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Baker P, Huang C, Radi R, Moll SB, Jules E, Arbiser JL. Skin Barrier Function: The Interplay of Physical, Chemical, and Immunologic Properties. Cells 2023; 12:2745. [PMID: 38067173 PMCID: PMC10706187 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An intact barrier function of the skin is important in maintaining skin health. The regulation of the skin barrier depends on a multitude of molecular and immunological signaling pathways. By examining the regulation of a healthy skin barrier, including maintenance of the acid mantle and appropriate levels of ceramides, dermatologists can better formulate solutions to address issues that are related to a disrupted skin barrier. Conversely, by understanding specific skin barrier disruptions that are associated with specific conditions, such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis, the development of new compounds could target signaling pathways to provide more effective relief for patients. We aim to review key factors mediating skin barrier regulation and inflammation, including skin acidity, interleukins, nuclear factor kappa B, and sirtuin 3. Furthermore, we will discuss current and emerging treatment options for skin barrier conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Baker
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (P.B.); (C.H.); (R.R.); (S.B.M.); (E.J.)
| | - Christina Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (P.B.); (C.H.); (R.R.); (S.B.M.); (E.J.)
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Rakan Radi
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (P.B.); (C.H.); (R.R.); (S.B.M.); (E.J.)
| | - Samara B. Moll
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (P.B.); (C.H.); (R.R.); (S.B.M.); (E.J.)
| | - Emmanuela Jules
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (P.B.); (C.H.); (R.R.); (S.B.M.); (E.J.)
| | - Jack L. Arbiser
- Metroderm/United Derm Partners, 875 Johnson Ferry Road, Atlanta, GA 30342, USA
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Dubois-Pot-Schneider H, Khairallah G, Brzenczek C, Plénat F, Marchal F, Amouroux M. Transcriptomic Study on Human Skin Samples: Identification of Two Subclasses of Actinic Keratoses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065937. [PMID: 36983009 PMCID: PMC10058209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinic keratoses (AKs) are sun-damaged skin areas that affect 20% of the European adult population and more than 50% of people aged 70 years and over. There are currently no clinical or histological features allowing us to identify to which clinical class (i.e., regression or progression) an AK belongs. A transcriptomic approach seems to be a robust tool for AK characterization, but there is a need for additional studies, including more patients and elucidating the molecular signature of an AK. In this context, the present study, including the largest number of patients to date, is the first aiming at identifying biological features to objectively distinguish different AK signatures. We highlight two distinct molecular profiles: AKs featuring a molecular profile similar to squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), which are called "lesional AKs" (AK_Ls), and AKs featuring a molecular profile similar to normal skin tissue, which are called "non-lesional AKs" (AK_NLs). The molecular profiles of both AK subclasses were studied, and 316 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the two classes. The 103 upregulated genes in AK_L were related to the inflammatory response. Interestingly, downregulated genes were associated with keratinization. Finally, based on a connectivity map approach, our data highlight that the VEGF pathway could be a promising therapeutic target for high-risk lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grégoire Khairallah
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, 54000 Nancy, France
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Metz-Thionville Regional Hospital, 57530 Ars-Laquenexy, France
| | | | | | - Frédéric Marchal
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN, 54000 Nancy, France
- Département de Chirurgie, Institut de Cancérologie de Lorraine, 54519 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Bii VM, Rudoy D, Klezovitch O, Vasioukhin V. Lethal giant larvae gene family ( Llgl1 and Llgl2 ) functions as a tumor suppressor in mouse skin epidermis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.06.531408. [PMID: 36945368 PMCID: PMC10028895 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.531408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Loss of cell polarity and tissue disorganization occurs in majority of epithelial cancers. Studies in simple model organisms identified molecular mechanisms responsible for the establishment and maintenance of cellular polarity, which play a pivotal role in establishing proper tissue architecture. The exact role of these cell polarity pathways in mammalian cancer is not completely understood. Here we analyzed the mammalian orthologs of drosophila apical-basal polarity gene lethal giant larvae ( lgl ), which regulates asymmetric stem cell division and functions as a tumor suppressor in flies. There are two mammalian orthologs of lgl ( Llgl1 and Llgl2 ). To determine the role of the entire lgl signaling pathway in mammals we generated mice with ablation of both Llgl1 and Llgl2 in skin epidermis using K14-Cre ( Llgl1/2 -/- cKO mice). Surprisingly, we found that ablation of Llgl1/2 genes does not impact epidermal polarity in adult mice. However, old Llgl1/2 cKO mice present with focal skin lesions which are missing epidermal layer and ripe with inflammation. To determine the role of lgl signaling pathway in cancer we generated Trp53 -/- /Llgl1/2 -/- cKO and Trp53 -/+ /Llgl1/2 -/- cKO mice. Loss of Llgl1/2 promoted squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development in Trp53 -/- cKO and caused SCC in Trp53 -/+ cKO mice, while no cancer was observed in Trp53 -/+ cKO controls. Mechanistically, we show that ablation of Llgl1/2 causes activation of aPKC and upregulation of NF-kB signaling pathway, which may be necessary for SCC in Trp53 -/+ /Llgl1/2 -/- cKO mice. We conclude that Lgl signaling pathway functions as a tumor suppressor in mammalian skin epidermis.
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Inhibition of CtBP-Regulated Proinflammatory Gene Transcription Attenuates Psoriatic Skin Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:390-401. [PMID: 34293351 PMCID: PMC8770725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disease characterized by excessive proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and increased immune cell infiltration to the skin. Although it is well-known that psoriasis pathogenesis is driven by aberrant production of proinflammatory cytokines, the mechanisms underlying the imbalance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression are incompletely understood. In this study, we report that the transcriptional coregulators CtBP1 and 2 can transactivate a common set of proinflammatory genes both in the skin of imiquimod-induced mouse psoriasis model and in human keratinocytes and macrophages stimulated by imiquimod. We find that mice overexpressing CtBP1 in epidermal keratinocytes display severe skin inflammation phenotypes with increased expression of T helper type 1 and T helper type 17 cytokines. We also find that the expression of CtBPs and CtBP-target genes is elevated both in human psoriatic lesions and in the mouse imiquimod psoriasis model. Moreover, we were able to show that topical treatment with a peptidic inhibitor of CtBP effectively suppresses the CtBP-regulated proinflammatory gene expression and thus attenuates psoriatic inflammation in the imiquimod mouse model. Together, our findings suggest to our knowledge previously unreported strategies for therapeutic modulation of the immune response in inflammatory skin diseases.
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Tisack A, Fotouhi A, Fidai C, Friedman BJ, Ozog D, Veenstra J. A clinical and biological review of keratoacanthoma. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:487-498. [PMID: 33864244 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Keratoacanthoma (KA) is a common skin tumour that remains controversial regarding classification, epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis and management. Classically, a KA manifests as a rapidly growing, well-differentiated, squamoid lesion with a predilection for sun-exposed sites in elderly people and a tendency to spontaneously regress. Historically, KAs have been considered a variant of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and are often reported as KA-type cSCC. However, the penchant for regression has led many to categorize KAs as biologically benign tumours with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms from malignant cSCC. The clinical and histopathological similarities between KA and cSCC, particularly the well-differentiated variant of cSCC, have made definitive differentiation difficult or impossible in many cases. The ambiguity between entities has led to the general recommendation for surgical excision of KAs to ensure a potentially malignant cSCC is not left untreated. This current standard creates unnecessary surgical morbidity and financial strain for patients, especially the at-risk elderly population. There have been no reports of death from a definitive KA to date, while cSCC has an approximate mortality rate of 1·5%. Reliably distinguishing cSCC from KA would shift management strategies for KAs towards less-invasive treatment modalities, prevent unnecessary surgical morbidity, and likely reduce associated healthcare costs. Herein, we review the pathophysiology and clinical characteristics of KA, and conclude on the balance of current evidence that KA is a benign lesion and distinct from cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tisack
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - A Fotouhi
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - C Fidai
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - B J Friedman
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - D Ozog
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - J Veenstra
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
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Choi J, West CE, Roh YS, Sutaria N, Kwatra SG, Kwatra MM. Mouse models for actinic keratoses. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021; 110:107071. [PMID: 33933627 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Actinic keratoses (AKs) represent a premalignant skin condition due to chronic sun damage that dramatically increases in prevalence in the aging population. Currently, animal models of AKs utilize photocarcinogenesis, chemical carcinogens, or targeted gene modulation, and each method possesses unique strengths and weaknesses. Models using photodamage most comprehensively describe methods for preferentially selecting AK lesions, while replicating the pathogenesis of AKs with greater fidelity than models utilizing other carcinogenic methods. The following review of current murine models of AKs will aid in the selection of mouse models appropriate for future in vivo studies to test the efficacy of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of AKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | - Youkyung S Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Nishadh Sutaria
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Shawn G Kwatra
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Madan M Kwatra
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Cosmetic Syndrome Correction with Calcium Hydroxylapatite-Based Filler in Patients with Connective Tissue Dysplasia. Dermatol Res Pract 2021; 2021:6673058. [PMID: 33936194 PMCID: PMC8060110 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6673058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia is one of the most common diseases of nowadays, which does not fit into the group of hereditary syndromes. This condition is diagnosed in 20–50% of the population at any age. The study aimed to correct the facial soft tissues of patients with undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia through the cosmetic procedure of calcium hydroxylapatite injection. In 2018, a 36-year-old patient addressed the beauty salon with signs of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia, such as severe asymmetry of the face, infraorbital and nasolabial sulci, and thin and easily folding skin. Signs were observed from the age of 22, i.e., for 14 years. The therapy was performed using special features of the correction of facial soft tissue changes in patients with connective tissue dysplasia (CTD) using calcium hydroxylapatite-based products (Radiesse®, Merz North America, Inc., USA). Particular attention is given to the need for early correction to prevent premature skin aging related to this condition. After 14 days, a significant improvement of the patient's skin condition was noted after the passing of two procedures. Her condition was estimated as consistent with T1-2P0G0A1Zh1 P1M1K1 and corresponded to grade I age-related changes in the superficial soft tissues. The performed treatment showed high efficacy in case of mild connective tissue dysplasia diagnosis. The results showed that when collecting information from anamnesis, the diagnostic criteria for dysplasia should be considered. If the criteria are met, the cosmetological correction with collagen stimulators becomes possible.
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Nozawa T, Mihara-Tomiyama N, Chiba T, Imai K. NF-κB subunit RELA suppression of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 expression in oral carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 542:24-28. [PMID: 33482470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Loss of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT1) expression closely associates with increased aggressive behaviors of oral carcinoma cells. It emphasizes that a mechanism to suppress the expression is an important subject for understanding carcinoma progression pathway. However, nothing is known at present. This study conducted on transcriptional regulation of the gene down-regulation. Reporter assays showed the presence of the silencer region between +402 and +501 region of MALT1 gene in oral carcinoma cells. It encoded a binding site of nuclear factor-κB subunit, RELA. RELA binding to the site was confirmed by the chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses, and deletion and mutations of the site significantly decreased the RELA binding. Short interfering RNAs for RELA up-regulated reporter gene and endogenous MALT1 protein expressions, and deletion and mutations of RELA binding site increased reporter gene expression. These results demonstrated RELA-binding to the site suppresses MALT1 expression that may facilitate oral carcinoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaomi Nozawa
- Department of Biochemistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan
| | - Nozomi Mihara-Tomiyama
- Department of Biochemistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan
| | - Tadashige Chiba
- Department of Biochemistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan
| | - Kazushi Imai
- Department of Biochemistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan.
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Owolabi JO, Fabiyi OS, Adelakin LA, Ekwerike MC. Effects of Skin Lightening Cream Agents - Hydroquinone and Kojic Acid, on the Skin of Adult Female Experimental Rats. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13:283-289. [PMID: 32308462 PMCID: PMC7147621 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s233185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Skin bleaching is the act of using steroid- and chemical-containing products to lighten the skin. Hydroquinone and kojic acid are often used in skin bleaching creams. Hydroquinone was suspected to be harmful. This study investigated the effects of kojic acid and hydroquinone on the skin of adult female Wistar rats and the potential use of aloe vera for amelioration. Materials and Methods Eighty [n=80] adult female Wistar rats with an average weight of 120 g were randomly divided into eight groups, marked A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H. Group A animals served as the control group; group B was treated with 2% hydroquinone, group C was treated with 2% kojic acid, group D was treated with 4% hydroquinone, group E was treated with 4% kojic acid, group F was treated with 2% hydroquinone and 2% kojic acid, group G was treated with 4% hydroquinone and 4% kojic acid, and group H was treated with 4% hydroquinone, 4% kojic acid, and aloe vera. The preparations were applied to the tail skin and treatment lasted 28 days. Skin samples were excised and processed using H&E, Masson’s trichrome, and p65 immunohistochemical assays on tissue sections. Results Hydroquinone caused structural disruptions of the stratum corneum of the epidermis and the overlying keratin. p65 was also prominently expressed in the treated groups. Hydroquinone reduced skin thickness and caused epidermis disruption. Discussion The prominent expression of p65 in the sections indicated deleterious effects of hydroquinone. Kojic acid was not found to have deleterious effects. Aloe vera prevented extensive disruption of stratum corneum by hydroquinone. The use of hydroquinone in skin lightening creams might raise health concerns. Aloe vera could be protective against hydroquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Oladele Owolabi
- Department of Anatomy, Ben Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria.,Department of Anatomy, University of Global Health Equity, Butaro, Rwanda
| | - Oluseyi Sunday Fabiyi
- Department of Anatomy, Ben Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
| | - Lola Adeola Adelakin
- Department of Anatomy, Ben Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
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Prieux R, Eeman M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Valacchi G. Mimicking cigarette smoke exposure to assess cutaneous toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 62:104664. [PMID: 31669394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke stands among the most toxic environmental pollutants and is composed of thousands of chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Despite restrict cigarette smoking ban in indoor or some outdoor locations, the risk of non-smokers to be exposed to environmental cigarette smoke is not yet eliminated. Beside the well-known effects of cigarette smoke to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, a growing literature has shown during the last 3 decades its noxious effects also on cutaneous tissues. Being the largest organ as well as the interface between the outer environment and the body, human skin acts as a natural shield which is continuously exposed to harmful exogenous agents. Thus, a prolonged and/or repetitive exposure to significant levels of toxic smoke pollutants may have detrimental effects on the cutaneous tissue by disrupting the epidermal barrier function and by exacerbating inflammatory skin disorders (i.e. psoriasis, atopic dermatitis). With the development of very complex skin tissue models and sophisticated cigarette smoke exposure systems it has become important to better understand the toxicity pathways induced by smoke pollutants in more realistic laboratory conditions to find solutions for counteracting their effects. This review provides an update on the skin models currently available to study cigarette smoke exposure and the known pathways involved in cutaneous toxicity. In addition, the article will briefly cover the inflammatory skin pathologies potentially induced and/or exacerbated by cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Prieux
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marc Eeman
- Home & Personal Care, Dow Silicones Belgium, Seneffe, Belgium
| | | | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, United States; Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Li C, Wang P, Fu Z, Li Y, Li S. Swainsonine inhibits proliferation and collagen synthesis of NIH-3T3 cells by declining miR-21. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2256-2264. [PMID: 31184213 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1620255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Ziyang Fu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Yongtao Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Shouju Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Heze Municipal Hospital, Heze, China
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Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that control the transcription of genetic information from DNA to mRNA by binding to specific DNA sequences either on their own or with other proteins as a complex. TFs thus support or suppress the recruitment of the corresponding RNA polymerase. In general, TFs are classified by structure or function. The TF, Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), is expressed in all cell types and tissues. NF-κB signaling and crosstalk are involved in several steps of carcinogenesis including in sequences involving pathogenic stimulus, chronic inflammation, fibrosis, establishment of its remodeling to the precancerous niche (PCN) and transition of a normal cell to a cancer cell. Triggered by various inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB is activated along with other TFs with subsequent stimulation of cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis. The involvement of NF-κB in carcinogenesis provides an opportunity to develop anti-NF-κB therapies. The complexity of these interactions requires that we elucidate those aspects of NF-κB interactions that play a role in carcinogenesis, the sequence of events leading to cancer.
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Chen L, Hayden MS, Gilmore ES, Alexander-Savino C, Oleksyn D, Gillespie K, Zhao J, Poligone B. PKK deletion in basal keratinocytes promotes tumorigenesis after chemical carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:418-428. [PMID: 29186361 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is a keratinocyte malignancy characterized by tumors presenting on sun-exposed areas with surgery being the mainstay treatment. Despite advances in targeted therapy in other skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma and melanoma, there have been no such advances in the treatment of SCC. This is partly due to an incomplete knowledge of the pathogenesis of SCC. We have recently identified a protein kinase C-associated kinase (PKK) as a potential tumor suppressor in SCC. We now describe a novel conditional PKK knockout mouse model, which demonstrates that PKK deficiency promotes SCC formation during chemically induced tumorigenesis. Our results further support that PKK functions as a tumor suppressor in skin keratinocytes and is important in the pathogenesis of SCC of the skin. We further define the interactions of keratinocyte PKK with TP63 and NF-κB signaling, highlighting the importance of this protein as a tumor suppressor in SCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luojing Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, USA
| | - Matthew S Hayden
- Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, USA.,Department of Surgery, Section of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, USA
| | | | | | - David Oleksyn
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Jiyong Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, USA
| | - Brian Poligone
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, USA.,Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, USA
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Riedlinger T, Haas J, Busch J, van de Sluis B, Kracht M, Schmitz ML. The Direct and Indirect Roles of NF-κB in Cancer: Lessons from Oncogenic Fusion Proteins and Knock-in Mice. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6010036. [PMID: 29562713 PMCID: PMC5874693 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB signaling pathways play an important role in the regulation of cellular immune and stress responses. Aberrant NF-κB activity has been implicated in almost all the steps of cancer development and many of the direct and indirect contributions of this transcription factor system for oncogenesis were revealed in the recent years. The indirect contributions affect almost all hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer, but NF-κB can either promote or antagonize these tumor-supportive functions, thus prohibiting global NF-κB inhibition. The direct effects are due to mutations of members of the NF-κB system itself. These mutations typically occur in upstream components that lead to the activation of NF-κB together with further oncogenesis-promoting signaling pathways. In contrast, mutations of the downstream components, such as the DNA-binding subunits, contribute to oncogenic transformation by affecting NF-κB-driven transcriptional output programs. Here, we discuss the features of recently identified oncogenic RelA fusion proteins and the characterization of pathways that are regulating the transcriptional activity of NF-κB by regulatory phosphorylations. As NF-κB’s central role in human physiology prohibits its global inhibition, these auxiliary or cell type-specific NF-κB regulating pathways are potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Riedlinger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Jana Haas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Julia Busch
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute of Pharmacology, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
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15
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Fisher ML, Adhikary G, Xu W, Kerr C, Keillor JW, Eckert RL. Type II transglutaminase stimulates epidermal cancer stem cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:20525-39. [PMID: 25971211 PMCID: PMC4653023 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional protein that has recently been implicated as having a role in ECS cell survival. In the present study we investigate the role of TG2 in regulating epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in ECS cells. Our studies show that TG2 knockdown or treatment with TG2 inhibitor, results in a reduced EMT marker expression, and reduced cell migration and invasion. TG2 has several activities, but the most prominent are its transamidase and GTP binding activity. Analysis of a series of TG2 mutants reveals that TG2 GTP binding activity, but not the transamidase activity, is required for expression of EMT markers (Twist, Snail, Slug, vimentin, fibronectin, N-cadherin and HIF-1α), and increased ECS cell invasion and migration. This coupled with reduced expression of E-cadherin. Additional studies indicate that NF&#ξ03BA;B signaling, which has been implicated as mediating TG2 impact on EMT in breast cancer cells, is not involved in TG2 regulation of EMT in skin cancer. These studies suggest that TG2 is required for maintenance of ECS cell EMT, invasion and migration, and suggests that inhibiting TG2 GTP binding/G-protein related activity may reduce skin cancer tumor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Fisher
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gautam Adhikary
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wen Xu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Candace Kerr
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard L Eckert
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Reproductive Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Galheigo MRU, Cruz AR, Cabral ÁS, Faria PR, Cordeiro RS, Silva MJB, Tomiosso TC, Gonçalves BF, Pinto-Fochi ME, Taboga SR, Góes RM, Ribeiro DL. Role of the TNF-α receptor type 1 on prostate carcinogenesis in knockout mice. Prostate 2016; 76:917-26. [PMID: 27018768 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TNF-α is a key cytokine involved in prostate carcinogenesis and is mediated by the TNF-α receptor type 1 (TNFR-1). This receptor triggers two opposite pathways: cell death or cell survival and presents a protective or stimulator role in cancer. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of TNF signaling in chemically induced prostate carcinogenesis in mice. METHODS C57bl/6 wild type (WT) and p55 TNFR-1 knockout mice (KO) were treated with mineral oil (control) or N-methyl N-nitrosurea (MNU) in association with testosterone (MNU+T, single injection of 40 mg/kg and weekly injection 2 mg/kg, respectively) over the course of 6 months. After this induction period, prostate samples were processed for histological and biochemical analysis. RESULTS MNU+T treatment led to the development of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and adenocarcinoma (PCa) in both WT and KO animals; however, the incidence of PCa was lower in KO group than in WT. Cell proliferation analysis showed that PCNA levels were significantly lower in the KO group, even after carcinogenesis induction. Furthermore, the prostate of KO animals had lower levels of p65 and p-mTOR after treatment with MNU+T than WT. There was also a decrease in prostate androgen receptor levels after induction of carcinogenesis in both KO and WT mice. Regarding the extracellular matrix in the prostate, KO mice had higher levels of fibronectin and lower levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) after carcinogenesis. Finally, there was a similar increase in apoptosis in both groups after carcinogenesis, indicating that the TNAFr1 pathway in prostate carcinogenesis presented proliferative, and not apoptotic, stimuli. CONCLUSIONS TNF-α, through its receptor TNFR-1, promoted cell proliferation and cell survival in prostate by activation of the AKT/mTOR and NFKB pathway, which stimulated prostate carcinogenesis in chemically induced mice. Prostate 76: 917-926, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Rodrigues Cruz
- Histology Sector, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Ágata Silva Cabral
- Histology Sector, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rogério Faria
- Histology Sector, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato Simões Cordeiro
- Histology Sector, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcelo José Barbosa Silva
- Immunology Sector, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Carla Tomiosso
- Histology Sector, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bianca Fachim Gonçalves
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (IBB/UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Etelvina Pinto-Fochi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (IBILCE/UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (IBILCE/UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rejane Maira Góes
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Letters and Exact Sciences, Univ Estadual Paulista (IBILCE/UNESP), São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele Lisboa Ribeiro
- Histology Sector, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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17
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Perez CJ, Mecklenburg L, Jaubert J, Martinez-Santamaria L, Iritani BM, Espejo A, Napoli E, Song G, Del Río M, DiGiovanni J, Giulivi C, Bedford MT, Dent SYR, Wood RD, Kusewitt DF, Guénet JL, Conti CJ, Benavides F. Increased Susceptibility to Skin Carcinogenesis Associated with a Spontaneous Mouse Mutation in the Palmitoyl Transferase Zdhhc13 Gene. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:3133-3143. [PMID: 26288350 PMCID: PMC4898190 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a spontaneous mutation in the Zdhhc13 (zinc finger, DHHC domain containing 13) gene (also called Hip14l), one of 24 genes encoding palmitoyl acyltransferase (PAT) enzymes in the mouse. This mutation (Zdhhc13luc) was identified as a nonsense base substitution, which results in a premature stop codon that generates a truncated form of the ZDHHC13 protein, representing a potential loss-of-function allele. Homozygous Zdhhc13luc/Zdhhc13luc mice developed generalized hypotrichosis, associated with abnormal hair cycle, epidermal and sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, and increased epidermal thickness. Increased keratinocyte proliferation and accelerated transit from basal to more differentiated layers were observed in mutant compared with wild-type (WT) epidermis in untreated skin and after short-term 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate treatment and acute UVB exposure. Interestingly, this epidermal phenotype was associated with constitutive activation of NF-κB (RelA) and increased neutrophil recruitment and elastase activity. Furthermore, tumor multiplicity and malignant progression of papillomas after chemical skin carcinogenesis were significantly higher in mutant mice than WT littermates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a protective role for PAT in skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Perez
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jean Jaubert
- Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle de la Souris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lucia Martinez-Santamaria
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Brian M Iritani
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexsandra Espejo
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gyu Song
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Marcela Del Río
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA; Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M. I. N. D.) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sharon Y R Dent
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donna F Kusewitt
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jean-Louis Guénet
- Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle de la Souris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Claudio J Conti
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Benavides
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
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18
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Dillenburg CS, Martins MD, Meurer L, Castilho RM, Squarize CH. Keratoacanthoma of the Lip: Activation of the mTOR Pathway, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, and Tumor Senescence. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e1552. [PMID: 26402814 PMCID: PMC4635754 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000001552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The PI3K-PTEN-mTOR is one of the most important pathways involved in cancer development and progression; however, its role in keratoacanthoma (KA) is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the activation of key proteins in the PI3K-mTOR pathway in lip KA. We analyzed the activation of the PI3K-PTEN-mTOR pathway using human tumor samples stained for well-established protein markers in this pathway, including pS6 and pAKT phosphoproteins. We assessed proliferation using Ki-67 and performed additional morphological and immunohistochemical analysis using anti-PTEN and anti-p16 antibodies.We found that the majority of KA labeled to pS6 and not pAKT. PTEN expression was inversely correlated with Ki-67 expression. In addition to PTEN expression, KA cells were positive for p16 senescence marker. PI3K-PTEN-mTOR pathway is activated in lip KA, leading to downstream activation of mTORC1, but not mTORC2. This pathway plays an important role in KA progression by promoting proliferation and activation of oncogenic-induced senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Siviero Dillenburg
- From the Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI (CSD, MDM, RMC, CHS); Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry (CSD, MDM); and Department of Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (LM)
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19
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Watt SA, Purdie KJ, den Breems NY, Dimon M, Arron ST, McHugh AT, Xue DJ, Dayal JHS, Proby CM, Harwood CA, Leigh IM, South AP. Novel CARD11 Mutations in Human Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma Lead to Aberrant NF-κB Regulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26212909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB signaling plays a crucial role in regulating proliferation and differentiation in the epidermis. Alterations in the NF-κB pathway can lead to skin pathologies with a significant burden to human health such as psoriasis and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing scaffold proteins are key regulators of NF-κB signaling by providing a link between membrane receptors and NF-κB transcriptional subunits. Mutations in the CARD family member, CARD14, have been identified in patients with the inflammatory skin diseases psoriasis and pityriasis rubra pilaris. Here, we describe that the gene coding for another CARD scaffold protein, CARD11, is mutated in more than 38% of 111 cSCCs, and show that novel variants outside of the coiled-coil domain lead to constitutively activated NF-κB signaling. CARD11 protein expression was detectable in normal skin and increased in all cSCCs tested. CARD11 mRNA levels were comparable with CARD14 in normal skin and CARD11 mRNA was increased in cSCC. In addition, we identified CARD11 mutations in peritumoral and sun-exposed skin, suggesting that CARD11-mediated alterations in NF-κB signaling may be an early event in the development of cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Watt
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Karin J Purdie
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michelle Dimon
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Sarah T Arron
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Angela T McHugh
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan J Xue
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jasbani H S Dayal
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte M Proby
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine A Harwood
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene M Leigh
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Centre for Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P South
- Division of Cancer Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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20
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Amberg N, Holcmann M, Glitzner E, Novoszel P, Stulnig G, Sibilia M. Mouse models of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1267:217-50. [PMID: 25636471 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2297-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ of the mammalian body, made up of multiple layers, which include the epidermis, dermis, and subcutis (Alam and Ratner, N Engl J Med 344(13):975-983, 2001). The human interfollicular epidermis can be subdivided into five different layers: (1) stratum basale, (2) stratum spinosum, (3) stratum granulosum, (4) stratum lucidum, and (5) stratum corneum, all originating from basal keratinocytes by differentiation (Hameetman et al., BMC cancer 13:58, 2013; Ramirez et al., Differentiation 58(1):53-64, 1994). The epidermis is also able to generate different appendages: hair follicles (HF) and their associated sebaceous glands (Sibilia et al., Cell 102(2):211-220, 2000) as well as sweat glands (Luetteke et al., Genes Dev 8(4):399-413, 1994). The skin has important functions in several biological processes like environmental barrier, tissue regeneration, hair cycling, and wound repair. During these processes, stem cells from the interfollicular epidermis and from the hair follicle bulge are activated to renew the epidermis or hair. The epidermis and hair undergo continuous homeostatic regeneration and mutations, upon mutations which disturb the balance of homeostatic regeneration of epidermis and hair and lead to enhanced proliferation of keratinocytes, development of skin cancer is developed. Tumors that arise in the skin are mainly of three types: malignant melanoma, arising from melanocytes, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the latter two both arising from keratinocytes or hair follicle cells. In this chapter, we will describe some genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) that aim at modeling human BCC and SCC and their respective precancerous lesions. We will describe the experimental approaches used in our laboratory to analyze tumor-bearing mice focusing on methods necessary for the induction of tumor growth as well as for the molecular and histological analysis of tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Amberg
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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21
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Design, synthesis and biological activity of a novel Rutin analogue with improved lipid soluble properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:264-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Poligone B, Gilmore ES, Alexander CV, Oleksyn D, Gillespie K, Zhao J, Ibrahim SF, Pentland AP, Brown MD, Chen L. PKK suppresses tumor growth and is decreased in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:869-876. [PMID: 25285922 PMCID: PMC4324088 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) represents the most common cancer in the United States. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin is a sub-type of NMSC that shows a greater potential for invasion and metastasis. The current study identifies the Protein Kinase C-associated Kinase (PKK), which is also known as the Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 4 (RIPK4), as a suppressor of tumor growth in SCC of the skin. We show that expression of PKK is decreased in human SCC of the skin compared to normal skin. Further, suppression of PKK in human keratinocytes leads to increased cell proliferation. Use of RNA interference to reduce PKK expression in keratinocytes leads to an increase in S phase and in proteins that promote cell cycle progression. Consistent with the results obtained from cell culture, there is a dramatic increased tumorigenesis after PKK knockdown in a xenotransplant model and in soft agar assays. The loss of tumor suppression involves the NF-κB and p63 pathways. NF-κB is inhibited through inhibition of IKK function and there is increased nuclear TP63 activity after PKK knockdown. This study opens new avenues both in the discovery of disease pathogenesis and for potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Poligone
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA; James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
| | - Elaine S Gilmore
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA; James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Carolina V Alexander
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David Oleksyn
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Kathleen Gillespie
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jiyong Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sherrif F Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA; James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Alice P Pentland
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA; James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Marc D Brown
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA; James P Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luojing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA
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