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Schaffer AM, Fiala GJ, Hils M, Natali E, Babrak L, Herr LA, Romero-Mulero MC, Cabezas-Wallscheid N, Rizzi M, Miho E, Schamel WWA, Minguet S. Kidins220 regulates the development of B cells bearing the λ light chain. eLife 2024; 13:e83943. [PMID: 38271217 PMCID: PMC10810608 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The ratio between κ and λ light chain (LC)-expressing B cells varies considerably between species. We recently identified Kinase D-interacting substrate of 220 kDa (Kidins220) as an interaction partner of the BCR. In vivo ablation of Kidins220 in B cells resulted in a marked reduction of λLC-expressing B cells. Kidins220 knockout B cells fail to open and recombine the genes of the Igl locus, even in genetic scenarios where the Igk genes cannot be rearranged or where the κLC confers autoreactivity. Igk gene recombination and expression in Kidins220-deficient B cells is normal. Kidins220 regulates the development of λLC B cells by enhancing the survival of developing B cells and thereby extending the time-window in which the Igl locus opens and the genes are rearranged and transcribed. Further, our data suggest that Kidins220 guarantees optimal pre-BCR and BCR signaling to induce Igl locus opening and gene recombination during B cell development and receptor editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Schaffer
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical FacultyFreiburgGermany
| | - Gina Jasmin Fiala
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical FacultyFreiburgGermany
| | - Miriam Hils
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical FacultyFreiburgGermany
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Biederstein, School of Medicine, Technical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Eriberto Natali
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, FHNW 15 University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern SwitzerlandMuttenzSwitzerland
| | - Lmar Babrak
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, FHNW 15 University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern SwitzerlandMuttenzSwitzerland
| | - Laurenz Alexander Herr
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical FacultyFreiburgGermany
| | - Mari Carmen Romero-Mulero
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburgGermany
| | - Nina Cabezas-Wallscheid
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and EpigeneticsFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Marta Rizzi
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical FacultyFreiburgGermany
- CIBSS – Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Division of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Enkelejda Miho
- Institute of Medical Engineering and Medical Informatics, School of Life Sciences, FHNW 15 University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern SwitzerlandMuttenzSwitzerland
- aiNET GmbHBaselSwitzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Wolfgang WA Schamel
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical FacultyFreiburgGermany
| | - Susana Minguet
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency CCI, University Clinics and Medical FacultyFreiburgGermany
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2
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França RKA, Studart IC, Bezerra MRL, Pontes LQ, Barbosa AMA, Brigido MM, Furtado GP, Maranhão AQ. Progress on Phage Display Technology: Tailoring Antibodies for Cancer Immunotherapy. Viruses 2023; 15:1903. [PMID: 37766309 PMCID: PMC10536222 DOI: 10.3390/v15091903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for innovative anti-cancer drugs remains a challenge. Over the past three decades, antibodies have emerged as an essential asset in successful cancer therapy. The major obstacle in developing anti-cancer antibodies is the need for non-immunogenic antibodies against human antigens. This unique requirement highlights a disadvantage to using traditional hybridoma technology and thus demands alternative approaches, such as humanizing murine monoclonal antibodies. To overcome these hurdles, human monoclonal antibodies can be obtained directly from Phage Display libraries, a groundbreaking tool for antibody selection. These libraries consist of genetically engineered viruses, or phages, which can exhibit antibody fragments, such as scFv or Fab on their capsid. This innovation allows the in vitro selection of novel molecules directed towards cancer antigens. As foreseen when Phage Display was first described, nowadays, several Phage Display-derived antibodies have entered clinical settings or are undergoing clinical evaluation. This comprehensive review unveils the remarkable progress in this field and the possibilities of using clever strategies for phage selection and tailoring the refinement of antibodies aimed at increasingly specific targets. Moreover, the use of selected antibodies in cutting-edge formats is discussed, such as CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) in CAR T-cell therapy or ADC (antibody drug conjugate), amplifying the spectrum of potential therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Kaylan Alves França
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.K.A.F.); (M.M.B.)
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pathology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Igor Cabral Studart
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusébio 61773-270, Brazil; (I.C.S.); (M.R.L.B.); (L.Q.P.); (A.M.A.B.); (G.P.F.)
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Marcus Rafael Lobo Bezerra
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusébio 61773-270, Brazil; (I.C.S.); (M.R.L.B.); (L.Q.P.); (A.M.A.B.); (G.P.F.)
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Larissa Queiroz Pontes
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusébio 61773-270, Brazil; (I.C.S.); (M.R.L.B.); (L.Q.P.); (A.M.A.B.); (G.P.F.)
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marcos Aires Barbosa
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusébio 61773-270, Brazil; (I.C.S.); (M.R.L.B.); (L.Q.P.); (A.M.A.B.); (G.P.F.)
- Graduate Program in Applied Informatics, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60811-905, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Brigido
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.K.A.F.); (M.M.B.)
| | - Gilvan Pessoa Furtado
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz Ceará, Eusébio 61773-270, Brazil; (I.C.S.); (M.R.L.B.); (L.Q.P.); (A.M.A.B.); (G.P.F.)
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60440-970, Brazil
| | - Andréa Queiroz Maranhão
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, Brazil; (R.K.A.F.); (M.M.B.)
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3
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A Germline-Encoded Structural Arginine Trap Underlies the Anti-DNA Reactivity of a Murine V Gene Segment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094541. [PMID: 33926148 PMCID: PMC8123574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity may have its origins of early repertoire selection in developmental B cells. Such a primary repertoire is probably shaped by selecting B cells that can efficiently perform productive signaling, stimulated by self-antigens in the bone marrow, such as DNA. In support of that idea, we previously found a V segment from VH10 family that can form antibodies that bind to DNA independent of CDR3 usage. In this paper we designed four antibody fragments in a novel single-chain pre-BCR (scpre-BCR) format containing germinal V gene segments from families known to bind DNA (VH10) or not (VH4) connected to a murine surrogate light chain (SLC), lacking the highly charged unique region (UR), by a hydrophilic peptide linker. We also tested the influence of CDR2 on DNA reactivity by shuffling the CDR2 loop. The scpre-BCRs were expressed in bacteria. VH10 bearing scpre-BCR could bind DNA, while scpre-BCR carrying the VH4 segment did not. The CDR2 loop shuffling hampered VH10 reactivity while displaying a gain-of-function in the nonbinding VH4 germline. We modeled the binding sites demonstrating the conservation of a positivity charged pocket in the VH10 CDR2 as the possible cross-reactive structural element. We presented evidence of DNA reactivity hardwired in a V gene, suggesting a structural mechanism for innate autoreactivity. Therefore, while autoreactivity to DNA can lead to autoimmunity, efficiently signaling for B cell development is likely a trade-off mechanism leading to the selection of potentially autoreactive repertoires.
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4
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Dangerous Liaisons: Gammaherpesvirus Subversion of the Immunoglobulin Repertoire. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080788. [PMID: 32717815 PMCID: PMC7472090 DOI: 10.3390/v12080788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A common biologic property of the gammaherpesviruses Epstein–Barr Virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus is their use of B lymphocytes as a reservoir of latency in healthy individuals that can undergo oncogenic transformation later in life. Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) employ an impressive arsenal of proteins and non-coding RNAs to reprogram lymphocytes for proliferative expansion. Within lymphoid tissues, the germinal center (GC) reaction is a hub of B cell proliferation and death. The goal of a GC is to generate and then select for a pool of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes that will provide a protective humoral adaptive immune response. B cells infected with GHVs are detected in GCs and bear the hallmark signatures of the mutagenic processes of somatic hypermutation and isotype class switching of the Ig genes. However, data also supports extrafollicular B cells as a reservoir engaged by GHVs. Next-generation sequencing technologies provide unprecedented detail of the Ig sequence that informs the natural history of infection at the single cell level. Here, we review recent reports from human and murine GHV systems that identify striking differences in the immunoglobulin repertoire of infected B cells compared to their uninfected counterparts. Implications for virus biology, GHV-associated cancers, and host immune dysfunction will be discussed.
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5
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Maranhão AQ, Silva HM, da Silva WMC, França RKA, De Leo TC, Dias-Baruffi M, Burtet RT, Brigido MM. Discovering Selected Antibodies From Deep-Sequenced Phage-Display Antibody Library Using ATTILA. Bioinform Biol Insights 2020; 14:1177932220915240. [PMID: 32425512 PMCID: PMC7218273 DOI: 10.1177/1177932220915240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display is a powerful technique to select high-affinity antibodies for different purposes, including biopharmaceuticals. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) presented itself as a robust solution, making it possible to assess billions of sequences of the variable domains from selected sublibraries. Handling this process, a central difficulty is to find the selected clones. Here, we present the AutomaTed Tool For Immunoglobulin Analysis (ATTILA), a new tool to analyze and find the enriched variable domains throughout a biopanning experiment. The ATTILA is a workflow that combines publicly available tools and in-house programs and scripts to find the fold-change frequency of deeply sequenced amplicons generated from selected VH and VL domains. We analyzed the same human Fab library NGS data using ATTILA in 5 different experiments, as well as on 2 biopanning experiments regarding performance, accuracy, and output. These analyses proved to be suitable to assess library variability and to list the more enriched variable domains, as ATTILA provides a report with the amino acid sequence of each identified domain, along with its complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), germline classification, and fold change. Finally, the methods employed here demonstrated a suitable manner to combine amplicon generation and NGS data analysis to discover new monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Queiroz Maranhão
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (iii-INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heidi Muniz Silva
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Waldeyr Mendes Cordeiro da Silva
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,NEPBio, Federal Institute of Goiás, Formosa, Brazil
| | - Renato Kaylan Alves França
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Thais Canassa De Leo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, USP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rafael Trindade Burtet
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Brigido
- Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Science, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (iii-INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Zelazowska MA, Dong Q, Plummer JB, Zhong Y, Liu B, Krug LT, McBride KM. Gammaherpesvirus-infected germinal center cells express a distinct immunoglobulin repertoire. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/3/e201900526. [PMID: 32029571 PMCID: PMC7012147 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal center B cells infected with gammaherpesvirus display altered repertoire with biased usage of lambda light chain and skewed utilization of IGHV genes. The gammaherpesviruses (γHVs), human Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), EBV, and murine γHV68 are prevalent infections associated with lymphocyte pathologies. After primary infection, EBV and γHV68 undergo latent expansion in germinal center (GC) B cells and persists in memory cells. The GC reaction evolves and selects antigen-specific B cells for memory development but whether γHV passively transients or manipulates this process in vivo is unknown. Using the γHV68 infection model, we analyzed the Ig repertoire of infected and uninfected GC cells from individual mice. We found that infected cells displayed the hallmarks of affinity maturation, hypermutation, and isotype switching but underwent clonal expansion. Strikingly, infected cells displayed distinct repertoire, not found in uninfected cells, with recurrent utilization of certain Ig heavy V segments including Ighv10-1. In a manner observed with KSHV, γHV68 infected cells also displayed lambda light chain bias. Thus, γHV68 subverts GC selection to expand in a specific B cell subset during the process that develops long-lived immunologic memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika A Zelazowska
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Qiwen Dong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Graduate Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Joshua B Plummer
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Yi Zhong
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Laurie T Krug
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Kevin M McBride
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, Science Park, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
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Leyton-Castro NF, Brigido MM, Maranhão AQ. Selection of Antibody Fragments for CAR-T Cell Therapy from Phage Display Libraries. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2086:13-26. [PMID: 31707665 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0146-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
CAR-T cell therapy emerged in the last years as a great promise to cancer treatment. Nowadays, there is a run to improve the breadth of its use, and thus, new chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are being proposed. The antigen-binding counterpart of CAR is an antibody fragment, scFv (single chain variable fragment), that recognizes a membrane protein associated to a cancer cell. In this chapter, the use of human scFv phage display libraries as a source of new mAbs against surface antigen is discussed. Protocols focusing in the use of extracellular domains of surface protein in biotinylated format are proposed as selection antigen. Elution with unlabeled peptide and selection in solution is described. The analysis of enriched scFvs throughout the selection using NGS is also outlined. Taken together these protocols allow for the isolation of new scFvs able to be useful in the construction of new chimeric antigen receptors for application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor F Leyton-Castro
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Programme, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Marcelo M Brigido
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Programme, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Andrea Q Maranhão
- Molecular Pathology Graduation Programme, School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.
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8
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Srdic-Rajic T, Kohler H, Jurisic V, Metlas R. Antibody Epitope Specificity for dsDNA Phosphate Backbone Is an Intrinsic Property of the Heavy Chain Variable Germline Gene Segment Used. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2378. [PMID: 30405605 PMCID: PMC6200867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of protein sequences by the informational spectrum method (ISM) enables characterization of their specificity according to encoded information represented with defined frequency (F). Our previous data showed that F(0.367) is characteristic for variable heavy chain (VH) domains (a combination of variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments) of the anti-phosphocholine (PC) T15 antibodies and mostly dependent on the CDR2 region, a site for PC phosphate group binding. Because the T15 dsDNA-reactive U4 mutant also encodes F(0.367), we hypothesized that the same frequency may also be characteristic for anti-DNA antibodies. Data obtained from an analysis of 60 spontaneously produced anti-DNA antibody VH domain sequences supported our hypothesis only for antibodies, which use V gene segment in germline configuration, such as S57(VH31), MRL-DNA22, and VH11, members of the VH1 (J558) and VH7 (S107) gene families. The important finding is that out of seven V gene segments used by spontaneous anti-DNA antibodies, F(0.367) is only expressed by the germline configuration of these three V gene segments. The data suggest that antibody specificity for the phosphate group moiety delineated as F(0.367) is the intrinsic property of the V germline gene segments used, whereas paratope/epitope interaction with antigens bearing this epitope, such as PC or dsDNA, requires corresponding antibody VH conformation that is susceptible to somatic mutation(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Srdic-Rajic
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Cancer Research Center, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Heinz Kohler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Vladimir Jurisic
- Faculties of Medicinal Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Radmila Metlas
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Science, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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9
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Metzler G, Kolhatkar NS, Rawlings DJ. BCR and co-receptor crosstalk facilitate the positive selection of self-reactive transitional B cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 37:46-53. [PMID: 26605835 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of a diverse B cell repertoire requires fine-tuning of antigen receptor selection during development in order to permit sufficient diversity while reducing the potential for autoimmunity. In this review, we highlight recent studies demonstrating the central role of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), in coordination with other key pro-survival signals mediated by CD40, BAFF-R, TACI and/or TLRs, in regulating both negative and positive selection of autoreactive B cells. In particular, we show how altered antigen or co-stimulatory signaling can facilitate positive selection of transitional B cells with self-reactive BCRs, ultimately leading to their entry into the mature, naive B cell compartment. We propose a model wherein altered receptor signals (due to inherited genetic changes) leads: first, to enhanced positive selection of autoreactive cells into the naïve B cell repertoire; subsequently, to an increased probability of pathogenic germinal center responses in individuals with a broad range of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genita Metzler
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nikita S Kolhatkar
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David J Rawlings
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States; Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.
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10
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Kolhatkar NS, Brahmandam A, Thouvenel CD, Becker-Herman S, Jacobs HM, Schwartz MA, Allenspach EJ, Khim S, Panigrahi AK, Luning Prak ET, Thrasher AJ, Notarangelo LD, Candotti F, Torgerson TR, Sanz I, Rawlings DJ. Altered BCR and TLR signals promote enhanced positive selection of autoreactive transitional B cells in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1663-77. [PMID: 26371186 PMCID: PMC4577851 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked immunodeficiency disorder frequently associated with systemic autoimmunity, including autoantibody-mediated cytopenias. WAS protein (WASp)-deficient B cells have increased B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, suggesting that these pathways might impact establishment of the mature, naive BCR repertoire. To directly investigate this possibility, we evaluated naive B cell specificity and composition in WASp-deficient mice and WAS subjects (n = 12). High-throughput sequencing and single-cell cloning analysis of the BCR repertoire revealed altered heavy chain usage and enrichment for low-affinity self-reactive specificities in murine marginal zone and human naive B cells. Although negative selection mechanisms including deletion, anergy, and receptor editing were relatively unperturbed, WASp-deficient transitional B cells showed enhanced proliferation in vivo mediated by antigen- and Myd88-dependent signals. Finally, using both BCR sequencing and cell surface analysis with a monoclonal antibody recognizing an intrinsically autoreactive heavy chain, we show enrichment in self-reactive cells specifically at the transitional to naive mature B cell stage in WAS subjects. Our combined data support a model wherein modest alterations in B cell-intrinsic, BCR, and TLR signals in WAS, and likely other autoimmune disorders, are sufficient to alter B cell tolerance via positive selection of self-reactive transitional B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Kolhatkar
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Archana Brahmandam
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Christopher D Thouvenel
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Shirly Becker-Herman
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Holly M Jacobs
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Marc A Schwartz
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Eric J Allenspach
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Socheath Khim
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Anil K Panigrahi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Section of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Centre for Immunodeficiency, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, England, UK
| | | | - Fabio Candotti
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Troy R Torgerson
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 Lowance Center for Human Immunology and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - David J Rawlings
- Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Department of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195 Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101
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