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Mandizvo T, Gumede N, Ndlovu B, Ndlovu S, Mann JK, Chopera DR, Singh L, Dong KL, Walker BD, Ndhlovu ZM, Lavine CL, Seaman MS, Gounder K, Ndung'u T. Subtle Longitudinal Alterations in Env Sequence Potentiate Differences in Sensitivity to Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies following Acute HIV-1 Subtype C Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0127022. [PMID: 36453881 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01270-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) for HIV-1 prevention or cure strategies must inhibit transmitted/founder and reservoir viruses. Establishing sensitivity of circulating viruses to bNAbs and genetic patterns affecting neutralization variability may guide rational bNAbs selection for clinical development. We analyzed 326 single env genomes from nine individuals followed longitudinally following acute HIV-1 infection, with samples collected at ~1 week after the first detection of plasma viremia; 300 to 1,709 days postinfection but prior to initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) (median = 724 days); and ~1 year post ART initiation. Sequences were assessed for phylogenetic relatedness, potential N- and O-linked glycosylation, and variable loop lengths (V1 to V5). A total of 43 env amplicons (median = 3 per patient per time point) were cloned into an expression vector and the TZM-bl assay was used to assess the neutralization profiles of 15 bNAbs targeting the CD4 binding site, V1/V2 region, V3 supersite, MPER, gp120/gp41 interface, and fusion peptide. At 1 μg/mL, the neutralization breadths were as follows: VRC07-LS and N6.LS (100%), VRC01 (86%), PGT151 (81%), 10-1074 and PGT121 (80%), and less than 70% for 10E8, 3BNC117, CAP256.VRC26, 4E10, PGDM1400, and N123-VRC34.01. Features associated with low sensitivity to V1/V2 and V3 bNAbs were higher potential glycosylation sites and/or relatively longer V1 and V4 domains, including known "signature" mutations. The study shows significant variability in the breadth and potency of bNAbs against circulating HIV-1 subtype C envelopes. VRC07-LS, N6.LS, VRC01, PGT151, 10-1074, and PGT121 display broad activity against subtype C variants, and major determinants of sensitivity to most bNAbs were within the V1/V4 domains. IMPORTANCE Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have potential clinical utility in HIV-1 prevention and cure strategies. However, bNAbs target diverse epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope and the virus may evolve to evade immune responses. It is therefore important to identify antibodies with broad activity in high prevalence settings, as well as the genetic patterns that may lead to neutralization escape. We investigated 15 bNAbs with diverse biophysical properties that target six epitopes of the HIV-1 Env glycoprotein for their ability to inhibit viruses that initiated infection, viruses circulating in plasma at chronic infection before antiretroviral treatment (ART), or viruses that were archived in the reservoir during ART in subtype C infected individuals in South Africa, a high burden country. We identify the antibodies most likely to be effective for clinical use in this setting and describe mutational patterns associated with neutralization escape from these antibodies.
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Ximba P, Chapman R, Meyers A, Margolin E, van Diepen MT, Sander AF, Woodward J, Moore PL, Williamson AL, Rybicki EP. Development of a synthetic nanoparticle vaccine presenting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:485102. [PMID: 35882111 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac842c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-component self-assembling virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising scaffolds for achieving high-density display of HIV-1 envelope (gp140) trimers, which can improve the induction of neutralising antibodies (NAbs). In this study gp140 was displayed on the surface of VLPs formed by the AP205 phage coat protein. The CAP256 SU gp140 antigen was selected as the patient who this virus was isolated from developed broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAbs) shortly after superinfection with this virus. The CAP256 SU envelope is also sensitive to several bNAbs and has shown enhanced reactivity for certain bNAb precursors. A fusion protein comprising the HIV-1 CAP256 SU gp140 and the SpyTag (ST) (gp140-ST) was produced in HEK293 cells, and trimers were purified to homogeneity using gel filtration. SpyCatcher (SC)-AP205 VLPs were produced inEscherichia coliand purified by ultracentrifugation. The gp140-ST trimers and the SC-AP205 VLPs were mixed in varying molar ratios to generate VLPs displaying the glycoprotein (AP205-gp140-ST particles). Dynamic light scattering, negative stain electron microscopy and 2D classification indicated that gp140-ST was successfully bound to the VLPs, although not all potential binding sites were occupied. The immunogenicity of the coupled VLPs was evaluated in a pilot study in rabbits. One group was injected four times with coupled VLPs, and the second group was primed with DNA vaccines expressing Env and a mosaic Gag, followed by modified vaccinia Ankara expressing the same antigens. The animals were then boosted twice with coupled VLPs. Encouragingly, gp140-ST displayed on SC-AP205 VLPs was an effective boost to heterologously primed rabbits, leading to induction of autologous Tier 2 neutralising antibodies in 2/5 rabbits. However, four inoculations of coupled VLPs alone failed to elicit any Tier 2 antibodies. These results demonstrate that the native-like structure of HIV-1 envelope trimers and selection of a geometrically-suitable nanoparticle scaffold to achieve a high-density display of the trimers are important considerations that could improve the effect of nanoparticle-displayed gp140.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phindile Ximba
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rosamund Chapman
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ann Meyers
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Margolin
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michiel T van Diepen
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Adam F Sander
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeremy Woodward
- Structural Biology Research Unit, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward P Rybicki
- Biopharming Research Unit, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Burnie J, Persaud AT, Thaya L, Liu Q, Miao H, Grabinsky S, Norouzi V, Lusso P, Tang VA, Guzzo C. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1/CD162) is incorporated into clinical HIV-1 isolates and can mediate virus capture and subsequent transfer to permissive cells. Retrovirology 2022; 19:9. [PMID: 35597982 PMCID: PMC9123692 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-022-00593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1/CD162) has been studied extensively for its role in mediating leukocyte rolling through interactions with its cognate receptor, P-selectin. Recently, PSGL-1 was identified as a novel HIV-1 host restriction factor, particularly when expressed at high levels in the HIV envelope. Importantly, while the potent antiviral activity of PSGL-1 has been clearly demonstrated in various complementary model systems, the breadth of PSGL-1 incorporation across genetically diverse viral isolates and clinical isolates has yet to be described. Additionally, the biological activity of virion-incorporated PSGL-1 has also yet to be shown. Results Herein we assessed the levels of PSGL-1 on viruses produced through transfection with various amounts of PSGL-1 plasmid DNA (0–250 ng), compared to levels of PSGL-1 on viruses produced through infection of T cell lines and primary PBMC. We found that very low levels of PSGL-1 plasmid DNA (< 2.5 ng/well) were necessary to generate virus models that could closely mirror the phenotype of viruses produced via infection of T cells and PBMC. Unique to this study, we show that PSGL-1 is incorporated in a broad range of HIV-1 and SIV isolates and that virions with incorporated PSGL-1 are detectable in plasma from viremic HIV-1-infected individuals, corroborating the relevance of PSGL-1 in natural infection. Additionally, we show that PSGL-1 on viruses can bind its cognate selectin receptors, P-, E-, and L-selectins. Finally, we show viruses with endogenous levels of PSGL-1 can be captured by P-selectin and transferred to HIV-permissive bystander cells, highlighting a novel role for PSGL-1 in HIV-1 infection. Notably, viruses which contained high levels of PSGL-1 were noninfectious in our hands, in line with previous findings reporting the potent antiviral activity of PSGL-1. Conclusions Our results indicate that levels of PSGL-1 incorporation into virions can vary widely among model systems tested, and that careful tailoring of plasmid levels is required to recapitulate physiological systems when using pseudovirus models. Taken together, our data suggest that PSGL-1 may play diverse roles in the physiology of HIV-1 infection, particularly due to the functionally active state of PSGL-1 on virion surfaces and the breadth of PSGL-1 incorporation among a wide range of viral isolates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-022-00593-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Burnie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arvin Tejnarine Persaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laxshaginee Thaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Huiyi Miao
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Grabinsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vanessa Norouzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Viral Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Vera A Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Guzzo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Vilmen G, Smith AC, Benet HC, Shukla RK, Larue RC, Herschhorn A, Sharma A. Conformation of HIV-1 Envelope Governs Rhesus CD4 Usage and Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication. mBio 2022; 13:e0275221. [PMID: 35012342 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02752-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of rhesus macaques with simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) is the preferred model system for vaccine development because SHIVs encode human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins (Envs)-a key target of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies. Since the goal of vaccines is to prevent new infections, SHIVs encoding circulating HIV-1 Env are desired as challenge viruses. Development of such biologically relevant SHIVs has been challenging, as they fail to infect rhesus macaques, mainly because most circulating HIV-1 Envs do not use rhesus CD4 (rhCD4) receptor for viral entry. Most primary HIV-1 Envs exist in a closed conformation and occasionally transit to a downstream, open conformation through an obligate intermediate conformation. Here, we provide genetic evidence that open Env conformations can overcome the rhCD4 entry barrier and increase replication of SHIVs in rhesus lymphocytes. Consistent with prior studies, we found that circulating HIV-1 Envs do not use rhCD4 efficiently for viral entry. However, by using HIV-1 Envs with single amino acid substitutions that alter their conformational state, we found that transitions to intermediate and open Env conformations allow usage of physiological levels of rhCD4 for viral entry. We engineered these single amino acid substitutions in the transmitted/founder HIV-1BG505 Envs encoded by SHIV-BG505 and found that open Env conformation enhances SHIV replication in rhesus lymphocytes. Lastly, CD4-mediated SHIV pulldown, sensitivity to soluble CD4, and fusogenicity assays indicated that open Env conformation promotes efficient rhCD4 binding and viral-host membrane fusion. These findings identify the conformational state of HIV-1 Env as a major determinant for rhCD4 usage, viral fusion, and SHIV replication. IMPORTANCE Rhesus macaques are a critical animal model for preclinical testing of HIV-1 vaccine and prevention approaches. However, HIV-1 does not replicate in rhesus macaques, and thus, chimeric simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs), which encode HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs), are used as surrogate challenge viruses to infect rhesus macaques for modeling HIV-1 infection. Development of SHIVs encoding Envs from clinically relevant, circulating HIV-1 variants has been extremely challenging, as such SHIVs replicate poorly, if at all, in rhesus lymphocytes. This is most probably because many circulating HIV-1 Envs do not use rhesus CD4 efficiently for viral entry. In this study, we identified conformational state of HIV-1 envelope as a key determinant for rhesus CD4 usage, viral-host membrane fusion, and SHIV replication in rhesus lymphocytes.
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Murji AA, Qin JS, Hermanus T, Morris L, Georgiev IS. Elicitation of Neutralizing Antibody Responses to HIV-1 Immunization with Nanoparticle Vaccine Platforms. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071296. [PMID: 34372503 PMCID: PMC8310022 DOI: 10.3390/v13071296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A leading strategy for developing a prophylactic HIV-1 vaccine is the elicitation of antibodies that can neutralize a large fraction of circulating HIV-1 variants. However, a major challenge that has limited the effectiveness of current vaccine candidates is the extensive global diversity of the HIV-1 envelope protein (Env), the sole target for HIV-neutralizing antibodies. To address this challenge, various strategies incorporating Env diversity into the vaccine formulation have been proposed. Here, we assessed the potential of two such strategies that utilize a nanoparticle-based vaccine platform to elicit broadly neutralizing antibody responses. The nanoparticle immunogens developed here consisted of different formulations of Envs from strains BG505 (clade A) and CZA97 (clade C), attached to the N-termini of bacterial ferritin. Single—antigen nanoparticle cocktails, as well as mosaic nanoparticles bearing both Env trimers, elicited high antibody titers in mice and guinea pigs. Furthermore, serum from guinea pigs immunized with nanoparticle immunogens achieved autologous, and in some cases heterologous, tier 2 neutralization, although significant differences between mosaic and single—antigen nanoparticles were not observed. These results provide insights into the ability of different vaccine strategies for incorporating Env sequence diversity to elicit neutralizing antibodies, with implications for the development of broadly protective HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amyn A. Murji
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (A.A.M.); (J.S.Q.)
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Juliana S. Qin
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (A.A.M.); (J.S.Q.)
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; (T.H.); (L.M.)
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa; (T.H.); (L.M.)
- Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Ivelin S. Georgiev
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (A.A.M.); (J.S.Q.)
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Correspondence:
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Han Q, Bradley T, Williams WB, Cain DW, Montefiori DC, Saunders KO, Parks RJ, Edwards RW, Ferrari G, Mueller O, Shen X, Wiehe KJ, Reed S, Fox CB, Rountree W, Vandergrift NA, Wang Y, Sutherland LL, Santra S, Moody MA, Permar SR, Tomaras GD, Lewis MG, Van Rompay KKA, Haynes BF. Neonatal Rhesus Macaques Have Distinct Immune Cell Transcriptional Profiles following HIV Envelope Immunization. Cell Rep 2021; 30:1553-1569.e6. [PMID: 32023469 PMCID: PMC7243677 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1-infected infants develop broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) more rapidly than adults, suggesting differences in the neonatal versus adult responses to the HIV-1 envelope (Env). Here, trimeric forms of HIV-1 Env immunogens elicit increased gp120- and gp41-specific antibodies more rapidly in neonatal macaques than adult macaques. Transcriptome analyses of neonatal versus adult immune cells after Env vaccination reveal that neonatal macaques have higher levels of the apoptosis regulator BCL2 in T cells and lower levels of the immunosuppressive interleukin-10 (IL-10) receptor alpha (IL10RA) mRNA transcripts in T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and monocytes. In addition, immunized neonatal macaques exhibit increased frequencies of activated blood T follicular helper-like (Tfh) cells compared to adults. Thus, neonatal macaques have transcriptome signatures of decreased immunosuppression and apoptosis compared with adult macaques, providing an immune landscape conducive to early-life immunization prior to sexual debut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifeng Han
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wilton B Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Derek W Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Regina W Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Olaf Mueller
- Center for Genomics of Microbial Systems, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin J Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Wes Rountree
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nathan A Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura L Sutherland
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Angerstein AO, Stoneham CA, Ramirez PW, Guatelli JC, Vollbrecht T. Sensitivity to monoclonal antibody 447-52D and an open env trimer conformation correlate poorly with inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity by SERINC5. Virology 2020; 548:73-81. [PMID: 32838948 PMCID: PMC7447835 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The host protein SERINC5 inhibits the infectivity of HIV-1 virions in an Env-dependent manner and is counteracted by Nef. The conformation of the Env trimer reportedly correlates with sensitivity to SERINC5. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the "open" conformation of the Env trimer revealed by sensitivity to the V3-loop specific antibody 447-52D directly correlates with sensitivity to SERINC5. Of five Envs tested, SF162 was the most sensitive to neutralization by 447-52D, but it was not the most sensitive to SERINC5; instead the Env of LAI was substantially more sensitive to SERINC5 than all the other Envs. Mutational opening of the trimer by substitution of two tyrosines that mediate interaction between the V2 and V3 loops sensitized the Envs of JRFL and LAI to 447-52D as previously reported, but only BaL was sensitized to SERINC5. These data suggest that trimer "openness" is not sufficient for sensitivity to SERINC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron O Angerstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
| | - Charlotte A Stoneham
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Peter W Ramirez
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - John C Guatelli
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Thomas Vollbrecht
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Ditse Z, Mkhize NN, Yin M, Keefer M, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Churchyard G, Mayer KH, Karuna S, Morgan C, Bekker LG, Mlisana K, Gray G, Moodie Z, Gilbert P, Moore PL, Williamson C, Morris L. Effect of HIV Envelope Vaccination on the Subsequent Antibody Response to HIV Infection. mSphere 2020; 5:e00738-19. [PMID: 31996422 PMCID: PMC6992371 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00738-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of breakthrough HIV-1 infections could elucidate whether prior vaccination primes relevant immune responses. Here, we measured HIV-specific antibody responses in 14 South African volunteers who acquired HIV infection after participating in phase 1/2 trials of envelope-containing immunogens. Serum samples were collected annually following HIV-1 infection from participants in trials HVTN 073 (subtype C, DNA/MVA, phase 1 trial, n = 1), HVTN 086 (subtype C, DNA/MVA/gp140 protein, phase 1 trial, n = 2), and HVTN 204 (multisubtype, DNA/adenovirus serotype 5 [Ad5], phase 2 trial, n = 7) and 4 placebo recipients. Binding and neutralizing antibody responses to Env proteins and peptides were determined pre- and post-HIV infection using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the TZM-bl cell neutralization assay, respectively. HIV-infected South African individuals served as unvaccinated controls. Binding antibodies to gp41, V3, V2, the membrane-proximal external region (MPER), and the CD4 binding site were detected from the first year of HIV-1 subtype C infection, and the levels were similar in vaccinated and placebo recipients. Neutralizing antibody responses against tier 1A viruses were detected in all participants, with the highest titers being to a subtype C virus, MW965.26. No responses were observed just prior to infection, indicating that vaccine-primed HIV-specific antibodies had waned. Sporadic neutralization activity against tier 2 isolates was observed after 2 to 3 years of HIV infection, but these responses were similar in the vaccinated and placebo groups as well as the unvaccinated controls. Our data suggest that prior vaccination with these immunogens did not alter the antibody responses to HIV-1 infection, nor did it accelerate the development of HIV neutralization breadth.IMPORTANCE There is a wealth of information on HIV-specific vaccine-induced immune responses among HIV-uninfected participants; however, data on immune responses among participants who acquire HIV after vaccination are limited. Here we show that HIV-specific binding antibody responses in individuals with breakthrough HIV infections were not affected by prior vaccination with HIV envelope-containing immunogens. We also found that these vectored vaccines did not prime tier 2 virus-neutralizing antibody responses, which are thought to be required for prevention against HIV acquisition, or accelerate the development of neutralization breadth. Although this study is limited, such studies can provide insights into whether vaccine-elicited antibody responses are boosted by HIV infection to acquire broader neutralizing activity, which may help to identify antigens relevant to the design of more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zanele Ditse
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michael Yin
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Keefer
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gavin Churchyard
- Aurum Institute, Parktown, South Africa
- School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kenneth H Mayer
- Fenway Health, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shelly Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cecilia Morgan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Koleka Mlisana
- University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Glenda Gray
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zoe Moodie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Penny L Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Carolyn Williamson
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Lynn Morris
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Virology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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9
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Wagh K, Kreider EF, Li Y, Barbian HJ, Learn GH, Giorgi E, Hraber PT, Decker TG, Smith AG, Gondim MV, Gillis L, Wandzilak J, Chuang GY, Rawi R, Cai F, Pellegrino P, Williams I, Overbaugh J, Gao F, Kwong PD, Haynes BF, Shaw GM, Borrow P, Seaman MS, Hahn BH, Korber B. Completeness of HIV-1 Envelope Glycan Shield at Transmission Determines Neutralization Breadth. Cell Rep 2018; 25:893-908.e7. [PMID: 30355496 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Densely arranged N-linked glycans shield the HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimer from antibody recognition. Strain-specific breaches in this shield (glycan holes) can be targets of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies that lack breadth. To understand the interplay between glycan holes and neutralization breadth in HIV-1 infection, we developed a sequence-and structure-based approach to identify glycan holes for individual Env sequences that are shielded in most M-group viruses. Applying this approach to 12 longitudinally followed individuals, we found that transmitted viruses with more intact glycan shields correlated with development of greater neutralization breadth. Within 2 years, glycan acquisition filled most glycan holes present at transmission, indicating escape from hole-targeting neutralizing antibodies. Glycan hole filling generally preceded the time to first detectable breadth, although time intervals varied across hosts. Thus, completely glycan-shielded viruses were associated with accelerated neutralization breadth development, suggesting that Env immunogens with intact glycan shields may be preferred components of AIDS vaccines. Wagh et al. show that transmitted viruses with more intact glycan shields are correlated with development of neutralization breadth in HIV-1-infected individuals. This is consistent with previous findings that glycan holes in Env immunogens are targeted by strain-specific neutralizing responses, and suggests that immunogens with intact glycan Shields may be advantageous.
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The HIV-1 envelope gene (env) has been an intense focus of investigation in the search for genetic determinants of viral entry and persistence in the central nervous system (CNS). RECENT FINDINGS Molecular signatures of CNS-derived HIV-1 env reflect the immune characteristics and cellular constraints of the CNS compartment. Although more readily found in those with advanced HIV-1 and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), molecular signatures distinguishing CNS-derived quasispecies can be identified early in HIV-1 infection, in the presence or absence of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), and are dynamic. Amino acid signatures of CNS-compartmentalization and HAND have been identified across populations. While some significant overlap exists, none are universal. Detailed analyses of CNS-derived HIV-1 env have allowed researchers to identify a number of molecular determinants associated with neuroadaptation. Future investigations using comprehensive cohorts and longitudinal databases have the greatest potential for the identification of robust, validated signatures of HAND in the cART era.
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11
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Dingens AS, Arenz D, Overbaugh J, Bloom JD. Massively Parallel Profiling of HIV-1 Resistance to the Fusion Inhibitor Enfuvirtide. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050439. [PMID: 31096572 PMCID: PMC6563210 DOI: 10.3390/v11050439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying drug resistance mutations is important for the clinical use of antivirals and can help define both a drug’s mechanism of action and the mechanistic basis of resistance. Resistance mutations are often identified one-at-a-time by studying viral evolution within treated patients or during viral growth in the presence of a drug in cell culture. Such approaches have previously mapped resistance to enfuvirtide, the only clinically approved HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, to enfuvirtide’s binding site in the N-terminal heptad repeat (NHR) of the Envelope (Env) transmembrane domain as well as a limited number of allosteric sites. Here, we sought to better delineate the genotypic determinants of resistance throughout Env. We used deep mutational scanning to quantify the effect of all single-amino-acid mutations to the subtype A BG505 Env on resistance to enfuvirtide. We identified both previously characterized and numerous novel resistance mutations in the NHR. Additional resistance mutations clustered in other regions of Env conformational intermediates, suggesting they may act during different fusion steps by altering fusion kinetics and/or exposure of the enfuvirtide binding site. This complete map of resistance sheds light on the diverse mechanisms of enfuvirtide resistance and highlights the utility of using deep mutational scanning to comprehensively map potential drug resistance mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Dingens
- Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Dana Arenz
- Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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12
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Wang H, Barnes CO, Yang Z, Nussenzweig MC, Bjorkman PJ. Partially Open HIV-1 Envelope Structures Exhibit Conformational Changes Relevant for Coreceptor Binding and Fusion. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:579-592.e4. [PMID: 30308160 PMCID: PMC6185872 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 Env, a trimer of gp120-gp41 heterodimers, mediates membrane fusion after binding host receptor CD4. Receptor binding displaces V1V2 loops from Env's apex, allowing coreceptor binding and opening Env to enable gp41-mediated fusion. We present 3.54 Å and 4.06 Å cryoelectron microscopy structures of partially open soluble native-like Env trimers (SOSIPs) bound to CD4. One structure, a complex with a coreceptor-mimicking antibody that binds both CD4 and gp120, stabilizes the displaced V1V2 and reveals its structure. Comparing partially and fully open Envs with closed Envs shows that gp41 rearrangements are independent of the CD4-induced rearrangements that result in V1V2 displacement and formation of a 4-stranded bridging sheet. These findings suggest ordered conformational changes before coreceptor binding: (1) gp120 opening inducing side-chain rearrangements and a compact gp41 central helix conformation, and (2) 4-stranded bridging-sheet formation and V1V2 displacement. These analyses illuminate potential receptor-induced Env changes and inform design of therapeutics disrupting viral entry. Cryo-EM structures of HIV-1 Env trimer in CD4-bound, partially open conformation CD4-induced conformational changes of HIV-1 Env V1V2 region Mechanism of Env trimer opening and coreceptor binding site exposure Structural biology models for early stages of HIV-1 Env-mediated membrane fusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Christopher O Barnes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zhi Yang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pamela J Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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13
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Hargett AA, Wei Q, Knoppova B, Hall S, Huang ZQ, Prakash A, Green TJ, Moldoveanu Z, Raska M, Novak J, Renfrow MB. Defining HIV-1 Envelope N-Glycan Microdomains through Site-Specific Heterogeneity Profiles. J Virol 2019; 93:e01177-18. [PMID: 30305355 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01177-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope (Env) glycans shield the surface of Env from the immune system and form integral interactions important for a functional Env. To understand how individual N-glycosylation sites (NGS) coordinate to form a dynamic shield and evade the immune system through mutations, we tracked 20 NGS in Env from HIV-transmitted/founder (T/F) and immune escape variants and their mutants involving the N262 glycan. NGS were profiled in a site-specific manner using a high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS)-based workflow. Using this site-specific quantitative heterogeneity profiling, we empirically characterized the interdependent NGS of a microdomain in the high-mannose patch (HMP). The changes (shifts) in NGS heterogeneity between the T/F and immune escape variants defined a range of NGS that we further probed for exclusive combinations of sequons in the HMP microdomain using the Los Alamos National Laboratory HIV sequence database. The resultant sequon combinations, including the highly conserved NGS N262, N448, and N301, created an immune escape map of the conserved and variable sequons in the HMP microdomain. This report provides details on how some clustered NGS form microdomains that can be identified and tracked across Env variants. These microdomains have a limited number of N-glycan-sequon combinations that may allow the anticipation of immune escape variants.IMPORTANCE The Env protein of HIV is highly glycosylated, and the sites of glycosylation can change as the virus mutates during immune evasion. Due to these changes, the glycan location and heterogeneity of surrounding N-glycosylation sites can be altered, resulting in exposure of different glycan or proteoglycan surfaces while still producing a viable HIV variant. These changes present a need for vaccine developers to identify Env variants with epitopes most likely to induce durable protective responses. Here we describe a means of anticipating HIV-1 immune evasion by dividing Env into N-glycan microdomains that have a limited number of N-glycan sequon combinations.
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14
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Nieto-Garai JA, Glass B, Bunn C, Giese M, Jennings G, Brankatschk B, Agarwal S, Börner K, Contreras FX, Knölker HJ, Zankl C, Simons K, Schroeder C, Lorizate M, Kräusslich HG. Lipidomimetic Compounds Act as HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors by Altering Viral Membrane Structure. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1983. [PMID: 30233582 PMCID: PMC6131562 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) consists of a liquid-ordered membrane enriched in raft lipids and containing the viral glycoproteins. Previous studies demonstrated that changes in viral membrane lipid composition affecting membrane structure or curvature can impair infectivity. Here, we describe novel antiviral compounds that were identified by screening compound libraries based on raft lipid-like scaffolds. Three distinct molecular structures were chosen for mode-of-action studies, a sterol derivative (J391B), a sphingosine derivative (J582C) and a long aliphatic chain derivative (IBS70). All three target the viral membrane and inhibit virus infectivity at the stage of fusion without perturbing virus stability or affecting virion-associated envelope glycoproteins. Their effect did not depend on the expressed envelope glycoproteins or a specific entry route, being equally strong in HIV pseudotypes carrying VSV-G or MLV-Env glycoproteins. Labeling with laurdan, a reporter of membrane order, revealed different membrane structure alterations upon compound treatment of HIV-1, which correlated with loss of infectivity. J582C and IBS70 decreased membrane order in distinctive ways, whereas J391B increased membrane order. The compounds' effects on membrane order were reproduced in liposomes generated from extracted HIV lipids and thus independent both of virion proteins and of membrane leaflet asymmetry. Remarkably, increase of membrane order by J391B required phosphatidylserine, a lipid enriched in the HIV envelope. Counterintuitively, mixtures of two compounds with opposite effects on membrane order, J582C and J391B, did not neutralize each other but synergistically inhibited HIV infection. Thus, altering membrane order, which can occur by different mechanisms, constitutes a novel antiviral mode of action that may be of general relevance for enveloped viruses and difficult to overcome by resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ander Nieto-Garai
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Bärbel Glass
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Beate Brankatschk
- JADO Technologies, Dresden, Germany.,Membrane Biochemistry Group, Paul-Langerhans-Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sameer Agarwal
- JADO Technologies, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kathleen Börner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Xabier Contreras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Hans-Joachim Knölker
- JADO Technologies, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Claudia Zankl
- JADO Technologies, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kai Simons
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cornelia Schroeder
- JADO Technologies, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav-Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maier Lorizate
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU), Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Hans-Georg Kräusslich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Abstract
The macaque models of HIV-1 infection have been a cornerstone of research on transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention. In particular, the infection of macaques with chimeric simian/HIV-1 viruses (SHIVs) is central to the vaccine development pipeline because SHIVs encode the key target of HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies, the HIV-1 envelope (env) protein. In this review, we highlight some of the recent studies that have improved our understanding of the CD4-HIV-1 env interaction, which are crucial for development of SHIV/macaque models of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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16
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Han Q, Williams WB, Saunders KO, Seaton KE, Wiehe KJ, Vandergrift N, Von Holle TA, Trama AM, Parks RJ, Luo K, Gurley TC, Kepler TB, Marshall DJ, Montefiori DC, Sutherland LL, Alam MS, Whitesides JF, Bowman CM, Permar SR, Graham BS, Mascola JR, Seed PC, Van Rompay KKA, Tomaras GD, Moody MA, Haynes BF. HIV DNA-Adenovirus Multiclade Envelope Vaccine Induces gp41 Antibody Immunodominance in Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2017; 91:e00923-17. [PMID: 28794027 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00923-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominant antibody responses in vaccinees who received the HIV-1 multiclade (A, B, and C) envelope (Env) DNA/recombinant adenovirus virus type 5 (rAd5) vaccine studied in HIV-1 Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) efficacy trial 505 (HVTN 505) targeted Env gp41 and cross-reacted with microbial antigens. In this study, we asked if the DNA/rAd5 vaccine induced a similar antibody response in rhesus macaques (RMs), which are commonly used as an animal model for human HIV-1 infections and for testing candidate HIV-1 vaccines. We also asked if gp41 immunodominance could be avoided by immunization of neonatal RMs during the early stages of microbial colonization. We found that the DNA/rAd5 vaccine elicited a higher frequency of gp41-reactive memory B cells than gp120-memory B cells in adult and neonatal RMs. Analysis of the vaccine-induced Env-reactive B cell repertoire revealed that the majority of HIV-1 Env-reactive antibodies in both adult and neonatal RMs were targeted to gp41. Interestingly, a subset of gp41-reactive antibodies isolated from RMs cross-reacted with host antigens, including autologous intestinal microbiota. Thus, gp41-containing DNA/rAd5 vaccine induced dominant gp41-microbiota cross-reactive antibodies derived from blood memory B cells in RMs as observed in the HVTN 505 vaccine efficacy trial. These data demonstrated that RMs can be used to investigate gp41 immunodominance in candidate HIV-1 vaccines. Moreover, colonization of neonatal RMs occurred within the first week of life, and immunization of neonatal RMs during this time also induced a dominant gp41-reactive antibody response.IMPORTANCE Our results are critical to current work in the HIV-1 vaccine field evaluating the phenomenon of gp41 immunodominance induced by HIV-1 Env gp140 in RMs and humans. Our data demonstrate that RMs are an appropriate animal model to study this phenomenon and to determine the immunogenicity in new HIV-1 Env trimer vaccine designs. The demonstration of gp41 immunodominance in memory B cells of both adult and neonatal RMs indicated that early vaccination could not overcome gp41 dominant responses.
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17
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Gristick HB, Wang H, Bjorkman PJ. X-ray and EM structures of a natively glycosylated HIV-1 envelope trimer. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2017; 73:822-828. [PMID: 28994411 PMCID: PMC5633907 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798317013353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and biochemical characterization of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) has been essential in guiding the design of potential vaccines to prevent infection by HIV-1. While these studies have revealed critical mechanisms by which bNAbs recognize and/or accommodate N-glycans on the trimeric envelope glycoprotein (Env), they have been limited to the visualization of high-mannose glycan forms only, since heterogeneity introduced from the presence of complex glycans makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution structures. 3.5 and 3.9 Å resolution crystal structures of the HIV-1 Env trimer with fully processed and native glycosylation were solved, revealing a glycan shield of high-mannose and complex-type N-glycans that were used to define the complete epitopes of two bNAbs. Here, the refinement of the N-glycans in the crystal structures is discussed and comparisons are made with glycan densities in glycosylated Env structures derived by single-particle cryo-electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry B. Gristick
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Haoqing Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pamela J. Bjorkman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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18
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Bruun TH, Grassmann V, Zimmer B, Asbach B, Peterhoff D, Kliche A, Wagner R. Mammalian cell surface display for monoclonal antibody-based FACS selection of viral envelope proteins. MAbs 2017; 9:1052-1064. [PMID: 28816583 PMCID: PMC5627598 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1364824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The elicitation of broadly and efficiently neutralizing antibodies in humans by active immunization is still a major obstacle in the development of vaccines against pathogens such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus, hepatitis C virus or cytomegalovirus. Here, we describe a mammalian cell surface display and monoclonal antibody (mAb)-mediated panning technology that allows affinity-based selection of envelope (Env) variants from libraries. To this end, we established an experimental setup featuring: 1) single and site specific integration of Env to link genotype and phenotype, 2) inducible Env expression to avoid cytotoxicity effects, 3) translational coupling of Env and enhanced green fluorescent protein expression to normalize for Env protein levels, and 4) display on HEK cells to ensure native folding and mammalian glycosylation. For proof of concept, we applied our method to a chimeric HIV-1 Env model library comprising variants with differential binding affinities to the V3-loop-directed mAbs 447–52D and HGN194. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting selectively enriched a high affinity variant up to 56- and 55-fold for 447–52D and HGN194, respectively, after only a single round of panning. Similarly, the low affinity variants for each antibody could be selectively enriched up to 237-fold. The binding profiles of membrane-bound gp145 and soluble gp140 chimeras showed identical affinity ranking, suggesting that the technology can guide the identification of Env variants with optimized antigenic properties for subsequent use as vaccine candidates. Finally, our mAb-based cellular display and selection strategy may also prove useful for the development of prophylactic vaccines against pathogens other than HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim-Henrik Bruun
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Veronika Grassmann
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Benjamin Zimmer
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - David Peterhoff
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Alexander Kliche
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- a Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology) , University Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany.,b Institute of Clinical Microbiology , University Hospital Regensburg , Regensburg . Germany
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19
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Abbadessa D, Smurthwaite CA, Reed CW, Wolkowicz R. A Single-Cell Platform for Monitoring Viral Proteolytic Cleavage in Different Cellular Compartments. Biochem Insights 2016; 8:23-31. [PMID: 27688710 PMCID: PMC5034881 DOI: 10.4137/bci.s30379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases affect human health despite advances in biomedical research and drug discovery. Among these, viruses are especially difficult to tackle due to the sudden transfer from animals to humans, high mutational rates, resistance to current treatments, and the intricacies of their molecular interactions with the host. As an example of these interactions, we describe a cell-based approach to monitor specific proteolytic events executed by either the viral-encoded protease or by host proteins on the virus. We then emphasize the significance of examining proteolysis within the subcellular compartment where cleavage occurs naturally. We show the power of stable expression, highlighting the usefulness of the cell-based multiplexed approach, which we have adapted to two independent assays previously developed to monitor (a) the activity of the HIV-1-encoded protease or (b) the cleavage of the HIV-1-encoded envelope protein by the host. Multiplexing was achieved by mixing cells each carrying a different assay or, alternatively, by engineering cells expressing two assays. Multiplexing relies on the robustness of the individual assays and their clear discrimination, further enhancing screening capabilities in an attempt to block proteolytic events required for viral infectivity and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin Abbadessa
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Connor W Reed
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Roland Wolkowicz
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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20
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Gonzalez OA, Sagar M. Antibodies and Acidic Environment Do Not Enhance HIV-1 Transcytosis. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1221-4. [PMID: 27493237 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A limited number of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants initially infect HIV-1-naive individuals. Recent studies imply that this may occur because generally inefficient transcytosis across intact mucosal surfaces could be enhanced for specific viruses with bound antibodies and in the presence of acidic pH. We found that transcytosis of both cell-free and cell-associated viruses with diverse envelopes was significantly decreased in the presence of either antibodies or plasma from chronically infected transmitting partners regardless of pH. Transmitted variants also did not have greater transmigration as compared to chronic-infection strains. Enhanced translocation capacity is unlikely to influence which HIV-1 variant establishes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
| | - Manish Sagar
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts
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21
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Li H, Wang S, Kong R, Ding W, Lee FH, Parker Z, Kim E, Learn GH, Hahn P, Policicchio B, Brocca-Cofano E, Deleage C, Hao X, Chuang GY, Gorman J, Gardner M, Lewis MG, Hatziioannou T, Santra S, Apetrei C, Pandrea I, Alam SM, Liao HX, Shen X, Tomaras GD, Farzan M, Chertova E, Keele BF, Estes JD, Lifson JD, Doms RW, Montefiori DC, Haynes BF, Sodroski JG, Kwong PD, Hahn BH, Shaw GM. Envelope residue 375 substitutions in simian-human immunodeficiency viruses enhance CD4 binding and replication in rhesus macaques. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3413-22. [PMID: 27247400 PMCID: PMC4914158 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606636113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Most simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) bearing envelope (Env) glycoproteins from primary HIV-1 strains fail to infect rhesus macaques (RMs). We hypothesized that inefficient Env binding to rhesus CD4 (rhCD4) limits virus entry and replication and could be enhanced by substituting naturally occurring simian immunodeficiency virus Env residues at position 375, which resides at a critical location in the CD4-binding pocket and is under strong positive evolutionary pressure across the broad spectrum of primate lentiviruses. SHIVs containing primary or transmitted/founder HIV-1 subtype A, B, C, or D Envs with genotypic variants at residue 375 were constructed and analyzed in vitro and in vivo. Bulky hydrophobic or basic amino acids substituted for serine-375 enhanced Env affinity for rhCD4, virus entry into cells bearing rhCD4, and virus replication in primary rhCD4 T cells without appreciably affecting antigenicity or antibody-mediated neutralization sensitivity. Twenty-four RMs inoculated with subtype A, B, C, or D SHIVs all became productively infected with different Env375 variants-S, M, Y, H, W, or F-that were differentially selected in different Env backbones. Notably, SHIVs replicated persistently at titers comparable to HIV-1 in humans and elicited autologous neutralizing antibody responses typical of HIV-1. Seven animals succumbed to AIDS. These findings identify Env-rhCD4 binding as a critical determinant for productive SHIV infection in RMs and validate a novel and generalizable strategy for constructing SHIVs with Env glycoproteins of interest, including those that in humans elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies or bind particular Ig germ-line B-cell receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Wenge Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Fang-Hua Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Zahra Parker
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eunlim Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gerald H Learn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Paul Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ben Policicchio
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | | | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Xingpei Hao
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Matthew Gardner
- Department of Infectious Disease, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | | | | | - Sampa Santra
- Center of Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - S Munir Alam
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Elena Chertova
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Robert W Doms
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | - Joseph G Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Peter D Kwong
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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22
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Julien JP, Lee JH, Ozorowski G, Hua Y, Torrents de la Peña A, de Taeye SW, Nieusma T, Cupo A, Yasmeen A, Golabek M, Pugach P, Klasse PJ, Moore JP, Sanders RW, Ward AB, Wilson IA. Design and structure of two HIV-1 clade C SOSIP.664 trimers that increase the arsenal of native-like Env immunogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11947-52. [PMID: 26372963 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507793112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in the quest toward an HIV-1 vaccine is design of immunogens that can generate a broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) response against the enormous sequence diversity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). We previously demonstrated that a recombinant, soluble, fully cleaved SOSIP.664 trimer based on the clade A BG505 sequence is a faithful antigenic and structural mimic of the native trimer in its prefusion conformation. Here, we sought clade C native-like trimers with comparable properties. We identified DU422 and ZM197M SOSIP.664 trimers as being appropriately thermostable (Tm of 63.4 °C and 62.7 °C, respectively) and predominantly native-like, as determined by negative-stain electron microscopy (EM). Size exclusion chromatography, ELISA, and surface plasmon resonance further showed that these trimers properly display epitopes for all of the major bnAb classes, including quaternary-dependent, trimer-apex (e.g., PGT145) and gp120/gp41 interface (e.g., PGT151) epitopes. A cryo-EM reconstruction of the ZM197M SOSIP.664 trimer complexed with VRC01 Fab against the CD4 binding site at subnanometer resolution revealed a striking overall similarity to its BG505 counterpart with expected local conformational differences in the gp120 V1, V2, and V4 loops. These stable clade C trimers contribute additional diversity to the pool of native-like Env immunogens as key components of strategies to induce bnAbs to HIV-1.
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23
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Abstract
SHIV/macaque model is critical for pre-clinical HIV-1 research. The ability of this model to predict efficacious intervention(s) in humans depends on how faithfully the model recapitulates key features of HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis. Here, we provide insights for rationally designing SHIVs with transmitted HIV-1 variants for vaccine and prevention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David F Boyd
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Pathobiology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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