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Zheng Y, Luo L, Lambertz IU, Conti CJ, Fuchs-Young R. Early Dietary Exposures Epigenetically Program Mammary Cancer Susceptibility through Igf1-Mediated Expansion of the Mammary Stem Cell Compartment. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162558. [PMID: 36010633 PMCID: PMC9406400 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is a critical environmental factor affecting breast cancer risk, and recent evidence shows that dietary exposures during early development can affect lifetime mammary cancer susceptibility. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we used our established crossover feeding mouse model, where exposure to a high-fat and high-sugar (HFHS) diet during defined developmental windows determines mammary tumor incidence and latency in carcinogen-treated mice. Mammary tumor incidence is significantly increased in mice receiving a HFHS post-weaning diet (high-tumor mice, HT) compared to those receiving a HFHS diet during gestation (low-tumor mice, LT). The current study revealed that the mammary stem cell (MaSC) population was significantly increased in mammary glands from HT compared to LT mice. Igf1 expression was increased in mammary stromal cells from HT mice, where it promoted MaSC self-renewal. The increased Igf1 expression was induced by DNA hypomethylation of the Igf1 Pr1 promoter, mediated by a decrease in Dnmt3b levels. Mammary tissues from HT mice also had reduced levels of Igfbp5, leading to increased bioavailability of tissue Igf1. This study provides novel insights into how early dietary exposures program mammary cancer risk, demonstrating that effective dietary intervention can reduce mammary cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Linjie Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Isabel U. Lambertz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Claudio J. Conti
- Department of Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Group (TERMeG), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28903 Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin Fuchs-Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-436-0778
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2
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Guerrero-Aspizua S, Carretero M, Conti CJ, Del Río M. The importance of immunity in the development of reliable animal models for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:626-638. [PMID: 32479655 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis (PS) and atopic dermatitis (AD) are common inflammatory skin diseases characterized by an imbalance in specific T-cell subsets, resulting in a specific cytokine profile in patients. Obtaining models closely resembling both pathologies along with a relevant clinical impact is crucial for the development of new therapies because of the high prevalence of these diseases. Single-gene mouse models developed until now do not fully reflect the complexity of these disorders, in part not only because of inherent differences between mice and humans but also because of the multifactorial nature of these pathologies. The skin-humanized mouse model developed by our group, based on a tissue engineering approach, has been used to test therapeutic strategies, although this methodology is still technically challenging and not widely available. The skin-humanized mouse models for PS and AD reproduce human skin phenotypes, providing valuable tools for drug development and testing in the preclinical setting. The tissue engineering approach allows the development of personalized medicine, covering the broad genotypic spectrum of these pathologies. This review highlights the main differences between available murine models focusing on the tissue-specific immunity of PS and AD. We discuss their contribution to unravel the complex pathophysiology of these diseases and to translate this knowledge into more accurate therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guerrero-Aspizua
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911, Spain.,Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, U714, Spain
| | - Marta Carretero
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, U714, Spain
| | - Claudio J Conti
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911, Spain.,Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Marcela Del Río
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, 28911, Spain.,Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, U714, Spain
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3
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Guerrero-Aspizua S, González-Masa A, Conti CJ, García M, Chacón-Solano E, Larcher F, del Río M. Humanization of Tumor Stroma by Tissue Engineering as a Tool to Improve Squamous Cell Carcinoma Xenograft. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061951. [PMID: 32178458 PMCID: PMC7139348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of stroma is fundamental in the development and behavior of epithelial tumors. In this regard, limited growth of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) or cell-lines derived from them has been achieved in immunodeficient mice. Moreover, lack of faithful recapitulation of the original human neoplasia complexity is often observed in xenografted tumors. Here, we used tissue engineering techniques to recreate a humanized tumor stroma for SCCs grafted in host mice, by combining CAF (cancer associated fibroblasts)-like cells with a biocompatible scaffold. The stroma was either co-injected with epithelial cell lines derived from aggressive SCC or implanted 15 days before the injection of the tumoral cells, to allow its vascularization and maturation. None of the mice injected with the cell lines without stroma were able to develop a SCC. In contrast, tumors were able to grow when SCC cells were injected into previously established humanized stroma. Histologically, all of the regenerated tumors were moderately differentiated SCC with a well-developed stroma, resembling that found in the original human neoplasm. Persistence of human stromal cells was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. In summary, we provide a proof of concept that humanized tumor stroma, generated by tissue engineering, can facilitate the development of epithelial tumors in immunodeficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guerrero-Aspizua
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division. CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U714, 28911 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-624-8206
| | - Andrea González-Masa
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
| | - Claudio J. Conti
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta García
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division. CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U714, 28911 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esteban Chacón-Solano
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division. CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U714, 28911 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Larcher
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division. CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U714, 28911 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcela del Río
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.J.C.); (M.G.); (E.C.-S.); (F.L.); (M.d.R.)
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division. CIEMAT, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U714, 28911 Madrid, Spain
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4
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Guerrero-Aspizua S, Conti CJ, Escamez MJ, Castiglia D, Zambruno G, Youssefian L, Vahidnezhad H, Requena L, Itin P, Tadini G, Yordanova I, Martin L, Uitto J, Has C, Del Rio M. Assessment of the risk and characterization of non-melanoma skin cancer in Kindler syndrome: study of a series of 91 patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:183. [PMID: 31340837 PMCID: PMC6657209 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kindler Syndrome (KS) is a rare genodermatosis characterized by skin fragility, skin atrophy, premature aging and poikiloderma. It is caused by mutations in the FERMT1 gene, which encodes kindlin-1, a protein involved in integrin signalling and the formation of focal adhesions. Several reports have shown the presence of non-melanoma skin cancers in KS patients but a systematic study evaluating the risk of these tumors at different ages and their potential outcome has not yet been published. We have here addressed this condition in a retrospective study of 91 adult KS patients, characterizing frequency, metastatic potential and body distribution of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in these patients. SCC developed in 13 of the 91 patients. RESULTS The youngest case arose in a 29-year-old patient; however, the cumulative risk of SCC increased to 66.7% in patients over 60 years of age. The highly aggressive nature of SCCs in KS was confirmed showing that 53.8% of the patients bearing SCCs develop metastatic disease. Our data also showed there are no specific mutations that correlate directly with the development of SCC; however, the mutational distribution along the gene appears to be different in patients bearing SCC from SCC-free patients. The body distribution of the tumor appearance was also unique and different from other bullous diseases, being concentrated in the hands and around the oral cavity, which are areas of high inflammation in this disease. CONCLUSIONS This study characterizes SCCs in the largest series of KS patients reported so far, showing the high frequency and aggressiveness of these tumors. It also describes their particular body distribution and their relationship with mutations in the FERMT-1 gene. These data reinforce the need for close monitoring of premalignant or malignant lesions in KS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guerrero-Aspizua
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio J Conti
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Jose Escamez
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U714, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniele Castiglia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata (IDI)-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zambruno
- Genetic and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza Sant'Onofrio, 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Leila Youssefian
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vahidnezhad
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Luis Requena
- Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Itin
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gianluca Tadini
- Pediatric Dermatology, Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivelina Yordanova
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical University Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria
| | - Ludovic Martin
- Department of Dermatology, Angers University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Jouni Uitto
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcela Del Rio
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz e Instituto de Investigación FJD, Madrid, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U714, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Chacón-Solano E, León C, Díaz F, García-García F, García M, Escámez MJ, Guerrero-Aspizua S, Conti CJ, Mencía Á, Martínez-Santamaría L, Llames S, Pévida M, Carbonell-Caballero J, Puig-Butillé JA, Maseda R, Puig S, de Lucas R, Baselga E, Larcher F, Dopazo J, Del Río M. Fibroblast activation and abnormal extracellular matrix remodelling as common hallmarks in three cancer-prone genodermatoses. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:512-522. [PMID: 30693469 PMCID: PMC6850467 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), Kindler syndrome (KS) and xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) are three cancer-prone genodermatoses whose causal genetic mutations cannot fully explain, on their own, the array of associated phenotypic manifestations. Recent evidence highlights the role of the stromal microenvironment in the pathology of these disorders. OBJECTIVES To investigate, by means of comparative gene expression analysis, the role played by dermal fibroblasts in the pathogenesis of RDEB, KS and XPC. METHODS We conducted RNA-Seq analysis, which included a thorough examination of the differentially expressed genes, a functional enrichment analysis and a description of affected signalling circuits. Transcriptomic data were validated at the protein level in cell cultures, serum samples and skin biopsies. RESULTS Interdisease comparisons against control fibroblasts revealed a unifying signature of 186 differentially expressed genes and four signalling pathways in the three genodermatoses. Remarkably, some of the uncovered expression changes suggest a synthetic fibroblast phenotype characterized by the aberrant expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Western blot and immunofluorescence in situ analyses validated the RNA-Seq data. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed increased circulating levels of periostin in patients with RDEB. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the different causal genetic defects converge into common changes in gene expression, possibly due to injury-sensitive events. These, in turn, trigger a cascade of reactions involving abnormal ECM deposition and underexpression of antioxidant enzymes. The elucidated expression signature provides new potential biomarkers and common therapeutic targets in RDEB, XPC and KS. What's already known about this topic? Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), Kindler syndrome (KS) and xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) are three genodermatoses with high predisposition to cancer development. Although their causal genetic mutations mainly affect epithelia, the dermal microenvironment likely contributes to the physiopathology of these disorders. What does this study add? We disclose a large overlapping transcription profile between XPC, KS and RDEB fibroblasts that points towards an activated phenotype with high matrix-synthetic capacity. This common signature seems to be independent of the primary causal deficiency, but reflects an underlying derangement of the extracellular matrix via transforming growth factor-β signalling activation and oxidative state imbalance. What is the translational message? This study broadens the current knowledge about the pathology of these diseases and highlights new targets and biomarkers for effective therapeutic intervention. It is suggested that high levels of circulating periostin could represent a potential biomarker in RDEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chacón-Solano
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - C León
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - F Díaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - F García-García
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - M García
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT-CIBERER (U714), Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Escámez
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT-CIBERER (U714), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Guerrero-Aspizua
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT-CIBERER (U714), Madrid, Spain
| | - C J Conti
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Á Mencía
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Martínez-Santamaría
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Llames
- Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT-CIBERER (U714), Madrid, Spain.,Tissue Engineering Unit, Centro Comunitario Sangre y Tejidos (CCST), Oviedo, Spain
| | - M Pévida
- Tissue Engineering Unit, Centro Comunitario Sangre y Tejidos (CCST), Oviedo, Spain
| | - J Carbonell-Caballero
- Department of Computational Genomics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - J A Puig-Butillé
- Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), CIBERER (U726), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Maseda
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), CIBERER (U726), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R de Lucas
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Baselga
- Department of Pediatric Dermatology, Santa Creu I Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Larcher
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT-CIBERER (U714), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Dopazo
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud, CDCA, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.,Functional Genomics Node, INB-ELIXIR-es, FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain.,Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER-U715), CIBERER, FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Del Río
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering Group, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT-CIBERER (U714), Madrid, Spain
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Gunaratna RT, Santos A, Luo L, Nagi C, Lambertz I, Spier M, Conti CJ, Fuchs-Young RS. Dynamic role of the codon 72 p53 single-nucleotide polymorphism in mammary tumorigenesis in a humanized mouse model. Oncogene 2019; 38:3535-3550. [PMID: 30651598 PMCID: PMC6756019 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Female breast cancer (BrCa) is the most common noncutaneous cancer among women in the United States. Human epidemiological studies reveal that a p53 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at codon 72, encoding proline (P72) or arginine (R72), is associated with differential risk of several cancers, including BrCa. However, the molecular mechanisms by which these variants affect mammary tumorigenesis remain unresolved. To investigate the effects of this polymorphism on susceptibility to mammary cancer, we used a humanized p53 mouse model, homozygous for either P72 or R72. Our studies revealed that R72 mice had a significantly higher mammary tumor incidence and reduced latency in both DMBA-induced and MMTV-Erbb2/Neu mouse mammary tumor models compared to P72 mice. Analyses showed that susceptible mammary glands from E-R72 (R72 x MMTV-Erbb2/Neu) mice developed a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) with influx of proinflammatory macrophages, ultimately resulting in chronic, protumorigenic inflammation. Mammary tumors arising in E-R72 mice also had an increased influx of tumor-associated macrophages, contributing to angiogenesis and elevated tumor growth rates. These results demonstrate that the p53 R72 variant increased susceptibility to mammary tumorigenesis through chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh T Gunaratna
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Andres Santos
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA.,Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Linjie Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Chandandeep Nagi
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isabel Lambertz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Madison Spier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Claudio J Conti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA.,Departamento de Bioingeniería, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robin S Fuchs-Young
- Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA.
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7
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Lambertz IU, Luo L, Berton TR, Schwartz SL, Hursting SD, Conti CJ, Fuchs-Young R. Early Exposure to a High Fat/High Sugar Diet Increases the Mammary Stem Cell Compartment and Mammary Tumor Risk in Female Mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:553-562. [DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-17-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Mencía Á, García M, García E, Llames S, Charlesworth A, de Lucas R, Vicente A, Trujillo-Tiebas MJ, Coto P, Costa M, Vera Á, López-Pestaña A, Murillas R, Meneguzzi G, Jorcano JL, Conti CJ, Escámez Toledano MJ, del Río Nechaevsky M. Identification of two rare and novel large deletions in ITGB4 gene causing epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:269-74. [PMID: 26739954 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa with pyloric atresia (EB-PA) is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary disease with a variable prognosis from lethal to very mild. EB-PA is classified into Simplex form (EBS-PA: OMIM #612138) and Junctional form (JEB-PA: OMIM #226730), and it is caused by mutations in ITGA6, ITGB4 and PLEC genes. We report the analysis of six patients with EB-PA, including two dizygotic twins. Skin immunofluorescence epitope mapping was performed followed by PCR and direct sequencing of the ITGB4 gene. Two of the patients presented with non-lethal EB-PA associated with missense ITGB4 gene mutations. For the other four, early postnatal demise was associated with complete lack of β4 integrin due to a variety of ITGB4 novel mutations (2 large deletions, 1 splice-site mutation and 3 missense mutations). One of the deletions spanned 278 bp, being one of the largest reported to date for this gene. Remarkably, we also found for the first time a founder effect for one novel mutation in the ITGB4 gene. We have identified 6 novel mutations in the ITGB4 gene to be added to the mutation database. Our results reveal genotype-phenotype correlations that contribute to the molecular understanding of this heterogeneous disease, a pivotal issue for prognosis and for the development of novel evidence-based therapeutic options for EB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángeles Mencía
- Department of Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Group (TERMeG), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energética Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta García
- Department of Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Group (TERMeG), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energética Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva García
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Tejidos, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias (CCST) Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sara Llames
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Ingeniería de Tejidos, Centro Comunitario de Sangre y Tejidos de Asturias (CCST) Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alexandra Charlesworth
- French Reference Centre for Inherited Epidermolysis Bullosa, L'Archet Hospital, BP 3079, 06202, Nice, Cedex3, France
| | - Raúl de Lucas
- Sección de Dermatología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción Vicente
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Trujillo-Tiebas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Hospital Universitario Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Coto
- Servicio de Dermatología y Neonatología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marta Costa
- Servicio de Dermatología y Neonatología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ángel Vera
- Servicio de Dermatología, Complejo Hospitalario Carlos Haya, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Rodolfo Murillas
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energética Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guerrino Meneguzzi
- INSERM U1081, CNRS UMR7284, University of Nice, Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Medicine, 28 Avenue Valombrose, F-06107, Nice, France
| | - José Luis Jorcano
- Department of Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Group (TERMeG), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energética Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudio J Conti
- Department of Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Group (TERMeG), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Escámez Toledano
- Department of Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Group (TERMeG), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energética Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcela del Río Nechaevsky
- Department of Bioengineering, Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Group (TERMeG), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energética Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jimenez Diaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Perez CJ, Mecklenburg L, Jaubert J, Martinez-Santamaria L, Iritani BM, Espejo A, Napoli E, Song G, Del Río M, DiGiovanni J, Giulivi C, Bedford MT, Dent SYR, Wood RD, Kusewitt DF, Guénet JL, Conti CJ, Benavides F. Increased Susceptibility to Skin Carcinogenesis Associated with a Spontaneous Mouse Mutation in the Palmitoyl Transferase Zdhhc13 Gene. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:3133-3143. [PMID: 26288350 PMCID: PMC4898190 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe a spontaneous mutation in the Zdhhc13 (zinc finger, DHHC domain containing 13) gene (also called Hip14l), one of 24 genes encoding palmitoyl acyltransferase (PAT) enzymes in the mouse. This mutation (Zdhhc13luc) was identified as a nonsense base substitution, which results in a premature stop codon that generates a truncated form of the ZDHHC13 protein, representing a potential loss-of-function allele. Homozygous Zdhhc13luc/Zdhhc13luc mice developed generalized hypotrichosis, associated with abnormal hair cycle, epidermal and sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, and increased epidermal thickness. Increased keratinocyte proliferation and accelerated transit from basal to more differentiated layers were observed in mutant compared with wild-type (WT) epidermis in untreated skin and after short-term 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate treatment and acute UVB exposure. Interestingly, this epidermal phenotype was associated with constitutive activation of NF-κB (RelA) and increased neutrophil recruitment and elastase activity. Furthermore, tumor multiplicity and malignant progression of papillomas after chemical skin carcinogenesis were significantly higher in mutant mice than WT littermates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a protective role for PAT in skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Perez
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jean Jaubert
- Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle de la Souris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lucia Martinez-Santamaria
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Brian M Iritani
- The Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Alexsandra Espejo
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Gyu Song
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Marcela Del Río
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Regenerative Medicine Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA; Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (M. I. N. D.) Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sharon Y R Dent
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donna F Kusewitt
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jean-Louis Guénet
- Unité de Génétique Fonctionnelle de la Souris, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Claudio J Conti
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Benavides
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
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10
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Liu XD, Yao J, Tripathi DN, Ding Z, Xu Y, Sun M, Zhang J, Bai S, German P, Hoang A, Zhou L, Jonasch D, Zhang X, Conti CJ, Efstathiou E, Tannir NM, Eissa NT, Mills GB, Walker CL, Jonasch E. Autophagy mediates HIF2α degradation and suppresses renal tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2015; 34:2450-60. [PMID: 24998849 PMCID: PMC4286517 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved process involved in lysosomal degradation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles. The role of autophagy in cancer is a topic of intense debate, and the underlying mechanism is still not clear. The hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α), an oncogenic transcription factor implicated in renal tumorigenesis, is known to be degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Here, we report that HIF2α is in part constitutively degraded by autophagy. HIF2α interacts with autophagy-lysosome system components. Inhibition of autophagy increases HIF2α, whereas induction of autophagy decreases HIF2α. The E3 ligase von Hippel-Lindau and autophagy receptor protein p62 are required for autophagic degradation of HIF2α. There is a compensatory interaction between the UPS and autophagy in HIF2α degradation. Autophagy inactivation redirects HIF2α to proteasomal degradation, whereas proteasome inhibition induces autophagy and increases the HIF2α-p62 interaction. Importantly, clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is frequently associated with monoallelic loss and/or mutation of autophagy-related gene ATG7, and the low expression level of autophagy genes correlates with ccRCC progression. The protein levels of ATG7 and beclin 1 are also reduced in ccRCC tumors. This study indicates that autophagy has an anticancer role in ccRCC tumorigenesis, and suggests that constitutive autophagic degradation of HIF2α is a novel tumor suppression mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-De Liu
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Durga Nand Tripathi
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Zhiyong Ding
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Mianen Sun
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Jiangwei Zhang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Shanshan Bai
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Peter German
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Anh Hoang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Darius Jonasch
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Claudio J. Conti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, 77840
| | - Eleni Efstathiou
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Nizar M Tannir
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - N. Tony Eissa
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Gordon B. Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Cheryl Lyn Walker
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Eric Jonasch
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030
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11
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Guerrero-Aspizua S, Larcher F, Del Río M, Jorcano JL, Conti CJ. Tumor initiation by skin Ha-ras-ment. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:252-3. [PMID: 25607847 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Guerrero-Aspizua
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, UC3M, Madrid, Spain; Regenerative Medicine Unit and Epithelial Biomedicine Division, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, CIBERER, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz, IIS-FJD, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Zapatero-Solana E, García-Giménez JL, Guerrero-Aspizua S, García M, Toll A, Baselga E, Durán-Moreno M, Markovic J, García-Verdugo JM, Conti CJ, Has C, Larcher F, Pallardó FV, Del Rio M. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Kindler syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:211. [PMID: 25528446 PMCID: PMC4302591 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kindler Syndrome (KS) is an autosomal recessive skin disorder characterized by skin blistering, photosensitivity, premature aging, and propensity to skin cancer. In spite of the knowledge underlying cause of this disease involving mutations of FERMT1 (fermitin family member 1), and efforts to characterize genotype-phenotype correlations, the clinical variability of this genodermatosis is still poorly understood. In addition, several pathognomonic features of KS, not related to skin fragility such as aging, inflammation and cancer predisposition have been strongly associated with oxidative stress. Alterations of the cellular redox status have not been previously studied in KS. Here we explored the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of this rare cutaneous disease. Methods Patient-derived keratinocytes and their respective controls were cultured and classified according to their different mutations by PCR and western blot, the oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed by spectrophotometry and qPCR and additionally redox biosensors experiments were also performed. The mitochondrial structure and functionality were analyzed by confocal microscopy and electron microscopy. Results Patient-derived keratinocytes showed altered levels of several oxidative stress biomarkers including MDA (malondialdehyde), GSSG/GSH ratio (oxidized and reduced glutathione) and GCL (gamma-glutamyl cysteine ligase) subunits. Electron microscopy analysis of both, KS skin biopsies and keratinocytes showed marked morphological mitochondrial abnormalities. Consistently, confocal microscopy studies of mitochondrial fluorescent probes confirmed the mitochondrial derangement. Imbalance of oxidative stress biomarkers together with abnormalities in the mitochondrial network and function are consistent with a pro-oxidant state. Conclusions This is the first study to describe mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress involvement in KS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-014-0211-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Zapatero-Solana
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Regenerative Medicine Unit. Departament of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis García-Giménez
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Sara Guerrero-Aspizua
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Regenerative Medicine Unit. Departament of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta García
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Regenerative Medicine Unit. Departament of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Agustí Toll
- Servei de Dermatologia, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eulalia Baselga
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Maria Durán-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jelena Markovic
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Jose Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Claudio J Conti
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Cristina Has
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Centre-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Fernando Larcher
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Regenerative Medicine Unit. Departament of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Instituto de Investigación INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Marcela Del Rio
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), ISCIII, Valencia, Spain. .,Regenerative Medicine Unit. Departament of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Liu XD, Yao J, Tripathi DN, Ding Z, Xu Y, Sun M, Zhang J, Bai S, German P, Hoang A, Zhou L, Zhang X, Conti CJ, Efstathiou E, Eissa TN, Mills GB, Walker CL, Jonasch E. Abstract 312: Autophagy mediates HIF2α degradation and suppresses renal tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved process involved in lysosomal degradation of protein aggregates and damaged organelles. The role of autophagy in cancer is a topic of intense debate, and the underlying mechanism is still not clear. Here we reported that the hypoxia inducible factor 2α (HIF2α), an oncogenic transcription factor implicated in renal tumorigenesis, was in part constitutively degraded by autophagy. HIF2α interacts with autophagy protein LC3, autophagy receptor p62, and lysosome protein LAMP1. Inhibition of autophagy results in HIF2α accumulation, while induction of autophagy promotes HIF2α degradation. The E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is required for autophagic degradation of HIF2α. There is a complementary interaction between the proteasome and autophagy in HIF2α degradation. Autophagy inactivation in ATG5 knockout cells redirects HIF2α to proteasomal degradation, while proteasome inhibition induced autophagy and favored the HIF2α-p62 interaction. Importantly, we reported that clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) was frequently associated with mono-allelic loss and/or mutation of autophagy related gene ATG7, and low expression level of autophagy genes correlated with ccRCC progression. This study sheds light on the anticancer role for autophagy in ccRCC tumorigenesis, and reveals constitutive autophagic degradation of HIF2α as a novel tumor suppression mechanism.
Citation Format: Xian-De Liu, Jun Yao, Durga N. Tripathi, Zhiyong Ding, Yi Xu, Mianen Sun, Jiangwei Zhang, Shanshan Bai, Peter German, Anh Hoang, Lijun Zhou, Xuesong Zhang, Claudio J. Conti, Eleni Efstathiou, Tony N. Eissa, Gordon B. Mills, Cheryl L. Walker, Eric Jonasch. Autophagy mediates HIF2α degradation and suppresses renal tumorigenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 312. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-312
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-De Liu
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jun Yao
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Zhiyong Ding
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yi Xu
- 3Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Mianen Sun
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Shanshan Bai
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Peter German
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Anh Hoang
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lijun Zhou
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Xuesong Zhang
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | | | | | - Gordon B. Mills
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Eric Jonasch
- 1The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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14
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Martínez-Santamaría L, Conti CJ, Llames S, García E, Retamosa L, Holguín A, Illera N, Duarte B, Camblor L, Llaneza JM, Jorcano JL, Larcher F, Meana Á, Escámez MJ, Del Río M. The regenerative potential of fibroblasts in a new diabetes-induced delayed humanised wound healing model. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:195-201. [PMID: 23489422 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous diabetic wounds greatly affect the quality of life of patients, causing a substantial economic impact on the healthcare system. The limited clinical success of conventional treatments is mainly attributed to the lack of knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms related to chronic ulceration. Therefore, management of diabetic ulcers remains a challenging clinical issue. Within this context, reliable animal models that recapitulate situations of impaired wound healing have become essential. In this study, we established a new in vivo humanised model of delayed wound healing in a diabetic context that reproduces the main features of the human disease. Diabetes was induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin in bioengineered human-skin-engrafted immunodeficient mice. The significant delay in wound closure exhibited in diabetic wounds was mainly attributed to alterations in the granulation tissue formation and resolution, involving defects in wound bed maturation, vascularisation, inflammatory response and collagen deposition. In the new model, a cell-based wound therapy consisting of the application of plasma-derived fibrin dermal scaffolds containing fibroblasts consistently improved the healing response by triggering granulation tissue maturation and further providing a suitable matrix for migrating keratinocytes during wound re-epithelialisation. The present preclinical wound healing model was able to shed light on the biological processes responsible for the improvement achieved, and these findings can be extended for designing new therapeutic approaches with clinical relevance.
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Chamorro C, Almarza D, Duarte B, Llames SG, Murillas R, García M, Cigudosa JC, Espinosa-Hevia L, Escámez MJ, Mencía Á, Meana Á, García-Escudero R, Moro R, Conti CJ, Del Río M, Larcher F. Keratinocyte cell lines derived from severe generalized recessive Epidermolysis Bullosa patients carrying a highly recurrentCOL7A1homozygous mutation: models to assess cell and gene therapiesin vitroandin vivo. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:601-3. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Chamorro
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division; Cutaneous Disease Modelling Unit; CIEMAT; Madrid; Spain
| | - David Almarza
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division; Cutaneous Disease Modelling Unit; CIEMAT; Madrid; Spain
| | | | - Sara G. Llames
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER- U714); Madrid; Spain
| | | | | | - Juan C. Cigudosa
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas; Molecular Cytogenetics Group; Human Cancer Genetics Program; Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO-CIBERER); Madrid; Spain
| | - Luis Espinosa-Hevia
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas; Molecular Cytogenetics Group; Human Cancer Genetics Program; Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO-CIBERER); Madrid; Spain
| | | | - Ángeles Mencía
- Department of Bioengineering; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; Madrid; Spain
| | - Álvaro Meana
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER- U714); Madrid; Spain
| | | | - Rosa Moro
- Epithelial Biomedicine Division; Cutaneous Disease Modelling Unit; CIEMAT; Madrid; Spain
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16
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Abstract
Deregulation of cyclin expression has been found in many tumors. In this report, we studied expression of cyclin DI in three human prostate cancer cell lines: the androgen-dependent LNCaP and the androgen-independent PC3 and DU 145 cell lines. Northern blot analysis showed that DU145 and PC3 cells expressed more abundant cyclin DI than LNCaP cells. Southern blot analysis showed no evident gene amplification or rearrangement of cyclin DI in any of these cell lines. Serum starvation and replenishment were used in the cell culture to study the regulation of expression of cyclin DI. Cyclin DI mRNA expression was detected by Northern blot analysis when LNCaP cells grew in medium with serum but was not detected after serum withdrawal; however, cyclin DI mRNA was induced after serum was added. Cyclin DI mRNA expression by PC3 and DU 145 cells was detected both when they grew in medium with serum and after serum withdrawal, although expression decreased greatly after 24 hours in the PC3 cell line. Immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemical staining also showed that cyclin D I protein was always expressed in PC3 and DU 145 cells under different growth factor environment, whereas it decreased significantly in LNCaP cells deprived of serum and the level resumed again when serum was re-added. This suggests that expression of cyclin DI is regulated by exogenous growth factors in LNCaP cell line and becomes constitutive in PC3 and DU 145 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- From the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas, USA
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17
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Perez C, Parker-Thornburg J, Mikulec C, Kusewitt DF, Fischer SM, Digiovanni J, Conti CJ, Benavides F. SKHIN/Sprd, a new genetically defined inbred hairless mouse strain for UV-induced skin carcinogenesis studies. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:217-20. [PMID: 22379968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Strains of mice vary in their susceptibility to ultra-violet (UV) radiation-induced skin tumors. Some strains of hairless mice (homozygous for the spontaneous Hr(hr) mutation) are particularly susceptible to these tumors. The skin tumors that develop in hairless mice resemble, both at the morphologic and molecular levels, UV-induced squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and their precursors in human. The most commonly employed hairless mice belong to the SKH1 stock. However, these mice are outbred and their genetic background is not characterized, which makes them a poor model for genetic studies. We have developed a new inbred strain from outbred SKH1 mice that we named SKHIN/Sprd (now at generation F31). In order to characterize the genetic background of this new strain, we genotyped a cohort of mice at F30 with 92 microsatellites and 140 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) evenly distributed throughout the mouse genome. We also exposed SKHIN/Sprd mice to chronic UV irradiation and showed that they are as susceptible to UV-induced skin carcinogenesis as outbred SKH1 mice. In addition, we proved that, albeit with low efficiency, inbred SKHIN/Sprd mice are suitable for transgenic production by classical pronuclear microinjection. This new inbred strain will be useful for the development of transgenic and congenic strains on a hairless inbred background as well as the establishment of syngeneic tumor cell lines. These new tools can potentially help elucidate a number of features of the cutaneous response to UV irradiation in humans, including the effect of genetic background and modifier genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Perez
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
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18
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De Angel RE, Conti CJ, Wheatley KE, Brenner AJ, Otto G, deGraffenried LA, Hursting SD. The enhancing effects of obesity on mammary tumor growth and Akt/mTOR pathway activation persist after weight loss and are reversed by RAD001. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:446-58. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.21878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
mTOR is a key regulator of cell growth and size, and its activity is often dysregulated in a wide variety of diseases. The mTOR signaling pathway is also a therapeutic target for many diseases, including cancer. Immunohistochemistry is a powerful method to assess mTOR activity in clinical/histological samples, however, care should be taken in choosing the targets for determining mTOR activity due to the complexity of its regulation. This chapter describes the most up-to-date methods for visualizing mTOR activity by immunohistochemistry using commercially available antibodies, including considerations for validating new antibodies for assessing mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Kim
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
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20
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Tian J, Berton TR, Shirley SH, Lambertz I, Gimenez-Conti IB, DiGiovanni J, Korach KS, Conti CJ, Fuchs-Young R. Developmental stage determines estrogen receptor alpha expression and non-genomic mechanisms that control IGF-1 signaling and mammary proliferation in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 122:192-204. [PMID: 22182837 DOI: 10.1172/jci42204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulates increased proliferation and survival of mammary epithelial cells and also promotes mammary tumorigenesis. To study the effects of IGF-1 on the mammary gland in vivo, we used BK5.IGF-1 transgenic (Tg) mice. In these mice, IGF-1 overexpression is controlled by the bovine keratin 5 promoter and recapitulates the paracrine exposure of breast epithelium to stromal IGF-1 that is seen in women. Studies have shown that BK5.IGF-1 Tg mice are more susceptible to mammary tumorigenesis than wild-type littermates. Investigation of the mechanisms underlying increased mammary cancer risk, reported here, revealed that IGF-1 preferentially activated the PI3K/Akt pathway in glands from prepubertal Tg mice, resulting in increased cyclin D1 expression and hyperplasia. However, in glands from postpubertal Tg mice, a pathway switch occurred and activation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway predominated, without increased cyclin D1 expression or proliferation. We further showed that in prepubertal Tg glands, signaling was mediated by formation of an ERα/IRS-1 complex, which activated IRS-1 and directed signaling via the PI3K/Akt pathway. Conversely, in postpubertal Tg glands, reduced ERα expression failed to stimulate formation of the ERα/IRS-1 complex, allowing signaling to proceed via the alternate Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway. These in vivo data demonstrate that changes in ERα expression at different stages of development direct IGF-1 signaling and the resulting tissue responses. As ERα levels are elevated during the prepubertal and postmenopausal stages, these may represent windows of susceptibility during which increased IGF-1 exposure maximally enhances breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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21
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Tian J, Lambertz I, Berton TR, Rundhaug JE, Kiguchi K, Shirley SH, Digiovanni J, Conti CJ, Fischer SM, Fuchs-Young R. Transgenic insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulates activation of COX-2 signaling in mammary glands. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:973-83. [PMID: 22006370 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies show that elevated insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer; however, mechanisms through which IGF-1 promotes mammary tumorigenesis in vivo have not been fully elucidated. To assess the possible involvement of COX-2 signaling in the pro-tumorigenic effects of IGF-1 in mammary glands, we used the unique BK5.IGF-1 mouse model in which transgenic (Tg) mice have significantly increased incidence of spontaneous and DMBA-induced mammary cancer compared to wild type (WT) littermates. Studies revealed that COX-2 expression was significantly increased in Tg mammary glands and tumors, compared to age-matched WTs. Consistent with this, PGE(2) levels were also increased in Tg mammary glands. Analysis of expression of the EP receptors that mediate the effects of PGE(2) showed that among the four G-protein-coupled receptors, EP3 expression was elevated in Tg glands. Up-regulation of the COX-2/PGE(2) /EP3 pathway was accompanied by increased expression of VEGF and a striking enhancement of angiogenesis in IGF-1 Tg mammary glands. Treatment with celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, caused a 45% reduction in mammary PGE(2) levels, attenuated the influx of mast cells and reduced vascularization in Tg glands. These findings indicate that the COX-2/PGE(2) /EP3 signaling pathway is involved in IGF-1-stimulated mammary tumorigenesis and that COX-2-selective inhibitors may be useful in the prevention or treatment of breast cancer associated with elevated IGF-1 levels in humans. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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22
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Cuadrado-Corrales N, Sánchez-Jimeno C, García M, Ayuso C, De Lucas R, Vicario JL, Conti CJ, Zambruno G, Escamez MJ, Del Rio M. A recurrent nonsense mutation occurring as a de novo event in a patient with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Dermatology 2011; 223:219-21. [PMID: 21849769 DOI: 10.1159/000330331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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23
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Benavides F, Perez C, Blando J, Contreras O, Shen J, Coussens LM, Fischer SM, Kusewitt DF, DiGiovanni J, Conti CJ. Protective role of cathepsin L in mouse skin carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:352-61. [PMID: 21538579 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin L (CTSL) is believed to play a role in tumor progression and is considered a marker for clinically invasive tumors. Studies from our laboratory using the classical mouse skin carcinogenesis model, with 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene (DMBA) for initiation and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) for promotion, showed that expression of CTSL is increased in papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). We also carried out carcinogenesis studies using Ctsl-deficient nackt (nkt) mutant mice on three different inbred backgrounds. Unexpectedly, the multiplicity of papillomas was significantly higher in Ctsl-deficient than in wild-type mice on two unrelated backgrounds. Topical applications of TPA or DMBA alone to the skin of nkt/nkt mice did not induce papillomas, and there was no increase in spontaneous tumors in nkt/nkt mice on any of the three inbred backgrounds. Reduced epidermal cell proliferation in Ctsl-deficient nkt/nkt mice after TPA treatment suggested that they are not more sensitive than wild-type mice to TPA promotion. We also showed that deficiency of CTSL delays terminal differentiation of keratinocytes, and we propose that decreased elimination of initiated cells is at least partially responsible for the increased papilloma formation in the nackt model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Benavides
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science-Park, Smithville, Texas
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24
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Benavides F, Blando J, Perez CJ, Garg R, Conti CJ, DiGiovanni J, Kazanietz MG. Transgenic overexpression of PKCε in the mouse prostate induces preneoplastic lesions. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:268-77. [PMID: 21224724 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.2.14469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes play distinctive roles in mitogenic and survival signaling as well as in cancer progression. PKCε, the product of the PRKCE gene, is up-regulated in various types of cancers including prostate, lung and breast cancer. To address a potential role for PKCs in prostate cancer progression we generated three mouse transgenic lines expressing PKCα, PKCδ, or PKCε in the prostate epithelium under the control of the rat probasin (PB) promoter. Whereas PB-PKCε and PB-PKCδ mice did not show any evident phenotype, PB-PKCε mice developed prostate hyperplasia as well as prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) that displayed enhanced phospho-Akt, phospho-S6, and phospho-Stat3 levels, as well as enhanced resistance to apoptotic stimuli. PKCε overexpression was insufficient to drive neoplastic changes in the mouse prostate. Notably, overexpression of PKCε by adenoviral means in normal immortalized RWPE-1 prostate cells confers a growth advantage and hyperactivation of Erk and Akt. Our results argue for a causal link between PKCε overexpression and prostate cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Benavides
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
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25
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Fuchs-Young R, Shirley SH, Lambertz I, Colby JKL, Tian J, Johnston D, Gimenez-Conti IB, Donehower LA, Conti CJ, Hursting SD. P53 genotype as a determinant of ER expression and tamoxifen response in the MMTV-Wnt-1 model of mammary carcinogenesis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 130:399-408. [PMID: 21191649 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-1308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies show that estrogen receptor-α (ER) expressing tumors tend to have better prognosis, respond to antiestrogen therapy and have wild-type p53. Conversely, tumors with inactivating mutations in p53 tend to have worse outcomes and to be ER-negative and unresponsive to antihormone treatment. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that p53 regulates ER expression transcriptionally, by binding the ER promoter and forming a complex with CARM1, CBP, c-Jun, RNA polymerase II and Sp1. In this study, the MMTV-Wnt-1 transgenic mouse model was used to demonstrate that p53 regulation of ER expression and function is not solely an in vitro phenomenon, but it is also operational in mammary tumorigenesis in vivo. The expression of ER and the ability to respond to tamoxifen were determined in mammary tumors arising in p53 wild type (WT) or p53 heterozygous (HT) animals carrying the Wnt-1 transgene. In p53 WT mice, development of ER-positive tumors was delayed by tamoxifen treatment, while tumors arising in p53 HT mice had significantly reduced levels of ER and were not affected by tamoxifen. P53 null tumors were also found in the p53 HT mice and these tumors were ER-negative. ER expression was upregulated in mouse mammary tumor cell lines following transfection with WT p53 or treatment with doxorubicin. These data demonstrate that p53 regulates ER expression in vivo, and affects response to tamoxifen. Results also provide an explanation for the concordant relationship between these prognostic proteins in human breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Fuchs-Young
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Virginia Harris Cockrell Cancer Research Center at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park Research Division, 1808 Park Road 1C, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
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26
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Perez CJ, Jaubert J, Guénet JL, Barnhart KF, Ross-Inta CM, Quintanilla VC, Aubin I, Brandon JL, Otto NW, DiGiovanni J, Gimenez-Conti I, Giulivi C, Kusewitt DF, Conti CJ, Benavides F. Two hypomorphic alleles of mouse Ass1 as a new animal model of citrullinemia type I and other hyperammonemic syndromes. Am J Pathol 2010; 177:1958-68. [PMID: 20724589 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Citrullinemia type I (CTLN1, OMIM# 215700) is an inherited urea cycle disorder that is caused by an argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) enzyme deficiency. In this report, we describe two spontaneous hypomorphic alleles of the mouse Ass1 gene that serve as an animal model of CTLN1. These two independent mouse mutant alleles, also described in patients affected with CTLN1, interact to produce a range of phenotypes. While some mutant mice died within the first week after birth, others survived but showed severe retardation during postnatal development as well as alopecia, lethargy, and ataxia. Notable pathological findings were similar to findings in human CTLN1 patients and included citrullinemia and hyperammonemia along with delayed cerebellar development, epidermal hyperkeratosis, and follicular dystrophy. Standard treatments for CTLN1 were effective in rescuing the phenotype of these mutant mice. Based on our studies, we propose that defective cerebellar granule cell migration secondary to disorganization of Bergmann glial cell fibers cause cerebellar developmental delay in the hyperammonemic and citrullinemic brain, pointing to a possible role for nitric oxide in these processes. These mouse mutations constitute a suitable model for both mechanistic and preclinical studies of CTLN1 and other hyperammonemic encephalopathies and, at the same time, underscore the importance of complementing knockout mutations with hypomorphic mutations for the generation of animal models of human genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Perez
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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27
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Gonzalez-Guerrico AM, Meshki J, Xiao L, Benavides F, Conti CJ, Kazanietz MG. Molecular mechanisms of protein kinase C-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. BMB Rep 2009; 38:639-45. [PMID: 16336777 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2005.38.6.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, a family of serine-threonine kinases, are important regulators of cell proliferation and malignant transformation. Phorbol esters, the prototype PKC activators, cause PKC translocation to the plasma membrane in prostate cancer cells, and trigger an apoptotic response. Studies in recent years have determined that each member of the PKC family exerts different effects on apoptotic or survival pathways. PKCdelta, one of the novel PKCs, is a key player of the apoptotic response via the activation of the p38 MAPK pathway. Studies using RNAi revealed that depletion of PKCdelta totally abolishes the apoptotic effect of the phorbol ester PMA. Activation of the classical PKCalpha promotes the dephosphorylation and inactivation of the survival kinase Akt. Studies have assigned a pro-survival role to PKCepsilon, but the function of this PKC isozyme remains controversial. Recently, it has been determined that the PKC apoptotic effect in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells is mediated by the autocrine secretion of death factors. PKCdelta stimulates the release of TNFalpha from the plasma membrane, and blockade of TNFalpha secretion or TNFalpha receptors abrogates the apoptotic response of PMA. Molecular analysis indicates the requirement of the extrinsic apoptotic cascade via the activation of death receptors and caspase-8. Dissecting the pathways downstream of PKC isozymes represents a major challenge to understanding the molecular basis of phorbol ester-induced apoptosis.
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28
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Brandon JL, Conti CJ, Goldstein LS, DiGiovanni J, Gimenez-Conti IB. Carcinogenic effects of MGP-7 and B[a]P on the hamster cheek pouch. Toxicol Pathol 2009; 37:733-40. [PMID: 19679887 DOI: 10.1177/0192623309344203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to examine the carcinogenic effects of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and manufactured gas plant (MGP) residues on the hamster cheek pouch (HCP). Syrian hamsters were treated topically with a suspension of 2%, 10%, or 20% B[a]P or 50% or 100% MGP-7 (a mixture of residues from 7 MGP sites) in mineral oil for eight (short-term study) and sixteen, twenty, twenty-eight, and thirty-two weeks (long-term study). The short-term study showed that B[a]P induced p53 protein accumulation, indicative of genotoxic damage, as well as increased cell proliferation, hyperplasia, and inflammation, which is usually associated with promotional activity. In contrast, the MGP-7 presented only marginal p53 accumulation and induction of BrdU incorporation. In the long-term experiments, animals treated with 2% and 10% of B[a]P continued to show p53 protein accumulation as well as hyperplasia and increased cell proliferation and inflammation. By thirty weeks, all the animals treated with B[a]P had a 100% incidence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Animals treated with 50% and 100% MGP-7 showed only weak hyperplasia and a low proliferation rate and accumulation of p53 protein through thirty-two weeks. Benzo[a]pyrene was highly carcinogenic when used at adequate doses. Manufactured gas plant residue, however, was not carcinogenic in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimi Lynn Brandon
- The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Carcinogenesis, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
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29
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Rojas P, Benavides F, Blando J, Perez C, Cardenas K, Richie E, Knudsen ES, Johnson DG, Senderowicz AM, Rodriguez-Puebla ML, Conti CJ. Enhanced skin carcinogenesis and lack of thymus hyperplasia in transgenic mice expressing human cyclin D1b (CCND1b). Mol Carcinog 2009; 48:508-16. [PMID: 18942117 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin D1b is an alternative transcript of the cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) expressed in human tumors. Its abundance is regulated by a single base pair polymorphism at the exon 4/intron 4 boundary (nucleotide 870). Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between the presence of the G870A allele (that favors the splicing for cyclin D1b) with increased risk and less favorable outcome in several forms of cancer. More recently, it has been shown that, unlike cyclin D1a, the alternative transcript D1b by itself has the capacity to transform fibroblasts in vitro. In order to study the oncogenic potential of cyclin D1b, we developed transgenic mice expressing human cyclin D1b under the control of the bovine K5 promoter (K5D1b mice). Seven founders were obtained and none of them presented any significant phenotype or developed spontaneous tumors. Interestingly, K5D1b mice do not develop the fatal thymic hyperplasia, which is characteristic of the cyclin D1a transgenic mice (K5D1a). Susceptibility to skin carcinogenesis was tested in K5D1b mice using two-stage carcinogenesis protocols. In two independent experiments, K5D1b mice developed higher papilloma multiplicity as compared with wild-type littermates. However, when K5D1b mice were crossed with cyclin D1KO mice, the expression of cyclin D1b was unable to rescue the carcinogenesis-resistant phenotype of the cyclin D1 KO mice. To further explore the role of cyclin D1b in mouse models of carcinogenesis we carried out in silico analysis and in vitro experiments to evaluate the existence of a mouse homologous of the human cyclin D1b transcript. We were unable to find any evidence of an alternatively spliced transcript in mouse Ccnd1. These results show that human cyclin D1b has different biological functions than cyclin D1a and confirm its oncogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rojas
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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30
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Blando J, Portis M, Benavides F, Alexander A, Mills G, Dave B, Conti CJ, Kim J, Walker CL. PTEN deficiency is fully penetrant for prostate adenocarcinoma in C57BL/6 mice via mTOR-dependent growth. Am J Pathol 2009; 174:1869-79. [PMID: 19395652 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is frequently involved in human prostate carcinoma. PTEN is therefore an attractive target for the development of preclinical animal models. Prostate intraepithelial neoplasia lesions develop in mice with Pten heterozygosity, but disease progression has been reported only in combination with either other tumor suppressor gene alterations or the conditional inactivation of both Pten alleles in prostate epithelial cells. We report that on a C57BL/6 background, in contrast to previous studies on mixed 129 genetic backgrounds, Pten locus heterozygosity is fully penetrant for the development of prostate adenocarcinoma. Grossly observable tumors were detected at 6 months of age, and, by 10 to 12 months, 100% of examined mice developed adenocarcinoma of the anterior prostate. Furthermore, double heterozygotes carrying both Pten and Tsc2-null alleles showed no increase relative to Pten(+/-) heterozygotes in either lesion development or progression. Lesions in both Pten(+/-); Tsc2(+/-), and Pten(+/-) mice exhibited loss of PTEN expression and activation of PI3K signaling. PI3K activation occurred early in prostate intraepithelial neoplasia lesion formation in these animals, consistent with loss of PTEN function, and contributed to the etiology of tumors that developed in Pten(+/-) mice. Furthermore, prostate lesion growth in Pten(+/-) mice was dependent on mTOR, as evidenced by a reduction in both phospho-S6 levels and proliferative index after rapamycin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Blando
- Department of Carcinogenesis, Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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Shirley SH, Rundhaug JE, Tian J, Cullinan-Ammann N, Lambertz I, Conti CJ, Fuchs-Young R. Transcriptional regulation of estrogen receptor-alpha by p53 in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3405-14. [PMID: 19351845 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ER) and p53 are critical prognostic indicators in breast cancer. Loss of functional p53 is correlated with poor prognosis, ER negativity, and resistance to antiestrogen treatment. Previously, we found that p53 genotype was correlated with ER expression and response to tamoxifen in mammary tumors arising in mouse mammary tumor virus-Wnt-1 transgenic mice. These results lead us to hypothesize that p53 may regulate ER expression. To test this, MCF-7 cells were treated with doxorubicin or ionizing radiation, both of which stimulated a 5-fold increase in p53 expression. ER expression was also increased 4-fold over a 24-h time frame. In cells treated with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting p53, expression of both p53 and ER was significantly reduced (>60%) by 24 h. Induction of ER by DNA-damaging agents was p53 dependent as either ionizing radiation or doxorubicin failed to up-regulate ER after treatment with p53-targeting siRNA. To further investigate whether p53 directly regulates transcription of the ER gene promoter, MCF-7 cells were transiently transfected with a wild-type (WT) p53 expression vector along with a luciferase reporter containing the proximal promoter of ER. In cells transfected with WT p53, transcription from the ER promoter was increased 8-fold. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that p53 was recruited to the ER promoter along with CARM1, CBP, c-Jun, and Sp1 and that this multifactor complex was formed in a p53-dependent manner. These data show that p53 regulates ER expression through transcriptional control of the ER promoter, accounting for their concordant expression in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Harkey Shirley
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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Mirones I, Conti CJ, Martínez J, Garcia M, Larcher F. Complexity of VEGF Responses in Skin Carcinogenesis Revealed through Ex Vivo Assays Based on a VEGF-A Null Mouse Keratinocyte Cell Line. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:730-41. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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de Ostrovich KK, Lambertz I, Colby JKL, Tian J, Rundhaug JE, Johnston D, Conti CJ, DiGiovanni J, Fuchs-Young R. Paracrine overexpression of insulin-like growth factor-1 enhances mammary tumorigenesis in vivo. Am J Pathol 2008; 173:824-34. [PMID: 18688034 PMCID: PMC2527085 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) stimulates proliferation, regulates tissue development, protects against apoptosis, and promotes the malignant phenotype in the breast and other organs. Some epidemiological studies have linked high circulating levels of IGF-1 with an increased risk of breast cancer. To study the role of IGF-1 in mammary tumorigenesis in vivo, we used transgenic mice in which overexpression of IGF-1 is under the control of the bovine keratin 5 (BK5) promoter and is directed to either the myoepithelial or basal cells in a variety of organs, including the mammary gland. This model closely recapitulates the paracrine exposure of breast epithelium to stromal IGF-1 seen in women. Histologically, mammary glands from transgenic mice were hyperplastic and highly vascularized. Mammary glands from prepubertal transgenic mice had significantly increased ductal proliferation compared with wild-type tissues, although this difference was not maintained after puberty. Transgenic mice also had increased susceptibility to mammary carcinogenesis, and 74% of the BK5.IGF-1 mice treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (20 microg/day) developed mammary tumors compared with 29% of the wild-type mice. Interestingly, 31% of the vehicle-treated BK5.IGF-1 animals, but none of the wild-type animals, spontaneously developed mammary cancer. The mammary tumors were moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas that expressed functional, nuclear estrogen receptor at both the protein and mRNA levels. These data support the hypothesis that tissue overexpression of IGF-1 stimulates mammary tumorigenesis.
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Macias E, Miliani de Marval PL, De Siervi A, Conti CJ, Senderowicz AM, Rodriguez-Puebla ML. CDK2 activation in mouse epidermis induces keratinocyte proliferation but does not affect skin tumor development. Am J Pathol 2008; 173:526-35. [PMID: 18599613 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It has been widely assumed that elevated CDK2 kinase activity plays a contributory role in tumorigenesis. We have previously shown that mice overexpressing CDK4 under control of the keratin 5 promoter (K5CDK4 mice) develop epidermal hyperplasia and increased susceptibility to squamous cell carcinomas. In this model, CDK4 overexpression results in increased CDK2 activity associated with the noncatalytic function of CDK4, sequestration of p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1). Furthermore, we have shown that ablation of Cdk2 reduces Ras-Cdk4 tumorigenesis, suggesting that increased CDK2 activity plays an important role in Ras-mediated tumorigenesis. To investigate this hypothesis, we generated two transgenic mouse models of elevated CDK2 kinase activity, K5Cdk2 and K5Cdk4(D158N) mice. The D158N mutation blocks CDK4 kinase activity without interfering with its binding capability. CDK2 activation via overexpression of CDK4(D158N), but not of CDK2, resulted in epidermal hyperplasia. We observed elevated levels of p21(Cip1) in K5Cdk2, but not in K5Cdk4(D158N), epidermis, suggesting that CDK2 overexpression elicits a p21(Cip1) response to maintain keratinocyte homeostasis. Surprisingly, we found that neither CDK2 overexpression nor the indirect activation of CDK2 enhanced skin tumor development. Thus, although the indirect activation of CDK2 is sufficient to induce keratinocyte hyperproliferation, activation of CDK2 alone does not induce malignant progression in Ras-mediated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everardo Macias
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Paulson QX, Pusapati RV, Hong S, Weaks RL, Conti CJ, Johnson DG. Transgenic expression of E2F3a causes DNA damage leading to ATM-dependent apoptosis. Oncogene 2008; 27:4954-61. [PMID: 18469863 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Many early stage human tumors display markers of a DNA-damage response (DDR), including ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase activation. This suggests that DNA damage accumulates during the process of carcinogenesis and that the ATM-dependent response to this damage may function to suppress cancer progression. The E2F3a transcription factor plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation and is amplified in a subset of human cancers. Similar to human premalignant lesions, we find activated ATM and other markers of the DDR in the hyperplastic epidermis of transgenic mice expressing E2F3a through a keratin 5 (K5) promoter. Primary keratinocytes from K5 E2F3a transgenic mice contain increased levels of DNA breaks compared to wild-type cells. E2F3a overexpression also induced DNA damage in primary human fibroblasts that was inhibited by blocking DNA replication. The absence of ATM impaired apoptosis induced by E2F3a and treating K5 E2F3a transgenic mice with caffeine, an inhibitor of ATM and Rad3-related (ATR), promoted skin tumor development. These findings demonstrate that the deregulated expression of E2F3a causes DNA damage under physiological conditions and indicate that the ATM-dependent response to this damage is important for the induction of apoptosis and tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q X Paulson
- Department of Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
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Ludes-Meyers JH, Kil H, Nunñez MI, Conti CJ, Parker-Thornburg J, Bedford MT, Aldaz CM. WWOX hypomorphic mice display a higher incidence of B-cell lymphomas and develop testicular atrophy. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:1129-36. [PMID: 17823927 PMCID: PMC4143238 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
WWOX is a putative tumor suppressor gene encoded within common chromosomal fragile site region FRA16D, in chromosome band 16q23. Multiple studies have demonstrated that WWOX expression is often reduced or lost in various tumor types. WWOX tumor suppressor activity was suggested by re-expressing WWOX in breast, ovarian, and lung tumor cell lines leading to tumor growth inhibition in vivo. To determine whether loss of Wwox gene expression has a role in tumorigenesis, we generated a mouse strain containing a Wwox gene mutated by a gene-trap vector. Homozygous Wwox gene-trap mice (Wwox(gt/gt)) had no detectable Wwox protein in most tissues examined, although, a low level could be detected in a minority of tissues. Because of these observations, we concluded that these mice are Wwox hypomorphs. Remarkably, Wwox hypomorphic mice are viable in contrast to the recently reported postnatal lethality of Wwox knockout mice. Testes from Wwox(gt/gt) males had high numbers of atrophic seminiferous tubules and reduced fertility when compared with wild-type counterparts. We observed that the Wwox(gt/gt) mice had a significantly shorter lifespan, and female hypomorphs had a higher incidence of spontaneous B-cell lymphomas. In conclusion, we describe a novel Wwox hypomorphic mouse model that overcomes postnatal lethality that was recently observed in Wwox knockout mice. Therefore, tumorigenesis studies using this model more closely recapitulates the loss of WWOX expression observed in human cancers. Importantly, our observation that Wwox hypomorphs had an increased incidence of B-cell lymphomas supports a role of Wwox as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H. Ludes-Meyers
- Departmentof Carcinogenesis,Universityof Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center,Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957
| | - Hyunsuk Kil
- Departmentof Carcinogenesis,Universityof Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center,Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957
| | - Maria I. Nunñez
- Departmentof Carcinogenesis,Universityof Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center,Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957
| | - Claudio J. Conti
- Departmentof Carcinogenesis,Universityof Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center,Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957
| | - Jan Parker-Thornburg
- Departmentof Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,Universityof Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 78957
| | - Mark T. Bedford
- Departmentof Carcinogenesis,Universityof Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center,Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957
| | - C. Marcelo Aldaz
- Departmentof Carcinogenesis,Universityof Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center,Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas 78957
- Correspondence to: C. Marcelo Aldaz, Department of Carcino-genesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, 1808 Park Road 1-C, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
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de Cicco RL, Bassi DE, Benavides F, Conti CJ, Klein-Szanto AJP. Inhibition of proprotein convertases: approaches to block squamous carcinoma development and progression. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:654-9. [PMID: 17440928 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Most proprotein convertase (PC) inhibitors are compounds that act as competitive inhibitors. All of them contain the general cleavage motif RXK/RR that binds to the PC's active site impairing further interactions with their physiological substrates. The first inhibitors synthesized were the acyl-peptidyl-chloromethyl ketones that bind to the PC's active site through its peptidyl group and are able to transverse the plasma membrane due to the acyl moiety. For instance, one of the members of this family that exhibits reduced toxicity and has been widely used as an effective general PCs inhbitor is the derivative decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone (CMK). Another approach to PC inhibition is based on proteins that contain either a natural or a bioengineered PC cleavage consensus site. In this context, the bioengineered serpin, alpha-1-antitrypsin Portland (alpha 1-PDX or PDX), proved to be a potent inhibitor of furin, the most studied of the cancer-related PCs. Both PDX and CMK were able to inhibit invasiveness of squamous cell carcinoma cell lines by blocking activation of cancer-associated PC substrates such as MT-MMPs, IGF-1R, and VEGF-C. A similar effect was produced by inhibiting PC-mediated processing using furin prosegment. PDX and CMK have also been assayed in vivo using skin carcinogenesis models. Newer promising small molecules and RNA interference approaches are also being developed to inhibit PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo López de Cicco
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Cell Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111, USA
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Rojas P, Cadenas MB, Lin PC, Benavides F, Conti CJ, Rodriguez-Puebla ML. Cyclin D2 and cyclin D3 play opposite roles in mouse skin carcinogenesis. Oncogene 2006; 26:1723-30. [PMID: 16983339 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
D-type cyclins are components of the cell-cycle engine that link cell signaling pathways and passage throughout G1 phase. We previously described the effects of overexpression cyclin D1, D2 or D3 in mouse epidermis and tumor development. We now asked whether cyclin D2 and/or cyclin D3 play a relevant role in ras-dependent tumorigenesis. Here, we described the effect of cyclin D3 and cyclin D2 overexpression in mouse skin tumor development. Notably, overexpression of cyclin D3 results in reduced tumor development and malignant progression to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC). Biochemical analysis of keratinocytes shows that overexpression of cyclin D3 results in strong reduction of cyclin D2 and its associated kinase activity. Furthermore, we found that reinstatement of cyclin D2 level in the cyclin D3/cyclin D2 bigenic mice results in a complete reversion of the inhibitory action of cyclin D3. Supporting these results, ablation of cyclin D2 results in reduced tumorigenesis and malignant progression. On the other hand, overexpression of cyclin D2 results in an increased number of papillomas and malignant progression. We conclude that cyclin D3 and cyclin D2 play opposite roles in mouse skin tumor development and that the suppressive activity of cyclin D3 is associated with cyclin D2 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rojas
- Department of Carcinogenesis, Science Park Research Division, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
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Benavides F, Perez C, Blando J, Guénet JL, Conti CJ. The radiation-induced nackt (nkt) allele is a loss-of-function mutation of the mouse cathepsin L gene. J Immunol 2006; 176:702-3. [PMID: 16393949 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Benavides F, Gomez G, Venables-Griffith A, Lambertz I, Flores M, Angel JM, Fuchs-Young R, Richie ER, Conti CJ. Differential susceptibility to chemically induced thymic lymphomas in SENCARB and SSIN inbred mice. Mol Carcinog 2006; 45:543-8. [PMID: 16479612 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20 yr, several inbred strains have been derived from SENCAR outbred mice. These strains display different susceptibility to the induction of papillomas and progression to squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) in the skin after chemical carcinogenesis. In the present study, we showed that one of these strains SENCARB/Pt was highly susceptible to the development of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)- and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced lymphomas. In contrast, the SSIN/Sprd inbred strain is completely resistant to T-cell lymphomagenesis by both carcinogens. Within 175 d after a single injection of 75 mg/kilogram body weight (kbw) of MNU, SENCARB/Pt mice exhibited a 91.6% incidence of lymphoma. In addition, during an independent tumorigenesis study with repeated doses of intragastric DMBA, SENCARB/Pt mice showed an incidence of 75% lymphoma development 300 d after the last treatment. Histopathological and flow cytometric parameters indicated that the lymphomas were of the T-cell lineage. In order to study the genetics of MNU-induced tumorigenesis, we generated F1 hybrid mice between SSIN/Sprd and SENCARB/Pt mice. Tumor incidence in MNU-injected F1 mice suggested that the high tumor incidence is a dominant trait. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis in these tumor samples revealed allelic imbalances on chromosomes 15 and 19. Given that these inbred strains are closely related, it is likely that a relatively small number of loci are responsible for the observed differences in susceptibility. Therefore, these SENCAR inbred strains constitute important new tools to study the genetic basis of resistance and susceptibility to chemically induced thymic lymphoma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Benavides
- Science-Park Research Division, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, 78957, USA
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Cook JD, Davis BJ, Cai SL, Barrett JC, Conti CJ, Walker CL. Interaction between genetic susceptibility and early-life environmental exposure determines tumor-suppressor-gene penetrance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:8644-9. [PMID: 15937110 PMCID: PMC1150843 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503218102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-environment interactions are important determinants of cancer risk. Traditionally, gene-environment interactions are thought to contribute to tumor-suppressor-gene penetrance by facilitating or inhibiting the acquisition of additional somatic mutations required for tumorigenesis. Here, we demonstrate that a distinctive type of gene-environment interaction can occur during development to enhance the penetrance of a tumor-suppressor-gene defect in the adult. Using rats carrying a germ-line defect in the tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (Tsc-2) tumor-suppressor gene predisposed to uterine leiomyomas, we show that an early-life exposure to diethylstilbestrol during development of the uterus increased tumor-suppressor-gene penetrance from 65% to >90% and tumor multiplicity and size in genetically predisposed animals, but it failed to induce tumors in wild-type rats. This exposure was shown to impart a hormonal imprint on the developing uterine myometrium, causing an increase in expression of estrogen-responsive genes before the onset of tumors. Loss of function of the normal Tsc-2 allele remained the rate-limiting event for tumorigenesis; however, tumors that developed in exposed animals displayed an enhanced proliferative response to steroid hormones relative to tumors that developed in unexposed animals. These data suggest that exposure to environmental factors during development can permanently reprogram normal physiological tissue responses and thus lead to increased tumor-suppressor-gene penetrance in genetically susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Cook
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, 6655 Travis Street, Suite 300, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Amornphimoltham P, Sriuranpong V, Patel V, Benavides F, Conti CJ, Sauk J, Sausville EA, Molinolo AA, Gutkind JS. Persistent activation of the Akt pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a potential target for UCN-01. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:4029-37. [PMID: 15217935 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-03-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Squamous carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC) represent the sixth most common cancer among men worldwide and a major cause of morbidity and mortality due to its relatively poor prognosis. As part of ongoing studies addressing the molecular events underlying tumor progression in HNSCC, we have explored the nature of the proliferative pathways in which dysregulation may promote aberrant cell growth in this tumor type. The serine/threonine protein kinase Akt is a downstream target of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and a key regulator of normal and cancerous growth and cell fate decisions. Therefore, in this study, we have examined the status of activation of Akt in different stages of squamous cell carcinoma development in mice and in clinical samples from HNSCC patients. By immunohistochemical analysis, using a recently developed phosphorylation state-specific antibody, we demonstrated that Akt activation correlates closely with the progression of mouse skin squamous cell carcinoma. We also observed that activation of Akt is a frequent event in human HNSCC because active Akt can be detected in these tumors with a pattern of expression and localization correlating with the progression of the lesions. In line with these observations, Akt was constitutively activated in a large fraction of HNSCC-derived cell lines. We also provide evidence that the Akt signaling pathway may represent a biologically relevant target for a novel antineoplastic agent, UCN-01, which recently has been shown to be active in cellular and xenograft models for HNSCC at concentrations safely achievable in clinically relevant situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panomwat Amornphimoltham
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Parker J, Klein SL, McClintock MK, Morison WL, Ye X, Conti CJ, Peterson N, Nousari CH, Tausk FA. Chronic stress accelerates ultraviolet-induced cutaneous carcinogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51:919-22. [PMID: 15583583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical and emotional stressors have been found to mediate a wide variety of biological changes including the facilitation of tumor progression; however most of these paradigms utilized artificial sources of neoplasms and stress. METHODS Skh mice were exposed to carcinogenic doses of ultraviolet light (UV). The stressed group was subjected to the close proximity of fox urine as a source of stress from the presence of the odor of their natural predator, while the control group remained stress free. RESULTS A significant acceleration in the development of cutaneous neoplasms was observed in mice that had been exposed to the stressor. The first tumor appeared in the group after 8 weeks, whereas nonstressed mice began to develop these by week 21. CONCLUSION These results suggest that stress plays a role in potentiating cutaneous carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Parker
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Abstract
In the embryo, blood vessel formation de novo (vasculogenesis) and from existing vessels (angiogenesis) results in blood vessels lined by endothelial cells (ECs). The relationship between ECs and blood cells suggested by their physical closeness was recently confirmed with the demonstration of progenitors that give rise to both cell types. In tumors, new blood vessel formation has been thought to occur primarily via angiogenesis. Recent evidence, however, suggests that postnatal vasculogenesis also contributes to tumor neovascularization. In this article, we provide an update on EC development, including early lineage specification, morphogenesis or differentiation to form functional blood vessels, and regulation of EC survival and senescence. Furthermore, we review the latest findings on tumor neovascularization and therapeutic potentials of molecules critical to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean G Tang
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M D Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.
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Bourgade F, Montagutelli X, Bigbee C, Weiss A, Rigottier-Gois L, Conti CJ, Benavides F. Simple duplex fecal PCR assay that allows identification of false-negative results in Helicobacter sp.-infected mice. Comp Med 2004; 54:528-32. [PMID: 15575366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
We designed a simple and sensitive duplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for detection of false-negative results during routine Helicobacter sp. feces analysis. We took advantage of the various Lactobacillus species that form part of the normal intestinal flora of laboratory rodents to improve our PCR diagnostic assays. Using this one-step PCR assay, we were able to rule out false-negative results without the need of adding internal standard molecules. This is an important quality control for PCR diagnostic tests, since the presence of inhibitors in feces can prevent detection of Helicobacter infections using PCR analysis. Use of this Lactobacillus group-specific PCR assay can be extended to other feces tests used in mouse quality-control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Bourgade
- Animalerie Centrale, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
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Miliani de Marval PL, Macias E, Rounbehler R, Sicinski P, Kiyokawa H, Johnson DG, Conti CJ, Rodriguez-Puebla ML. Lack of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibits c-myc tumorigenic activities in epithelial tissues. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:7538-47. [PMID: 15314163 PMCID: PMC506988 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.17.7538-7547.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene c-myc encodes a transcription factor that is implicated in the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis and that has also been found to be deregulated in several forms of human and experimental tumors. We have shown that forced expression of c-myc in epithelial tissues of transgenic mice (K5-Myc) resulted in keratinocyte hyperproliferation and the development of spontaneous tumors in the skin and oral cavity. Although a number of genes involved in cancer development are regulated by c-myc, the actual mechanisms leading to Myc-induced neoplasia are not known. Among the genes regulated by Myc is the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) gene. Interestingly, previous studies from our laboratory showed that the overexpression of CDK4 led to keratinocyte hyperproliferation, although no spontaneous tumor development was observed. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that CDK4 may be one of the critical downstream genes involved in Myc carcinogenesis. Our results showed that CDK4 inhibition in K5-Myc transgenic mice resulted in the complete inhibition of tumor development, suggesting that CDK4 is a critical mediator of tumor formation induced by deregulated Myc. Furthermore, a lack of CDK4 expression resulted in marked decreases in epidermal thickness and keratinocyte proliferation compared to the results obtained for K5-Myc littermates. Biochemical analysis of the K5-Myc epidermis showed that CDK4 mediates the proliferative activities of Myc by sequestering p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 and thereby indirectly activating CDK2 kinase activity. These results show that CDK4 mediates the proliferative and oncogenic activities of Myc in vivo through a mechanism that involves the sequestration of specific CDK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula L Miliani de Marval
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough St., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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47
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Casanova ML, Bravo A, Martínez-Palacio J, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Villanueva C, Larcher F, Conti CJ, Jorcano JL. Epidermal abnormalities and increased malignancy of skin tumors in human epidermal keratin 8-expressing transgenic mice. FASEB J 2004; 18:1556-8. [PMID: 15319370 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1683fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Keratins K8 and K18 are the major components of the intermediate filament cytoskeleton of simple epithelia. Increased levels of these keratins have been associated with invasive growth and progression to malignancy in different types of human and murine epithelial tumors (including skin tumors), and even in tumors from nonepithelial origin. However, it has not yet clarified whether K8/K18 expression in tumors is cause or consequence of malignancy. Given the increasing incidence of epidermal cancer in humans (40% of all tumors diagnosed), we generated a mouse model to examine the role of simple epithelium keratins in the establishment and progression of human skin cancer. Transgenic mice expressing human K8 in the epidermis showed severe epidermal and hair follicle dysplasia with concomitant alteration in epidermal differentiation markers. The severity of the skin phenotype of these transgenic mice increases with age, leading to areas of preneoplastic transformation. Skin carcinogenesis assays showed a dramatic increase in the progression of papillomas toward malignancy in transgenic animals. These results support the idea that K8 alters the epidermal cell differentiation, favors the neoplastic transformation of cells, and is ultimately responsible of the invasive behavior of transformed epidermal cells leading of conversion of benign to malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Llanos Casanova
- Epithelial Damage, Repair and Tissue Engineering, CIEMAT, Avenida Complutense 22, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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48
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Gavrielides MV, Frijhoff AF, Conti CJ, Kazanietz MG. Protein kinase C and prostate carcinogenesis: targeting the cell cycle and apoptotic mechanisms. Curr Drug Targets 2004; 5:431-43. [PMID: 15216909 DOI: 10.2174/1389450043345380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of both genetic and epigenetic factors have been implicated in the genesis and progression of prostate cancer. Recent evidence revealed that protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes play a crucial role in the control of cell proliferation and apoptosis in prostate cancer models, as well as in the transition from an androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent status. Indeed, PKCalpha and PKCdelta promote apoptosis in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Due to the relevance of PKC isozymes in the control of cell cycle, both in G1/S and G2/M, the elucidation of such complex intracellular networks using cellular and animal models has become of outmost importance. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the regulation of apoptosis and tumorigenicity by PKC isozymes and the functional roles of cell cycle regulators in prostate carcinogenesis. The development of animal models where overexpression of discrete PKCs or cell cycle regulators is targeted to the prostate will greatly contribute to the understanding of the molecular basis of the disease, and more importantly, it will have profound implications for the development of novel strategies for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Veronica Gavrielides
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, USA.
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Abstract
A link between genetic abnormalities and carcinogenesis is well established. It follows that a correlation exists between mutation frequency and malignant progression. We have determined the spontaneous and DNA damage-induced mutation frequencies for a series of cell lines derived from SENCAR mouse keratinocytes at various stages of malignant progression. Nontumorigenic mouse keratinocytes (3PC), papillomas (MT1/2), squamous-cell carcinomas (CH72), and spindle-cell carcinomas (CH72T4) were transfected with damaged or undamaged shuttle vectors containing a supF mutation reporter gene. The plasmid mutation frequencies were determined by blue/white screening. The spontaneous plasmid mutation frequency of the squamous-cell carcinoma line was slightly higher than the mutation frequencies of the other cell lines tested. The DNA damage induced by triplex-directed psoralen crosslinks increased the mutation frequencies sixfold to eighteenfold in all cell lines tested, with no significant differences among the cell lines. Sequence analyses revealed that the spindle-cell carcinoma line had a different spontaneous mutation spectrum from the other cell lines. DNA damage-induced mutations were predominantly point mutations at the triplex-duplex junction in all of the cell lines tested, as expected. These data suggested that a strong mutator phenotype was not required for progression to an advanced malignant phenotype in our model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Christensen
- Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park-Research Division, Smithville, Texas, USA
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Soloman DA, Wang Y, Fox SR, Lambeck TC, Giesting S, Lan Z, Senderowicz AM, Conti CJ, Knudsen ES. Cyclin D1 splice variants. Differential effects on localization, RB phosphorylation, and cellular transformation. J Biol Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)71118-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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