, and how to use several markers at once or one marker at different intensities. Finally, the protocol describes how the cells can be further utilized in combination with cell-based assays to increase the power of analysis through multiplexing.
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Stolp ZD, Smurthwaite CA, Reed C, Williams W, Dharmawan A, Djaballah H, Wolkowicz R. A Multiplexed Cell-Based Assay for the Identification of Modulators of Pre-Membrane Processing as a Target against Dengue Virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:616-26. [PMID: 25724189 PMCID: PMC4438100 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115571247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The DenV pre-membrane protein (prM) is a crucial chaperone for the viral envelope protein, preventing premature fusion with vesicles during viral export. prM molecules in immature particles are cleaved by host proteases, leading to mature fusogenic virions. Blockade of prM cleavage would restrict fusion and represents a novel druggable opportunity against DenV. We have thus established a cell-based platform to monitor prM processing that relies on an engineered two-tag scaffold that travels to the cell surface through the secretory pathway. The assay discriminates between a single cell-surface tag when prM is cleaved and two tags when it is not, as detected through fluorescent-coupled antibodies by flow cytometry. The assay, miniaturized into a 96-well plate format, was multiplexed with the HIV-1 envelope boundary, also cleaved in the same pathway. A pilot screen against 1280 compounds was executed, leading to the identification of a potential active and corroborating the robustness of our assay for large-scale screening. We describe for the first time a cell-based assay that monitors DenV prM processing within the classical secretory pathway, which was exploited to identify a potential novel drug against DenV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Stolp
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Connor Reed
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wesley Williams
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andre Dharmawan
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Roland Wolkowicz
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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Smurthwaite CA, Hilton BJ, O'Hanlon R, Stolp ZD, Hancock BM, Abbadessa D, Stotland A, Sklar LA, Wolkowicz R. Fluorescent genetic barcoding in mammalian cells for enhanced multiplexing capabilities in flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2013; 85:105-13. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett J. Hilton
- Department of Biology; San Diego State University; San Diego California 92182
| | - Ryan O'Hanlon
- Department of Biology; San Diego State University; San Diego California 92182
| | - Zachary D. Stolp
- Department of Biology; San Diego State University; San Diego California 92182
| | - Bryan M. Hancock
- Department of Biology; San Diego State University; San Diego California 92182
| | - Darin Abbadessa
- Department of Biology; San Diego State University; San Diego California 92182
| | - Aleksandr Stotland
- Department of Biology; San Diego State University; San Diego California 92182
| | - Larry A. Sklar
- UNM Center for Molecular Discovery; University of New Mexico School of Medicine; Albuquerque New Mexico 87131
- Department of Pathology; University of New Mexico School of Medicine; Albuquerque New Mexico 87131
| | - Roland Wolkowicz
- Department of Biology; San Diego State University; San Diego California 92182
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