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Lambies G, Lee SW, Duong-Polk K, Aza-Blanc P, Maganti S, Dawson DW, Commisso C. Cell polarity proteins promote macropinocytosis in response to metabolic stress. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.16.575943. [PMID: 38293142 PMCID: PMC10827152 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.16.575943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis has emerged as a nutrient-scavenging pathway that cancer cells exploit to survive the nutrient-deprived conditions of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells are especially reliant on glutamine for their survival, and in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, glutamine deficiency can enhance the stimulation of macropinocytosis, allowing the cells to escape metabolic stress through the production of extracellular-protein-derived amino acids. Here, we identify the atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) enzymes, PKCζ and PKCι as novel regulators of macropinocytosis. In normal epithelial cells, aPKCs are known to regulate cell polarity in association with the scaffold proteins Par3 and Par6, controlling the function of several targets, including the Par1 kinases. In PDAC cells, we identify that each of these cell polarity proteins are required for glutamine stress-induced macropinocytosis. Mechanistically, we find that the aPKCs are regulated by EGFR signaling or by the transcription factor CREM to promote the relocation of Par3 to microtubules, facilitating macropinocytosis in a dynein-dependent manner. Importantly, we determine that cell fitness impairment caused by aPKC depletion is rescued by the restoration of macropinocytosis and that aPKCs support PDAC growth in vivo. These results identify a previously unappreciated role for cell polarity proteins in the regulation of macropinocytosis and provide a better understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings that control macropinocytic uptake in the context of metabolic stress.
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Methylation-mediated silencing of protein kinase C zeta induces apoptosis avoidance through ATM/CHK2 inactivation in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1289-1300. [PMID: 35017658 PMCID: PMC9042856 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01695-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (DDCS) is an aggressive bone tumour with a poor prognosis and no effective treatment. Because changes in DNA methylation play critical roles in DDCS, we explored the roles that DNA methylation plays in oncogenesis to potentially identify an effective epigenetic treatment. METHODS We identified genes downregulated in DDCS vs. conventional chondrosarcoma (CCS) due to DNA methylation using in silico analysis. The results were validated in DDCS clinical samples, and the molecular functions of the genes of interest were investigated in multiple chondrosarcoma cell lines (NDCS-1, SW1353, and OUMS-27). The therapeutic effect of decitabine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS PRKCZ was specifically downregulated by DNA methylation in DDCS. Overexpression of PRKCZ decreased the proliferation of NDCS-1 and SW1353 cells. PRKCZ directly bound to and activated ATM, which was followed by phosphorylation of CHK2 and subsequent apoptosis. Decitabine increased PRKCZ expression through de-methylating the promoter region of PRKCZ, which activated the ATM/CHK2 pathway and inhibited cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Increased DNA methylation and reduced expression of PRKCZ prevents apoptosis via inactivation of the ATM/CHK2 pathway in DDCS. Decitabine-induced expression of PRKCZ represents a promising therapy for DDCS.
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Ryota H, Ishida M, Ebisu Y, Yanagimoto H, Yamamoto T, Kosaka H, Hirooka S, Yamaki S, Kotsuka M, Matsui Y, Tsuta K, Satoi S. Clinicopathological characteristics of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with invasive micropapillary carcinoma component with emphasis on the usefulness of PKCζ immunostaining for detection of reverse polarity. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:525. [PMID: 34055090 PMCID: PMC8138900 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a rare distinct histopathological subtype, characterized by the presence of carcinoma cells displaying reverse polarity. Only limited clinicopathological information is available regarding pancreatic IMPC. The aim of the present study was to clarify the clinicopathological features of pancreatic IMPC and the usefulness of protein kinase C (PKC)ζ immunostaining for the detection of reverse polarity. We reviewed 242 consecutive surgically resected specimens of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and selected samples with an IMPC component. Clinicopathological characteristics were compared between the IMPC and non-IMPC groups. Immunohistochemical staining for PKCζ was performed using an autostainer. In total, 14 cases had an IMPC component (5.8%). The extent of IMPC component ranged from 5 to 20%. There were no significant differences in tumor location, T category, lymph node metastatic status, preoperative carbohydrate antigen 19-9 level, resection status and overall survival between the IMPC and non-IMPC groups. Immunostaining for PKCζ clearly showed reverse polarity of the neoplastic cells of IMPC. Although previous reports have shown that the presence of an IMPC component (>20% of the tumor) indicated poor prognosis, the present study demonstrated that presence of IMPC <20% did not suggest a worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Ryota
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ishida
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ebisu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Yanagimoto
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kosaka
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirooka
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - So Yamaki
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Masaya Kotsuka
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsui
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Sohei Satoi
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
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4
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Tyagi K, Roy A. Evaluating the current status of protein kinase C (PKC)-protein kinase D (PKD) signalling axis as a novel therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188496. [PMID: 33383102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, especially high grade serous ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynaecological malignancies with high relapse rate and patient death. Notwithstanding development of several targeted treatment and immunotherapeutic approaches, researchers fail to turn ovarian cancer into a manageable disease. Protein kinase C (PKC) and protein kinase D (PKD) are families of evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinases that can be activated by a plethora of extracellular stimuli such as hormones, growth factors and G-protein coupled receptor agonists. Recent literature suggests that a signalling cascade initiated by these two protein kinases regulates a battery of cellular and physiological processes involved in tumorigenesis including cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis. In an urgent need to discover novel therapeutic interventions against a deadly pathology like ovarian cancer, we have discussed the status quo of PKC/PKD signalling axis in context of this disease. Additionally, apart from discussing the structural properties and activation mechanisms of PKC/PKD, we have provided a comprehensive review of the recent reports on tumor promoting functions of PKC isoforms and discussed the potential of PKC/PKD signalling axis as a novel target in this lethal pathology. Furthermore, in this review, we have discussed the significance of several recent clinical trials and development of small molecule inhibitors that target PKC/PKD signalling axis in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Tyagi
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India
| | - Adhiraj Roy
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303, India.
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5
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Reina-Campos M, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J. The Dual Roles of the Atypical Protein Kinase Cs in Cancer. Cancer Cell 2019; 36:218-235. [PMID: 31474570 PMCID: PMC6751000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isozymes, PKCλ/ι and PKCζ, are now considered fundamental regulators of tumorigenesis. However, the specific separation of functions that determine their different roles in cancer is still being unraveled. Both aPKCs have pleiotropic context-dependent functions that can translate into tumor-promoter or -suppressive functions. Here, we review early and more recent literature to discuss how the different tumor types, and their microenvironments, might account for the selective signaling of each aPKC isotype. This is of clinical relevance because a better understanding of the roles of these kinases is essential for the design of new anti-cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Reina-Campos
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maria T Diaz-Meco
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jorge Moscat
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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6
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Wang P, Zhang H, Yang J, Li Z, Wang Y, Leng X, Ganapathy S, Isakson P, Chen C, Zhu T. Mu‐KRAS attenuates Hippo signaling pathway through PKCι to sustain the growth of pancreatic cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:408-420. [PMID: 31230347 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- Department of Immunology West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Immunology West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Jinhe Yang
- Department of Immunology West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Zongxian Li
- Department of Immunology West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Yiren Wang
- Department of Immunology West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Xiaohong Leng
- Department of Immunology West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Suthakar Ganapathy
- The Center of Drug Discovery Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Pauline Isakson
- Clinical Immunology & Transfusion Medicine Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Changyan Chen
- The Center of Drug Discovery Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Tongbo Zhu
- Department of Immunology West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
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7
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Yang X, Huang H, Wang M, Zheng X, Xie M, Xu J. Nonylphenol promotes the proliferation of colorectal cancer COLO205 cells by upregulating the expression of protein kinase C ζ. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:2498-2506. [PMID: 30675313 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated the potential role of estrogen in the development and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Nonylpheno (NP) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical, which may influence the development of estrogen-dependent types of cancer. However, the molecular mechanism of NP in the development of CRCs remains unclear. In the present study, various concentrations of NP were used to treat COLO205 CRC cells, and the expression of protein kinase C ζ (PKCζ) was knocked down using PKCζ small interfering RNA. The effects of NP in various concentrations on the cell cycle and apoptosis of COLO205 cells were examined, and the change in the expression level of PKCζ was analyzed. The results indicated that NP may significantly induce proliferation of COLO205 CRC cells, and significantly reduce cell apoptosis. However, suppression of PKCζ expression may inhibit proliferation, while NP could reduce this inhibition. The results of a western blot analysis indicated that the expression level of cyclin D1 and E were significantly increased following NP treatment, and the expression of p27 was significantly decreased. The phosphorylation of PKCζ and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 was significantly increased following NP treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, NP induced human CRC COLO205 cell proliferation and inhibited the apoptotic rate of COLO205 cells by increasing the activity of PKCζ and ERK1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Handong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Maijian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Xingbin Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, P.R. China
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8
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Kajimoto T, Caliman AD, Tobias IS, Okada T, Pilo CA, Van AAN, Andrew McCammon J, Nakamura SI, Newton AC. Activation of atypical protein kinase C by sphingosine 1-phosphate revealed by an aPKC-specific activity reporter. Sci Signal 2019; 12:eaat6662. [PMID: 30600259 PMCID: PMC6657501 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat6662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isozymes are unique in the PKC superfamily in that they are not regulated by the lipid second messenger diacylglycerol, which has led to speculation about whether a different second messenger acutely controls their function. Here, using a genetically encoded reporter that we designed, aPKC-specific C kinase activity reporter (aCKAR), we found that the lipid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) promoted the cellular activity of aPKC. Intracellular S1P directly bound to the purified kinase domain of aPKC and relieved autoinhibitory constraints, thereby activating the kinase. In silico studies identified potential binding sites on the kinase domain, one of which was validated biochemically. In HeLa cells, S1P-dependent activation of aPKC suppressed apoptosis. Together, our findings identify a previously undescribed molecular mechanism of aPKC regulation, a molecular target for S1P in cell survival regulation, and a tool to further explore the biochemical and biological functions of aPKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Kajimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Alisha D Caliman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Irene S Tobias
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Taro Okada
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Caila A Pilo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - An-Angela N Van
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J Andrew McCammon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shun-Ichi Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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9
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Thanasupawat T, Glogowska A, Burg M, Krcek J, Beiko J, Pitz M, Zhang G, Hombach‐Klonisch S, Klonisch T. C1q/TNF-related peptide 8 (CTRP8) promotes temozolomide resistance in human glioblastoma. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:1464-1479. [PMID: 29949238 PMCID: PMC6120254 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The C1q/TNF-related peptide 8 (CTRP8) has recently emerged as a novel ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor RXFP1 in the fatal brain tumor glioblastoma (GBM). We previously demonstrated that the CTRP8-RXFP1 ligand-receptor system promotes motility and matrix invasion of patient GBM and U87 MG cells by specific phosphorylation of PI3 kinase and protein kinase C. Here, we demonstrate a novel role for CTRP8 in protecting human GBM cells against the DNA alkylating damage of temozolomide (TMZ), the standard chemotherapy drug used to treat GBM. This DNA protective role of CTRP8 required a functional RXFP1-STAT3 signaling cascade in GBM cells. We identified N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG), a monofunctional glycosylase that initiates base excision repair pathway by generating an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site, as a new CTRP8-RXFP1-STAT3 target in GBM. Upon TMZ exposure, treatment with CTRP8 reduced the formation of AP sites and double-strand DNA breaks in GBM cells. This CTRP8 effect was independent of cellular MGMT levels and was associated with decreased caspase 3/7 activity and increased survival of human GBM. CTRP8-induced RXFP1 activation caused an increase in cellular protein levels of the anti-apoptotic Bcl members and STAT3 targets Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL in human GBM. Collectively, our results demonstrate a novel multipronged and clinically relevant mechanism by which the CTRP8-RXFP1 ligand-receptor system exerts a DNA protective function against TMZ chemotherapeutic stress in GBM. This CTRP8-RXFP1-STAT3 axis is a novel determinant of TMZ responsiveness/chemoresistance and an emerging new drug target for improved treatment of human GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatchawan Thanasupawat
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell ScienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Aleksandra Glogowska
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell ScienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Maxwell Burg
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell ScienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Jerry Krcek
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell ScienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Jason Beiko
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Marshall Pitz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell ScienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Department of Internal MedicineFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology (RIOH)CancerCare ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Guo‐Jun Zhang
- ChangJiang Scholar's LaboratoryShantou University Medical CollegeChina
| | - Sabine Hombach‐Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell ScienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell ScienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology (RIOH)CancerCare ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious DiseasesFaculty of MedicineUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
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10
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Wang P, Wei D, Zhang H, Chen J, Zhang D, Ganapathy S, Isakson P, Chen C, Zhu T. PKCι and YAP1 are crucial in promoting pancreatic tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32736-32750. [PMID: 30214681 PMCID: PMC6132349 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a fatal malignant disease with 5-year survival rate of less than 6%. Activating mutations of Kras (mu-Kras) are often detected in most of PDAC patients. Although it has been known that oncogenic Kras is the driver of pancreatic cancer initiation and development, the underlying mechanisms by which mu-Kras promotes PDAC remain poorly understood. Here, we identify that PKCι is one of the crucial factors for supporting the survival of pancreatic cancer cells expressing mu-Kras. Our study demonstrates that after the knockdown of PKCι, the expression of the transcriptional co-activator YAP1 is decreased, which hinders the expression of the downstream target gene Mcl-1, and subsequently sensitizes pancreatic cancer MiaPaCa and PANC-1 cells experssing mu-Kras to apoptosis. In comparison, the suppression of PKCι has little impact on the viability of non-neoplastic pancreatic HPDE6-C7 cells. Moreover, the transient overexpression of oncogenic Kras in HPDE6-C7 elevates the expression of PKCι and YAP1 concomitantly. The upregulated YAP1 in HPDE6-C7/ mu-Kras cells is abolished once PKCι is suppressed, suggesting the linear relationship among mu-Kras, PKCι and YAP1. This phenomenon is further proven by the co-upregulation of PKCι and YAP1 in HPDE6-C7 cells stably transfected with mu-Kras. Taken together, our findings suggest that PKCι acts through promoting YAP1 function to promote the survival of pancreatic cancer cells expressing mu-Kras. It appears that targeting PKCι-YAP1 signaling is a feasible strategy for developing new therapeutics for treating pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Wang
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Wei
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Dingding Zhang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Disease Gene Study, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P. R. China
| | - Suthakar Ganapathy
- The Center of Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pauline Isakson
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg 41345, Sweden
| | - Changyan Chen
- The Center of Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tongbo Zhu
- Department of Immunology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
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11
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Wang Q, Xu H, Zhao X. Baicalin Inhibits Human Cervical Cancer Cells by Suppressing Protein Kinase C/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (PKC/STAT3) Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1955-1961. [PMID: 29610452 PMCID: PMC5896362 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Like other human cancers, the malignancy of cervical cancer is also characterized by abilities of proliferation, migration, and invasion. Protein kinase C-zeta (PKCζ) has been highly correlated with several human cancers. Baicalin was proven to regulate PKC. This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer effect and involved molecular mechanisms of baicalin on human cervical cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS Baicalin at various concentrations was used to treat 2 human cervical cancer cell lines HeLa and SiHa. The proliferation was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenylterazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The apoptosis was detected by terminal transferase UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Wound healing assay and Transwell assay were used to evaluate the migration and invasion respectively. Western blotting was performed to assess the protein expression levels. RESULTS Baicalin administration significantly reduced the viability by facilitating the apoptosis in HeLa and SiHa cells. Baicalin treatment also significantly reduced the wound closure and cell amount invaded as measured by Transwell assay. The expression levels of PKCζ, survivin, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP9 as well as the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 were reduced in baicalin administrated cervical cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Baicalin exerted anti-cancer effects on human cervical cancer cells by targeting STAT3 regulated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Haiou Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland).,People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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12
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Marchetti C, Zyner KG, Ohnmacht SA, Robson M, Haider SM, Morton JP, Marsico G, Vo T, Laughlin-Toth S, Ahmed AA, Di Vita G, Pazitna I, Gunaratnam M, Besser RJ, Andrade ACG, Diocou S, Pike JA, Tannahill D, Pedley RB, Evans TRJ, Wilson WD, Balasubramanian S, Neidle S. Targeting Multiple Effector Pathways in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma with a G-Quadruplex-Binding Small Molecule. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2500-2517. [PMID: 29356532 PMCID: PMC5867665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) involves the dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways. A novel approach to the treatment of PDAC is described, involving the targeting of cancer genes in PDAC pathways having over-representation of G-quadruplexes, using the trisubstituted naphthalene diimide quadruplex-binding compound 2,7-bis(3-morpholinopropyl)-4-((2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)benzo[ lmn][3,8]phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2 H,7 H)-tetraone (CM03). This compound has been designed by computer modeling, is a potent inhibitor of cell growth in PDAC cell lines, and has anticancer activity in PDAC models, with a superior profile compared to gemcitabine, a commonly used therapy. Whole-transcriptome RNA-seq methodology has been used to analyze the effects of this quadruplex-binding small molecule on global gene expression. This has revealed the down-regulation of a large number of genes, rich in putative quadruplex elements and involved in essential pathways of PDAC survival, metastasis, and drug resistance. The changes produced by CM03 represent a global response to the complexity of human PDAC and may be applicable to other currently hard-to-treat cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Marchetti
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Katherine G. Zyner
- Cancer
Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K.
| | - Stephan A. Ohnmacht
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Mathew Robson
- Cancer
Research UK Cancer Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Shozeb M. Haider
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Jennifer P. Morton
- Cancer
Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD U.K.
- Institute
of Cancer Sciences. University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - Giovanni Marsico
- Cancer
Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K.
| | - Tam Vo
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3083, United States
| | - Sarah Laughlin-Toth
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3083, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Ahmed
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Gloria Di Vita
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Ingrida Pazitna
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Mekala Gunaratnam
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Rachael J. Besser
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Ana C. G. Andrade
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
| | - Seckou Diocou
- UCL
Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Jeremy A. Pike
- Cancer
Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K.
| | - David Tannahill
- Cancer
Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K.
| | - R. Barbara Pedley
- UCL
Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - T. R. Jeffry Evans
- Cancer
Research UK, Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD U.K.
- Institute
of Cancer Sciences. University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, U.K.
| | - W. David Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3083, United States
| | - Shankar Balasubramanian
- Cancer
Research UK, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- The
School of Clinical Medicine, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, U.K.
| | - Stephen Neidle
- UCL
School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, U.K.
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13
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STAT3 as a promising chemoresistance biomarker associated with the CD44 +/high /CD24 -/low /ALDH + BCSCs-like subset of the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line. Exp Cell Res 2018; 363:283-290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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14
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Cai X, Zhu H, Li Y. PKCζ, MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 expression in lung adenocarcinoma and association with a metastatic phenotype. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8301-8306. [PMID: 28983601 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate protein kinase C ζ type (PKCζ), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2 and MMP‑9 expression in lung adenocarcinoma and to define their association with in vitro invasion and metastatic capacity. PKCζ, MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 110 cases of lung adenocarcinoma. PKCζ small interfering (si)RNA was transfected into A549 cells, and western blotting was used to confirm PKCζ‑knockdown in transfected cells and to measure MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 levels. A Transwell invasion assay was used to detect in vitro invasive capacity. The rates of positive PKCζ, MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 staining in lung adenocarcinoma tissues were 52.73, 55.45 and 61.82%, respectively. PKCζ expression was increased in malignant tissues compared with adjacent normal lung tissues and was associated with lymph node metastasis (P<0.05), although it was not associated with any other clinicopathological parameters, including sex, age, tumor size, smoking status or distant metastases (all P>0.05). PKCζ, MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 expression was markedly decreased in siPKCζ‑treated A549 cells, which exhibited a significantly decreased invasive capacity in the Transwell invasion assay (P<0.05). In conclusion, PKCζ promoted lung adenocarcinoma invasion and metastasis, and its expression was associated with MMP‑2 and MMP‑9 expression. PKCζ may be a potential target for gene therapy in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshan Cai
- Department of Pathology, Second People's Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Hongguang Zhu
- Department of Dentistry, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pathology, Second People's Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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15
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Zhang J, Yang X, Wang H, Zhao B, Wu X, Su L, Xie S, Wang Y, Li J, Liu J, Liu M, Han F, He T, Zhang W, Tao K, Hu D. PKCζ as a promising therapeutic target for TNFα-induced inflammatory disorders in chronic cutaneous wounds. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1335-1346. [PMID: 28949382 PMCID: PMC5627866 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) is a member of the atypical protein kinase C family. Its roles in macrophages or skin-resident keratinocytes have not been fully evaluated. In this study, we provide evidence that PKCζ mediates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) gene expression in the mouse macrophage cell line, RAW264.7. TNFα has been proven to be one of the main culprits of chronic wounds and impaired acute wounds, which are characterized by excessive inflammation, enhanced proteolysis and reduced matrix deposition. Among the multiple effects of TNFα on keratinocytes, the induction of chemokines which are indispensable factors involved in the massive infiltration of various inflammatory cells into skin lesions serves as a crucial mechanism. In the present study, we found that PKCζ inhibitor or its specific siRNA inhibited the TNFα-induced upregulation in the levels of the chemokines, interleukin (IL)-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in HaCaT keratinocytes. Moreover, under a disrupted inflammatory environment, activated keratinocytes can synthesize large amounts of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), which has a negative effect on tissue remodeling. We discovered that TNFα promoted the expression of MMP9 in a PKCζ-dependent manner. Further experiments revealed that nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was a key downstream molecule of PKCζ. In addition, as shown in vitro, PKCζ was not involved in the TNFα-induced decrease in HaCaT cell migration and proliferation. In vivo experiments demonstrated that TNFα-induced wound closure impairment and inflammatory disorders were significantly attenuated in the PKCζ inhibitor group. On the whole, our findings suggest that PKCζ is a crucial regulator in LPS- or TNFα-induced inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 cells and HaCaT keratinocytes, and that PKCζ/NF-κB signaling may be a potential target for interventional therapy for TNFα-induced skin inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xuekang Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Su
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Songtao Xie
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yunchuan Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Mengdong Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Fu Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Ting He
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Ke Tao
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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16
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Yeo MK, Kim JY, Seong IO, Kim JM, Kim KH. Phosphorylated Protein Kinase C (Zeta/Lambda) Expression in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma and Its Correlation with Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Prognosis. J Cancer 2017; 8:3371-3377. [PMID: 29158810 PMCID: PMC5665054 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Protein kinase C zeta/lambda (PKCζ/λ) is a family of protein kinase enzymes that contributes to cell proliferation and regulation, which are important for cancer development. PKCζ/λ has been shown to be an important regulator of tumorigenesis in intestinal cancer. The phosphorylated form of PKCζ/λ, p-PKCζ/λ, is suggested as an active form of PKCζ/λ. However, p-PKCζ/λ expression and its clinicopathologic implication in colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRAC) are unclear. Methods: Seven whole-tissue sections of malignant polyps containing both non-neoplastic and neoplastic mucosa, 11 adenomas with low-grade dysplasia, and 173 CRACs were examined by immunohistochemistry and western blot assay for p-PKCζ/λ protein expression. The association of p-PKCζ/λ expression with clinicopathologic factors including patient survival was studied. Results: In non-neoplastic epithelia, p-PKCζ/λ showed a weak cytoplasmic immunostaining. Adenomas and CRACs demonstrated up-regulated p-PKCζ/λ detection. Cytoplasmic p-PKCζ/λ expression was higher in CRAC than in adenoma. In CRACs, p-PKCζ/λ expression was inversely correlated with pathologic TNM stage (I-II versus III-IV) and poor differentiation. Statistical correlations between low expression of p-PKCζ/λ with shortened overall survival and disease-free survival were seen (p=0.004 and p=0.034, respectively). Conclusions: P-PKCζ/λ overexpression is implicated in tumorigenesis but down-regulation was a poor prognostic factor in CRAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyung Yeo
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Ock Seong
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Pathology and Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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17
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Fleming AK, Storz P. Protein kinase C isoforms in the normal pancreas and in pancreatic disease. Cell Signal 2017; 40:1-9. [PMID: 28826907 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein Kinase C isoforms have been implicated in regulating multiple processes within the healthy pancreas. Moreover, their dysregulation contributes to all aspects of pancreatic disease. In this review, with a focus on acinar, ductal, and islet cells, we highlight the roles and contributions of the different PKC isoforms to normal pancreas function. We also discuss the contribution of PKC enzymes to pancreatic diseases, including insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, as well as pancreatitis and the development and progression of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K Fleming
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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18
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Isakov N. Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in cancer, tumor promotion and tumor suppression. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 48:36-52. [PMID: 28571764 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The AGC family of serine/threonine kinases (PKA, PKG, PKC) includes more than 60 members that are critical regulators of numerous cellular functions, including cell cycle and differentiation, morphogenesis, and cell survival and death. Mutation and/or dysregulation of AGC kinases can lead to malignant cell transformation and contribute to the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Members of one subgroup of AGC kinases, the protein kinase C (PKC), have been singled out as critical players in carcinogenesis, following their identification as the intracellular receptors of phorbol esters, which exhibit tumor-promoting activities. This observation attracted the attention of researchers worldwide and led to intense investigations on the role of PKC in cell transformation and the potential use of PKC as therapeutic drug targets in cancer diseases. Studies demonstrated that many cancers had altered expression and/or mutation of specific PKC genes. However, the causal relationships between the changes in PKC gene expression and/or mutation and the direct cause of cancer remain elusive. Independent studies in normal cells demonstrated that activation of PKC is essential for the induction of cell activation and proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Based on these observations and the general assumption that PKC isoforms play a positive role in cell transformation and/or cancer progression, many PKC inhibitors have entered clinical trials but the numerous attempts to target PKC in cancer has so far yielded only very limited success. More recent studies demonstrated that PKC function as tumor suppressors, and suggested that future clinical efforts should focus on restoring, rather than inhibiting, PKC activity. The present manuscript provides some historical perspectives on the tumor promoting function of PKC, reviewing some of the observations linking PKC to cancer progression, and discusses the role of PKC in the pathogenesis of cancer diseases and its potential usage as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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19
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Guimarães E, Machado R, Fonseca MDC, França A, Carvalho C, Araújo e Silva AC, Almeida B, Cassini P, Hissa B, Drumond L, Gonçalves C, Fernandes G, De Brot M, Moraes M, Barcelos L, Ortega JM, Oliveira A, Leite MF. Inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate-dependent nuclear calcium signals regulate angiogenesis and cell motility in triple negative breast cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175041. [PMID: 28376104 PMCID: PMC5380351 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Increases in nuclear calcium concentration generate specific biological outcomes that differ from those resulting from increased cytoplasmic calcium. Nuclear calcium effects on tumor cell proliferation are widely appreciated; nevertheless, its involvement in other steps of tumor progression is not well understood. Therefore, we evaluated whether nuclear calcium is essential in other additional stages of tumor progression, including key steps associated with the formation of the primary tumor or with the metastatic cascade. We found that nuclear calcium buffering impaired 4T1 triple negative breast cancer growth not just by decreasing tumor cell proliferation, but also by enhancing tumor necrosis. Moreover, nuclear calcium regulates tumor angiogenesis through a mechanism that involves the upregulation of the anti-angiogenic C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10-IP10). In addition, nuclear calcium buffering regulates breast tumor cell motility, culminating in less cell invasion, likely due to enhanced vinculin expression, a focal adhesion structural protein. Together, our results show that nuclear calcium is essential for triple breast cancer angiogenesis and cell migration and can be considered as a promising strategic target for triple negative breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Guimarães
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Machado
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Castro Fonseca
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Brazilian National Laboratory for Biosciences, Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andressa França
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Carvalho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Brígida Almeida
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Puebla Cassini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Hissa
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana Drumond
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carlos Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Fernandes
- Genomics Sciences and Biotechnology of Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marina De Brot
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Márcio Moraes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lucíola Barcelos
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - José Miguel Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - André Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - M. Fátima Leite
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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20
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Arencibia JM, Fröhner W, Krupa M, Pastor-Flores D, Merker P, Oellerich T, Neimanis S, Schmithals C, Köberle V, Süß E, Zeuzem S, Stark H, Piiper A, Odadzic D, Schulze JO, Biondi RM. An Allosteric Inhibitor Scaffold Targeting the PIF-Pocket of Atypical Protein Kinase C Isoforms. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:564-573. [PMID: 28045490 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a current and pressing need for improved cancer therapies. The use of small molecule kinase inhibitors and their application in combinatorial regimens represent an approach to personalized targeted cancer therapy. A number of AGC kinases, including atypical Protein Kinase C enzymes (PKCs), are validated drug targets for cancer treatment. Most drug development programs for protein kinases focus on the development of drugs that bind at the ATP-binding site. Alternatively, allosteric drugs have great potential for the development of future innovative drugs. However, the rational development of allosteric drugs poses important challenges because the compounds not only must bind to a given site but also must stabilize forms of the protein with a desired effect at a distant site. Here we describe the development of a new class of compounds targeting a regulatory site (PIF-pocket) present in the kinase domain and provide biochemical and crystallographic data showing that these compounds allosterically inhibit the activity of atypical PKCs. PS432, a representative compound, decreased the rate of proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells more potently than aurothiomalate, an atypical PKCι inhibitor currently under evaluation in clinical trials, and significantly reduced tumor growth without side effects in a mouse xenograft model. The druglike chemical class provides ample possibilities for the synthesis of derivative compounds, with the potential to allosterically modulate the activity of atypical PKCs and other kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M. Arencibia
- Research
Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Fröhner
- Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Magdalena Krupa
- Research
Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Pastor-Flores
- Research
Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Piotr Merker
- Research
Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Oellerich
- Department
of Hematology/Oncology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am
Main, Germany
| | - Sonja Neimanis
- Research
Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Schmithals
- Research
Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Verena Köberle
- Research
Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Evelyn Süß
- Research
Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Research
Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Holger Stark
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Albrecht Piiper
- Research
Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dalibor Odadzic
- Institut
für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg O. Schulze
- Research
Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ricardo M. Biondi
- Research
Group PhosphoSites, Medizinische Klinik 1, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Li J, Gao H, Huang J, Wang P, Huang Y, Luo W, Zhang X, Shen P, You J, Cai S, Li Z, Liu P. PKCζ interacts with STAT3 and promotes its activation in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 132:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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Reyes-Zárate E, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC, Chirino YI, Osornio-Vargas ÁR, Morales-Bárcenas R, Souza-Arroyo V, García-Cuellar CM. Atmospheric particulate matter (PM10) exposure-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis evasion through STAT3 activation via PKCζ and Src kinases in lung cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:646-656. [PMID: 27131825 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM10) is a risk factor for the development of lung cancer, but cellular pathways are not completely understood. STAT3 is a p21(Waf1/Cip1) transcription factor and is associated with proliferation and cell survival and is upregulated in lung cancer. PM10 exposure induces p21(Waf1/Cip1) expression, which could be related to STAT3 activation. The aims of this work were to investigate whether STAT3 was activated on lung epithelial cells after PM10 exposure and to determine whether or not STAT3 could have an impact on cell cycle distribution and cell survival. Our results showed that PM10 induced STAT3 activation through Src and PKCζ kinases, and it is partially responsible for the p21(Waf1/Cip1) induction that was also observed. Moreover, PM10 induced G1-G0 cell cycle arrest. The inhibition of STAT3 phosphorylation prevented cell cycle arrest and triggered apoptosis. These results suggest that PM10 exposure might activate a survival pathway related to STAT3 activation, similar to what has been described as part of the immune system and apoptosis evasion during tumor promotion and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Reyes-Zárate
- Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico; Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, México DF, Mexico
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, 14080, México DF, Mexico
| | - María Concepción Gutiérrez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, México DF, Mexico
| | - Yolanda I Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Tlalnepantla, 54059, Estado de México, Mexico
| | | | - Rocío Morales-Bárcenas
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, 14080, México DF, Mexico
| | - Verónica Souza-Arroyo
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, México DF, Mexico.
| | - Claudia María García-Cuellar
- Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, 14080, México DF, Mexico.
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Butler AM, Scotti Buzhardt ML, Erdogan E, Li S, Inman KS, Fields AP, Murray NR. A small molecule inhibitor of atypical protein kinase C signaling inhibits pancreatic cancer cell transformed growth and invasion. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15297-310. [PMID: 25915428 PMCID: PMC4558152 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is highly resistant to current chemotherapies. Identification of the critical signaling pathways that mediate pancreatic cancer transformed growth is necessary for the development of more effective therapeutic treatments. Recently, we demonstrated that protein kinase C iota (PKCι) and zeta (PKCζ) promote pancreatic cancer transformed growth and invasion, by activating Rac1→ERK and STAT3 signaling pathways, respectively. However, a key question is whether PKCι and PKCζ play redundant (or non-redundant) roles in pancreatic cancer cell transformed growth. Here we describe the novel observations that 1) PKCι and PKCζ are non-redundant in the context of the transformed growth of pancreatic cancer cells; 2) a gold-containing small molecule known to disrupt the PKCι/Par6 interaction, aurothiomalate, also disrupts PKCζ/Par6 interaction; 3) aurothiomalate inhibits downstream signaling of both PKCι and PKCζ, and blocks transformed growth of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro; and 4) aurothiomalate inhibits pancreatic cancer tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Taken together, these data provide convincing evidence that an inhibitor of atypical PKC signaling inhibits two key oncogenic signaling pathways, driven non-redundantly by PKCι and PKCζ, to significantly reduce tumor growth and metastasis. Our results demonstrate that inhibition of atypical PKC signaling is a promising therapeutic strategy to treat pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Butler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Eda Erdogan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Shuhua Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Kristin S Inman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Alan P Fields
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Nicole R Murray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Mining for Candidate Genes Related to Pancreatic Cancer Using Protein-Protein Interactions and a Shortest Path Approach. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:623121. [PMID: 26613085 PMCID: PMC4647023 DOI: 10.1155/2015/623121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly malignant tumor derived from pancreas tissue and is one of the leading causes of death from cancer. Its molecular mechanism has been partially revealed by validating its oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes; however, the available data remain insufficient for medical workers to design effective treatments. Large-scale identification of PC-related genes can promote studies on PC. In this study, we propose a computational method for mining new candidate PC-related genes. A large network was constructed using protein-protein interaction information, and a shortest path approach was applied to mine new candidate genes based on validated PC-related genes. In addition, a permutation test was adopted to further select key candidate genes. Finally, for all discovered candidate genes, the likelihood that the genes are novel PC-related genes is discussed based on their currently known functions.
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25
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Inhibition of protein kinase C by isojacareubin suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis and induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12889. [PMID: 26245668 PMCID: PMC4526861 DOI: 10.1038/srep12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) proliferation and metastasis. We previously reported the cytotoxicity of a series of synthetic phenyl-substituted polyoxygenated xanthone derivatives against human HCC. In the current study, the most potent natural product, isojacareubin (ISJ), was synthesized, and its cellular-level antihepatoma activities were evaluated. ISJ significantly inhibited cell proliferation and was highly selective for HCC cells in comparison to nonmalignant QSG-7701 hepatocytes. Moreover, ISJ exhibited pro-apoptotic effects on HepG2 hepatoma cells, as well as impaired HepG2 cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, ISJ was a potent inhibitor of PKC, with differential actions against various PKC isotypes. ISJ selectively inhibited the expression of aPKC (PKCζ) in the cytosol and the translocation of cytosolic PKCζ to membrane site. ISJ also directly interacted with cPKC (PKCα) and nPKC (PKCδ, PKCε and PKCμ) and thereby inhibited the early response of major MAPK phosphorylation and the late response of HCC cell invasion and proliferation. In a hepatoma xenograft model, ISJ pretreatment resulted in significant antihepatoma activity in vivo. These findings identify ISJ as a promising lead compound for the development of new antihepatoma agents and may guide the search for additional selective PKC inhibitors.
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PKCζ Promotes Breast Cancer Invasion by Regulating Expression of E-cadherin and Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) via NFκB-p65. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26218882 PMCID: PMC4648478 DOI: 10.1038/srep12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical Protein Kinase C zeta (PKCζ) forms Partitioning-defective (PAR) polarity complex for apico-basal distribution of membrane proteins essential to maintain normal cellular junctional complexes and tissue homeostasis. Consistently, tumor suppressive role of PKCζ has been established for multiple human cancers. However, recent studies also indicate pro-oncogenic function of PKCζ without firm understanding of detailed molecular mechanism. Here we report a possible mechanism of oncogenic PKCζ signaling in the context of breast cancer. We observed that depletion of PKCζ promotes epithelial morphology in mesenchymal-like MDA-MB-231 cells. The induction of epithelial morphology is associated with significant upregulation of adherens junction (AJ) protein E-cadherin and tight junction (TJ) protein Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1). Functionally, depletion of PKCζ significantly inhibits invasion and metastatic progression. Consistently, we observed higher expression and activation of PKCζ signaling in invasive and metastatic breast cancers compared to non-invasive diseases. Mechanistically, an oncogenic PKCζ– NFκB-p65 signaling node might be involved to suppress E-cadherin and ZO-1 expression and ectopic expression of a constitutively active form of NFκB-p65 (S536E-NFκB-p65) significantly rescues invasive potential of PKCζ-depleted breast cancer cells. Thus, our study discovered a PKCζ - NFκB-p65 signaling pathway might be involved to alter cellular junctional dynamics for breast cancer invasive progression.
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27
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Gibbs PEM, Miralem T, Maines MD. Biliverdin reductase: a target for cancer therapy? Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:119. [PMID: 26089799 PMCID: PMC4452799 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliverdin reductase (BVR) is a multifunctional protein that is the primary source of the potent antioxidant, bilirubin. BVR regulates activities/functions in the insulin/IGF-1/IRK/PI3K/MAPK pathways. Activation of certain kinases in these pathways is/are hallmark(s) of cancerous cells. The protein is a scaffold/bridge and intracellular transporter of kinases that regulate growth and proliferation of cells, including PKCs, ERK and Akt, and their targets including NF-κB, Elk1, HO-1, and iNOS. The scaffold and transport functions enable activated BVR to relocate from the cytosol to the nucleus or to the plasma membrane, depending on the activating stimulus. This enables the reductase to function in diverse signaling pathways. And, its expression at the transcript and protein levels are increased in human tumors and the infiltrating T-cells, monocytes and circulating lymphocytes, as well as the circulating and infiltrating macrophages. These functions suggest that the cytoprotective role of BVR may be permissive for cancer/tumor growth. In this review, we summarize the recent developments that define the pro-growth activities of BVR, particularly with respect to its input into the MAPK signaling pathway and present evidence that BVR-based peptides inhibit activation of protein kinases, including MEK, PKCδ, and ERK as well as downstream targets including Elk1 and iNOS, and thus offers a credible novel approach to reduce cancer cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E M Gibbs
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tihomir Miralem
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mahin D Maines
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester, NY, USA
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Abstract
In preclinical studies, protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes have been implicated in regulating many aspects of pancreatic cancer development and progression. However, clinical Phase I or Phase II trials with compounds targeting classical PKC isoforms were not successful. Recent studies implicate that mainly atypical and novel PKC enzymes regulate oncogenic signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer. Members of these two subgroups converge signaling induced by mutant Kras, growth factors and inflammatory cytokines. Different approaches for the development of inhibitors for atypical PKC and novel PKC have been described; and new compounds include allosteric inhibitors and inhibitors that block ATP binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Griffin Building, Room 306, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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29
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases, which can be further classified into three PKC isozymes subfamilies: conventional or classic, novel or nonclassic, and atypical. PKC isozymes are known to be involved in cell proliferation, survival, invasion, migration, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Because of their key roles in cell signaling, PKC isozymes also have the potential to be promising therapeutic targets for several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, immune and inflammatory diseases, neurological diseases, metabolic disorders, and multiple types of cancer. This review primarily focuses on the activation, mechanism, and function of PKC isozymes during cancer development and progression.
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