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Fight or Flight? Alternative Defense of the Pea Aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum on Different Host Plants. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070614. [PMID: 34357273 PMCID: PMC8306235 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In the event of a pathogen attack, fecundity compensation and production of winged offspring are critical in pea aphids. However, little is known about the effects of the host plant on these responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of host plant on these two alternative defenses in pea aphids. We took a single adult female from a pink colony of pea aphids that was originally from broad beans and allowed her to reproduce offspring in the laboratory. Some offspring were fed broad beans, while others were fed alfalfa for over 30 generations. We first investigated the backgrounds of their facultative symbionts before infecting them with pathogens and found that the composition of secondary symbionts in our aphid colony was not affected by the host plants. Broad bean reared pea aphids produced more offspring in infected and uninfected conditions, whereas alfalfa reared pea aphids produced more winged offspring when confronting challenges caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Beauveria bassiana. Our findings showed that the host plant influences the pea aphid’s alternative responses to mortality risks. Abstract Non-immunological responses are important alternative strategies for animals to deal with pathogens. It has long been recognized that fecundity compensation and production of winged offspring are two common non-immunological responses used by aphids when confronted with predators or pathogens. However, the effects of host plant on these responses have received little attention. This study investigated the effects of host plant on non-immunological defense in the pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, after bacterial and fungal infections. The aphids were raised in two groups, with one group being raised on broad beans and the other group being raised on alfalfa. The secondary symbiont background was examined, and the aphids were then infected with bacteria and fungus to assess fecundity and winged offspring production. We found that aphids that had been fed alfalfa had fewer offspring than those fed broad beans. Alfalfa-fed aphids produced more winged offspring in response to S. aureus and B. bassiana infections. Our findings suggest that the host plant plays a key role in fecundity and winged offspring production in pea aphid colony.
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Prigot-Maurice C, de Cerqueira De Araujo A, Beltran-Bech S, Braquart-Varnier C. Immune priming depends on age, sex and Wolbachia in the interaction between Armadillidium vulgare and Salmonella. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:256-269. [PMID: 33108676 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protection conferred by a first infection upon a second pathogenic exposure (i.e. immune priming) is an emergent research topic in the field of invertebrate immunity. Immune priming has been demonstrated in various species, but little is known about the intrinsic factors that may influence this immune process. In this study, we tested whether age, gender and the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia affect the protection resulting from immune priming in A. vulgare against S. enterica. We firstly primed young and old, symbiotic and asymbiotic males and females, either with a non-lethal low dose of S. enterica, LB broth or without injection (control). Seven days post-injection, we performed a LD50 injection of S. enterica in all individuals and we monitored their survival rates. We demonstrated that survival capacities depend on these three factors: young and old asymbiotic individuals (males and females) expressed immune priming (S. enterica-primed individuals survived better than LB-primed and non-primed), with a general decline in the strength of protection in old females, but not in old males, compared to young. When Wolbachia is present, the immune priming protection was observed in old, but not in young symbiotic individuals, even if the Wolbachia load on entire individuals is equivalent regardless to age. Our overall results showed that the immune priming protection in A. vulgare depends on individuals' states, highlighting the need to consider these factors both in mechanistical and evolutionary studies focusing on invertebrate's immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybèle Prigot-Maurice
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Alexandra de Cerqueira De Araujo
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte - UMR CNRS 7261, Université François-Rabelais - UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France
| | - Sophie Beltran-Bech
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
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Gálvez D, Añino Y, Vega C, Bonilla E. Immune priming against bacteria in spiders and scorpions? PeerJ 2020; 8:e9285. [PMID: 32547885 PMCID: PMC7278890 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Empirical evidence of immune priming in arthropods keeps growing, both at the within- and trans-generational level. The evidence comes mostly from work on insects and it remains unclear for some other arthropods whether exposure to a non-lethal dose of a pathogen provides protection during a second exposure with a lethal dose. A poorly investigated group are arachnids, with regard to the benefits of immune priming measured as improved survival. Here, we investigated immune priming in two arachnids: the wolf spider Lycosa cerrofloresiana and the scorpion Centruroides granosus. We injected a third of the individuals with lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli (LPS, an immune elicitor), another third were injected with the control solution (PBS) and the other third were kept naive. Four days after the first inoculations, we challenged half of the individuals of each group with an injection of a high dose of E. coli and the other half was treated with the control solution. For scorpions, individuals that were initially injected with PBS or LPS did not differ in their survival rates against the bacterial challenge. Individuals injected with LPS showed higher survival than that of naive individuals as evidence of immune priming. Individuals injected with PBS tended to show higher survival rates than naive individuals, but the difference was not significant—perhaps suggesting a general immune upregulation caused by the wounding done by the needle. For spiders, we did not observe evidence of priming, the bacterial challenge reduced the survival of naive, PBS and LPS individuals at similar rates. Moreover; for scorpions, we performed antibacterial assays of hemolymph samples from the three priming treatments (LPS, PBS and naive) and found that the three treatments reduced bacterial growth but without differences among treatments. As non-model organisms, with some unique differences in their immunological mechanisms as compared to the most studied arthropods (insects), arachnids provide an unexplored field to elucidate the evolution of immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumas Gálvez
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama, Panama.,COIBA AIP, Panama, Panama
| | - Yostin Añino
- Museo de Invertebrados G.B. Fairchild, Universidad de Panamá, Panama, Panama
| | - Carlos Vega
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama, Panama
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Patrnogic J, Castillo JC, Shokal U, Yadav S, Kenney E, Heryanto C, Ozakman Y, Eleftherianos I. Pre-exposure to non-pathogenic bacteria does not protect Drosophila against the entomopathogenic bacterium Photorhabdus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205256. [PMID: 30379824 PMCID: PMC6209181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune priming in insects involves an initial challenge with a non-pathogenic microbe or exposure to a low dose of pathogenic microorganisms, which provides a certain degree of protection against a subsequent pathogenic infection. The protective effect of insect immune priming has been linked to the activation of humoral or cellular features of the innate immune response during the preliminary challenge, and these effects might last long enough to promote the survival of the infected animal. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a superb model to dissect immune priming processes in insects due to the availability of molecular and genetic tools, and the comprehensive understanding of the innate immune response in this organism. Previous investigations have indicated that the D. melanogaster immune system can be primed efficiently. Here we have extended these studies by examining the result of immune priming against two potent entomopathogenic bacteria, Photorhabdus luminescens and P. asymbiotica. We have found that rearing D. melanogaster on diet containing a non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli alone or in combination with Micrococcus luteus upregulates the antibacterial peptide immune response in young adult flies, but it does not prolong fly life span. Also, subsequent intrathoracic injection with P. luminescens or P. asymbiotica triggers the Immune deficiency and Toll signaling pathways in flies previously exposed to a live or heat-killed mix of the non-pathogenic bacteria, but the immune activation fails to promote fly survival against the pathogens. These findings suggest that immune priming in D. melanogaster, and probably in other insects, is determined by the type of microbes involved as well as the mode of microbial exposure, and possibly requires a comprehensive and precise alteration of immune signaling and function to provide efficient protection against pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Patrnogic
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Julio Cesar Castillo
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Upasana Shokal
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Shruti Yadav
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Eric Kenney
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Christa Heryanto
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Yaprak Ozakman
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Ioannis Eleftherianos
- Infection and Innate Immunity Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Santos-Matos G, Wybouw N, Martins NE, Zélé F, Riga M, Leitão AB, Vontas J, Grbić M, Van Leeuwen T, Magalhães S, Sucena É. Tetranychus urticae mites do not mount an induced immune response against bacteria. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0401. [PMID: 28592670 PMCID: PMC5474072 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae, a herbivore, is missing important elements of the canonical Drosophila immune pathways necessary to fight bacterial infections. However, it is not known whether spider mites can mount an immune response and survive bacterial infection. In other chelicerates, bacterial infection elicits a response mediated by immune effectors leading to the survival of infected organisms. In T. urticae, infection by either Escherichia coli or Bacillus megaterium did not elicit a response as assessed through genome-wide transcriptomic analysis. In line with this, spider mites died within days even upon injection with low doses of bacteria that are non-pathogenic to Drosophila Moreover, bacterial populations grew exponentially inside the infected spider mites. By contrast, Sancassania berlesei, a litter-dwelling mite, controlled bacterial proliferation and resisted infections with both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria lethal to T. urticae This differential mortality between mite species was absent when mites were infected with heat-killed bacteria. Also, we found that spider mites harbour in their gut 1000-fold less bacteria than S. berlesei We show that T. urticae has lost the capacity to mount an induced immune response against bacteria, in contrast to other mites and chelicerates but similarly to the phloem feeding aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum Hence, our results reinforce the putative evolutionary link between ecological conditions regarding exposure to bacteria and the architecture of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Santos-Matos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.,cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Laboratory for Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, University of Ghent, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nelson E Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Flore Zélé
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria Riga
- Faculty of Applied Biotechnology and Biology, Department of Biology, University of Crete, Vasilika Vouton, PO Box 2208, 71409 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Alexandre B Leitão
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, 100 N. Plastira Street, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.,Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos Street, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5B7.,Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad de la Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory for Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, University of Ghent, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Magalhães
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal .,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Élio Sucena
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal .,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Gálvez D, Chapuisat M. Immune priming and pathogen resistance in ant queens. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:1761-7. [PMID: 24963375 PMCID: PMC4063474 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing empirical evidence indicates that invertebrates become more resistant to a pathogen following initial exposure to a nonlethal dose; yet the generality, mechanisms, and adaptive value of such immune priming are still under debate. Because life-history theory predicts that immune priming and large investment in immunity should be more frequent in long-lived species, we here tested for immune priming and pathogen resistance in ant queens, which have extraordinarily long life span. We exposed virgin and mated queens of Lasius niger and Formica selysi to a low dose of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, before challenging them with a high dose of the same pathogen. We found evidence for immune priming in naturally mated queens of L. niger. In contrast, we found no sign of priming in virgin queens of L. niger, nor in virgin or experimentally mated queens of F. selysi, which indicates that immune priming in ant queens varies according to mating status and mating conditions or species. In both ant species, mated queens showed higher pathogen resistance than virgin queens, which suggests that mating triggers an up-regulation of the immune system. Overall, mated ant queens combine high reproductive output, very long life span, and elevated investment in immune defense. Hence, ant queens are able to invest heavily in both reproduction and maintenance, which can be explained by the fact that mature queens will be protected and nourished by their worker offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dumas Gálvez
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Chapuisat
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, UNIL-Sorge, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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