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Liu X, Xi C, Li W, Su H, Yang H, Bai Z, Tian Y, Song S. Moringa oleifera Leaves Protein Enhances Intestinal Permeability by Activating TLR4 Upstream Signaling and Disrupting Tight Junctions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16425. [PMID: 38003615 PMCID: PMC10671199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in intestinal mucosal barrier permeability lead to antigen sensitization and mast cell-mediated allergic reactions, which are considered to play important roles in the occurrence and development of food allergies. It has been suggested that protein causes increased intestinal permeability via mast cell degranulation, and we investigated the effect of camellia Moringa oleifera leaves protein on intestinal permeability and explored its role in the development of food allergies. The current study investigated the effect of M. oleifera leaves protein on intestinal permeability through assessments of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and transmembrane transport of FITC-dextran by Caco-2 cells. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), IL-8, Occludin, Claudin-1, and perimembrane protein family (ZO-1) were detected by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The effect of M. oleifera leaves protein on intestinal permeability was verified in mice in vivo. The serum fluorescence intensity was measured using the FITC-dextran tracer method, and the expression of tight junction proteins was detected using Western blotting. The results showed that M. oleifera leaves protein widened the gaps between Caco-2 cells, reduced transmembrane resistance, and increased permeability. This protein also reduced the mRNA and protein levels of Occludin, Claudin-1, and ZO-1. Animal experiments showed that intestinal permeability was increased, and that the expression of the tight junction proteins Occludin and Claudin-1 were downregulated in mice. This study shows that M. oleifera leaves protein has components that increase intestinal permeability, decrease tight junction protein expression, promote transmembrane transport in Caco-2 cells, and increase intestinal permeability in experimental animals. The finding that M. oleifera leaves active protein increases intestinal permeability suggests that this protein may be valuable for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of M. oleifera leaves allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (X.L.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (H.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Chuyu Xi
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (X.L.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (H.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Wenjie Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (X.L.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (H.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hairan Su
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (X.L.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (H.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Hao Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (X.L.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (H.S.); (H.Y.)
| | - Zhongbin Bai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Shuang Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (X.L.); (C.X.); (W.L.); (H.S.); (H.Y.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Personalized Food Manufacturing, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China;
- Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Food and Drug Homologous Resources, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
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Mu L, Yin X, Bai H, Li J, Qiu L, Zeng Q, Fu S, Ye J. Mannose-binding lectin suppresses macrophage proliferation through TGF-β1 signaling pathway in Nile tilapia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1159577. [PMID: 37261343 PMCID: PMC10227430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a multifunctional pattern recognition molecule, which not only mediates the recognition of pathogenic microorganisms and their products, playing an important role in innate immune defense, but also participates in adaptive immune responses of mammalian. However, it's related immune mechanism remains limited, especially the regulation of cell proliferation in early vertebrates. In this study, OnMBL was found to bind to kidney macrophages (MФ) from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Interestingly, OnMBL was able to reduce the proliferation of activated-MФ by regulating the cell cycle, arresting a large number of cells in the G0/G1 phase, and increasing the probability of apoptosis. More importantly, we found that the inhibition of cell proliferation by OnMBL was closely related to the evolutionarily conserved canonical transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathway. Mechanistically, OnMBL could significantly increase the expression of TGF-β1, activate and regulate the downstream Smad-dependent pathway to reduce the MФ proliferation, thereby maintaining cellular homeostasis in the body's internal environment. This study represents the first description regarding the regulatory mechanisms of the MBL on cell proliferation in teleost fish, which provides a novel perspective on the understanding of the multiple function and evolutionary origins of C-type lectins in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Mu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxue Yin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Bai
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiadong Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Qiu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingliang Zeng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengli Fu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Liu T, Sun L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zheng J. Imbalanced GSH/ROS and sequential cell death. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22942. [PMID: 34725879 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in cells during metabolic processes. Excessive intracellular ROS may react with large biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and small biomolecules, that is, glutathione (GSH) and unsaturated fatty acids. GSH has physiological functions, including free radical scavenging, anti-oxidation, and electrophile elimination. The disruption of ROS/GSH balance results in the deleterious oxidation and chemical modification of biomacromolecules, which eventually leads to cell-cycle arrest and proliferation inhibition, and even induces cell death. Imbalanced ROS/GSH may result from a direct increase of ROS, consumption of GSH, intracellular oxidoreductase interference, or thioredoxin activity reduction. Some chemicals including arsenic trioxide (ATO), pyrogallol (PG), and carbobenzoxy-Leu-Leu-leucinal (MG132) could also disrupt the balance of GSH and ROS. This article reviews the occurrence and consequences of the imbalance between GSH and ROS and introduces factors responsible for the disruption of cellular ROS and GSH balance, resulting in cell death. "GSH" and "ROS" were used as keywords to search the relevant literaturess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Li Sun
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Mannan-Binding Lectin Regulates Inflammatory Cytokine Production, Proliferation, and Cytotoxicity of Human Peripheral Natural Killer Cells. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:6738286. [PMID: 31915415 PMCID: PMC6930792 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6738286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent the founding members of innate lymphoid cells (ILC) and play critical roles in inflammation and the immune response. NK cell effector functions are regulated and fine-tuned by various immune modulators. Mannan (or mannose)-binding lectin (MBL), a soluble C-type lectin, is traditionally recognized as an initiator of the complement pathway. Recently, it is also considered as an immunomodulator by its interaction with kinds of immune cells. However, the effect of MBL on NK cell function remains unexplored. In this study, we found that human plasma MBL could interact directly with peripheral NK cells partially via its collagen-like region (CLR). This MBL binding markedly suppressed the interleukin-2- (IL-2-) induced inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production but increased the IL-10 production in NK cells. In addition, the expression of activation surface markers such as CD25 and CD69 declined after MBL treatment. Also, MBL impaired the proliferation and lymphokine-activated killing (LAK) of NK cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that MBL inhibited IL-2-induced signal transducers and activators of transcription 5 (STAT5) activation in NK cells. In conclusion, we have uncovered a far unknown regulatory role of MBL on NK cells, a new clue that could be important in the immunomodulatory networks of immune responses.
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Dong L, Wu J, Chen K, Xie J, Wang Y, Li D, Liu Y, Yin A, Zhao Y, Han Y, Zhou J, Zhang L, Chen Z, Zuo D. Mannan-Binding Lectin Attenuates Inflammatory Arthritis Through the Suppression of Osteoclastogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1239. [PMID: 31214191 PMCID: PMC6557994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) is a vital element in the host innate immune system, which is primarily produced by the liver and secreted into the circulation. Low serum level of MBL is reported to be associated with an increased risk of arthritis. However, the underlying mechanism by which MBL contributes to the pathogenesis of arthritis is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the precise role of MBL on the course of experimental murine adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). MBL-deficient (MBL−/−) AIA mice showed significantly increased inflammatory responses compared with wild-type C57BL/6 AIA mice, including exacerbated cartilage damage, enhanced histopathological features and high level of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive cells. MBL protein markedly inhibited the osteoclast formation from human blood monocytes induced by receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) in vitro. Mechanistic studies established that MBL inhibited osteoclast differentiation via down-regulation of p38 signaling pathway and subsequent nuclear translocation of c-fos as well as activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 (NFATc1) pathway. Importantly, we have provided the evidence that concentrations of MBL correlated negatively with the serum levels of amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PINP) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (β-CTX), serum markers of bone turnover, in patients with arthritis. Our study revealed an unexpected function of MBL in osteoclastogenesis, thus providing new insight into inflammatory arthritis and other bone-related diseases in patients with MBL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Dong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Geriatrics Center, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command, PLA, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Xie
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youyi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dantong Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiping Yin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunpeng Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengliang Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Microbiome Medicine Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Li H, Liu Y, Li J, Liu Y, Dong L, Yin Y, Yu Y, Zhou J, Zhang L, Lu X, Chen Z, Zuo D. Mannan-binding lectin attenuates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by regulating CYP2E1 expression via ROS-dependent JNK/SP1 pathway. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:564-575. [PMID: 30706943 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) acts as a soluble pattern recognition molecule in the innate immune system, which is primarily produced by the liver. MBL deficiency occurs with high frequency in the population and is reported to be associated with susceptibility to several liver diseases. In the present study, we investigated the pathophysiological role of MBL in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. After APAP treatment, MBL-deficient (MBL-/- ) mice had significantly higher mortality and aggravated hepatic necrosis as well as elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase and alanine aminotransferase levels compared to control mice. The enhanced hepatotoxicity in MBL-/- mice was associated with increased concentration of APAP toxic metabolisms. Furthermore, we demonstrated here that genetic ablation of MBL resulted in excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and enhanced c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, leading to up-regulated specificity protein 1 (SP1) nuclear expression, thus promoted CYP2E1 hepatic expression and consequently exacerbated APAP-induced liver injury in mice. Importantly, we have validated that MBL protected against APAP toxicity in human HepaRG cells in vitro with the same mechanism. Our study revealed an unexpected function of MBL in drug metabolism, thus providing new insight into the drug-induced liver injury in patients with MBL deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, Anhui Chest Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junru Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Puyang People's Hospital, Puyang, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Dong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Yin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengliang Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Mannan-Binding Lectin Suppresses Peptidoglycan-Induced TLR2 Activation and Inflammatory Responses. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:1349784. [PMID: 30728747 PMCID: PMC6343158 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1349784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN), as the major components of the bacterial cell wall, is known to cause excessive proinflammatory cytokine production. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is abundantly expressed on immune cells and has been shown to be involved in PGN-induced signaling. Although more and more evidences have indicated that PGN is recognized by TLR2, the role of TLR2 PGN recognition is controversial. Mannan-binding lectin (MBL), a plasma C-type lectin, plays a key role in innate immunity. More and more evidences show that MBL could suppress the amplification of inflammatory signals. Whether MBL can alter PGN-elicited cellular responses through TLR2 in macrophages is still unknown, and possible mechanism underlying it should be investigated. In this study, we found that MBL significantly attenuated PGN-induced inflammatory cytokine production, including TNF-α and IL-6, in PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells at both mRNA and protein levels. The expression of TLR2 was strongly induced by PGN stimulation. Furthermore, the administration of TLR2-neutralized antibody effectively suppressed PGN-induced TNF-α and IL-6 expression. These results supplied the evidence that PGN from Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be recognized by TLR2. In addition, we also found that MBL decreased PGN-induced TLR2 expression and suppressed TLR2-mediated downstream signaling, including the phosphorylation of IκBα, nuclear translocation of NF-κBp65, and phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and ERK1/2. Administration of MBL alone did not have an effect on the expression of TLR2. Finally, our data showed that PGN-mediated immune responses were more severely suppressed by preincubation with MBL and indicated that MBL can combine with both TLR2 and PGN to block the inflammation cytokine expression induced by PGN. All these data suggest that MBL could downregulate inflammation by modulating PGN/TLR2 signaling pathways. This study supports an important role for MBL in immune regulation and signaling pathways involved in inflammatory responses.
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Zhang YM, Zhang ZM, Guan QL, Liu YQ, Wu ZW, Li JT, Su Y, Yan CL, Luo YL, Qin J, Wang Q, Xie XD. Co-culture with lung cancer A549 cells promotes the proliferation and migration of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2983-2991. [PMID: 28966680 PMCID: PMC5613203 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation and progression of various types of tumors, such as lung neoplasms, are driven by a population of cells with stem cell properties and their microenvironment. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in long-term in vitro culture may exhibit spontaneous changes in stem cell biological properties, including malignant transformations; however, the molecular mechanisms of this have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, a BM-MSC and lung cancer A549 cell co-culture system was utilized to investigate how the tumor microenvironment may spontaneously change the proliferation, migration and differentiation of BM-MSCs. It was demonstrated that the lung cancer A549 microenvironment is able to induce changes in the cell morphology, proliferation, karyotype, cytoskeleton and migration ability of BM-MSCs in vitro. Compared with the control group BM-MSCs, the expression of Ras, phosphorylated-extracellular regulated protein kinases, nuclear factor-κB, P62 and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) proteins in groups of co-cultured BM-MSCs increased significantly (P<0.05) and the expression of P53, Bcl-2 associated X protein and caspase-3 protein decreased significantly (P<0.05). The mechanisms responsible for the changes observed in BM-MSCs may be related to abnormal expression of related genes in the ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Mei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Quan-Lin Guan
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Qi Liu
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medical and Transformation, Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wu
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Tian Li
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medical and Transformation, Ministry of Education of The People's Republic of China, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Lu Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Li Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Xie
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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9
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Zhao N, Wu J, Xiong S, Zhang L, Lu X, Chen S, Wu Q, Wang H, Liu Y, Chen Z, Zuo D. Mannan-binding lectin, a serum collectin, suppresses T-cell proliferation via direct interaction with cell surface calreticulin and inhibition of proximal T-cell receptor signaling. FASEB J 2017; 31:2405-2417. [PMID: 28209773 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601200rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mannan binding lectin (MBL), initially reported to activate the complement pathway, is also known to be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. We report a thus far unknown function of MBL as a suppressor of T-cell activation. MBL markedly inhibited T-cell proliferation induced by anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. Moreover, the presence of MBL during T-cell priming interfered with proximal T-cell receptor signaling by decreasing phosphorylation of Lck, ZAP-70, and LAT. MBL bound to T cells through interaction between the collagen-like region of MBL and calreticulin (CRT) expressed on the T-cell surface. The neutralizing antibody against CRT abrogated MBL-mediated suppression of T-cell proliferation, suggesting that MBL down-modulates T-cell proliferation via cell surface CRT. We further demonstrated that the feature of MBL-mediated T-cell suppression is shared by other serum collectins (e.g., C1q and collectin 11). The concentrations of MBL correlated negatively with in vivo T-cell activation status in patients with early-stage silicosis. Furthermore, MBL efficiently inhibited activation and proliferation of autoreactive T cells derived from patients with silicosis, indicating that MBL serves as a negative feedback control of the T-cell responses.-Zhao, N., Wu, J., Xiong, S., Zhang, L., Lu, X., Chen, S., Wu, Q., Wang, H., Liu, Y., Chen, Z., Zuo, D. Mannan-binding lectin, a serum collectin, suppresses T-cell proliferation via direct interaction with cell surface calreticulin and inhibition of proximal T-cell receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; and
| | - Simin Xiong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangliang Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Wu
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailan Wang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Guangdong Province Hospital for Occupational Disease Prevention and Treatment, Guangzhou, China.,School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; and
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengliang Chen
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daming Zuo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Xu XY, Li HJ, Zhang LY, Lu X, Zuo DM, Shan GQ, Xu TY, Chen ZL. Mannan-binding lectin at supraphysiological concentrations inhibits differentiation of dendritic cells from human CD14+monocytes. Microbiol Immunol 2015; 59:724-34. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ying Xu
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
| | - Hui-Jie Li
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
| | - Li-Yun Zhang
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
| | - Da-Ming Zuo
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
| | - Gui-Qiu Shan
- Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command; Liuhua Road 111 Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Tian-Yu Xu
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
| | - Zheng-Liang Chen
- Department of Immunology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou Avenue North 1838 Guangdong China
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11
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MytiLec, a Mussel R-Type Lectin, Interacts with Surface Glycan Gb3 on Burkitt's Lymphoma Cells to Trigger Apoptosis through Multiple Pathways. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7377-89. [PMID: 26694420 PMCID: PMC4699244 DOI: 10.3390/md13127071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MytiLec; a novel lectin isolated from the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis); shows strong binding affinity to globotriose (Gb3: Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glc). MytiLec revealed β-trefoil folding as also found in the ricin B-subunit type (R-type) lectin family, although the amino acid sequences were quite different. Classification of R-type lectin family members therefore needs to be based on conformation as well as on primary structure. MytiLec specifically killed Burkitt's lymphoma Ramos cells, which express Gb3. Fluorescein-labeling assay revealed that MytiLec was incorporated inside the cells. MytiLec treatment of Ramos cells resulted in activation of both classical MAPK/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK-ERK) and stress-activated (p38 kinase and JNK) Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways. In the cells, MytiLec treatment triggered expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (a ligand of death receptor-dependent apoptosis) and activation of mitochondria-controlling caspase-9 (initiator caspase) and caspase-3 (activator caspase). Experiments using the specific MEK inhibitor U0126 showed that MytiLec-induced phosphorylation of the MEK-ERK pathway up-regulated expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, leading to cell cycle arrest and TNF-α production. Activation of caspase-3 by MytiLec appeared to be regulated by multiple different pathways. Our findings, taken together, indicate that the novel R-type lectin MytiLec initiates programmed cell death of Burkitt's lymphoma cells through multiple pathways (MAPK cascade, death receptor signaling; caspase activation) based on interaction of the lectin with Gb3-containing glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains on the cell surface.
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12
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Zhao Y, Lin W, Li Z, Lin J, Wang S, Zeng C, Ni J, Wang Y. High Expression of Mannose-Binding Lectin and the Risk of Vascular Complications of Diabetes: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. Diabetes Technol Ther 2015; 17:490-7. [PMID: 25756786 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2014.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular inflammation associated with mannose-binding lectin (MBL) may be implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular complications in diabetes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the association of MBL expression with vascular complications in diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from published case-control studies on MBL expression and vascular complications of diabetes were collected up to September 30, 2014. Medline, Embase, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched using the key words "MBL or mannose-binding lectin or mannan-binding lectin," "diabetes or diabetic," and "vascular complication, vascular disease or angiopathy" to identify the articles published in English or Chinese. RESULTS The combined odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the cumulative rate of vascular complications in the cases of high-expression MBL versus that in cases of low-expression MBL were estimated using a fixed-effects model and a random-effects model. In total, 2,714 cases from 12 articles including 2,256 cases with high-expression MBL (≥ 400 μg/L) and 458 cases with low-expression MBL (< 400 μg/L) were reviewed. The cumulative vascular complication rates were 52.9% (1,194/2,256) in the cases with high expression and 38.4% (176/458) in those with low expression. The combined ORs were 1.6, with a 95% CI ranging from 1.24 to 2.08, in the fixed-effects model and 1.94, with a 95% CI from 1.00 to 3.76, in the random-effects model. CONCLUSIONS High expression of MBL may be correlated with a significantly increased risk of vascular complications in diabetes. Thus MBL detection in diabetes is an effective and feasible method to predict vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- 1 Microbiology and Immunology, Guangdong Medical College , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - WeiYan Lin
- 2 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Li
- 3 Clinical Laboratory , Wanjiang Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - JianTao Lin
- 4 Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drug Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Sen Wang
- 5 Cancer Institute of Guangdong Medical College , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Zeng
- 6 Pathology Departments, Guangdong Medical College , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - JinDong Ni
- 2 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- 1 Microbiology and Immunology, Guangdong Medical College , Dongguan, Guangdong, China
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13
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Ungefroren H, Hyder A, Hinz H, Groth S, Lange H, El-Sayed KMF, Ehnert S, Nüssler AK, Fändrich F, Gieseler F. Pluripotency gene expression and growth control in cultures of peripheral blood monocytes during their conversion into programmable cells of monocytic origin (PCMO): evidence for a regulatory role of autocrine activin and TGF-β. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118097. [PMID: 25707005 PMCID: PMC4338298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that peripheral blood monocytes can be converted in vitro to a stem cell-like cell termed PCMO as evidenced by the re-expression of pluripotency-associated genes, transient proliferation, and the ability to adopt the phenotype of hepatocytes and insulin-producing cells upon tissue-specific differentiation. However, the regulatory interactions between cultured cells governing pluripotency and mitotic activity have remained elusive. Here we asked whether activin(s) and TGF-β(s), are involved in PCMO generation. De novo proliferation of PCMO was higher under adherent vs. suspended culture conditions as revealed by the appearance of a subset of Ki67-positive monocytes and correlated with down-regulation of p21WAF1 beyond day 2 of culture. Realtime-PCR analysis showed that PCMO express ActRIIA, ALK4, TβRII, ALK5 as well as TGF-β1 and the βA subunit of activin. Interestingly, expression of ActRIIA and ALK4, and activin A levels in the culture supernatants increased until day 4 of culture, while levels of total and active TGF-β1 strongly declined. PCMO responded to both growth factors in an autocrine fashion with intracellular signaling as evidenced by a rise in the levels of phospho-Smad2 and a drop in those of phospho-Smad3. Stimulation of PCMO with recombinant activins (A, B, AB) and TGF-β1 induced phosphorylation of Smad2 but not Smad3. Inhibition of autocrine activin signaling by either SB431542 or follistatin reduced both Smad2 activation and Oct4A/Nanog upregulation. Inhibition of autocrine TGF-β signaling by either SB431542 or anti-TGF-β antibody reduced Smad3 activation and strongly increased the number of Ki67-positive cells. Furthermore, anti-TGF-β antibody moderately enhanced Oct4A/Nanog expression. Our data show that during PCMO generation pluripotency marker expression is controlled positively by activin/Smad2 and negatively by TGF-β/Smad3 signaling, while relief from growth inhibition is primarily the result of reduced TGF-β/Smad3, and to a lesser extent, activin/Smad2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayman Hyder
- Clinic for Applied Cellular Medicine, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hebke Hinz
- Clinic for Applied Cellular Medicine, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Hans Lange
- Clinic for Applied Cellular Medicine, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karim M. Fawzy El-Sayed
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Nüssler
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fred Fändrich
- Clinic for Applied Cellular Medicine, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
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14
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Swierzko AS, Szala A, Sawicki S, Szemraj J, Sniadecki M, Sokolowska A, Kaluzynski A, Wydra D, Cedzynski M. Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL) and MBL-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2) in women with malignant and benign ovarian tumours. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:1129-40. [PMID: 25038892 PMCID: PMC4209098 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-Binding Lectin (MBL) is a serum pattern recognition molecule, able to activate complement in association with MASP proteases. Serum levels of MBL and MASP-2, activities of MBL-MASP complexes, single nucleotide polymorphisms of the MBL2 and MASP2 genes and/or their specific mRNA expression in ovarian sections were investigated in 128 patients suffering from primary ovarian cancer (OC) and compared with 197 controls (C), encompassing both patients with benign ovarian tumours (n = 123) and others with no ovarian pathology (n = 74). MBL deficiency-associated genotypes were more common among OC patients than among controls. The O/O group of genotypes was associated with ovarian cancer (OR 3.5, p = 0.02). In A/A homozygotes, MBL concentrations and activities were elevated in the OC group and correlated with C-reactive protein. Moreover, high MBL serum levels were associated with more advanced disease stage. No differences in distribution of the MASP2 +359 A>G (D120G) SNP or MASP-2 serum levels were found between cancer patients and their controls. However, the highest frequency of the A/G (MASP2) and LXA/O or O/O (MBL2) genotypes was found among OC patients with tumours of G1-2 grade (well/moderately differentiated). Furthermore, MBL deficiency-associated genotypes predicted prolonged survival. None of the parameters investigated correlated with CA125 antigen or patients' age. The local expression of MBL2 and MASP2 genes was higher in women with ovarian cancer compared with controls. It is concluded that the expression of MBL and MASP-2 is altered in ovarian cancer, possibly indicating involvement of the lectin pathway of complement activation in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna St Swierzko
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, 93-232, Lodz, Poland
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Hijikata M, Matsushita I, Hang NTL, Maeda S, Thuong PH, Tam DB, Shimbo T, Sakurada S, Cuong VC, Lien LT, Keicho N. Age-dependent association of mannose-binding lectin polymorphisms with the development of pulmonary tuberculosis in Viet Nam. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:840-6. [PMID: 24952212 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) binds to pathogens and induces complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis. Although the association between MBL2 polymorphisms and tuberculosis (TB) has been studied in various populations, the results are controversial. We explored the stages of TB associated with MBL2 polymorphisms. X/Y (rs7096206) and A/B (rs1800450) were genotyped in 765 new patients with active pulmonary TB without HIV infection and 556 controls in Hanoi, Viet Nam. The MBL2 nucleotide sequences were further analyzed, and plasma MBL levels were measured in 109 apparently healthy healthcare workers and 65 patients with TB. Latent TB infection (LTBI) was detected by interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). The YA/YA diplotype, which exhibited high plasma MBL levels, was associated with protection against active TB in younger patients (mean age = 32)≦ 45 years old (odds ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-0.80). The resistant diplotype was less frequently found in the younger patients at diagnosis (P = 0.0021). MBL2 diplotype frequencies and plasma MBL levels were not significantly different between the IGRA-positive and -negative groups. MBL2 YA/YA exhibited a protective role against the development of TB in younger patients, whereas the MBL2 genotype and MBL levels were not associated with LTBI. High MBL levels may protect against the early development of pulmonary TB after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minako Hijikata
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan; National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Ikumi Matsushita
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan
| | | | - Shinji Maeda
- Department of Mycobacterium Reference and Research, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan
| | | | - Do Bang Tam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Hanoi Lung Hospital, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Takuro Shimbo
- Department of Clinical Study and Informatics, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Sakurada
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | | | | | - Naoto Keicho
- Department of Pathophysiology and Host Defense, The Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Japan Anti-Tuberculosis Association, Tokyo 204-8533, Japan; National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
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