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Mack TM, Raddatz MA, Pershad Y, Nachun DC, Taylor KD, Guo X, Shuldiner AR, O'Connell JR, Kenny EE, Loos RJF, Redline S, Cade BE, Psaty BM, Bis JC, Brody JA, Silverman EK, Yun JH, Cho MH, DeMeo DL, Levy D, Johnson AD, Mathias RA, Yanek LR, Heckbert SR, Smith NL, Wiggins KL, Raffield LM, Carson AP, Rotter JI, Rich SS, Manichaikul AW, Gu CC, Chen YDI, Lee WJ, Shoemaker MB, Roden DM, Kooperberg C, Auer PL, Desai P, Blackwell TW, Smith AV, Reiner AP, Jaiswal S, Weinstock JS, Bick AG. Epigenetic and proteomic signatures associate with clonal hematopoiesis expansion rate. NATURE AGING 2024; 4:1043-1052. [PMID: 38834882 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), whereby somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells confer a selective advantage and drive clonal expansion, not only correlates with age but also confers increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Here, we leverage genetically predicted traits to identify factors that determine CHIP clonal expansion rate. We used the passenger-approximated clonal expansion rate method to quantify the clonal expansion rate for 4,370 individuals in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) cohort and calculated polygenic risk scores for DNA methylation aging, inflammation-related measures and circulating protein levels. Clonal expansion rate was significantly associated with both genetically predicted and measured epigenetic clocks. No associations were identified with inflammation-related lab values or diseases and CHIP expansion rate overall. A proteome-wide search identified predicted circulating levels of myeloid zinc finger 1 and anti-Müllerian hormone as associated with an increased CHIP clonal expansion rate and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and glycine N-methyltransferase as associated with decreased CHIP clonal expansion rate. Together, our findings identify epigenetic and proteomic patterns associated with the rate of hematopoietic clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taralynn M Mack
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Michael A Raddatz
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yash Pershad
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel C Nachun
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kent D Taylor
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Alan R Shuldiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey R O'Connell
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eimear E Kenny
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute of Personalized Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, NY, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian E Cade
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Brody
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Edwin K Silverman
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeong H Yun
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael H Cho
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dawn L DeMeo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Levy
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Population Sciences Branch, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan R Heckbert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Kaiser Permanente Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Seattle Epidemiologic Research and Information Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Office of Research and Development, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerri L Wiggins
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura M Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - April P Carson
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ani W Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - C Charles Gu
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yii-Der Ida Chen
- Medical Genetics Translational Genomics and Population Sciences (TGPS), Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Jane Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - M Benjamin Shoemaker
- Division of Cardiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dan M Roden
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles Kooperberg
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul L Auer
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, and Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Pinkal Desai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Englander Institute of Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas W Blackwell
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander P Reiner
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Joshua S Weinstock
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexander G Bick
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Kuo KL, Chiang CW, Chen YMA, Yu CC, Lee TS. Folic Acid Ameliorates Renal Injury in Experimental Obstructive Nephropathy: Role of Glycine N-Methyltransferase. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076859. [PMID: 37047834 PMCID: PMC10095475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Folic acid exerts both anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), the major folic acid-binding protein in the liver, is a crucial enzyme that regulates the cellular methylation process by maintaining S-adenosylmethionine levels. However, as yet neither the therapeutic effects of folic acid in renal fibrosis nor whether GNMT is involved in these folic acid-associated mechanisms has been investigated. First, the expression of GNMT was examined in human kidneys with or without obstructive nephropathy. Later, wild-type and GNMT knockout (GNMT-/-) mice were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and then treated with either folic acid or vehicle for 14 days. Renal tubular injury, inflammation, fibrosis, and autophagy were evaluated by histological analysis and Western blotting. We observed increased expression of GNMT in humans with obstructive nephropathy. Furthermore, UUO significantly increased the expression of GNMT in mice; in addition, it caused renal injury as well as the development of both hydronephrosis and tubular injury. These were all alleviated by folic acid treatment. In contrast, GNMT-/- mice exhibited exacerbated UUO-induced renal injury, but the protective effect of folic acid was not observed in GNMT-/- mice. We propose a novel role for folic acid in the treatment of renal fibrosis, which indicates that GNMT may be a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Lin Kuo
- Division of Nephrology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231405, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Chiang
- Department of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24205, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chin Yu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231405, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- Graduate Institute, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Bioassay-Guided Isolation of 2-[p-(2-Carboxyhydrazino)phenoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol from Oroxylum indicum and the Investigation of Its Molecular Mechanism Action of Apoptosis Induction. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050559. [PMID: 35631385 PMCID: PMC9148098 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaf crude extract of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz induces genomic DNA fragmentation, comet formation, and the inhibition of cell proliferation in the prostate cancer cell line PC3, as assessed by agarose gel electrophoresis, comet assay and MTT assay, respectively. The bioactive compound was purified through bioassay-guided fractionation using preparative HPLC and MTT assay. The light brown and water-soluble compound was characterized using 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. The compound was identified as a glycosylated hydroquinone derivative, 2-[p-(2-Carboxyhydrazino)phenoxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl) tetrahy-dro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (molecular formula, C13H18N2O8; molecular mass = 330). The identified phytocompound has not been reported earlier elsewhere. Therefore, the common name of the novel anticancer phytocompound isolated from Oroxylum indicum in this current study is oroxyquinone. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of oroxyquinone on PC3 cells was 58.9 µM (95% CI = 54.5 to 63.7 µM). Treatment of PC3 cells with oroxyquinone induced genomic DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation, increased in the annexin-V positive cells, arrested the cell cycle at S phases, and inhibited the cell migration; as assessed by comet assay, DAPI staining, flow cytometry and a wound healing assay, respectively. On the investigation of the molecular mechanism of the induction of apoptosis, the results indicated that oroxyquinone induced caspase-3 and PARP independent apoptosis but through the p38 pathway and the localization of AIF into the nucleus. The present study identifies a novel anticancer molecule and provides scientific evidence supporting the therapeutic potency of Oroxylum indicum for ethnomedicinal uses.
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PI3K-regulated Glycine N-methyltransferase is required for the development of prostate cancer. Oncogenesis 2022; 11:10. [PMID: 35197445 PMCID: PMC8866399 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-022-00382-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycine N-Methyltransferase (GNMT) is a metabolic enzyme that integrates metabolism and epigenetic regulation. The product of GNMT, sarcosine, has been proposed as a prostate cancer biomarker. This enzyme is predominantly expressed in the liver, brain, pancreas, and prostate tissue, where it exhibits distinct regulation. Whereas genetic alterations in GNMT have been associated to prostate cancer risk, its causal contribution to the development of this disease is limited to cell line-based studies and correlative human analyses. Here we integrate human studies, genetic mouse modeling, and cellular systems to characterize the regulation and function of GNMT in prostate cancer. We report that this enzyme is repressed upon activation of the oncogenic Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway, which adds complexity to its reported dependency on androgen signaling. Importantly, we demonstrate that expression of GNMT is required for the onset of invasive prostate cancer in a genetic mouse model. Altogether, our results provide further support of the heavy oncogenic signal-dependent regulation of GNMT in prostate cancer.
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Nuclear localization dictates hepatocarcinogenesis suppression by glycine N-methyltransferase. Transl Oncol 2021; 15:101239. [PMID: 34649149 PMCID: PMC8517931 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2021.101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
GNMT gene expression contributes to determine hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis. GNMT expression is genetically determined. Nuclear GNMT binds to CYP1A1, PREX2, PARP1, and NFKB gene promoters and strongly inhibits their expression.
Background GNMT (glycine N-methyltransferase) is a tumor suppressor gene, but the mechanisms mediating its suppressive activity are not entirely known. Methods We investigated the oncosuppressive mechanisms of GNMT in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). GNMT mRNA and protein levels were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting. GNMT effect in HCC cell lines was modulated through GNMT cDNA induced overexpression or anti-GNMT siRNA transfection. Results GNMT was expressed at low level in human HCCs with a better prognosis (HCCB) while it was almost absent in fast-growing tumors (HCCP). In HCCB, the nuclear localization of the GNMT protein was much more pronounced than in HCCP. In Huh7 and HepG2 cell lines, GNMT forced expression inhibited the proliferation and promoted apoptosis. At the molecular level, GNMT overexpression inhibited the expression of CYP1A (Cytochrome p450, aromatic compound-inducible), PREX2 (Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchange factor 2), PARP1 [Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1], and NFKB (nuclear factor-kB) genes. By chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found GNMT binding to the promoters of CYP1A1, PREX2, PARP1, and NFKB genes resulting in their strong inhibition. These genes are implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis, and are involved in the GNMT oncosuppressive action. Conclusion Overall, the present data indicate that GNMT exerts a multifaceted suppressive action by interacting with various cancer-related genes and inhibiting their expression.
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Krupenko NI, Sharma J, Fogle HM, Pediaditakis P, Strickland KC, Du X, Helke KL, Sumner S, Krupenko SA. Knockout of Putative Tumor Suppressor Aldh1l1 in Mice Reprograms Metabolism to Accelerate Growth of Tumors in a Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) Model of Liver Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133219. [PMID: 34203215 PMCID: PMC8268287 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancers often loose the enzyme of folate metabolism ALDH1L1. We proposed that such loss is advantageous for the malignant tumor growth and tested this hypothesis in mice proficient or deficient (gene knockout) in ALDH1L1 expression. Liver cancer in both groups was induced by injection of chemical carcinogen diethylnitrosamine. While the number of tumors observed in ALDH1L1 proficient and deficient mice was similar, tumors grew faster and to a larger size in the knockout mice. We conclude that the ALDH1L1 loss promotes liver tumor growth without affecting tumor initiation or multiplicity. Accelerated growth of tumors lacking the enzyme was linked to several metabolic pathways, which are beneficial for rapid proliferation. Abstract Cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (ALDH1L1) is commonly downregulated in human cancers through promoter methylation. We proposed that ALDH1L1 loss promotes malignant tumor growth. Here, we investigated the effect of the Aldh1l1 mouse knockout (Aldh1l1−/−) on hepatocellular carcinoma using a chemical carcinogenesis model. Fifteen-day-old male Aldh1l1 knockout mice and their wild-type littermate controls (Aldh1l1+/+) were injected intraperitoneally with 20 μg/g body weight of DEN (diethylnitrosamine). Mice were sacrificed 10, 20, 28, and 36 weeks post-DEN injection, and livers were examined for tumor multiplicity and size. We observed that while tumor multiplicity did not differ between Aldh1l1−/− and Aldh1l1+/+ animals, larger tumors grew in Aldh1l1−/− compared to Aldh1l1+/+ mice at 28 and 36 weeks. Profound differences between Aldh1l1−/− and Aldh1l1+/+ mice in the expression of inflammation-related genes were seen at 10 and 20 weeks. Of note, large tumors from wild-type mice showed a strong decrease of ALDH1L1 protein at 36 weeks. Metabolomic analysis of liver tissues at 20 weeks showed stronger differences in Aldh1l1+/+ versus Aldh1l1−/− metabotypes than at 10 weeks, which underscores metabolic pathways that respond to DEN in an ALDH1L1-dependent manner. Our study indicates that Aldh1l1 knockout promoted liver tumor growth without affecting tumor initiation or multiplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I. Krupenko
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (N.I.K.); (S.S.)
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (H.M.F.); (P.P.)
| | - Jaspreet Sharma
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (H.M.F.); (P.P.)
| | - Halle M. Fogle
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (H.M.F.); (P.P.)
| | - Peter Pediaditakis
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (H.M.F.); (P.P.)
| | | | - Xiuxia Du
- Department of Bioinformatics & Genomics, UNC Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA;
| | - Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Susan Sumner
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (N.I.K.); (S.S.)
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (H.M.F.); (P.P.)
| | - Sergey A. Krupenko
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (N.I.K.); (S.S.)
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (H.M.F.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Kant R, Yang MH, Tseng CH, Yen CH, Li WY, Tyan YC, Chen M, Tzeng CC, Chen WC, You K, Wang WC, Chen YL, Chen YMA. Discovery of an Orally Efficacious MYC Inhibitor for Liver Cancer Using a GNMT-Based High-Throughput Screening System and Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8992-9009. [PMID: 34132534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycine-N-methyl transferase (GNMT) downregulation results in spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Overexpression of GNMT inhibits the proliferation of liver cancer cell lines and prevents carcinogen-induced HCC, suggesting that GNMT induction is a potential approach for anti-HCC therapy. Herein, we used Huh7 GNMT promoter-driven screening to identify a GNMT inducer. Compound K78 was identified and validated for its induction of GNMT and inhibition of Huh7 cell growth. Subsequently, we employed structure-activity relationship analysis and found a potent GNMT inducer, K117. K117 inhibited Huh7 cell growth in vitro and xenograft in vivo. Oral administration of a dosage of K117 at 10 mpk (milligrams per kilogram) can inhibit Huh7 xenograft in a manner equivalent to the effect of sorafenib at a dosage of 25 mpk. A mechanistic study revealed that K117 is an MYC inhibitor. Ectopic expression of MYC using CMV promoter blocked K117-mediated MYC inhibition and GNMT induction. Overall, K117 is a potential lead compound for HCC- and MYC-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kant
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hua Tseng
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.,Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wei-You Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Marcelo Chen
- Department of Urology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
| | - Cherng-Chyi Tzeng
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Kaiting You
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Long Chen
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan
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MAT2A Localization and Its Independently Prognostic Relevance in Breast Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105382. [PMID: 34065390 PMCID: PMC8161225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: methionine cycle is not only essential for cancer cell proliferation but is also critical for metabolic reprogramming, a cancer hallmark. Hepatic and extrahepatic tissues methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs) are products of two genes, MAT1A and MAT2A that catalyze the formation of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), the principal biological methyl donor. Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) further utilizes SAM for sarcosine formation, thus it regulates the ratio of SAM:S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). (2) Methods: by analyzing the TCGA/GTEx datasets available within GEPIA2, we discovered that breast cancer patients with higher MAT2A had worse survival rate (p = 0.0057). Protein expression pattern of MAT1AA, MAT2A and GNMT were investigated in the tissue microarray in our own cohort (n = 252) by immunohistochemistry. MAT2A C/N expression ratio and cell invasion activity were further investigated in a panel of breast cancer cell lines. (3) Results: GNMT and MAT1A were detected in the cytoplasm, whereas MAT2A showed both cytoplasmic and nuclear immunoreactivity. Neither GNMT nor MAT1A protein expression was associated with patient survival rate in our cohort. Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that a higher cytoplasmic/nuclear (C/N) MAT2A protein expression ratio correlated with poor overall survival (5 year survival rate: 93.7% vs. 83.3%, C/N ratio ≥ 1.0 vs. C/N ratio < 1.0, log-rank p = 0.004). Accordingly, a MAT2A C/N expression ratio ≥ 1.0 was determined as an independent risk factor by Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio = 2.771, p = 0.018, n = 252). In vitro studies found that breast cancer cell lines with a higher MAT2A C/N ratio were more invasive. (4) Conclusions: the subcellular localization of MAT2A may affect its functions, and elevated MAT2A C/N ratio in breast cancer cells is associated with increased invasiveness. MAT2A C/N expression ratio determined by IHC staining could serve as a novel independent prognostic marker for breast cancer.
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Coleman MF, O’Flanagan CH, Pfeil AJ, Chen X, Pearce JB, Sumner S, Krupenko SA, Hursting SD. Metabolic Response of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer to Folate Restriction. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051637. [PMID: 34068120 PMCID: PMC8152779 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), accounting for approximately 15% of breast cancers, lack targeted therapy. A hallmark of cancer is metabolic reprogramming, with one-carbon metabolism essential to many processes altered in tumor cells, including nucleotide biosynthesis and antioxidant defenses. We reported that folate deficiency via folic acid (FA) withdrawal in several TNBC cell lines results in heterogenous effects on cell growth, metabolic reprogramming, and mitochondrial impairment. To elucidate underlying drivers of TNBC sensitivity to folate stress, we characterized in vivo and in vitro responses to FA restriction in two TNBC models differing in metastatic potential and innate mitochondrial dysfunction. Methods: Metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells (high mitochondrial dysfunction) and nonmetastatic M-Wnt cells (low mitochondrial dysfunction) were orthotopically injected into mice fed diets with either 2 ppm FA (control), 0 ppm FA, or 12 ppm FA (supplementation; in MDA-MB-231 only). Tumor growth, metabolomics, and metabolic gene expression were assessed. MDA-MB-231 and M-Wnt cells were also grown in media with 0 or 2.2 µM FA; metabolic alterations were assessed by extracellular flux analysis, flow cytometry, and qPCR. Results: Relative to control, dietary FA restriction decreased MDA-MB-231 tumor weight and volume, while FA supplementation minimally increased MDA-MB-231 tumor weight. Metabolic studies in vivo and in vitro using MDA-MB-231 cells showed FA restriction remodeled one-carbon metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, and glucose metabolism. In contrast to findings in the MDA-MB-231 model, FA restriction in the M-Wnt model, relative to control, led to accelerated tumor growth, minimal metabolic changes, and modest mitochondrial dysfunction. Increased mitochondrial dysfunction in M-Wnt cells, induced via chloramphenicol, significantly enhanced responsiveness to the cytotoxic effects of FA restriction. Conclusions: Given the lack of targeted treatment options for TNBC, uncovering metabolic vulnerabilities that can be exploited as therapeutic targets is an important goal. Our findings suggest that a major driver of TNBC sensitivity to folate restriction is a high innate level of mitochondrial dysfunction, which can increase dependence on one-carbon metabolism. Thus, folate deprivation or antifolate therapy for TNBCs with metabolic inflexibility due to their elevated levels of mitochondrial dysfunction may represent a novel precision-medicine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.F.C.); (C.H.O.); (A.J.P.); (X.C.); (J.B.P.); (S.S.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Ciara H. O’Flanagan
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.F.C.); (C.H.O.); (A.J.P.); (X.C.); (J.B.P.); (S.S.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Alexander J. Pfeil
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.F.C.); (C.H.O.); (A.J.P.); (X.C.); (J.B.P.); (S.S.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Xuewen Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.F.C.); (C.H.O.); (A.J.P.); (X.C.); (J.B.P.); (S.S.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Jane B. Pearce
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.F.C.); (C.H.O.); (A.J.P.); (X.C.); (J.B.P.); (S.S.); (S.A.K.)
| | - Susan Sumner
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.F.C.); (C.H.O.); (A.J.P.); (X.C.); (J.B.P.); (S.S.); (S.A.K.)
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Sergey A. Krupenko
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.F.C.); (C.H.O.); (A.J.P.); (X.C.); (J.B.P.); (S.S.); (S.A.K.)
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (M.F.C.); (C.H.O.); (A.J.P.); (X.C.); (J.B.P.); (S.S.); (S.A.K.)
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Yang MH, Chen YMA, Tu SC, Chi PL, Chuang KP, Chang CC, Lee CH, Chen YL, Lee CH, Yuan CH, Tyan YC. Utilizing an Animal Model to Identify Brain Neurodegeneration-Related Biomarkers in Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063278. [PMID: 33807010 PMCID: PMC8004625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) regulates S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), a methyl donor in methylation. Over-expressed SAMe may cause neurogenic capacity reduction and memory impairment. GNMT knockout mice (GNMT-KO) was applied as an experimental model to evaluate its effect on neurons. In this study, proteins from brain tissues were studied using proteomic approaches, Haemotoxylin and Eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and ingenuity pathway analysis. The expression of Receptor-interacting protein 1(RIPK1) and Caspase 3 were up-regulated and activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) was down-regulated in GNMT-KO mice regardless of the age. Besides, proteins related to neuropathology, such as excitatory amino acid transporter 2, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit alpha, and Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase were found only in the group of aged wild-type mice; 4-aminobutyrate amino transferase, limbic system-associated membrane protein, sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 3 and ProSAAS were found only in the group of young GNMT-KO mice and are related to function of neurons; serum albumin and Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 1 were found only in the group of aged GNMT-KO mice and are connected to neurodegenerative disorders. With proteomic analyses, a pathway involving Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) signal was found to be associated with aging. The GnRH pathway could provide additional information on the mechanism of aging and non-aging related neurodegeneration, and these protein markers may be served in developing future therapeutic treatments to ameliorate aging and prevent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan; (M.-H.Y.); (P.-L.C.)
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan;
| | - Shan-Chen Tu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Ling Chi
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan; (M.-H.Y.); (P.-L.C.)
| | - Kuo-Pin Chuang
- International Degree Program in Animal Vaccine Technology, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
- Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaoshiung Medical University, Kaoshiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Chin-Chuan Chang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaoshiung Medical University, Kaoshiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Hui Yuan
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore;
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaoshiung Medical University, Kaoshiung 807, Taiwan;
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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In Silico Prediction of Metabolic Fluxes in Cancer Cells with Altered S-adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase Activity. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 79:37-48. [PMID: 33040301 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the redistribution of metabolic fluxes in the cell with altered activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMdc, EC: 4.1.1.50), the key enzyme of the polyamine cycle and the common target for antitumor therapy. To address these goals, a stoichiometric metabolic model was developed that includes five metabolic pathways: polyamine, methionine, methionine salvage cycles, folic acid cycle, and the pathway of glutathione and taurine synthesis. The model is based on 51 reactions involving 57 metabolites, 31 of which are internal metabolites. All calculations were performed using the method of Flux Balance Analysis. The outcome indicates that the inactivation of SAMdc results in a significant increase in fluxes through the methionine, the taurine and glutathione synthesis, and the folate cycles. Therefore, when using therapeutic agents inactivating SAMdc, it is necessary to consider the possibility of cellular tumor metabolism reprogramming. S-adenosylmethionine affects serine methylation and activates serine-dependent de novo ATP synthesis. Methionine-depleted cell becomes methionine-dependent, searching for new sources of methionine. Inactivation of SAMdc enhances the transformation of S-adenosylmethionine to homocysteine and then to methionine. It also intensifies the transsulfuration process activating the synthesis of glutathione and taurine.
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12
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Xiu Y, Field MS. The Roles of Mitochondrial Folate Metabolism in Supporting Mitochondrial DNA Synthesis, Oxidative Phosphorylation, and Cellular Function. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa153. [PMID: 33134792 PMCID: PMC7584446 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism (FOCM) is compartmentalized within human cells to the cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondria. The recent identifications of mitochondria-specific, folate-dependent thymidylate [deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP)] synthesis together with discoveries indicating the critical role of mitochondrial FOCM in cancer progression have renewed interest in understanding this metabolic pathway. The goal of this narrative review is to summarize recent advances in the field of one-carbon metabolism, with an emphasis on the biological importance of mitochondrial FOCM in maintaining mitochondrial DNA integrity and mitochondrial function, as well as the reprogramming of mitochondrial FOCM in cancer. Elucidation of the roles and regulation of mitochondrial FOCM will contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying folate-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Xiu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Martha S Field
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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13
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Nishida T, Yamaguchi M, Tatara Y, Kashiwakura I. Proteomic changes by radio-mitigative thrombopoietin receptor agonist romiplostim in the blood of mice exposed to lethal total-body irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1125-1134. [PMID: 32602419 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1787546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The thrombopoietin receptor agonist romiplostim (RP) is a therapeutic agent for immune thrombocytopenia that can achieve complete survival in mice exposed to a lethal dose of ionizing radiation. The estimated mechanism of the radio-protective/mitigative effects of RP has been proposed; however, the detailed mechanism of action remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of the radio-protective/mitigative effects of RP, the fluctuation of protein in the blood was analyzed by proteomics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 5 groups; control at day 0, total-body irradiation (TBI) groups at day 10 and day 18, and TBI plus RP groups at day 10 and day18, consisting of 3 mice per group, and subjected to TBI with 7 Gy of 137Cs γ-rays at a dose rate of 0.74 Gy/min. RP was administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 50 µg/kg once daily for 3 days starting 2 hours after TBI. On day 10 and day 18 after TBI, serum collected from each mouse was analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Nine proteins were identified by proteomics methods from 269 analyzed proteins detected in mice exposed to a lethal dose of TBI: keratin, type II cytoskeletal 1 (KRT1), fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (FBP1), cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (ALDH1L1), peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A (PPIA), glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1), regucalcin (RGN), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B (ALDOB) and betain-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 (BHMT). On the 10th day after TBI, KRT1 was significantly increased (p < 0.05) by 4.26-fold compared to the control group in the TBI group and significantly inhibited in the TBI plus RP group (p < 0.05). Similarly, the expression levels of other 8 proteins detected at 18th day after TBI were significantly increased by 4.29 to 27.44-fold in the TBI group, but significantly decreased in the TBI plus RP group compared to the TBI group, respectively. CONCLUSION Nine proteins were identified by proteomics methods from 269 analyzed proteins detected in mice exposed to a lethal dose of TBI. These proteins are also expected to be indicators of the damage induced by high-dose radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Nishida
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Masaru Yamaguchi
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yota Tatara
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kashiwakura
- Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
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Cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase regulates glycine metabolism in mouse liver. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14937. [PMID: 31624291 PMCID: PMC6797707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51397-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ALDH1L1 (10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase), an enzyme of folate metabolism highly expressed in liver, metabolizes 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to produce tetrahydrofolate (THF). This reaction might have a regulatory function towards reduced folate pools, de novo purine biosynthesis, and the flux of folate-bound methyl groups. To understand the role of the enzyme in cellular metabolism, Aldh1l1−/− mice were generated using an ES cell clone (C57BL/6N background) from KOMP repository. Though Aldh1l1−/− mice were viable and did not have an apparent phenotype, metabolomic analysis indicated that they had metabolic signs of folate deficiency. Specifically, the intermediate of the histidine degradation pathway and a marker of folate deficiency, formiminoglutamate, was increased more than 15-fold in livers of Aldh1l1−/− mice. At the same time, blood folate levels were not changed and the total folate pool in the liver was decreased by only 20%. A two-fold decrease in glycine and a strong drop in glycine conjugates, a likely result of glycine shortage, were also observed in Aldh1l1−/− mice. Our study indicates that in the absence of ALDH1L1 enzyme, 10-formyl-THF cannot be efficiently metabolized in the liver. This leads to the decrease in THF causing reduced generation of glycine from serine and impaired histidine degradation, two pathways strictly dependent on THF.
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15
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miR-873-5p targets mitochondrial GNMT-Complex II interface contributing to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Metab 2019; 29:40-54. [PMID: 31668391 PMCID: PMC6728756 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex pathology in which several dysfunctions, including alterations in metabolic pathways, mitochondrial functionality and unbalanced lipid import/export, lead to lipid accumulation and progression to inflammation and fibrosis. The enzyme glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), the most important enzyme implicated in S-adenosylmethionine catabolism in the liver, is downregulated during NAFLD progression. We have studied the mechanism involved in GNMT downregulation by its repressor microRNA miR-873-5p and the metabolic pathways affected in NAFLD as well as the benefit of recovery GNMT expression. Methods miR-873-5p and GNMT expression were evaluated in liver biopsies of NAFLD/NASH patients. Different in vitro and in vivo NAFLD murine models were used to assess miR-873-5p/GNMT involvement in fatty liver progression through targeting of the miR-873-5p as NAFLD therapy. Results We describe a new function of GNMT as an essential regulator of Complex II activity in the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. In NAFLD, GNMT expression is controlled by miR-873-5p in the hepatocytes, leading to disruptions in mitochondrial functionality in a preclinical murine non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) model. Upregulation of miR-873-5p is shown in the liver of NAFLD/NASH patients, correlating with hepatic GNMT depletion. Importantly, NASH therapies based on anti-miR-873-5p resolve lipid accumulation, inflammation and fibrosis by enhancing fatty acid β-oxidation in the mitochondria. Therefore, miR-873-5p inhibitor emerges as a potential tool for NASH treatment. Conclusion GNMT participates in the regulation of metabolic pathways and mitochondrial functionality through the regulation of Complex II activity in the electron transport chain. In NAFLD, GNMT is repressed by miR-873-5p and its targeting arises as a valuable therapeutic option for treatment. The microRNA miR-873-5p is upregulated in human and murine NAFLD/NASH livers. miR-873-5p upregulation downregulates GNMT in the liver. miR-873-5p inhibition reduces liver steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis in in vivo NAFLD mouse models. GNMT is a hepatic metabolic hub with mitochondria activity through the regulation of Complex II of the ETC. Mitochondrial GNMT deficiency compromises ETC functionality and metabolism.
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Borowa-Mazgaj B, de Conti A, Tryndyak V, Steward CR, Jimenez L, Melnyk S, Seneshaw M, Mirshahi F, Rusyn I, Beland FA, Sanyal AJ, Pogribny IP. Gene Expression and DNA Methylation Alterations in the Glycine N-Methyltransferase Gene in Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease-Associated Carcinogenesis. Toxicol Sci 2019; 170:273-282. [PMID: 31086990 PMCID: PMC6934890 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a major etiological risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States and other Western countries. In this study, we investigated the role of gene-specific promoter cytosine DNA methylation and gene expression alterations in the development of NAFLD-associated HCC in mice using (1) a diet-induced animal model of NAFLD, (2) a Stelic Animal Model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-derived HCC, and (3) a choline- and folate-deficient (CFD) diet (CFD model). We found that the development of NAFLD and its progression to HCC was characterized by down-regulation of glycine N-methyltransferase (Gnmt) and this was mediated by progressive Gnmt promoter cytosine DNA hypermethylation. Using a panel of genetically diverse inbred mice, we observed that Gnmt down-regulation was an early event in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and correlated with the extent of the NAFLD-like liver injury. Reduced GNMT expression was also found in human HCC tissue and liver cancer cell lines. In in vitro experiments, we demonstrated that one of the consequences of GNMT inhibition was an increase in genome methylation facilitated by an elevated level of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Overall, our findings suggest that reduced Gnmt expression caused by promoter hypermethylation is one of the key molecular events in the development of NAFLD-derived HCC and that assessing Gnmt methylation level may be useful for disease stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Borowa-Mazgaj
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Aline de Conti
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Volodymyr Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Colleen R Steward
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079.,State University of New York at Geneseo, Geneseo, New York 14454
| | - Leandro Jimenez
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Stepan Melnyk
- Core Metabolomics Laboratory, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202
| | - Mulugeta Seneshaw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Faridodin Mirshahi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Ivan Rusyn
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Frederick A Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
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Abstract
Despite unequivocal evidence that folate deficiency increases risk for human pathologies, and that folic acid intake among women of childbearing age markedly decreases risk for birth defects, definitive evidence for a causal biochemical pathway linking folate to disease and birth defect etiology remains elusive. The de novo and salvage pathways for thymidylate synthesis translocate to the nucleus of mammalian cells during S- and G2/M-phases of the cell cycle and associate with the DNA replication and repair machinery, which limits uracil misincorporation into DNA and genome instability. There is increasing evidence that impairments in nuclear de novo thymidylate synthesis occur in many pathologies resulting from impairments in one-carbon metabolism. Understanding the roles and regulation of nuclear de novo thymidylate synthesis and its relationship to genome stability will increase our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying folate- and vitamin B12-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha S Field
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Elena Kamynina
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - James Chon
- Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular, and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Patrick J Stover
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-2142, USA;
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Loss of ALDH1L1 folate enzyme confers a selective metabolic advantage for tumor progression. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 302:149-155. [PMID: 30794800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ALDH1L1 (cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase) is the enzyme in folate metabolism commonly downregulated in human cancers. One of the mechanisms of the enzyme downregulation is methylation of the promoter of the ALDH1L1 gene. Recent studies underscored ALDH1L1 as a candidate tumor suppressor and potential marker of aggressive cancers. In agreement with the ALDH1L1 loss in cancer, its re-expression leads to inhibition of proliferation and to apoptosis, but also affects migration and invasion of cancer cells through a specific folate-dependent mechanism involved in invasive phenotype. A growing body of literature evaluated the prognostic value of ALDH1L1 expression for cancer disease, the regulatory role of the enzyme in cellular proliferation, and associated metabolic and signaling cellular responses. Overall, there is a strong indication that the ALDH1L1 silencing provides metabolic advantage for tumor progression at a later stage when unlimited proliferation and enhanced motility become critical processes for the tumor expansion. Whether the ALDH1L1 loss is involved in tumor initiation is still an open question.
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Common polymorphism in the glycine N-methyltransferase gene as a novel risk factor for cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 47:1381-1388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Signature molecules expressed differentially in a liver disease stage-specific manner by HIV-1 and HCV co-infection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202524. [PMID: 30138348 PMCID: PMC6107166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate HIV-1 co-infection-induced acceleration of HCV liver disease and identify stage-specific molecular signatures, we applied a new high-resolution molecular screen, the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Transcriptome Array (HTA2.0), to HCV-mono- and HIV/HCV-co-infected liver specimens from subjects with early and advanced disease. Out of 67,528 well-annotated genes, we have analyzed the functional and statistical significance of 75 and 28 genes expressed differentially between early and advanced stages of HCV mono- and HIV/HCV co-infected patient liver samples, respectively. We also evaluated the expression of 25 and 17 genes between early stages of mono- and co-infected liver tissues and between advanced stages of mono- and co-infected patient's samples, respectively. Based on our analysis of fold-change in gene expression as a function of disease stage (i.e., early vs. advanced), coupled with consideration of the known relevant functions of these genes, we focused on four candidate genes, ACSL4, GNMT, IFI27, and miR122, which are expressed stage-specifically in HCV mono- and HIV-1/HCV co-infective liver disease and are known to play a pivotal role in regulating HCV-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our qRT-PCR analysis of the four genes in patient liver specimens supported the microarray data. Protein products of each gene were detected in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where HCV replication takes place, and the genes' expression significantly altered replicability of HCV in the subgenomic replicon harboring regulatory genes of the JFH1 strain of HCV in Huh7.5.1. With respect to three well-known transferrable HIV-1 viral elements-Env, Nef, and Tat-Nef uniquely augmented replicon expression, while Tat, but not the others, substantially modulated expression of the candidate genes in hepatocytic cells. Combinatorial expression of these cellular and viral genes in the replicon cells further altered replicon expression. Taken together, these results showed that HIV-1 viral proteins can exacerbate liver pathology in the co-infected patients by disparate molecular mechanisms-directly or indirectly dysregulating HCV replication, even if lack of association of HCV load and end-stage liver disease in hemophilic patients were reported, and modulating expression of hepatocellular genes critical for disease progression. These findings also provide major insights into development of stage-specific hepatocellular biomarkers for improved diagnosis and prognosis of HCV-mediated liver disease.
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Simile MM, Latte G, Feo CF, Feo F, Calvisi DF, Pascale RM. Alterations of methionine metabolism in hepatocarcinogenesis: the emergent role of glycine N-methyltransferase in liver injury. Ann Gastroenterol 2018; 31:552-560. [PMID: 30174391 PMCID: PMC6102450 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2018.0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The methionine and folate cycles play a fundamental role in cell physiology and their alteration is involved in liver injury and hepatocarcinogenesis. Glycine N-methyltransferase is implicated in methyl group supply, DNA methylation, and nucleotide biosynthesis. It regulates the cellular S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio and S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyl transfer reactions. Glycine N-methyltransferase is absent in fast-growing hepatocellular carcinomas and present at a low level in slower growing HCC ones. The mechanism of tumor suppression by glycine N-methyltransferase is not completely known. Glycine N-methyltransferase inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth through interaction with Dep domain-containing mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTor)-interacting protein, a binding protein overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma. The interaction of the phosphatase and tensin homolog inhibitor, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent rac exchanger, with glycine N-methyltransferase enhances proteasomal degradation of this exchanger by the E3 ubiquitin ligase HectH. Glycine N-methyltransferase also regulates genes related to detoxification and antioxidation pathways. It supports pyrimidine and purine syntheses and minimizes uracil incorporation into DNA as consequence of folate depletion. However, recent evidence indicates that glycine N-methyltransferase targeted into nucleus still exerts strong anti-proliferative effects independent of its catalytic activity, while its restriction to cytoplasm prevents these effects. Our current knowledge suggest that glycine N-methyltransferase plays a fundamental, even if not yet completely known, role in cellular physiology and highlights the need to further investigate this role in normal and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Simile
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology (Maria M. Simile, Gavinella Latte, Francesco Feo, Diego F. Calvisi, Rosa M. Pascale), University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gavinella Latte
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology (Maria M. Simile, Gavinella Latte, Francesco Feo, Diego F. Calvisi, Rosa M. Pascale), University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudio F Feo
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Surgery (Claudio F. Feo), University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Feo
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology (Maria M. Simile, Gavinella Latte, Francesco Feo, Diego F. Calvisi, Rosa M. Pascale), University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Diego F Calvisi
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology (Maria M. Simile, Gavinella Latte, Francesco Feo, Diego F. Calvisi, Rosa M. Pascale), University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Rosa M Pascale
- Department of Clinical, Surgical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Experimental Pathology and Oncology (Maria M. Simile, Gavinella Latte, Francesco Feo, Diego F. Calvisi, Rosa M. Pascale), University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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22
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Khan QA, Pediaditakis P, Malakhau Y, Esmaeilniakooshkghazi A, Ashkavand Z, Sereda V, Krupenko NI, Krupenko SA. CHIP E3 ligase mediates proteasomal degradation of the proliferation regulatory protein ALDH1L1 during the transition of NIH3T3 fibroblasts from G0/G1 to S-phase. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199699. [PMID: 29979702 PMCID: PMC6034817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
ALDH1L1 is a folate-metabolizing enzyme abundant in liver and several other tissues. In human cancers and cell lines derived from malignant tumors, the ALDH1L1 gene is commonly silenced through the promoter methylation. It was suggested that ALDH1L1 limits proliferation capacity of the cell and thus functions as putative tumor suppressor. In contrast to cancer cells, mouse cell lines NIH3T3 and AML12 do express the ALDH1L1 protein. In the present study, we show that the levels of ALDH1L1 in these cell lines fluctuate throughout the cell cycle. During S-phase, ALDH1L1 is markedly down regulated at the protein level. As the cell cultures become confluent and cells experience increased contact inhibition, ALDH1L1 accumulates in the cells. In agreement with this finding, NIH3T3 cells arrested in G1/S-phase by a thymidine block completely lose the ALDH1L1 protein. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 prevents such loss in proliferating NIH3T3 cells, suggesting the proteasomal degradation of the ALDH1L1 protein. The co-localization of ALDH1L1 with proteasomes, demonstrated by confocal microscopy, supports this mechanism. We further show that ALDH1L1 interacts with the chaperone-dependent E3 ligase CHIP, which plays a key role in the ALDH1L1 ubiquitination and degradation. In NIH3T3 cells, silencing of CHIP by siRNA halts, while transient expression of CHIP promotes, the ALDH1L1 loss. The downregulation of ALDH1L1 is associated with the accumulation of the ALDH1L1 substrate 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, which is required for de novo purine biosynthesis, a key pathway activated in S-phase. Overall, our data indicate that CHIP-mediated proteasomal degradation of ALDH1L1 facilitates cellular proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim A. Khan
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Peter Pediaditakis
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yuryi Malakhau
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amin Esmaeilniakooshkghazi
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Zahra Ashkavand
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Valentin Sereda
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natalia I. Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sergey A. Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Chang MM, Lin CN, Fang CC, Chen M, Liang PI, Li WM, Yeh BW, Cheng HC, Huang BM, Wu WJ, Chen YMA. Glycine N-methyltransferase inhibits aristolochic acid nephropathy by increasing CYP3A44 and decreasing NQO1 expression in female mouse hepatocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6960. [PMID: 29725048 PMCID: PMC5934382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants containing aristolochic acids (AA) are nephrotoxins. Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) acts to bind environmental toxins such as benzo(a)pyrene and aflatoxin B1, translocate into nucleus, and alter hepatic metabolism. This study aims to determine the role of GNMT in AA-induced nephropathy. We established an AA nephropathy mouse model and found that AA type I (AAI)-induced nephropathy at a lower concentration in male than in female mice, implying sex differences in AAI resistance. Microarray analysis and AAI-treated mouse models showed that GNMT moderately reduced AAI-induced nephropathy by lowering the upregulated level of NQO1 in male, but significantly improved the nephropathy additionally by increasing Cyp3A44/3A41 in female. The protective effects of GNMT were absent in female GNMT knockout mice, in which re-expression of hepatic GNMT significantly decreased AAI-induced nephropathy. Mechanism-wise, AAI enhanced GNMT nuclear translocation, resulting in GNMT interaction with the promoter region of the genes encoding Nrf2 and CAR/PXR, the transcription factors for NQO1 and CYP3A44/3A41, respectively. Unlike the preference for Nrf2/NQO1 transcriptions at lower levels of GNMT, overexpression of GNMT preferred CAR/PXR/CYP3A44/3A41 transcriptions and alleviated kidney injury upon AAI treatment. In summary, hepatic GNMT protected mice from AAI nephropathy by enhancing CAR/PXR/CYP3A44/3A41 transcriptions and reducing Nrf2/NQO1 transcriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Min Chang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ni Lin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Fang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Marcelo Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peir-In Liang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Li
- Pingtung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Wen Yeh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Jeng Wu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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24
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Ashkavand Z, O'Flanagan C, Hennig M, Du X, Hursting SD, Krupenko SA. Metabolic Reprogramming by Folate Restriction Leads to a Less Aggressive Cancer Phenotype. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:189-200. [PMID: 28108628 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Folate coenzymes are involved in biochemical reactions of one-carbon transfer, and deficiency of this vitamin impairs cellular proliferation, migration, and survival in many cell types. Here, the effect of folate restriction on mammary cancer was evaluated using three distinct breast cancer subtypes differing in their aggressiveness and metastatic potential: noninvasive basal-like (E-Wnt), invasive but minimally metastatic claudin-low (M-Wnt), and highly metastatic claudin-low (metM-Wntliver) cell lines, each derived from the same pool of MMTV-Wnt-1 transgenic mouse mammary tumors. NMR-based metabolomics was used to quantitate 41 major metabolites in cells grown in folate-free medium versus standard medium. Each cell line demonstrated metabolic reprogramming when grown in folate-free medium. In E-Wnt, M-Wnt, and metM-Wntliver cells, 12, 29, and 25 metabolites, respectively, were significantly different (P < 0.05 and at least 1.5-fold change). The levels of eight metabolites (aspartate, ATP, creatine, creatine phosphate, formate, serine, taurine and β-alanine) were changed in each folate-restricted cell line. Increased glucose, decreased lactate, and inhibition of glycolysis, cellular proliferation, migration, and invasion occurred in M-Wnt and metM-Wntliver cells (but not E-Wnt cells) grown in folate-free versus standard medium. These effects were accompanied by altered levels of several folate-metabolizing enzymes, indicating that the observed metabolic reprogramming may result from both decreased folate availability and altered folate metabolism. These findings reveal that folate restriction results in metabolic and bioenergetic changes and a less aggressive cancer cell phenotype. IMPLICATIONS Metabolic reprogramming driven by folate restriction represents a therapeutic target for reducing the burden of breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 15(2); 189-200. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ashkavand
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina
| | - Ciara O'Flanagan
- The Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mirko Hennig
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina.,The Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Xiuxia Du
- The Department of Bioinformatics & Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Stephen D Hursting
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina.,The Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sergey A Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, North Carolina. .,The Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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25
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Erickson T, Morgan CP, Olt J, Hardy K, Busch-Nentwich E, Maeda R, Clemens R, Krey JF, Nechiporuk A, Barr-Gillespie PG, Marcotti W, Nicolson T. Integration of Tmc1/2 into the mechanotransduction complex in zebrafish hair cells is regulated by Transmembrane O-methyltransferase (Tomt). eLife 2017; 6:e28474. [PMID: 28534737 PMCID: PMC5462536 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane O-methyltransferase (TOMT/LRTOMT) is responsible for non-syndromic deafness DFNB63. However, the specific defects that lead to hearing loss have not been described. Using a zebrafish model of DFNB63, we show that the auditory and vestibular phenotypes are due to a lack of mechanotransduction (MET) in Tomt-deficient hair cells. GFP-tagged Tomt is enriched in the Golgi of hair cells, suggesting that Tomt might regulate the trafficking of other MET components to the hair bundle. We found that Tmc1/2 proteins are specifically excluded from the hair bundle in tomt mutants, whereas other MET complex proteins can still localize to the bundle. Furthermore, mouse TOMT and TMC1 can directly interact in HEK 293 cells, and this interaction is modulated by His183 in TOMT. Thus, we propose a model of MET complex assembly where Tomt and the Tmcs interact within the secretory pathway to traffic Tmc proteins to the hair bundle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Erickson
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Clive P Morgan
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Jennifer Olt
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United States
| | - Katherine Hardy
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United States
| | | | - Reo Maeda
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Rachel Clemens
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Jocelyn F Krey
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Alex Nechiporuk
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Peter G Barr-Gillespie
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Walter Marcotti
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United States
| | - Teresa Nicolson
- Oregon Hearing Research Center and the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
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26
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Kant R, Yen CH, Lu CK, Lin YC, Li JH, Chen YMA. Identification of 1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranoside as a Glycine N-Methyltransferase Enhancer by High-Throughput Screening of Natural Products Inhibits Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050669. [PMID: 27153064 PMCID: PMC4881495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT) expression is vastly downregulated in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). High rates of GNMT knockout mice developed HCC, while overexpression of GNMT prevented aflatoxin-induced carcinogenicity and inhibited liver cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, in this study, we aimed for the identification of a GNMT inducer for HCC therapy. We established a GNMT promoter-driven luciferase reporter assay as a drug screening platform. Screening of 324 pure compounds and 480 crude extracts from Chinese medicinal herbs resulted in the identification of Paeonia lactiflora Pall (PL) extract and the active component 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (PGG) as a GNMT inducer. Purified PL extract and PGG induced GNMT mRNA and protein expression in Huh7 human hepatoma cells and in xenograft tumors. PGG and PL extract had potent anti-HCC effects both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, PGG treatment induced apoptosis in Huh7 cells. Moreover, PGG treatment sensitized Huh7 cells to sorafenib treatment. Therefore, these results indicated that identifying a GNMT enhancer using the GNMT promoter-based assay might be a useful approach to find drugs for HCC. These data also suggested that PGG has therapeutic potential for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kant
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center (CHY), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Research Center for natural products and Drug Development (CHY), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, College of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chi Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Jih-Heng Li
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program in Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research (CICAR), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Research and Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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27
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Creatine supplementation prevents hyperhomocysteinemia, oxidative stress and cancer-induced cachexia progression in Walker-256 tumor-bearing rats. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2015-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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28
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Obata F, Miura M. Enhancing S-adenosyl-methionine catabolism extends Drosophila lifespan. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8332. [PMID: 26383889 PMCID: PMC4595730 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methionine restriction extends the lifespan of various model organisms. Limiting S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) synthesis, the first metabolic reaction of dietary methionine, extends longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans but accelerates pathology in mammals. Here, we show that, as an alternative to inhibiting SAM synthesis, enhancement of SAM catabolism by glycine N-methyltransferase (Gnmt) extends the lifespan in Drosophila. Gnmt strongly buffers systemic SAM levels by producing sarcosine in either high-methionine or low-sams conditions. During ageing, systemic SAM levels in flies are increased. Gnmt is transcriptionally induced in a dFoxO-dependent manner; however, this is insufficient to suppress SAM elevation completely in old flies. Overexpression of gnmt suppresses this age-dependent SAM increase and extends longevity. Pro-longevity regimens, such as dietary restriction or reduced insulin signalling, attenuate the age-dependent SAM increase, and rely at least partially on Gnmt function to exert their lifespan-extending effect in Drosophila. Our study suggests that regulation of SAM levels by Gnmt is a key component of lifespan extension. Inhibiting the formation of S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) increases worm but not fly lifespan. Here the authors show that humans and flies possess the SAM-consuming enzyme Gnmt, the activity of which is regulated by lifespan-extending interventions, and that knockdown of Gnmt extends fly lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Obata
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 20F Yomiuri Shimbun Building 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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29
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Borlak J, Singh P, Gazzana G. Proteome mapping of epidermal growth factor induced hepatocellular carcinomas identifies novel cell metabolism targets and mitogen activated protein kinase signalling events. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:124. [PMID: 25872475 PMCID: PMC4357185 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1312-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is on the rise and the sixth most common cancer worldwide. To combat HCC effectively research is directed towards its early detection and the development of targeted therapies. Given the fact that epidermal growth factor (EGF) is an important mitogen for hepatocytes we searched for disease regulated proteins to improve an understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of EGF induced HCC. Disease regulated proteins were studied by 2DE MALDI-TOF/TOF and a transcriptomic approach, by immunohistochemistry and advanced bioinformatics. Results Mapping of EGF induced liver cancer in a transgenic mouse model identified n = 96 (p < 0.05) significantly regulated proteins of which n = 54 were tumour-specific. To unravel molecular circuits linked to aberrant EGFR signalling diverse computational approaches were employed and this defined n = 7 key nodes using n = 82 disease regulated proteins for network construction. STRING analysis revealed protein-protein interactions of > 70% disease regulated proteins with individual proteins being validated by immunohistochemistry. The disease regulated network proteins were mapped to distinct pathways and bioinformatics provided novel insight into molecular circuits associated with significant changes in either glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, argine and proline metabolism, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, Hif- and MAPK signalling, lipoprotein metabolism, platelet activation and hemostatic control as a result of aberrant EGF signalling. The biological significance of the findings was corroborated with gene expression data derived from tumour tissues to evntually define a rationale by which tumours embark on intriguing changes in metabolism that is of utility for an understanding of tumour growth. Moreover, among the EGF tumour specific proteins n = 11 were likewise uniquely expressed in human HCC and for n = 49 proteins regulation in human HCC was confirmed using the publically available Human Protein Atlas depository, therefore demonstrating clinical significance. Conclusion Novel insight into the molecular pathogenesis of EGF induced liver cancer was obtained and among the 37 newly identified proteins several are likely candidates for the development of molecularly targeted therapies and include the nucleoside diphosphate kinase A, bifunctional ATP-dependent dihydroyacetone kinase and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein1, the latter being an inhibitor of the Raf-1 kinase. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1312-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Field MS, Kamynina E, Agunloye OC, Liebenthal RP, Lamarre SG, Brosnan ME, Brosnan JT, Stover PJ. Nuclear enrichment of folate cofactors and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1) protect de novo thymidylate biosynthesis during folate deficiency. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:29642-50. [PMID: 25213861 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.599589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism is a metabolic network of interconnected pathways that is required for the de novo synthesis of three of the four DNA bases and the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. Previous studies have indicated that the thymidylate synthesis and homocysteine remethylation pathways compete for a limiting pool of methylenetetrahydrofolate cofactors and that thymidylate biosynthesis is preserved in folate deficiency at the expense of homocysteine remethylation, but the mechanisms are unknown. Recently, it was shown that thymidylate synthesis occurs in the nucleus, whereas homocysteine remethylation occurs in the cytosol. In this study we demonstrate that methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1), an enzyme that generates methylenetetrahydrofolate from formate, ATP, and NADPH, functions in the nucleus to support de novo thymidylate biosynthesis. MTHFD1 translocates to the nucleus in S-phase MCF-7 and HeLa cells. During folate deficiency mouse liver MTHFD1 levels are enriched in the nucleus >2-fold at the expense of levels in the cytosol. Furthermore, nuclear folate levels are resistant to folate depletion when total cellular folate levels are reduced by >50% in mouse liver. The enrichment of folate cofactors and MTHFD1 protein in the nucleus during folate deficiency in mouse liver and human cell lines accounts for previous metabolic studies that indicated 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate is preferentially directed toward de novo thymidylate biosynthesis at the expense of homocysteine remethylation during folate deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha S Field
- From the Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 and
| | - Elena Kamynina
- From the Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 and
| | | | - Rebecca P Liebenthal
- From the Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 and
| | - Simon G Lamarre
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Margaret E Brosnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - John T Brosnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Patrick J Stover
- From the Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 and
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Gao L, van den Hurk K, Moerkerk PTM, Goeman JJ, Beck S, Gruis NA, van den Oord JJ, Winnepenninckx VJ, van Engeland M, van Doorn R. Promoter CpG island hypermethylation in dysplastic nevus and melanoma: CLDN11 as an epigenetic biomarker for malignancy. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2957-2966. [PMID: 24999589 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dysplastic nevi are melanocytic lesions that represent an intermediate stage between common nevus and melanoma. Histopathological distinction of dysplastic nevus from melanoma can be challenging and there is a requirement for molecular diagnostic markers. In this study, we examined promoter CpG island methylation of a selected panel of genes, identified in a genome-wide methylation screen, across a spectrum of 405 melanocytic neoplasms. Promoter methylation analysis in common nevi, dysplastic nevi, primary melanomas, and metastatic melanomas demonstrated progressive epigenetic deregulation. Dysplastic nevi were affected by promoter methylation of genes that are frequently methylated in melanoma but not in common nevi. We assessed the diagnostic value of the methylation status of five genes in distinguishing primary melanoma from dysplastic nevus. In particular, CLDN11 promoter methylation was specific for melanoma, as it occurred in 50% of primary melanomas but in only 3% of dysplastic nevi. A diagnostic algorithm that incorporates methylation of the CLDN11, CDH11, PPP1R3C, MAPK13, and GNMT genes was validated in an independent sample set and helped distinguish melanoma from dysplastic nevus (area under the curve 0.81). Melanoma-specific methylation of these genes supports the utility as epigenetic biomarkers and could point to their significance in melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; The first two and last three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Karin van den Hurk
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; The first two and last three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Peter T M Moerkerk
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle J Goeman
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Current address: Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Beck
- Leiden Cytology and Pathology Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nelleke A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost J van den Oord
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research, Department of Pathology, University Hospital, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Véronique J Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; The first two and last three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Manon van Engeland
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; The first two and last three authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; The first two and last three authors contributed equally to this work.
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