IL-10 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis

A dual-role for IL-10: From leukemogenesis to the tumor progression in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer in the world, and accounts for 25% of all childhood cancers among children under 15 years of age. Longitudinal studies have shown that children with ALL are born with a deregulated immune response that, together with postnatal environmental exposures, favor the onset of the disease. In this context, IL-10, a key cytokine in the regulation of the immune response, presents itself as a paradoxical mediator, initially influencing the development of ALL through the regulation of inflammatory processes and later on the progression of malignancy, with the increase of this molecule in the leukemia microenvironment. According to the literature, this cytokine plays a critical role in the natural history of the disease and plays an important role in two different though complex scenarios. Thus, in this review, we explore the dual role of IL-10 in ALL, and describe its biological characteristics, immunological mechanisms and genetics, as well as its impact on the leukemia microenvironment and its clinical implications.

Association of IL10RA, IL10RB, and IL22RA Polymorphisms/Haplotypes with Susceptibility to and Clinical Manifestations of SLE

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by an imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes coding IL10RA, IL10RB, and IL22RA could affect their expression or function and disrupt immune homeostasis. We aimed to analyze the associations of IL10RA, IL10RB, and IL22RA polymorphisms/haplotypes with patients' susceptibility to and clinical manifestations of SLE. Our study included 103 SLE patients and 99 healthy controls. The genotypes of the selected polymorphisms within IL10RA (rs10892202, rs4252270, rs3135932, rs2228055, rs2229113, and rs9610), IL10RB (rs999788, rs2834167, and rs1058867), and IL22RA (rs3795299 and rs16829204) genes were determined by TaqMan^® Assays. IL10RB rs1058867 G allele carriers were significantly more frequent among the controls than among the SLE patients (76.8% vs. 61.2%; p = 0.017, OR = 0.477, 95% CI: 0.258-0.879). The IL10RB CAA haplotype was more frequent among the SLE patients than in the control group (42.7% vs. 30.7%; p = 0.027). The IL22RA rs3795299 C allele and rs16829204 CC genotype were associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis in the SLE patients (n = 103; p = 0.002 and p = 0.026, respectively), and in all the included participants (n = 202, p < 0.000 and p = 0.007, respectively), and the IL22RA CC haplotype was more frequent in the SLE patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis (p = 0.047) and in the overall participants with Hashimoto thyroiditis (n = 32, p = 0.004). The IL10RA, IL10RB, and IL22RA polymorphisms/haplotypes could be associated with SLE susceptibility and various clinical manifestations, and the IL22RA CC haplotype could be associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis.

Assessment of interleukin-10 promoter variant (-1082A/G) and cytokine production in patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome

Introduction

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a condition that results in acute kidney failure mainly in children, which is caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli and inflammatory response. Although anti-inflammatory mechanisms are triggered, studies on the implication in HUS are scarce. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) regulates inflammation in vivo, and the interindividual differences in its expression are related to genetic variants. Notably, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1800896 -1082 (A/G), located in the IL-10 promoter, regulates cytokine expression.

Methods

Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from healthy children and HUS patients exhibiting hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and kidney damage. Monocytes identified as CD14⁺ cells were analyzed within PBMC by flow cytometry. IL-10 levels were quantified by ELISA, and SNP -1082 (A/G) was analyzed by allele-specific PCR.

Results

Circulating IL-10 levels were increased in HUS patients, but PBMC from these patients exhibited a lower capacity to secrete this cytokine compared with those from healthy children. Interestingly, there was a negative association between the circulating levels of IL-10 and inflammatory cytokine IL-8. We observed that circulating IL-10 levels were threefold higher in HUS patients with -1082G allele in comparison to AA genotype. Moreover, there was relative enrichment of GG/AG genotypes in HUS patients with severe kidney failure.

Discussion

Our results suggest a possible contribution of SNP -1082 (A/G) to the severity of kidney failure in HUS patients that should be further evaluated in a larger cohort.

The synergistic role of TNFA - 308G/A and IL10 - 1082A/G polymorphisms in ankylosing spondylitis

OBJECTIVE

Genetic polymorphisms of the cytokine genes could alter their protein expression, thus creating a genetic basis of dysregulated cytokine production and function, which render them as excellent candidates predisposing to autoimmune diseases. We investigated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at TNFA - 308G/A and IL10 - 1082A/G locus to identify their involvement, separately or in combination, in determining susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (AS), as well as their functional connections with relevant serum cytokines and associations with disease characteristics.

METHODS

Eighty-one AS patients and 215 healthy controls were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-based method; 76 patients and sex-matched controls were also subjected to analysis of serum TNF-α and IL-10 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

We identified the homozygous genotype GG of the TNFA-308 significantly more common in patients than controls; whereas the - 308 minor A-allele predicts a threefold decreased risk against developing AS and shows associations with milder radiographic spinal impairments and functional limitations. This protective effect was multiplied by fivefold in synergistic interaction with the homozygous - 1082AA genotype of the IL10 which acts as a modifying factor, since IL10 - 1082A/G SNPs by itself did not have a significant impact on AS genetic susceptibility. In comparison with controls, AS patients had significantly elevated mean serum TNF-α levels and decreased mean IL-10 concentrations not restricted to any particular genotype.

CONCLUSION

TNFA - 308 A-allele is essential for reducing susceptibility to AS, with a considerable synergistic protective effect of the combined TNF-α - 308 (GA/AA)/IL-10 - 1082AA genotypes. In addition, the presence of this variant allele is associated with more benign clinical phenotype of the disease. No conclusive statements on the functional relevance of both gene variants on cytokines production should be made.

Extracellular Vesicles and Immune System in Ageing and Immune Diseases

Immune system is essential for host homeostasis. Immune cells communicate with each other by binding to receptors or by releasing vesicles including chemokines and cytokines. Under healthy circumstances, immune cell-derived factors are critical for cellular growth, division and function, whereas under conditions such as ageing and inflammatory states, they can aggravate pathologies and cause disease. Cell-derived membranous extracellular vesicles mediate cell-to-cell communication and are implicated in various physiological and pathological processes involving ageing and age-related diseases. Extracellular vesicles are responsible for spreading detrimental factors to the surroundings and the propagation phase of inflammatory diseases. The regulation of extracellular vesicles is a putative target for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Moreover, their features are ideal for developing biomarkers and drug delivery systems modulated by bioengineering in inflammatory diseases. The present review summarizes the current understanding of extracellular vesicles in ageing and inflammatory diseases.

Association between TH2 Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Bullous Pemphigoid

Background: T-helper 2 (Th2)-associated cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid (BP), an autoimmune skin disease. Increased expression of Th2 cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 have been observed in serum, skin biopsies and/or blister fluid. This study aimed to uncover a possible association between Th2 cytokine genetic variations and susceptibility to BP.Methods: In a cohort study, blood samples of BP patients and controls were obtained and variations in IL-4 (rs2243250 and rs2070874), IL-4R (rs1805010), IL-5 (rs2069812), IL-6 (rs1800795), IL-10 (rs1800896, rs1800871, and rs1800872), and IL-13 (rs1800925 and rs20541) were genotyped by PCR-RFLP assays. Furthermore, quantitative expression levels of IL-13 gene were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR analysis.Results: Among the studied variations, a significantly higher frequency of the C-allele was observed in IL-13 gene variation (rs1800925) in the healthy individuals than BP patients. This may indicate a protective effect of C-allele on predisposition to BP. Considering individuals carrying polymorphic genotypes compared to wild genotype, the minor G-allele of IL-4R rs1805010 and A-allele of IL-13 rs20541 had a promotive and protective effect, respectively, on predisposing to the development of BP. No significant difference in IL-13 mRNA expression was detected between BP patients and healthy individuals.Conclusions: Our results indicate that IL-13 rs1800925 variation may be a protective genetic marker for the development of BP. Given this preventive effect against BP, therapeutic strategies could potentially be developed interfering with the functions of IL-13 cytokine, which seems to be integral in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic inflammatory disorders, such as BP.

A Novel Network Pharmacology Strategy to Decode Mechanism of Lang Chuang Wan in Treating Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Complex disease is a cascade process which is associated with functional abnormalities in multiple proteins and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. One drug one target has not been able to perfectly intervene complex diseases. Increasing evidences show that Chinese herb formula usually treats complex diseases in the form of multi-components and multi-targets. The key step to elucidate the underlying mechanism of formula in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is to optimize and capture the important components in the formula. At present, there are several formula optimization models based on network pharmacology has been proposed. Most of these models focus on the 2D/3D similarity of chemical structure of drug components and ignore the functional optimization space based on relationship between pathogenetic genes and drug targets. How to select the key group of effective components (KGEC) from the formula of TCM based on the optimal space which link pathogenic genes and drug targets is a bottleneck problem in network pharmacology. To address this issue, we designed a novel network pharmacological model, which takes Lang Chuang Wan (LCW) treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) as the case. We used the weighted gene regulatory network and active components targets network to construct disease-targets-components network, after filtering through the network attribute degree, the optimization space and effective proteins were obtained. And then the KGEC was selected by using contribution index (CI) model based on knapsack algorithm. The results show that the enriched pathways of effective proteins we selected can cover 96% of the pathogenetic genes enriched pathways. After reverse analysis of effective proteins and optimization with CI index model, KGEC with 82 components were obtained, and 105 enriched pathways of KGEC targets were consistent with enriched pathways of pathogenic genes (80.15%). Finally, the key components in KGEC of LCW were evaluated by in vitro experiments. These results indicate that the proposed model with good accuracy in screening the KGEC in the formula of TCM, which provides reference for the optimization and mechanism analysis of the formula in TCM.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms influence the promoter activities of systemic lupus erythematosus-associated genes

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a protypical autoimmune disease and genetic factors play important roles in its pathogenesis. Since present SLE susceptibility loci are mainly studied through meta-analysis of genome-wide association study, we performed promoter activity analysis to examine the biological functions of SLE-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We found at SNP positions rs1341239, rs1800795, rs1800796, rs1800872, rs1800871, rs187238, rs360719, rs8178822, rs3761549, different alleles influenced respective promoter activities in different manners, and the effects also appeared under glucocorticoid treatment. In addition, some SNPs showed strong correlations with levels of respective serum factors, but in most cases the associations were only demonstrated in SLE individuals. Our study has further disclose the functional roles of SLE-associate SNPs in SLE pathogenesis.

Clinical implications of IL-10 promoter polymorphisms on disease susceptibility in Indian SLE patients

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in cytokine genes including interleukin-10 have been described to play a vital role in the overall pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. However, due to a lack of evidence from the Indian population, this study was conducted to analyse the possible influence of interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms over the disease susceptibility, serum interleukin-10 level and clinical manifestations of the disease in Indian systemic lupus erythematosus patients. In total, 200 systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 201 controls were recruited under this study. Genotyping of interleukin-10 (−1082A/G; −819T/C and −592C/A) polymorphisms was done by direct DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods respectively. Serum interleukin-10 levels were measured by multiplex assay. Interleukin-10 −1082G and −592A allele frequencies were significantly increased in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (corrected p value <0.05). Also, combined −1082AG+GG, −819TC+CC and −592CA+AA genotype frequencies were significantly increased in the patient group. A higher trend of association between −1082AG+GG genotype frequency was observed in patients with serositis (odds ratio = 2.7, p = 0.0233, corrected p value = 0.2097). Serum interleukin-10 levels were significantly higher in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (4.3 ± 3.1 pg/ml) than controls (2.6 ± 1.4 pg/ml) ( p < 0.0001). Furthermore, interleukin-10 levels were positively correlated with disease activity ( p = 0.39, p < 0.0001). The frequency of the GCA (−1082, −819, −592) haplotype was significantly higher in systemic lupus erythematosus patients (10.6%) than controls (1.6%) (odds ratio = 5.4, p = 0.0330). Moreover, ACC, GCC and GCA haplotypes were found to be strongly associated with serositis. However, the frequency of the ACC haplotype was significantly higher in patients with neurologic involvement (odds ratio = 14.9, corrected p value <0.001). Thus, interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms suggest they have a proactive role in increased susceptibility to the disease among Indian systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Interleukin 10 gene promoter polymorphisms (rs1800896, rs1800871 and rs1800872) and haplotypes are associated with the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus and IL10 levels in an Iranian population

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with unknown aetiology. According to the role of interleukin 10 (IL10) in SLE pathogenesis, the genetic alterations in its promoter region could be associated with elevated IL10 levels and exacerbated disease. Here, we investigated the association of genotype and haplotype frequencies of three IL10 gene promoter polymorphisms with susceptibility to SLE, IL10 plasma levels and disease activity of patients in an Iranian population. A total of 116 SLE patients and 131 healthy subjects were enrolled. The PCR-RFLP technique was used to detect IL10 promoter genotypes at the positions of -1082 (G/A), -819 (C/T) and -592 (C/A) in association with IL10 plasma levels and SLEDAI scores. The GG genotype of -1082 polymorphism was associated with the increased risk of SLE [OR = 2.65, 95% CI (1.21-5.82), p-value = 0.046]. The CC genotype in -819 region was associated with SLE susceptibility [OR = 3.38, 95% CI (1.26-9.07), p-value = 0.034] and C allele was introduced as risk allele [OR = 1.86, 95% CI (1.15-3.01), p-value = 0.009] in this region. IL10 plasma levels were overexpressed in CC genotype carriers of -592 SNP and decreased in AA genotype carriers of -1082. IL10 was also increased in SLE patients with CGT (-592/-1082/-819) haplotype. The SLEDAI score was higher among CC genotype carriers at the position of -592 and TT genotype carriers at the region of -819. SLEDAI was also elevated among patients with CGC (-592/-1082/-819) and CAC (p = 0.011) haplotypes. The present study suggests that the IL10 -819(C/T), -1082(G/A) and -592(C/A) polymorphisms and the haplotypes are associated with SLE susceptibility, increased disease activity and elevated IL10 levels. While this is the first time to report such an association in an Iranian population, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Association between interleukin-10 polymorphisms and juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this review is to investigate IL-10 polymorphisms (-1082 G/A, -819 C/T, and -592 C/A) and their association with susceptibility to JIA.

EVIDENCE ACQUISITION

A meta-analysis was conducted after database search for relevant articles (MEDLINE and EMBASE).

EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS

A total of seven studies involving 1495 patients and 1670 controls were considered in the meta-analysis. There was no association between the IL-10 -1082 G/A, -819 C/T, and -592 C/A polymorphisms and JIA in allele contrast and any of the genetic models (allele contrast: odds ratio [OR] 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-1.02, P=0.09; OR=0.97, 95% CI 0.83-1.13, P=0.68; OR=0.92, 95% CI 0.81-1.06, P=0.24, respectively). In subgroup analysis, none of the subtypes of JIA including systemic, rheumatoid factor (RF)-positive polyarticular, RF-negative polyarticular, and oligoarticular was not significantly associated with IL-10 polymorphism. Meta-analysis of the IL-10 haplotype revealed no association between GCC, ACC, and ATA haplotypes and JIA.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis showed that IL-10 polymorphisms were not associated with risk of JIA.

Interleukin 6 and 10 Serum Levels and Genetic Polymorphisms in Children with Down Syndrome

Immunological impairment is a condition that is often observed in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The immune response is modulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines whose expressions could be influenced by genetic polymorphisms. The present study was aimed at evaluating the frequencies of -174G>C, -572G>C, and -597G>A polymorphisms in the interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene and -592C>A, -1082A>G, and -819C>T polymorphisms in the IL-10 gene and the IL-6 and IL-10 serum levels in healthy individuals with and without DS. The authors also aimed to investigate the impact of the genotypes on the interleukin concentrations. The genetic polymorphisms were investigated in 200 DS individuals and 200 controls without DS. The serum measurement of IL-6 and IL-10 was performed in a subgroup (54 cases and 54 controls) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The frequencies of the polymorphisms and haplotypes evaluated were not different between individuals with and without DS. IL-10 concentration was higher in DS children but was not influenced by IL-10 gene polymorphisms. IL-6 genotypes had no influence on IL-6 serum levels. The IL-10 serum levels are increased in DS individuals, but IL-10 polymorphisms are not the main factors that influence the IL-10 expression in DS.

Meta-Analysis of the Relation Between IL10 Promoter Polymorphisms and Autoimmune Liver Disease Risk

BACKGROUND

Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the IL10 gene have been linked to the occurrence of autoimmune liver disease.

METHODS

We performed a meta-analysis to assess the association between three IL10 promoter polymorphisms (rs1800896, rs1800871, and rs1800872) and the risk of autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis.

RESULTS

In total, 1420 articles were initially identified through database retrieval. After screening, seven eligible articles were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. A fixed-effect model was used for all Mantel-Haenszel statistics due to the absence of large between-study heterogeneity (all I² < 50%, p > 0.1). No association between any of the studied polymorphisms and risk of autoimmune liver disease was detected in the allele, homozygote, heterozygote, dominant, recessive, or carrier genetic models (p_association > 0.05). Potential publication bias was excluded using Begg's and Egger's tests. Similar negative results were observed in subgroup analyses and in an analysis of the three haplotypes of rs1800896/rs1800871/rs1800872 (G/C/C, A/C/C, and A/T/A).

CONCLUSION

Our meta-analysis strongly suggests that the IL10 rs1800896, rs1800871, and rs1800872 polymorphisms are not associated with the risk of autoimmune liver disease.

The Synergistic Effect of TNFA and IL10 Promoter Polymorphisms on Genetic Predisposition to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

AIMS

We investigated the individual and combined effect of functional TNFA -308G/A and IL10 -1082G/A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their genotypes on the susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a Bulgarian population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Genotyping for -1082A/G IL10 (rs1800896) and -308G/A TNFA (rs1800629) polymorphisms was performed for 154 SLE patients and 224 healthy controls.

RESULTS

An association between SLE and the rs1800629 polymorphism was established under the allelic model (allele A vs. allele G; odds ratios [OR] = 2.317), the dominant model (GA+AA vs. GG; OR = 3.214), and the overdominant model (GA vs. AA+GG; OR = 3.494). There was no association between rs1800896 and SLE, although a tendency for genetic predisposition to SLE was observed for the IL10 -1082 GG genotype under the recessive genetic model (OR = 1.454). When analyzing the influence of the combined TNFA/IL10 genotypes on SLE occurrence, we found that the carriage of both high cytokine-producing genotypes of two SNPs (TNFA -308AA/GA and IL10 -1082GG) significantly increased the risk of developing SLE with OR of 9.026 (p = 0.006).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that the combinatorial complexity of TNFA and IL10 promoter polymorphisms impacts SLE susceptibility. Notably, we found that a TNFA promoter polymorphism is a leading risk factor for SLE susceptibility in a Bulgarian population, while the IL10 -1082 locus appears to act as a significant modifier.

The Role of the Transcription Factor Ets1 in Lupus and Other Autoimmune Diseases

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by excess B- and T-cell activation, the development of autoantibodies against self-antigens including nuclear antigens, and immune complex deposition in target organs, which triggers an inflammatory response and tissue damage. The genetic and environmental factors that contribute to the development of SLE have been studied extensively in both humans and mouse models of the disease. One of the important genetic contributions to SLE development is an alteration in the expression of the transcription factor Ets1, which regulates the functional differentiation of lymphocytes. Here, we review the genetic, biochemical, and immunological studies that have linked low levels of Ets1 to aberrant lymphocyte differentiation and to the pathogenesis of SLE.

Evaluating the association of interleukin-10 gene promoter -592 A/C polymorphism with lupus nephritis susceptibility

Background

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important immunoregulatory cytokine. There are few studies evaluating the association between IL-10 and lupus nephritis (LN). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of IL-10 gene promoter -592 A/C with LN susceptibility.

Methods

The study was conducted on 84 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients were divided into LN group (Group I, 48 patients) and non-LN group (Group II, 36 patients). The -592 A/C polymorphisms in IL-10 promoter gene were determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism in both groups. IL-10 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Frequencies of the genotypes were compared between LN and non-LN patients and among LN patients with different pathologic classes.

Results

There was a significant increase in serum level of IL-10 (P = 0.001) in Group I compared with Group II and significant positive correlation between serum IL-10 and SLE disease activity index (r = 0.466, P = 0.001) in Group I. There were no significant differences in the distribution of the IL-10 gene promoter -592 A/C genotypes or the allele frequencies between Groups I and II. There was no significant difference between AC/CC and AA genotypes with SLE disease activity index, proteinuria, hematuria, anti-double-stranded DNA, and IL-10 in Group I. There was no significant difference in the distribution of AC and CC genotypes among different pathologic LN classes.

Conclusion

IL-10 suggested to play a role in pathogenesis and development of LN. However, the promoter -592 A/C of IL-10 gene suggested to be not associated with serum IL-10 levels or LN susceptibility. In addition, it appears that promoter -592 A/C of IL-10 gene not associated with LN activity or the pathologic classes of LN.

Analysis of IL10 haplotypes in primary Sjögren's syndrome patients from Western Mexico: Relationship with mRNA expression, IL-10 soluble levels, and autoantibodies

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of salivary and lacrimal glands. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays a role in autoimmune diseases by promoting B-cell activation and autoantibodies production. IL10-1082A>G, -819C>T, -592C>A polymorphisms and their haplotypes have been associated with IL-10 production. The aim of this study was to associate IL10 haplotypes with mRNA expression and soluble IL-10 levels with susceptibility to pSS in 111 Mexican patients and 111 healthy subjects (HS). Primary Sjögren's syndrome patients showed high levels of sIL-10 (p=0.0001 vs HS) correlating with anti-Ro and anti-La antibodies (p<0.05). In addition, IL10 mRNA expression in pSS was higher than HS (0.8 vs 0.1, p=0.1537). However, no difference was observed in sIL-10 levels between haplotypes. Patients carriers of GCC haplotype showed higher mRNA expression than ACC+ATA (1.4 vs 0.6, p=0.2424) and high foci number (p=0.04 vs ACC). Our results suggest a strong relationship of IL10 with pSS which is demonstrated by the increased mRNA expression and also high sIL-10 levels positively correlated with autoantibodies. Besides that, the GCC haplotype carriers expressed high mRNA. However, IL10 haplotypes were not associated with sIL-10 in pSS from Western Mexico which suggest that diverse biological factors may regulate the IL10 expression in pSS.

Interleukin-10 promoter gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to tuberculosis: a meta-analysis

Objective

As an update to other recent meta-analyses, the purpose of this study was to explore whether interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphisms and their haplotypes contribute to tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility.

Methods

We searched for published case-control studies examining IL-10 polymorphisms and TB in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Wanfang databases and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to calculate the strengths of the associations.

Results

A total of 28 studies comprising 8,242 TB patients and 9,666 controls were included in the present study. There were no significant associations between the -1082G/A, -819C/T, and -592A/C polymorphisms and TB in the pooled samples. Subgroup analyses revealed that the -819T allele was associated with an increased TB risk in Asians in all genetic models (T vs. C: OR=1.17, 95% CI=1.05-1.29, P=0.003; TT vs. CC: OR=1.37, 95% CI=1.09-1.72, P=0.006; CT+TT vs. CC: OR=1.33, 95% CI=1.09-1.63, P=0.006; TT vs. CT+CC: OR=1.17, 95% CI=1.02-1.35, P=0.03) and that the -592A/C polymorphism was significantly associated with TB in Europeans under two genetic models (A vs. C: OR=0.77, 95% CI=0.60-0.98, P=0.03; AA vs. CC: OR=0.53, 95% CI=0.30-0.95, P=0.03). Furthermore, the GCC IL-10 promoter haplotype was associated with an increased risk of TB (GCC vs. others: P=1.42, 95% CI=1.02-1.97, P=0.04). Subgroup analyses based on ethnicity revealed that the GCC haplotype was associated with a higher risk of TB in Europeans, whereas the ACC haplotype was associated with a lower TB risk in both Asians and Europeans.

Conclusions

This meta-analysis suggests that the IL-10-819T/C polymorphism is associated with the risk of TB in Asians and that the IL-10-592A/C polymorphism may be a risk factor for TB in Europeans. Furthermore, these data indicate that IL-10 promoter haplotypes play a vital role in the susceptibility to or protection against the development of TB.

Genetics and pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disorder that has a broad spectrum of effects on the majority of organs, including the kidneys. Approximately 40-70% of patients with SLE will develop lupus nephritis. Renal assault during SLE is initiated by genes that breach immune tolerance and promote autoantibody production. These genes might act in concert with other genetic factors that augment innate immune signalling and IFN-I production, which in turn can generate an influx of effector leucocytes, inflammatory mediators and autoantibodies into end organs, such as the kidneys. The presence of cognate antigens in the glomerular matrix, together with intrinsic molecular abnormalities in resident renal cells, might further accentuate disease progression. This Review discusses the genetic insights and molecular mechanisms for key pathogenic contributors in SLE and lupus nephritis. We have categorized the genes identified in human studies of SLE into one of four pathogenic events that lead to lupus nephritis. We selected these categories on the basis of the cell types in which these genes are expressed, and the emerging paradigms of SLE pathogenesis arising from murine models. Deciphering the molecular basis of SLE and/or lupus nephritis in each patient will help physicians to tailor specific therapies.

Pathologic patterns of interleukin 10 expression--a review

Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is important pleiotropic immunoregulatory cytokine which gene is located on chromosome 1 at 1q31-32. There are many genetic variants of IL-10 gene. However, the most studied are two dinucleotide repeats (microsatellites), IL10.G and IL10.R, located 1.2 kb and 4 kb upstream of the transcription start site and three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) -1082(G/A), -819(C/T) and -592(C/A). A large number of studies have shown that IL-10 gene polymorphisms are associated with different diseases and play an important role in pathophysiology and clinical course of these diseases. This review summarizes published literature knowledge about the association of IL-10 polymorphisms and expression patterns with asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis and some neoplasms.

Genetic Variants of Interleukin-10 Gene Promoter are Associated with Schizophrenia in Saudi Patients: A Case-Control Study

BACKGROUND

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene is considered as a potential candidate gene in schizophrenia association studies. The polymorphisms on IL-10 gene have been reported to be linked with susceptibility to the development of schizophrenia within consistent results.

AIMS

The aim of this case-control study was to examine whether the -1082A/G, -819T/C, and -592A/C polymorphisms in IL-10 gene are implicated in schizophrenia development in the Saudi population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Molecular genotyping of IL-10 gene polymorphisms was performed to analyze the genotypes and alleles distribution of three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in patients (n = 181) and healthy individuals as control group (n = 211).

RESULTS

The frequencies of GA genotype at -1082, and CC genotype at positions -592 and -819 were significantly higher in schizophrenia patients compared to healthy subjects suggesting that GA, CC, and CC genotypes are susceptible to schizophrenia. The ACC haplotype known to be associated with intermediate production of IL-10 are more prevalent in our schizophrenia patients. On the other hand, genotypes -1082 GG, -819 CT, and -592 CA of IL-10 were more prevalent in healthy controls suggesting protective effects of GA, CT, and CA genotypes against schizophrenia. There was no significant association of IL-10 polymorphisms with sex or positive or negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates that the IL-10 gene polymorphisms play a significant role in the etiology of schizophrenia in Saudi Arabians patients.

Association of IL-10 GTC haplotype with serum level and HPV infection in the development of cervical carcinoma

AIM

Cervical cancer is the most common gynecological malignancy in the developing countries like India. In addition to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, host genetic factors play an important role in viral persistence and neoplastic growth. IL-10, a multifunctional cytokine, plays an active role to promote tumor growth in the presence of HPV. The present study aims to find out the impact of IL-10 promoter polymorphisms at -1082A/G (rs1800896), -819C/T (rs1800872), and -592C/A (rs1800871) sites along with IL-10 production and HPV infection in the progression of cervical cancer.

METHODS

We have genotyped a total of 506 subjects, 256 cases (208 cervical cancer + 48 precancer), and 250 healthy controls by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method followed by sequencing. IL-10 serum concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

The frequency of IL-10 -592 variant genotype (AA) was found significantly reduced in cases as compare to controls while -1082 variant genotype (GG) was found ~4-fold higher risk of cervical cancer (p = <0.0001, OR = 3.667, 95% CI = 2.329-5.773). On construction of haplotypes, GTC haplotype was emerged as a major risk haplotype while ACA haplotype was seemed as a marker for precancerous lesions. IL-10 serum concentration was observed higher in HPV-infected precancer and cancer cases. GTC haplotype was found to be coupled with higher serum concentration of IL-10 and HPV infection.

CONCLUSION

IL-10 polymorphisms play a role in cervical cancer development and that GTC haplotype, which is closely related to its serum concentration, maybe a useful biomarker for HPV-mediated cervical cancer.

Interleukin 10 hampers endothelial cell differentiation and enhances the effects of interferon α on lupus endothelial cell progenitors

OBJECTIVE

SLE is an autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody generation, organ damage and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Generally considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 is increased in SLE and correlates with poor cardiovascular outcomes in the general population. The aim of this study was to explore the putative role of IL-10 in modulating endothelial function in SLE by examining the effects of this cytokine on endothelial progenitor cell/circulating angiogenic cell (EPC/CAC) differentiation.

METHODS

Human and murine control and lupus EPCs/CACs were differentiated into mature endothelial cells (ECs) in the presence or absence of graded concentrations of recombinant IL-10 with or without recombinant IFN-α or a neutralizing antibody to IL-10. IL-10-deficient mice were examined to assess the role of this cytokine in type I IFN-mediated inhibition of EC differentiation and neo-angiogenesis using an in vivo Matrigel plug assay. Serum IL-10 concentrations were measured via ELISA.

RESULTS

IL-10 hampers EC differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. In murine EPC cultures, IL-10 is required to observe the inhibitory effects of type I IFNs on EPC function and neo-angiogenesis. In human SLE EPC/CAC cultures, neutralization of IL-10 significantly improved the differentiation of EPCs, and IL-10 enhanced type I IFN-mediated EPC/CAC dysfunction. The presence of IL-10 in serum inversely correlated with EPC/CAC function in SLE but not in control cells.

CONCLUSION

IL-10 interferes with endothelial differentiation and may enhance the effects of type I IFN on vascular repair in SLE. IL-10 may be a relevant target for improving cardiovascular risk in SLE.

A multilocus genetic study in a cohort of Italian SLE patients confirms the association with STAT4 gene and describes a new association with HCP5 gene

Background

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with complex pathogenesis in which genes and environmental factors are involved. We aimed at analyzing previously identified loci associated with SLE or with other autoimmune and/or inflammatory disorders (STAT4, IL10, IL23R, IRAK1, PSORS1C1, HCP5, MIR146a, PTPN2, ERAP1, ATG16L1, IRGM) in a sample of Italian SLE patients in order to verify or confirm their possible involvement and relative contribution in the disease.

Materials and methods

Two hundred thirty-nine consecutive SLE patients and 278 matched healthy controls were enrolled. Study protocol included complete physical examination, and clinical and laboratory data collection. Nineteen polymorphisms were genotyped by allelic discrimination assays. A case-control association study and a genotype-phenotype correlation were performed.

Results

STAT4 was the most associated gene [P = 3×10⁻⁷, OR = 2.13 (95% CI: 1.59–2.85)]. IL10 confirmed its association with SLE [rs3024505: P = 0.02, OR = 1.52 (95% CI: 1.07–2.16)]. We describe a novel significant association between HCP5 locus and SLE susceptibility [rs3099844: P = 0.01, OR = 2.06 (95% CI: 1.18–3.6)]. The genotype/phenotype correlation analysis showed several associations including a higher risk to develop pericarditis with STAT4, and an association between HCP5 rs3099844 and anti-Ro/SSA antibodies.

Conclusions

STAT4 and IL10 confirm their association with SLE. We found that some SNPs in PSORS1C1, ATG16L1, IL23R, PTPN2 and MIR146a genes can determine particular disease phenotypes. HCP5 rs3099844 is associated with SLE and with anti-Ro/SSA. This polymorphism has been previously found associated with cardiac manifestations of SLE, a condition related with anti-Ro/SSA antibodies. Thus, our results may provide new insights into SLE pathogenesis.

Dysregulated cytokine production by dendritic cells modulates B cell responses in the NZM2410 mouse model of lupus

The breakdown in tolerance of autoreactive B cells in the lupus-prone NZM2410-derived B6.Sle1.Sle2.Sle3 (TC) mice results in the secretion of autoantibodies. TC dendritic cells (DCs) enhance B cell proliferation and antibody secretion in a cytokine-dependent manner. However, the specific cytokine milieu by which TC DCs activate B cells was not known. In this study, we compared TC and C57BL/6 (B6) control for the distribution of DC subsets and for their production of cytokines affecting B cell responses. We show that TC DCs enhanced B cell proliferation through the production of IL-6 and IFN-γ, while antibody secretion was only dependent on IL-6. Pre-disease TC mice showed an expanded PDCA1(+) cells prior to disease onset that was localized to the marginal zone and further expanded with age. The presence of PDCA1(+) cells in the marginal zone correlated with a Type I Interferon (IFN) signature in marginal zone B cells, and this response was higher in TC than B6 mice. In vivo administration of anti-chromatin immune complexes upregulated IL-6 and IFN-γ production by splenic DCs from TC but not B6 mice. The production of BAFF and APRIL was decreased upon TC DC stimulation both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that these B cell survival factors do not play a role in B cell modulation by TC DCs. Finally, TC B cells were defective at downregulating IL-6 expression in response to anti-inflammatory apoptotic cell exposure. Overall, these results show that the TC autoimmune genetic background induces the production of B cell-modulating inflammatory cytokines by DCs, which are regulated by the microenvironment as well as the interplay between DC.

The positive correlations of apolipoprotein E with disease activity and related cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus

Background

The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of apolipoprotein E (apoE) and the relationship between apoE and disease activity of SLE, and the possible effects of glucocorticoid on apoE and other cytokines activities in SLE patients.

Methods

Forty treatment-naïve SLE patients and forty matched healthy controls were studied. All the SLE patients received prednisone 1 mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days. The sera levels of apoE and related cytokines were evaluated by ELISA. The expression of apoE mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined by real-time PCR.

Results

Compared with healthy controls, the relative expression levels of ApoE proteins and sera levels were significantly up-regulated in active SLE patients. ApoE sera concentrations positively correlated with SLEDAI, anti-dsDNA antibody and the related cytokines including IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10, and uncorrelated with the concentration of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in SLE patients. After 4 weeks prednisone treatment, the relative mRNA expression of apoE and the serum levels of apoE and related cytokines decreased.

Conclusions

ApoE correlated with disease activity and related cytokines in SLE patients. Glucocorticoid can down-regulate the expressions of apoE and related cytokines.

Virtual slide

The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here:http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1646714011077325