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Influence of reward and location on dogs' behaviour toward an interactive artificial agent. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1093. [PMID: 36658170 PMCID: PMC9852237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal-robot interaction studies provide outstanding opportunities to understand the principles of social interactions. Here we investigated whether dogs' behaviour toward a cooperative artificial agent (Unidentified Moving Object (UMO)) is influenced by receiving a reward directly from the agent, and by variability in the UMO's location. In a problem-solving task, the UMO either helped dogs to obtain food (Direct Reward Group, DRG) or to fetch an object followed by an indirect reward from the owner/experimenter (Indirect Reward Group, IRG). During the Familiarization, the UMO either started from the same location or changed its starting location in all trials. In the Test phase, dogs faced the same task, but additionally a second, unfamiliar UMO was present. We found that both reward groups gazed at the UMO with decreasing latency during the Familiarization, with the IRG showing more gaze alternations between UMO and hiding location. Dogs showed no preference for either UMO in the Test phase but looked at the familiar UMO sooner if it had changed its location during the Familiarization. Thus, direct reward is not necessary to elicit elements of socially competent behavior in dogs, but variability in its motion may be important to improve the UMO's animacy and promote flexible learning.
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Abdai J, Miklósi Á. After 150 years of watching: is there a need for synthetic ethology? Anim Cogn 2023; 26:261-274. [PMID: 36445574 PMCID: PMC9877063 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Darwinian idea of mental continuity is about 150 years old. Although nobody has strongly denied this evolutionary link, both conceptually and practically, relative slow advance has been made by ethology and comparative psychology to quantify mental evolution. Debates on the mechanistic interpretation of cognition often struggle with the same old issues (e.g., associationism vs cognitivism), and in general, experimental methods have made also relative slow progress since the introduction of the puzzle box. In this paper, we illustrate the prevailing issues using examples on 'mental state attribution' and 'perspective taking" and argue that the situation could be improved by the introduction of novel methodological inventions and insights. We suggest that focusing on problem-solving skills and constructing artificial agents that aim to correspond and interact with biological ones, may help to understand the functioning of the mind. We urge the establishment of a novel approach, synthetic ethology, in which researchers take on a practical stance and construct artificial embodied minds relying of specific computational architectures the performance of which can be compared directly to biological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Abdai
- ELKH-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- ELKH-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary ,Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Shaw N, Wemelsfelder F, Riley LM. Bark to the Future: The welfare of domestic dogs during interaction with a positively reinforcing artificial agent. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Objective Video-Based Assessment of ADHD-Like Canine Behavior Using Machine Learning. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102806. [PMID: 34679828 PMCID: PMC8532741 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This paper applies machine learning techniques to propose an objective video-based method for assessing the degree of canine ADHD-like behavior in veterinary consultation room. The method is evaluated using clinical data of dog patients in a veterinary clinic, as well as in a focus group of experts. Abstract Canine ADHD-like behavior is a behavioral problem that often compromises dogs’ well-being, as well as the quality of life of their owners; early diagnosis and clinical intervention are often critical for successful treatment, which usually involves medication and/or behavioral modification. Diagnosis mainly relies on owner reports and some assessment scales, which are subject to subjectivity. This study is the first to propose an objective method for automated assessment of ADHD-like behavior based on video taken in a consultation room. We trained a machine learning classifier to differentiate between dogs clinically treated in the context of ADHD-like behavior and health control group with 81% accuracy; we then used its output to score the degree of exhibited ADHD-like behavior. In a preliminary evaluation in clinical context, in 8 out of 11 patients receiving medical treatment to treat excessive ADHD-like behavior, H-score was reduced. We further discuss the potential applications of the provided artifacts in clinical settings, based on feedback on H-score received from a focus group of four behavior experts.
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5
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Galambos Á, Gergely A, Kovács AB, Kiss O, Topál J. Affect matters: Positive and negative social stimulation influences dogs’ behaviour in a subsequent situation involving an out-of-reach object. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
In recent studies, robots are used to stimulate living systems in controlled experimental settings. This research strategy is here called interactive biorobotics, to distinguish it from classical biorobotics, in which robots are used to simulate, rather than to stimulate, living system behavior. This article offers a methodological analysis of interactive biorobotics and has two goals. The first one is to argue that interactive biorobotics is methodologically different, in some important respects, from classical biorobotics and from countless instances of model-based science. It will be shown that interactive biorobotics does not conform to the so-called “understanding by building” approach or synthetic method, and that it illustrates a novel use of models in science. The second goal is to reflect on the logic of interactive biorobotics. A distinction will be made between two classes of studies, which will be called “proximal” and “distal.” In proximal studies, experiments involving robot-animal interaction are brought to bear on theoretical hypotheses on robot-animal interaction. In distal studies, experiments involving robot-animal interaction are brought to bear on theoretical hypotheses on animal-animal interaction. Distal studies involve logical steps which may be particularly hard to justify. This distinction, together with a methodological reflection on the relationship between the context in which the experiments are carried out and the context in which the conclusions are expected to hold, will lead to a checklist of questions which may be useful to justify and evaluate the validity of interactive biorobotics studies. The reconstruction of the logic of interactive biorobotics made here, though preliminary, may contribute to justifying the important role that robots, as tool for stimulating living systems, can play in the contemporary life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Datteri
- RobotiCSS Lab - Laboratory of Robotics for the Cognitive and Social Sciences, Department of Human Sciences for Education, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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7
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Shaw N, Riley LM. Domestic dogs respond correctly to verbal cues issued by an artificial agent. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.104940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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McAuliffe K, Bogese M, Chang LW, Andrews CE, Mayer T, Faranda A, Hamlin JK, Santos LR. Do Dogs Prefer Helpers in an Infant-Based Social Evaluation Task? Front Psychol 2019; 10:591. [PMID: 30984062 PMCID: PMC6449837 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Social evaluative abilities emerge in human infancy, highlighting their importance in shaping our species' early understanding of the social world. Remarkably, infants show social evaluation in relatively abstract contexts: for instance, preferring a wooden shape that helps another shape in a puppet show over a shape that hinders another character (Hamlin et al., 2007). Here we ask whether these abstract social evaluative abilities are shared with other species. Domestic dogs provide an ideal animal species in which to address this question because this species cooperates extensively with conspecifics and humans and may thus benefit from a more general ability to socially evaluate prospective partners. We tested dogs on a social evaluation puppet show task originally used with human infants. Subjects watched a helpful shape aid an agent in achieving its goal and a hinderer shape prevent an agent from achieving its goal. We examined (1) whether dogs showed a preference for the helpful or hinderer shape, (2) whether dogs exhibited longer exploration of the helpful or hinderer shape, and (3) whether dogs were more likely to engage with their handlers during the helper or hinderer events. In contrast to human infants, dogs showed no preference for either the helper or the hinderer, nor were they more likely to engage with their handlers during helper or hinderer events. Dogs did spend more time exploring the hindering shape, perhaps indicating that they were puzzled by the agent's unhelpful behavior. However, this preference was moderated by a preference for one of the two shapes, regardless of role. These findings suggest that, relative to infants, dogs show weak or absent social evaluative abilities when presented with abstract events and point to constraints on dogs' abilities to evaluate others' behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine McAuliffe
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Michael Bogese
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Linda W Chang
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Caitlin E Andrews
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tanya Mayer
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Aja Faranda
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - J Kiley Hamlin
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laurie R Santos
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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Lakatos G. Dogs as Behavior Models for Companion Robots: How Can Human–Dog Interactions Assist Social Robotics? IEEE Trans Cogn Dev Syst 2017. [DOI: 10.1109/tcds.2016.2552244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Abdai J, Baño Terencio C, Miklósi Á. Novel approach to study the perception of animacy in dogs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177010. [PMID: 28472117 PMCID: PMC5417633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans tend to perceive inanimate objects as animate based on simple motion cues. So far this perceptual bias has been studied mostly in humans by utilizing two-dimensional video and interactive displays. Considering its importance for survival, the perception of animacy is probably also widespread among animals, however two-dimensional displays are not necessarily the best approach to study the phenomenon in non-human species. Here we applied a novel method to study whether dogs recognize a dependent (chasing-like) movement pattern performed by inanimate agents in live demonstration. We found that dogs showed more interest toward the agents that demonstrated the chasing-like motion, compared to those that were involved in the independent movement. We suggest that dogs spontaneously recognized the chasing-like pattern and thus they may have considered the interacting partners as animate agents. This methodological approach may be useful to test perceptual animacy in other non-human species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Abdai
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Cristina Baño Terencio
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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Abdai J, Miklósi Á. The Origin of Social Evaluation, Social Eavesdropping, Reputation Formation, Image Scoring or What You Will. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1772. [PMID: 27895610 PMCID: PMC5107560 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social evaluation is a mental process that leverages the preference toward prosocial partners (positivity bias) against the avoidance of antisocial individuals (negativity bias) in a cooperative context. The phenomenon is well-known in humans, and recently comparative investigations looked at the possible evolutionary origins. So far social evaluation has been investigated mainly in non-human and human primates and dogs, however, there are few data on the presence of negativity/positivity bias in client-cleaner reef fish interactions as well. Unfortunately, the comparative approach to social evaluation is hindered by conceptual and procedural differences in experimental studies. By reviewing current knowledge on social evaluation in different species, we aim to point out that the capacity for social evaluation is not restricted to humans alone; however, its building blocks (negativity and positivity bias) may be more widespread separately. Due to its importance in survival, negativity bias likely to be widespread among animals; however, there has been less intensive selective pressure for the identification of prosocial companions, thus the latter ability may have emerged only in certain social species. We present a general framework and argue that negativity and positivity bias evolve independently and can be considered as social evaluation only if a unified behavior and cognitive system deals with both biases in concert.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Abdai
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research GroupBudapest, Hungary
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12
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Tauzin T, Kovács K, Topál J. Dogs Identify Agents in Third-Party Interactions on the Basis of the Observed Degree of Contingency. Psychol Sci 2016; 27:1061-8. [PMID: 27268590 DOI: 10.1177/0956797616647518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether dogs could recognize contingent reactivity as a marker of agents' interaction, we performed an experiment in which dogs were presented with third-party contingent events. In the perfect-contingency condition, dogs were shown an unfamiliar self-propelled agent (SPA) that performed actions corresponding to audio clips of verbal commands played by a computer. In the high-but-imperfect-contingency condition, the SPA responded to the verbal commands on only two thirds of the trials; in the low-contingency condition, the SPA responded to the commands on only one third of the trials. In the test phase, the SPA approached one of two tennis balls, and then the dog was allowed to choose one of the balls. The proportion of trials on which a dog chose the object indicated by the SPA increased with the degree of contingency: Dogs chose the target object significantly above chance level only in the perfect-contingency condition. This finding suggests that dogs may use the degree of temporal contingency observed in third-party interactions as a cue to identify agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Tauzin
- Department of Cognitive Science and Cognitive Development Center, Central European University Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics
| | | | - József Topál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences
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13
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Gergely A, Compton AB, Newberry RC, Miklósi Á. Social Interaction with an "Unidentified Moving Object" Elicits A-Not-B Error in Domestic Dogs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151600. [PMID: 27073867 PMCID: PMC4830451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical “unidentified moving objects” (UMO’s) are useful for controlled investigations into features of social interaction that generate cooperativeness and positive social affiliation in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). We hypothesized that, if a UMO interacted socially with a dog, the UMO would become associated with certain social cues and would subsequently affect dog behaviour. We assigned dogs to a Human, Social UMO or Non-Social UMO partner. In the Human and Social UMO conditions, the partner interacted with the dog cooperatively whereas the Non-Social UMO partner was unresponsive to the dog’s actions. We then tested dogs with their partner in a Piagetian A-not-B error paradigm, predicting that the Human and Social UMO partners would be more likely to elicit A-not-B errors in dogs than the Non-Social UMO partner. Five trials were conducted in which the dog watched its partner hide a ball behind one of two screens (A or B). As predicted, dogs in the Human and Social UMO conditions were more likely to search for the ball behind the A screen during B trials than dogs in the Non-Social UMO condition. These results reveal that the unfamiliar partner’s social responsiveness leads rapidly to accepting information communicated by the partner. This study has generated a better understanding of crucial features of agents that promote dog social behaviour, which will facilitate the programming of robots for various cooperative tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gergely
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna B. Compton
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Aquaculture, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ruth C. Newberry
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Aquaculture, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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Jolly L, Pittet F, Caudal JP, Mouret JB, Houdelier C, Lumineau S, de Margerie E. Animal-to-robot social attachment: initial requisites in a gallinaceous bird. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2016; 11:016007. [PMID: 26845286 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/11/1/016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal-Robot Interaction experiments have demonstrated their usefulness to understand the social behaviour of a growing number of animal species. In order to study the mechanisms of social influences (from parents and peers) on behavioural development, we design an experimental setup where young quail chicks, after hatching, continuously live with autonomous mobile robots in mixed triadic groups of two chicks and one robot. As precocial birds are subject to imprinting, we compare groups where chicks meet the robot as their very first social partner, on their first day after hatching (R chicks), with groups where chicks meet a real conspecific first (C chicks), and the robot later (on the second day after hatching). We measured the behavioural synchronization between chicks and robot over three days. Afterwards, we directly tested the existence of a possible social bond between animal and robot, by performing separation-reunion behavioural tests. R chicks were more synchronized with the robot in their daily feeding-resting activities than C chicks. Moreover, R chicks emitted numerous distress calls when separated from the robot, even in the presence of another chick, whereas C chicks emitted calls only when separated from the other chick. Whether the observed chick-robot attachment bond reflects filial, or sibling-imprinting of chicks towards the robot remains unclear, as the latter process is not fully understood in natural familial groups. Still, these results reveal the necessary initial conditions for stable, cohesive mixed groups of chicks and robots, a promising tool to experiment on the long-term dynamics of social behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Jolly
- Université Rennes 1, Laboratoire d'Ethologie Animale et Humaine, UMR n° 6552, Rennes, F-35000, France
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15
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Dogs (Canis familiaris) adjust their social behaviour to the differential role of inanimate interactive agents. Anim Cogn 2015; 19:367-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10071-015-0939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Gergely A, Abdai J, Petró E, Kosztolányi A, Topál J, Miklósi Á. Dogs rapidly develop socially competent behaviour while interacting with a contingently responding self-propelled object. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Abdai J, Gergely A, Petró E, Topál J, Miklósi Á. An Investigation on Social Representations: Inanimate Agent Can Mislead Dogs (Canis familiaris) in a Food Choice Task. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134575. [PMID: 26241747 PMCID: PMC4524664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nature of mental representation of others plays a crucial role in social interactions. Dogs present an ideal model species for the investigation of such mental representations because they develop social ties with both conspecifics and heterospecifics. Former studies found that dogs' preference for larger food quantity could be reversed by humans who indicate the smaller quantity. The question is whether this social bias is restricted to human partners. We suggest that after a short positive social experience, an unfamiliar moving inanimate agent (UMO) can also change dogs' choice between two food quantities. We tested four groups of dogs with different partners: In the (1) Helper UMO and (2) Helper UMO Control groups the partner was an interactive remote control car that helped the dog to obtain an otherwise unreachable food. In the (3) Non-helper UMO and (4) Human partner groups dogs had restricted interaction with the remote control car and the unfamiliar human partners. In the Human partner, Helper UMO and Helper UMO Control groups the partners were able to revert dogs' choice for the small amount by indicating the small one, but the Non-helper UMO was not. We suggest that dogs are able to generalize their wide range of experiences with humans to another type of agent as well, based on the recognition of similarities in simple behavioural patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Abdai
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Gergely
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Petró
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Topál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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