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Cerquetella M, Mangiaterra S, Rossi G, Gavazza A, Marchegiani A, Sagratini G, Ricciutelli M, Angeloni S, Fioretti L, Marini C, Pucciarelli S, Vincenzetti S. Fecal Protein Profile in Eight Dogs Suffering from Acute Uncomplicated Diarrhea before and after Treatment. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030233. [PMID: 36977272 PMCID: PMC10051911 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute diarrhea is a very frequent condition affecting dogs; nevertheless, little is known about what happens in the GI tract during such conditions. Proteomics allows the study of proteins present in a specific biologic substrate, and fecal proteomic investigations have been recently implemented to study GI diseases in dogs. In the present study, the fecal protein profiles of eight dogs suffering from acute uncomplicated diarrhea at the time of inclusion was investigated for the first time, and then the same patients were followed, replicating two further evaluations at two subsequent time points (after 2 and 14 days from the first presentation), with the aim of gaining possible new insights regarding the pathologic changes in the gastrointestinal environment during such conditions. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) was performed, followed by mass spectrometry. Nine spots, corresponding to four (groups of) proteins (i.e., albumin, alkaline phosphatase, chymotrypsin-C-like, and some immunoglobulins), showed significant differences at two or more of the three time points investigated, almost all behaving similarly and decreasing at T1 (2 days after the onset of the condition) and significantly increasing at T2 (14 days after the onset), mainly evidencing a reaction of the organism. Further studies including a greater number of patients and possibly different techniques are needed to confirm the present findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cerquetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gavazza
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Andrea Marchegiani
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Gianni Sagratini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Massimo Ricciutelli
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Laboratory of LC-MS, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Simone Angeloni
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Laboratory of LC-MS, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Carlotta Marini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Stefania Pucciarelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile II da Varano, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Silvia Vincenzetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
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Ma Y, Ke C, Wan Z, Li Z, Cheng X, Wang X, Zhao J, Ma Y, Ren L, Han H, Zhao Y. Truncation of the Murine Neonatal Fc Receptor Cytoplasmic Tail Does Not Alter IgG Metabolism or Transport In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1413-1424. [PMID: 29298832 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is involved in IgG metabolism and transport in placental mammals. However, whether FcRn is responsible for IgG transfer from maternal serum to colostrum/milk is controversial. Interestingly, large domestic animals, such as cows, pigs, sheep, and horses, in which passive IgG transfer is exclusively completed via colostrum/milk, all express an FcRn α-chain that is shorter in the cytoplasmic tail (CYT) than its counterparts in humans and rodents. To address whether the length variation has any functional significance, we performed in vitro experiments using the Transwell system with the MDCK cell line stably transfected with various FcRn constructs; these clearly suggested that truncation of the CYT tail caused a polar change in IgG transfer. However, we observed no evidence supporting functional changes in IgG in vivo using mice in which the FcRn CYT was precisely truncated. These data suggest that the length variation in FcRn is not functionally associated with passive IgG transfer routes in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuncun Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihui Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zili Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Youji Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
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Latvala S, Jacobsen B, Otteneder MB, Herrmann A, Kronenberg S. Distribution of FcRn Across Species and Tissues. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:321-333. [PMID: 28402755 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417705095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is a major histocompatibility complex class I type molecule that binds to, transports, and recycles immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin, thereby protecting them from lysosomal degradation. Therefore, besides the knowledge of FcRn affinity, FcRn protein expression is critical in understanding the pharmacokinetic behavior of Fc-containing biotherapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies. The goal of this investigation was to achieve for the first time a comparative assessment of FcRn distribution across a variety of tissues and species. FcRn was mapped in about 20 tissues including placenta from human and the most frequently used species in non-clinical safety testing of monoclonal antibodies (mouse, rat, cynomolgus monkey). In addition, the FcRn expression pattern was characterized in two humanized transgenic mouse lines (Tg32 and Tg276) expressing human FcRn under different promoters, and in the severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse. Consecutive sections were stained with specific markers, namely, anti-CD68 for macrophages and anti-von Willebrand Factor for endothelial cells. Overall, the FcRn expression pattern was comparable across species and tissues with consistent expression of FcRn in endothelial cells and interstitial macrophages, Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, enterocytes, and choroid plexus epithelium. The human FcRn transgenic mouse Tg276 showed a different and much more widespread staining pattern of FcRn. In addition, immunodeficiency and lack of IgG in SCID mice had no negative effect on FcRn expression compared with wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Latvala
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (SL, BJ, MBO, AH, SK)
| | - Bjoern Jacobsen
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (SL, BJ, MBO, AH, SK)
| | - Michael B Otteneder
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (SL, BJ, MBO, AH, SK)
| | - Annika Herrmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (SL, BJ, MBO, AH, SK)
| | - Sven Kronenberg
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (SL, BJ, MBO, AH, SK)
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4
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IgG trafficking in the adult pig small intestine: one- or bidirectional transfer across the enterocyte brush border? Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 147:399-411. [PMID: 27646280 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) transfer in opposite directions across the small intestinal brush border serves different purposes in early life and in adulthood. In the neonate, maternal IgG is taken up from the gut lumen into the blood, conferring passive immunity to the offspring, whereas in the adult immunoglobulins, including IgG made by plasma cells in the lamina propria, are secreted via the brush border to the lumen as part of the mucosal defense. Here, IgG has been proposed to perform a luminal immune surveillance which eventually includes a reuptake through the brush border as pathogen-containing immune complexes. In the present work, we studied luminal uptake of FITC-conjugated and gold-conjugated IgG in cultured pig jejunal mucosal explants. After 1 h, binding to the brush border was seen in upper crypts and lower parts of the villi. However, no endocytotic uptake into EEA-1-positive compartments was detected, neither at neutral nor acidic pH, despite an ongoing constitutive endocytosis from the brush border, visualized by the polar tracer CF594. The 40-kDa neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, was present in the microvillus fraction, but noteworthy, a 37 kDa band, most likely a proteolytic cleavage product, bound IgG in a pH-dependent manner more efficiently than did the full-length FcRn. In conclusion, our work does not support the theory that bidirectional transfer of IgG across the intestinal brush border is part of the luminal immune surveillance in the adult.
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Qiu Y, Lv W, Xu M, Xu Y. Single chain antibody fragments with pH dependent binding to FcRn enabled prolonged circulation of therapeutic peptide in vivo. J Control Release 2016; 229:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Muzammil S, Mabus JR, Cooper PR, Brezski RJ, Bement CB, Perkinson R, Huebert ND, Thompson S, Levine D, Kliwinski C, Bradley D, Hornby PJ. FcRn binding is not sufficient for achieving systemic therapeutic levels of immunoglobulin G after oral delivery of enteric-coated capsules in cynomolgus macaques. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00218. [PMID: 27433338 PMCID: PMC4876138 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much speculation has surrounded intestinally expressed FcRn as a means for systemic uptake of orally administered immunoglobulin G (IgG), this has not been validated in translational models beyond neonates or in FcRn-expressing cells in vitro. Recently, IgG1 intestinal infusion acutely in anesthetized cynomolgus resulted in detectable serum monoclonal antibody (mAb) levels. In this study, we show that IgG2 has greater protease resistance to intestinal enzymes in vitro and mice in vivo, due to protease resistance in the hinge region. An IgG2 mAb engineered for FcRn binding, was optimally formulated, lyophilized, and loaded into enteric-coated capsules for oral dosing in cynomolgus. Small intestinal pH 7.5 was selected for enteric delivery based on gastrointestinal pH profiling of cynomolgus by operator-assisted IntelliCap System(®). Milling of the lyophilized IgG2 M428L FcRn-binding variant after formulation in 10 mmol/L histidine, pH 5.7, 8.5% sucrose, 0.04% PS80 did not alter the physicochemical properties nor the molecular integrity compared to the batch released in PBS. Size 3 hard gel capsules (23.2 mg IgG2 M428L ~3 mg/kg) were coated with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate for rapid dissolution at pH 7.5 in small intestine and FcRn binding of encapsulated mAb confirmed. Initial capsule dosing by endoscopic delivery into the small intestine achieved 0.2 + 0.1 ng/mL (n = 5) peak at 24 h. Weekly oral capsule dosing for 6 weeks achieved levels of 0.4 + 0.2 ng/mL and, despite increasing the dose and frequency, remained below 1 ng/mL. In conclusion, lyophilized milled mAb retains FcRn binding and molecular integrity for small intestinal delivery. The low systemic exposure has demonstrated the limitations of intestinal FcRn in non-human primates and the unfeasibility of employing this for therapeutic levels of mAb. Local mAb delivery with limited systemic exposure may be sufficient as a therapeutic for intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Muzammil
- Janssen Biopharmaceuticals (formerly Biotechnology Center of Excellence) R&D of J&J Spring House Pennsylvania 19477
| | - John R Mabus
- Janssen Biopharmaceuticals (formerly Biotechnology Center of Excellence) R&D of J&J Spring House Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Philip R Cooper
- Janssen Biopharmaceuticals (formerly Biotechnology Center of Excellence) R&D of J&J Spring House Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Randall J Brezski
- Janssen Biopharmaceuticals (formerly Biotechnology Center of Excellence) R&D of J&J Spring House Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Courtney B Bement
- Janssen Biopharmaceuticals (formerly Biotechnology Center of Excellence) R&D of J&J Spring House Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Rob Perkinson
- Janssen Biopharmaceuticals (formerly Biotechnology Center of Excellence) R&D of J&J Spring House Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Norman D Huebert
- Discovery Sciences Janssen Pharmaceutical R&D of J&J Spring House Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Suzanne Thompson
- Preclinical Center of Excellence Ethicon., Inc. Cincinnati Ohio 45242
| | - Dalia Levine
- Janssen Biopharmaceuticals (formerly Biotechnology Center of Excellence) R&D of J&J Spring House Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Connie Kliwinski
- Janssen Biopharmaceuticals (formerly Biotechnology Center of Excellence) R&D of J&J Spring House Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Dino Bradley
- Discovery Sciences Janssen Pharmaceutical R&D of J&J Spring House Pennsylvania 19477
| | - Pamela J Hornby
- Janssen Biopharmaceuticals (formerly Biotechnology Center of Excellence) R&D of J&J Spring House Pennsylvania 19477
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7
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Pyzik M, Rath T, Lencer WI, Baker K, Blumberg RS. FcRn: The Architect Behind the Immune and Nonimmune Functions of IgG and Albumin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4595-603. [PMID: 25934922 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The neonatal FcR (FcRn) belongs to the extensive and functionally divergent family of MHC molecules. Contrary to classical MHC family members, FcRn possesses little diversity and is unable to present Ags. Instead, through its capacity to bind IgG and albumin with high affinity at low pH, it regulates the serum half-lives of both of these proteins. In addition, FcRn plays an important role in immunity at mucosal and systemic sites through its ability to affect the lifespan of IgG, as well as its participation in innate and adaptive immune responses. Although the details of its biology are still emerging, the ability of FcRn to rescue albumin and IgG from early degradation represents an attractive approach to alter the plasma half-life of pharmaceuticals. We review some of the most novel aspects of FcRn biology, immune as well as nonimmune, and provide some examples of FcRn-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pyzik
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Timo Rath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nueremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wayne I Lencer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115; and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kristi Baker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Richard S Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Harvard Digestive Diseases Center, Boston, MA 02115; and
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark L Anderson
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH , USA
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9
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Cooper PR, Kliwinski CM, Perkinson RA, Ragwan E, Mabus JR, Powers GD, Dorai H, Giles-Komar J, Hornby PJ. The contribution of cell surface FcRn in monoclonal antibody serum uptake from the intestine in suckling rat pups. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:225. [PMID: 25339905 PMCID: PMC4188031 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in intestinal epithelium is the primary mechanism for transfer of maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) from suckled milk to serum; but the factors contributing to the rapid uptake of IgG are poorly understood. These studies help to determine the contribution of cell surface FcRn in IgG uptake in 2-week-old rat pups by varying local pH and binding conditions. Variants of a human wild-type (WT) IgG monoclonal antibody (mAb WT) were assessed for binding affinity (KD) to rat (r)FcRn at pH 6.0 and subsequent off-rate at pH 7.4 (1/s) by surface plasmon resonance. Selected mAbs were administered intra-intestinally in isoflurane-anesthetized 2-week rat pups. Full length mAb in serum was quantified by immunoassay, (r)FcRn mRNA expression by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and mAb epithelial localization was visualized by immunohistochemistry. After duodenal administration, serum levels of mAb variants correlated with their rFcRn off-rate at pH 7.4, but not their affinity at pH 6.0. The greatest serum levels of IgG were measured when mAb was administered in the duodenum where rFcRn mRNA expression is greatest, and was increased further by duodenal administration in pH 6.0 buffer. More intense human IgG immunostaining was detected in epithelium than the same variant administered at higher pH. These data suggest an increased contribution for cell surface receptor. We conclude that, in the neonate duodenum, receptor off-rates are as important as affinities for FcRn mediated uptake, and cell surface binding of IgG to rFcRn plays contributes to IgG uptake alongside pinocytosis; both of which responsible for increased IgG uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Cooper
- Biologics Research, Janssen R&D - Johnson & Johnson, Biotechnology Center of Excellence Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Connie M Kliwinski
- Biologics Pharmacology and Toxicology, Janssen R&D - Johnson & Johnson, Biotechnology Center of Excellence Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Robert A Perkinson
- Biologics Research, Janssen R&D - Johnson & Johnson, Biotechnology Center of Excellence Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Edwin Ragwan
- Biologics Research, Janssen R&D - Johnson & Johnson, Biotechnology Center of Excellence Spring House, PA, USA
| | - John R Mabus
- Biologics Research, Janssen R&D - Johnson & Johnson, Biotechnology Center of Excellence Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Gordon D Powers
- Biologics Research, Janssen R&D - Johnson & Johnson, Biotechnology Center of Excellence Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Haimanti Dorai
- Biologics Research, Janssen R&D - Johnson & Johnson, Biotechnology Center of Excellence Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Jill Giles-Komar
- Biologics Research, Janssen R&D - Johnson & Johnson, Biotechnology Center of Excellence Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Pamela J Hornby
- Biologics Research, Janssen R&D - Johnson & Johnson, Biotechnology Center of Excellence Spring House, PA, USA
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