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Kan AKC, Tang WT, Li PH. Helper T cell subsets: Development, function and clinical role in hypersensitivity reactions in the modern perspective. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30553. [PMID: 38726130 PMCID: PMC11079302 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Helper T cells are traditionally classified into T helper 1 (TH1) and T helper 2 (TH2). The more recent discoveries of T helper 17 (TH17), follicular helper T cells (TFH) and regulatory T cells (Treg) enhanced our understanding on the mechanisms of immune function and hypersensitivity reactions, which shaped the modern perspective on the function and role of these different subsets of helper T cells in hypersensitivity reactions. Each subset of helper T cells has characteristic roles in different types of hypersensitivity reactions, hence giving rise to the respective characteristic clinical manifestations. The roles of helper T cells in allergic contact dermatitis (TH1-mediated), drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome (TH2-mediated), and acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) (TH17-mediated) are summarised in this article, demonstrating the correlation between the type of helper T cell involved and the clinical features. TFH plays crucial roles in antibody class-switch recombination; they may be implicated in antibody-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, but further research is warranted to delineate their exact pathogenic roles. The helper T cell subsets and their specific cytokine profiles implicated in different hypersensitivity reactions could be potential treatment targets by biologics, but more clinical trials are warranted to establish their clinical effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Ka Chun Kan
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Wang Tik Tang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Philip H. Li
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
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Pérez Del Río E, Román Alonso M, Rius I, Santos F, Castellote-Borrell M, Veciana J, Ratera I, Arribas J, Guasch J. Three-dimensional cell culture of chimeric antigen receptor T cells originated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells towards cellular therapies. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:1293-1299. [PMID: 37737764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS With the objective of improving the ex vivo production of therapeutic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, we explored the addition of three-dimensional (3D) polystyrene scaffolds to standard suspension cell cultures. METHODS We aimed to mimic the structural support given by the lymph nodes during in vivo lymphocyte expansion. RESULTS We observed an increase in cell proliferation compared with standard suspension systems as well as an enhanced cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. Moreover, we directly obtained the CAR T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, thus minimizing the ex vivo manipulation of the therapeutic cells and opening the way to synergies among different cell populations. CONCLUSIONS We propose the use of commercially available 3D polystyrene systems to improve the current immune cell cultures and resulting cell products for emerging cellular (immuno)therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pérez Del Río
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Macarena Román Alonso
- Preclinical and Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Rius
- Preclinical and Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabião Santos
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Castellote-Borrell
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain; Dynamic Biomaterials for Cancer Immunotherapy, Max Planck Partner Group (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jaume Veciana
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Imma Ratera
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Arribas
- Preclinical and Translational Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Judith Guasch
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain; Dynamic Biomaterials for Cancer Immunotherapy, Max Planck Partner Group (ICMAB-CSIC), Bellaterra, Spain.
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Bjornson-Hooper ZB, Fragiadakis GK, Spitzer MH, Chen H, Madhireddy D, Hu K, Lundsten K, McIlwain DR, Nolan GP. A Comprehensive Atlas of Immunological Differences Between Humans, Mice, and Non-Human Primates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867015. [PMID: 35359965 PMCID: PMC8962947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models are an integral part of the drug development and evaluation process. However, they are unsurprisingly imperfect reflections of humans, and the extent and nature of many immunological differences are unknown. With the rise of targeted and biological therapeutics, it is increasingly important that we understand the molecular differences in the immunological behavior of humans and model organisms. However, very few antibodies are raised against non-human primate antigens, and databases of cross-reactivity between species are incomplete. Thus, we screened 332 antibodies in five immune cell populations in blood from humans and four non-human primate species generating a comprehensive cross-reactivity catalog that includes cell type-specificity. We used this catalog to create large mass cytometry universal cross-species phenotyping and signaling panels for humans, along with three of the model organisms most similar to humans: rhesus and cynomolgus macaques and African green monkeys; and one of the mammalian models most widely used in drug development: C57BL/6 mice. As a proof-of-principle, we measured immune cell signaling responses across all five species to an array of 15 stimuli using mass cytometry. We found numerous instances of different cellular phenotypes and immune signaling events occurring within and between species, and detailed three examples (double-positive T cell frequency and signaling; granulocyte response to Bacillus anthracis antigen; and B cell subsets). We also explore the correlation of herpes simian B virus serostatus on the immune profile. Antibody panels and the full dataset generated are available online as a resource to enable future studies comparing immune responses across species during the evaluation of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela K. Fragiadakis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Bakar ImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Data Science CoLab and University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Matthew H. Spitzer
- Immunology Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- Departments of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Deepthi Madhireddy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kevin Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kelly Lundsten
- BioLegend Inc, Advanced Cytometry, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - David R. McIlwain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Garry P. Nolan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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Svitek N, Taracha ELN, Saya R, Awino E, Nene V, Steinaa L. Analysis of the Cellular Immune Responses to Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2465:283-301. [PMID: 35118627 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2168-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot), and cellular cytotoxicity assays are powerful tools for studying the cellular immune response toward intracellular pathogens and vaccines in livestock species. Lymphocytes from immunized animals can be purified using Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation and evaluated for their antigen specificity or reactivity toward a vaccine. Here, we describe staining of bovine lymphocytes with peptide (p)-MHC class I tetramers and antibodies specific toward cellular activation markers for evaluation by multiparametric flow cytometry, as well as interferon (IFN)-γ ELISpot and cytotoxicity using chromium (51Cr) release assays. A small component on the use of immunoinformatics for fine-tuning the identification of a minimal CTL epitope is included, and a newly developed and simple assay to measure TCR avidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Svitek
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Rosemary Saya
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elias Awino
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vish Nene
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Design and In Vivo Characterization of Immunoconjugates Targeting HIV gp160. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01360-16. [PMID: 27795412 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01360-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The envelope (Env) glycoprotein of HIV is expressed on the surface of productively infected cells and can be used as a target for cytotoxic immunoconjugates (ICs), in which cell-killing moieties, including toxins, drugs, or radionuclides, are chemically or genetically linked to monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) or other targeting ligands. Such ICs could be used to eliminate persistent reservoirs of HIV infection. We have found that MAbs which bind to the external loop of gp41, e.g., MAb 7B2, make highly effective ICs, particularly when used in combination with soluble CD4. We evaluated the toxicity, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the ICs targeted with 7B2 in mice and in simian-human immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. In the macaques, we tested immunotoxins (ITs), consisting of protein toxins bound to the targeting agent. ITs were well tolerated and initially efficacious but were ultimately limited by their immunogenicity. In an effort to decrease immunogenicity, we tested different toxic moieties, including recombinant toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and tubulin inhibitors. ICs containing deglycosylated ricin A chain prepared from ricin toxin extracted from castor beans were the most effective in killing HIV-infected cells. Having identified immunogenicity as a major concern, we show that conjugation of IT to polyethylene glycol limits immunogenicity. These studies demonstrate that cytotoxic ICs can target virus-infected cells in vivo but also highlight potential problems to be addressed. IMPORTANCE It is not yet possible to cure HIV infection. Even after years of fully effective antiviral therapy, a persistent reservoir of virus-infected cells remains. Here we propose that a targeted conjugate consisting of an anti-HIV antibody bound to a toxic moiety could function to kill the HIV-infected cells that constitute this reservoir. We tested this approach in HIV-infected cells grown in the lab and in animal infections. Our studies demonstrated that these immunoconjugates are effective both in vitro and in test animals. In particular, ITs constructed with the deglycosylated A chain prepared from native ricin were the most effective in killing cells, but their utility was blunted because they provoked immune reactions that interfered with the therapeutic effects. We then demonstrated that coating of the ITs with polyethylene glycol minimized the immunogenicity, as has been demonstrated with other protein therapies.
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Svitek N, Taracha ELN, Saya R, Awino E, Nene V, Steinaa L. Analysis of the Cellular Immune Responses to Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1349:247-262. [PMID: 26458841 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3008-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) and cellular cytotoxicity assays are powerful tools for studying the cellular immune response towards intracellular pathogens and vaccines in livestock species. Lymphocytes from immunized animals can be purified using Ficoll-Paque density gradient centrifugation and evaluated for their antigen specificity or reactivity towards a vaccine. Here, we describe staining of bovine lymphocytes with peptide (p)-MHC class I tetramers and antibodies specific towards cellular activation markers for evaluation by multiparametric flow cytometry, as well as interferon (IFN)-γ ELISpot and cytotoxicity using chromium ((51)Cr) release assays. A small component on the use of immunoinformatics for fine-tuning the identification of a minimal CTL epitope is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Svitek
- Vaccine Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Att: Lucilla Steinaa, Vaccine Biosciences, 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Evans L N Taracha
- Vaccine Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Att: Lucilla Steinaa, Vaccine Biosciences, 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Saya
- Vaccine Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Att: Lucilla Steinaa, Vaccine Biosciences, 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elias Awino
- Vaccine Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Att: Lucilla Steinaa, Vaccine Biosciences, 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- Vaccine Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Att: Lucilla Steinaa, Vaccine Biosciences, 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- Vaccine Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Att: Lucilla Steinaa, Vaccine Biosciences, 30709, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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