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Lim NR, Chung WC. Helicobacter pylori-associated Chronic Atrophic Gastritis and Progression of Gastric Carcinogenesis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = TAEHAN SOHWAGI HAKHOE CHI 2023; 82:171-179. [PMID: 37876256 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2023.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation due to a Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a representative cause of gastric cancer that can promote gastric carcinogenesis by abnormally activating immune cells and increasing the inflammatory cytokines levels. H. pylori infections directly cause DNA double-strand breaks in gastric epithelial cells and genetic damage by increasing the enzymatic activity of cytidine deaminase. Eventually, gastric cancer is induced through dysplasia. Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes is an important cause of gastric cancer because of a H. pylori infection. In addition, the changes in gastric microbiota and the mucosal inflammatory changes associated with a co-infection with the Epstein-Barr virus are associated with gastric cancer development. DNA damage induced by H. pylori and the subsequent responses of gastric stem cells have implications for gastric carcinogenesis. Although the pathogenesis of H. pylori has been established, many uncertainties remain, requiring more study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rae Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Woo Chul Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
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2
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Takada H, Sasagawa Y, Yoshimura M, Tanaka K, Iwayama Y, Hayashi T, Isomura-Matoba A, Nikaido I, Kurisaki A. Single-cell transcriptomics uncovers EGFR signaling-mediated gastric progenitor cell differentiation in stomach homeostasis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3750. [PMID: 37386010 PMCID: PMC10310803 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39113-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in gastric progenitor cell differentiation are associated with various gastric disorders, including atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the multilineage differentiation of gastric progenitor cells during healthy homeostasis remain poorly understood. Here, using a single-cell RNA sequencing method, Quartz-Seq2, we analyzed the gene expression dynamics of progenitor cell differentiation toward pit cell, neck cell, and parietal cell lineages in healthy adult mouse corpus tissues. Enrichment analysis of pseudotime-dependent genes and a gastric organoid assay revealed that EGFR-ERK signaling promotes pit cell differentiation, whereas NF-κB signaling maintains gastric progenitor cells in an undifferentiated state. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of EGFR in vivo resulted in a decreased number of pit cells. Although activation of EGFR signaling in gastric progenitor cells has been suggested as one of the major inducers of gastric cancers, our findings unexpectedly identified that EGFR signaling exerts a differentiation-promoting function, not a mitogenic function, in normal gastric homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Takada
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Technologies, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Yohei Sasagawa
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Functional Genome Informatics, Biological Data Science, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mika Yoshimura
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Functional Genome Informatics, Biological Data Science, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Hayashi
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayako Isomura-Matoba
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Itoshi Nikaido
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
- Department of Functional Genome Informatics, Biological Data Science, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Master's/Doctoral Program in Life Science Innovation (Bioinformatics), Degree Programs in Systems and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Akira Kurisaki
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Technologies, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara, Japan.
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Iroquois Family Genes in Gastric Carcinogenesis: A Comprehensive Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030621. [PMID: 36980893 PMCID: PMC10048635 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide, accounting for 768,793 related deaths and 1,089,103 new cases in 2020. Despite diagnostic advances, GC is often detected in late stages. Through a systematic literature search, this study focuses on the associations between the Iroquois gene family and GC. Accumulating evidence indicates that Iroquois genes are involved in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. To date, information about Iroquois genes in GC is very limited. In recent years, the expression and function of Iroquois genes examined in different models have suggested that they play important roles in cell and cancer biology, since they were identified to be related to important signaling pathways, such as wingless, hedgehog, mitogen-activated proteins, fibroblast growth factor, TGFβ, and the PI3K/Akt and NF-kB pathways. In cancer, depending on the tumor, Iroquois genes can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. However, in GC, they seem to mostly act as tumor suppressor genes and can be regulated by several mechanisms, including methylation, microRNAs and important GC-related pathogens. In this review, we provide an up-to-date review of the current knowledge regarding Iroquois family genes in GC.
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Cheng X, Hou J, Wen X, Dong R, Lu Z, Jiang Y, Wu G, Yuan Y. Immunotherapeutic Value of Transcription Factor 19 (TCF19) Associated with Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Analysis of 33 Human Cancer Cases. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:1488165. [PMID: 36111242 PMCID: PMC9470357 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1488165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background We aimed to study the relationship between transcription factor 19 (TCF19) and cancer immunotherapy in the 33 types of human cancers. Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas database was analyzed to obtain the gene expression data and clinical characteristics for the cases of 33 types of cancers. GSE67501, GSE78220, and IMvigor 210 were included in the immunotherapy cohorts. Relevant data were obtained by analyzing the gene expression database. The prognostic value of TCF19 was determined by analyzing various clinical parameters, such as survival duration, age, the stage of the tumor, and sex of the patients. The single-sample gene set enrichment analysis method was used to determine the activity of TCF19 and the method was also used to assess the differences between the TCF19 transcriptome and protein levels. The correlation between TCF19 and various immune processes and elements such as immunosuppressants, stimulants, and major histocompatibility complexes were analyzed to gain insights into the role of TCF19. The coherent paths associated with the process of TCF19 signal transduction and the influence of TCF19 on immunotherapy biomarkers have also been discussed herein. Finally, three independent immunotherapy methods were used to understand the relationship between TCF19 and immunotherapy response. Results It was observed that TCF19 was not significantly influenced by the age (5/33), sex (3/33), or tumor stage (3/21) of cancer patients. But the results revealed that TCF19 exhibited a potential prognostic value and could predict the survival rate of the patients. In some cases of this study, the activity and expression of TCF19 were taken at the same level (7/33). Conclusion TCF19 is strongly related to immune cell infiltration, immunomodulators, and immunotherapy markers. Our study demonstrated that high expression levels of TCF19 are strongly linked with the immune-related pathways. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that TCF19 is not significantly associated with immunotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Cheng
- Department of Urology, The University of Hongkong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Urology, The University of Hongkong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangyang Wen
- Department of Urology, The University of Hongkong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Runan Dong
- Department of Urology, The University of Hongkong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenquan Lu
- Department of Urology, The University of Hongkong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Urology, The University of Hongkong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoqing Wu
- Department of Urology, The University of Hongkong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Urology, The University of Hongkong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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Vahidi S, Mirzajani E, Norollahi SE, Aziminezhad M, Samadani AA. Performance of DNA Methylation on the Molecular Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Cancer; targeted therapy approach. J Pharmacopuncture 2022; 25:88-100. [PMID: 35837145 PMCID: PMC9240405 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2022.25.2.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sogand Vahidi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mirzajani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Elham Norollahi
- Cancer Research Center and Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Aziminezhad
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
- UMR INSERM U 1122, Gene Environment Interactions in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology (IGE-PCV), University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Ali Akbar Samadani
- Guilan Road Trauma Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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Choi JM, Kim SG. Effect of Helicobacter pylori Eradication on Epigenetic Changes in Gastric Cancer-related Genes. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HELICOBACTER AND UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.7704/kjhugr.2021.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is known that gastric carcinogenesis results from the progressive changes from chronic gastritis to gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and invasive carcinoma. Several genetic and epigenetic alterations are involved in this process, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is believed to induce the initiation and progression of these steps. From an epigenetic point of view, H. pylori induces hypermethylation of genes involved in the development of gastric cancer and regulates the expression of various microRNAs (miRNAs). These H. pylori-related epigenetic changes are accumulated not only at the site of neoplasm but also in the adjacent non-cancerous gastric mucosa. Thereby, a state vulnerable to gastric cancer known as an epigenetic field defect is formed. H. pylori eradication can have an effective chemopreventive effect in gastric carcinogenesis. However, the molecular biological changes that occur in the stomach environment during H. pylori eradication have not yet been established. Several studies have reported that H. pylori eradication can restore infection-related changes, especially epigenetic alterations in gastric cancer-related genes, but some studies have shown otherwise. Simply put, it appears that the recovery of methylated gastric cancer-related genes and miRNAs during H. pylori eradication may vary among genes and may also differ depending on the histological subtype of the gastric mucosa. In this review, we will discuss the potential mechanism of gastric cancer prevention by H. pylori eradication, mainly from an epigenetic perspective.
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Sasaki S, Zhang D, Iwabuchi S, Tanabe Y, Hashimoto S, Yamauchi A, Hayashi K, Tsuchiya H, Hayakawa Y, Baba T, Mukaida N. Crucial contribution of GPR56/ADGRG1, expressed by breast cancer cells, to bone metastasis formation. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:4883-4893. [PMID: 34632664 PMCID: PMC8645723 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
From a mouse triple-negative breast cancer cell line, 4T1, we previously established 4T1.3 clone with a high capacity to metastasize to bone after its orthotopic injection into mammary fat pad of immunocompetent mice. Subsequent analysis demonstrated that the interaction between cancer cells and fibroblasts in a bone cavity was crucial for bone metastasis focus formation arising from orthotopic injection of 4T1.3 cells. Here, we demonstrated that a member of the adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor (ADGR) family, G-protein-coupled receptor 56 (GPR56)/adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor G1 (ADGRG1), was expressed selectively in 4T1.3 grown in a bone cavity but not under in vitro conditions. Moreover, fibroblasts present in bone metastasis sites expressed type III collagen, a ligand for GPR56/ADGRG1. Consistently, GPR56/ADGRG1 proteins were detected in tumor cells in bone metastasis foci of human breast cancer patients. Deletion of GPR56/ADGRG1 from 4T1.3 cells reduced markedly intraosseous tumor formation upon their intraosseous injection. Conversely, intraosseous injection of GPR56/ADGRG1-transduced 4T1, TS/A (mouse breast cancer cell line), or MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer cell line) exhibited enhanced intraosseous tumor formation. Furthermore, we proved that the cleavage at the extracellular region was indispensable for GPR56/ADGRG1-induced increase in breast cancer cell growth upon its intraosseous injection. Finally, inducible suppression of Gpr56/Adgrg1 gene expression in 4T1.3 cells attenuated bone metastasis formation with few effects on primary tumor formation in the spontaneous breast cancer bone metastasis model. Altogether, GPR56/ADGRG1 can be a novel target molecule to develop a strategy to prevent and/or treat breast cancer metastasis to bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- So‐ichiro Sasaki
- Cancer Research InstituteDivision of Molecular BioregulationKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
- Section of Host DefencesInstitute of Natural MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Di Zhang
- Cancer Research InstituteDivision of Molecular BioregulationKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Sadahiro Iwabuchi
- Institute of Advanced MedicineDepartment of Molecular PathophysiologyWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Yamato Tanabe
- Cancer Research InstituteDivision of Molecular BioregulationKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Shinichi Hashimoto
- Institute of Advanced MedicineDepartment of Molecular PathophysiologyWakayama Medical UniversityWakayamaJapan
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research InstituteDepartment of Breast SurgeryOsakaJapan
| | - Katsuhiro Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryGraduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryGraduate School of Medical SciencesKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Yoshihiro Hayakawa
- Section of Host DefencesInstitute of Natural MedicineUniversity of ToyamaToyamaJapan
| | - Tomohisa Baba
- Cancer Research InstituteDivision of Molecular BioregulationKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
| | - Naofumi Mukaida
- Cancer Research InstituteDivision of Molecular BioregulationKanazawa UniversityIshikawaJapan
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8
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The role of GPR56/ADGRG1 in health and disease. Biomed J 2021; 44:534-547. [PMID: 34654683 PMCID: PMC8640549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR56/ADGRG1 is a versatile adhesion G protein-coupled receptor important in the physiological functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems, reproductive system, muscle hypertrophy, immune regulation, and hematopoietic stem cell generation. By contrast, aberrant expression or deregulated functions of GPR56 have been implicated in diverse pathological processes, including bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria, depression, and tumorigenesis. In this review article, we summarize and discuss the current understandings of the role of GPR56 in health and disease.
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9
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The Genetic Background of Endometriosis: Can ESR2 and CYP19A1 Genes Be a Potential Risk Factor for Its Development? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218235. [PMID: 33153202 PMCID: PMC7663510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial foci, localized beyond their primary site, i.e., the uterine cavity. The etiology of this disease is rather complex. Its development is supported by hormonal, immunological, and environmental factors. During recent years, particular attention has been focused on the genetic mechanisms that may be of particular significance for the increased incidence rates of endometriosis. According to most recent studies, ESR2 and CYP19A1 genes may account for the potential risk factors of infertility associated with endometriosis. The paper presents a thorough review of the latest reports and data concerning the genetic background of the risk for endometriosis development.
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Mortlock S, Kendarsari RI, Fung JN, Gibson G, Yang F, Restuadi R, Girling JE, Holdsworth-Carson SJ, Teh WT, Lukowski SW, Healey M, Qi T, Rogers PAW, Yang J, McKinnon B, Montgomery GW. Tissue specific regulation of transcription in endometrium and association with disease. Hum Reprod 2020; 35:377-393. [PMID: 32103259 PMCID: PMC7048713 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dez279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Are genetic effects on endometrial gene expression tissue specific and/or associated with reproductive traits and diseases? SUMMARY ANSWER Analyses of RNA-sequence data and individual genotype data from the endometrium identified novel and disease associated, genetic mechanisms regulating gene expression in the endometrium and showed evidence that these mechanisms are shared across biologically similar tissues. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The endometrium is a complex tissue vital for female reproduction and is a hypothesized source of cells initiating endometriosis. Understanding genetic regulation specific to, and shared between, tissue types can aid the identification of genes involved in complex genetic diseases. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION RNA-sequence and genotype data from 206 individuals was analysed and results were compared with large publicly available datasets. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS RNA-sequencing and genotype data from 206 endometrial samples was used to identify the influence of genetic variants on gene expression, via expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis and to compare these endometrial eQTLs with those in other tissues. To investigate the association between endometrial gene expression regulation and reproductive traits and diseases, we conducted a tissue enrichment analysis, transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) and summary data-based Mendelian randomisation (SMR) analyses. Transcriptomic data was used to test differential gene expression between women with and without endometriosis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A tissue enrichment analysis with endometriosis genome-wide association study summary statistics showed that genes surrounding endometriosis risk loci were significantly enriched in reproductive tissues. A total of 444 sentinel cis-eQTLs (P < 2.57 × 10-9) and 30 trans-eQTLs (P < 4.65 × 10-13) were detected, including 327 novel cis-eQTLs in endometrium. A large proportion (85%) of endometrial eQTLs are present in other tissues. Genetic effects on endometrial gene expression were highly correlated with the genetic effects on reproductive (e.g. uterus, ovary) and digestive tissues (e.g. salivary gland, stomach), supporting a shared genetic regulation of gene expression in biologically similar tissues. The TWAS analysis indicated that gene expression at 39 loci is associated with endometriosis, including five known endometriosis risk loci. SMR analyses identified potential target genes pleiotropically or causally associated with reproductive traits and diseases including endometriosis. However, without taking account of genetic variants, a direct comparison between women with and without endometriosis showed no significant difference in endometrial gene expression. LARGE SCALE DATA The eQTL dataset generated in this study is available at http://reproductivegenomics.com.au/shiny/endo_eqtl_rna/. Additional datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included within the article and the supplementary information files, or are available on reasonable request. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Data are derived from fresh tissue samples and expression levels are an average of expression from different cell types within the endometrium. Subtle cell-specifc expression changes may not be detected and differences in cell composition between samples and across the menstrual cycle will contribute to sample variability. Power to detect tissue specific eQTLs and differences between women with and without endometriosis was limited by the sample size in this study. The statistical approaches used in this study identify the likely gene targets for specific genetic risk factors, but not the functional mechanism by which changes in gene expression may influence disease risk. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results identify novel genetic variants that regulate gene expression in endometrium and the majority of these are shared across tissues. This allows analysis with large publicly available datasets to identify targets for female reproductive traits and diseases. Much larger studies will be required to identify genetic regulation of gene expression that will be specific to endometrium. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) under project grants GNT1026033, GNT1049472, GNT1046880, GNT1050208, GNT1105321, GNT1083405 and GNT1107258. G.W.M is supported by a NHMRC Fellowship (GNT1078399). J.Y is supported by an ARC Fellowship (FT180100186). There are no competing interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Mortlock
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Raden I Kendarsari
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jenny N Fung
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Greg Gibson
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Fei Yang
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Restuadi Restuadi
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jane E Girling
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah J Holdsworth-Carson
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Wan Tinn Teh
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Samuel W Lukowski
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Martin Healey
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ting Qi
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter A W Rogers
- University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Brett McKinnon
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Inselspital University Hospital of Berne, 3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Ieong C, Yang H, Ma J, Lai W. Prognostic significance of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein in patients with gastrointestinal tract cancers: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18497. [PMID: 32118702 PMCID: PMC7478481 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically evaluate the prognostic significance of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in patients with gastrointestinal tract (GIT) cancers. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched for potentially eligible literature. The baseline characteristics and relevant data were extracted. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to assess the prognostic role of XIAP in patients with GIT cancers. RESULTS Twelve studies with 2,477 patients were included. The pooled HRs of higher expression of XIAP for overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS) in patients with GIT cancers were 1.64 (95% CI, 1.27-2.13) and 1.06 (95% CI, 0.96-1.16), respectively. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were also performed. No significant publication bias was found. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that XIAP could be a prognostic marker for OS but not RFS in patients with GIT cancers. Higher expression of XIAP was related to poorer OS. These findings may help evaluate the prognosis of patients and assist future research on novel therapeutic strategies of GIT cancers by targeting XIAP. However, more well-designed studies are warranted to verify the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Ieong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University
| | - Junpeng Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University
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12
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Ma X, Wang J, Zhao M, Huang H, Wu J. Increased expression of methionine sulfoxide reductases B3 is associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:465-471. [PMID: 31289518 PMCID: PMC6540363 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the expression of methionine sulfoxide reductases B3 (MSRB3) in gastric cancer (GC) and its clinical significance. A total of 90 specimens from patients with GC were collected to evaluate MSRB3 protein expression by immunohistochemical staining. The associations between MSRB3 protein expression, clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of patients with GC were subsequently investigated. The results demonstrated that MSRB3 protein expression in GC tissues samples was significantly higher compared with that in paired adjacent normal tissues (P=0.017). Among the 90 GC cases, 64 (71.1%) exhibited higher MSRB3 expression. In addition, the diagnostic value of MSRB3 for patients with GC was estimated with a sensitivity of 71.1% and a specificity of 46.7%. However, MSRB3 expression was not associated with clinicopathological characteristics of patients with GC. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with high MSRB3 expression had significantly shorter overall survival (OS) times compared with those with low expression (P=0.040). Univariate Cox regression analysis indicated that maximum tumor diameter, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage and MSRB3 expression were significantly associated with OS time. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that MSRB3 was an independent predicting factor for the OS time of patients with GC (P=0.049). In addition, analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database validated these results. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that higher MSRB3 mRNA expression was associated with poorer OS time in 442 patients with GC (P=0.004). Univariate analysis of the TCGA data indicated that age, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, TNM stage and MSRB3 expression were significantly associated with OS time; however, sex and histological differentiation were not associated with OS time. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that MSRB3 was an independent prognostic factor in patients with GC (P=0.001). In conclusion, these results demonstrated that MSRB3 expression was upregulated in patients GC, which suggests that MSBR3 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Ma
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group Suqian People's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group Suqian People's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Mingzuo Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group Suqian People's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Hailong Huang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group Suqian People's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Group Suqian People's Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
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13
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Echevarría-Vargas IM, Reyes-Uribe PI, Guterres AN, Yin X, Kossenkov AV, Liu Q, Zhang G, Krepler C, Cheng C, Wei Z, Somasundaram R, Karakousis G, Xu W, Morrissette JJ, Lu Y, Mills GB, Sullivan RJ, Benchun M, Frederick DT, Boland G, Flaherty KT, Weeraratna AT, Herlyn M, Amaravadi R, Schuchter LM, Burd CE, Aplin AE, Xu X, Villanueva J. Co-targeting BET and MEK as salvage therapy for MAPK and checkpoint inhibitor-resistant melanoma. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201708446. [PMID: 29650805 PMCID: PMC5938620 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite novel therapies for melanoma, drug resistance remains a significant hurdle to achieving optimal responses. NRAS‐mutant melanoma is an archetype of therapeutic challenges in the field, which we used to test drug combinations to avert drug resistance. We show that BET proteins are overexpressed in NRAS‐mutant melanoma and that high levels of the BET family member BRD4 are associated with poor patient survival. Combining BET and MEK inhibitors synergistically curbed the growth of NRAS‐mutant melanoma and prolonged the survival of mice bearing tumors refractory to MAPK inhibitors and immunotherapy. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed that combining BET and MEK inhibitors mitigates a MAPK and checkpoint inhibitor resistance transcriptional signature, downregulates the transcription factor TCF19, and induces apoptosis. Our studies demonstrate that co‐targeting MEK and BET can offset therapy resistance, offering a salvage strategy for melanomas with no other therapeutic options, and possibly other treatment‐resistant tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam N Guterres
- Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiangfan Yin
- Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew V Kossenkov
- Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gao Zhang
- Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Clemens Krepler
- Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chaoran Cheng
- College of Computing Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Zhi Wei
- College of Computing Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Giorgos Karakousis
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Jd Morrissette
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yiling Lu
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ryan J Sullivan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miao Benchun
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennie T Frederick
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Genevieve Boland
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith T Flaherty
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ravi Amaravadi
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lynn M Schuchter
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology and Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology and Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jessie Villanueva
- Molecular & Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA .,Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Helicobacter pylori-induced DNA Methylation as an Epigenetic Modulator of Gastric Cancer: Recent Outcomes and Future Direction. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8010023. [PMID: 30781778 PMCID: PMC6471032 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is ranked fifth in cancer list and has the third highest mortality rate. Helicobacter pylori is a class I carcinogen and a predominant etiological factor of gastric cancer. H. pylori infection may induce carcinogenesis via epigenetic alterations in the promoter region of various genes. H. pylori is known to induce hypermethylation-silencing of several tumor suppressor genes in H. pylori-infected cancerous and H. pylori-infected non-cancerous gastric mucosae. This article presents a review of the published literature mainly from the last year 15 years. The topic focuses on H. pylori-induced DNA methylation linked to gastric cancer development. The authors have used MeSH terms "Helicobacter pylori" with "epigenetic," "DNA methylation," in combination with "gastric inflammation", gastritis" and "gastric cancer" to search SCOPUS, PubMed, Ovid, and Web of Science databases. The success of epigenetic drugs such as de-methylating agents in the treatment of certain cancers has led towards new prospects that similar approaches could also be applied against gastric cancer. However, it is very important to understand the role of all the genes that have already been linked to H. pylori-induced DNA methylation in order to in order to evaluate the potential benefits of epigenetic drugs.
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15
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Beheshtizadeh M, Moslemi E. Analysis of G3BP1 and VEZT Expression in Gastric Cancer and Their Possible Correlation with Tumor Clinicopathological Factors. J Gastric Cancer 2017; 17:43-51. [PMID: 28337362 PMCID: PMC5362833 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2017.17.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to analyze G3BP1 and VEZT expression profiles in patients with gastric cancer, and examine the possible relationship between the expressions of each gene and clinicopathological factors. Materials and Methods Expression of these genes in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues, collected from 40 patients with gastric cancer and 40 healthy controls, was analyzed. Differences in gene expression among patient and normal samples were identified using the GraphPad Prism 5 software. For the analysis of real-time polymerase chain reaction products, GelQuantNET software was used. Results Our findings demonstrated that both VEZT and G3BP1 mRNA expression levels were downregulated in gastric cancer samples compared with those in the normal controls. No significant relationship was found between the expression of these genes and gender (P-value, 0.4835 vs. 0.6350), but there were significant changes associated with age (P-value, 0.0004 vs. 0.0001) and stage of disease (P-value, 0.0019 vs. 0.0001). In addition, there was a direct relationship between VEZT gene expression and metastasis (P-value, 0.0462), in contrast to G3BP1 that did not demonstrate any significant correlation (P-value, 0.1833). Conclusions The results suggest that expression profiling of VEZT and G3BP1 can be used for diagnosis of gastric cancer, and specifically, VEZT gene could be considered as a biomarker for the detection of gastric cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elham Moslemi
- Department of Biology, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Xie D, Shang L, Peng L, Li L. Up-regulation of VEZT by small activating RNA inhibits the proliferation, invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 482:542-548. [PMID: 27856244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify an effective saRNA sequence that can specifically up-regulate VEZT expression and to determine the influence of saRNA had on gastric cancer cell growth, proliferation, invasion and migration. METHODS Three various saRNAs, that target the VEZT gene promoter at different locations relative to the transcription start site were synthesized. A dsControl saRNA was synthesized as a negative control, and a specific shRNA was synthesized to knockdown VEZT and eliminate any off-target effects of the saRNA. Both SGC-7901 and M-28 cells were either transfected with the different saRNAs, or treated with Lipofectamine2000 alone. To determine the most effective saRNA, real-time PCR and Western blot were used to determine the VEZT mRNA and protein content, respectively, of each treatment group. After selection, both cell lines were treated with the chosen saRNA, dsControl or Lipofectamine2000. The saRNA treated cells were divided into two groups: the first group was used immediately in the experiments, and the second group was transfected with shRNA by using RNAi-Mate. The proliferation of cells transfected with saRNA, or saRNA and shRNA, as well as the other control cells, was detected by CCK-8. The invasive and migratory abilities were determined using the transwell chamber assay. RESULTS We identified the most effective saRNA via real-time PCR and Western blot. The selected saRNA inhibited the growth, invasion and migration of GC cells by specially reactivating VEZT. The real-time PCR and Western blot results showed that treatment with saRNA caused a significant up-regulation of VEZT, and an obvious decrease in the proliferative, invasive and migratory abilities; compared with the control groups (P < 0.01); furthermore, there were no significant differences among the control groups (P > 0.05). This phenomenon provides a theoretical basis for saRNA design and gene therapy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detian Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Shang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Lipan Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Leping Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250000, Shandong, China.
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17
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Zondervan KT, Rahmioglu N, Morris AP, Nyholt DR, Montgomery GW, Becker CM, Missmer SA. Beyond Endometriosis Genome-Wide Association Study: From Genomics to Phenomics to the Patient. Semin Reprod Med 2016; 34:242-54. [PMID: 27513026 PMCID: PMC5693320 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1585408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a heritable, complex chronic inflammatory disease, for which much of the causal pathogenic mechanism remains unknown. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to date have identified 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms at 10 independent genetic loci associated with endometriosis. Most of these were more strongly associated with revised American Fertility Society stage III/IV, rather than stage I/II. The loci are almost all located in intergenic regions that are known to play a role in the regulation of expression of target genes yet to be identified. To identify the target genes and pathways perturbed by the implicated variants, studies are required involving functional genomic annotation of the surrounding chromosomal regions, in terms of transcription factor binding, epigenetic modification (e.g., DNA methylation and histone modification) sites, as well as their correlation with RNA transcription. These studies need to be conducted in tissue types relevant to endometriosis-in particular, endometrium. In addition, to allow biologically and clinically relevant interpretation of molecular profiling data, they need to be combined and correlated with detailed, systematically collected phenotypic information (surgical and clinical). The WERF Endometriosis Phenome and Biobanking Harmonisation Project is a global standardization initiative that has produced consensus data and sample collection protocols for endometriosis research. These now pave the way for collaborative studies integrating phenomic with genomic data, to identify informative subtypes of endometriosis that will enhance understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease and discovery of novel, targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krina T. Zondervan
- Endometriosis CaRe Centre, Nuffield Dept of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Nilufer Rahmioglu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
- Dept of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, 1st floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dale R. Nyholt
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Grant W. Montgomery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christian M. Becker
- Endometriosis CaRe Centre, Nuffield Dept of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Stacey A. Missmer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Holdsworth-Carson SJ, Fung JN, Luong HTT, Sapkota Y, Bowdler LM, Wallace L, Teh WT, Powell JE, Girling JE, Healey M, Montgomery GW, Rogers PAW. Endometrial vezatin and its association with endometriosis risk. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:999-1013. [PMID: 27005890 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Do endometriosis risk-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found at the 12q22 locus have effects on vezatin ( ITALIC! VEZT) expression? SUMMARY ANSWER The original genome-wide association study (GWAS) SNP (rs10859871), and other newly identified association signals, demonstrate strong evidence for ITALIC! cis-expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) effects on ITALIC! VEZT expression. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY GWAS have identified several disease-risk loci (SNPs) associated with endometriosis. The SNP rs10859871 is located within the ITALIC! VEZT gene. ITALIC! VEZT expression is altered in the endometrium of endometriosis patients and is an excellent candidate for having a causal role in endometriosis. Most of the SNPs identified from GWAS are not located within the coding region of the genome. However, they are likely to have an effect on the regulation of gene expression. Genetic variants that affect levels of gene expression are called expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Samples for genotyping and ITALIC! VEZT variant screening were drawn from women recruited for genetic studies in Australia/New Zealand and women undergoing surgery in a tertiary care centre. Coding variants for ITALIC! VEZT were screened in blood from 100 unrelated individuals (endometriosis-dense families) from the QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute dataset. SNPs at the 12q22 locus were imputed and reanalysed for their association with endometriosis. Reanalysis of endometriosis risk-association was performed on a final combined Australian dataset of 2594 cases and 4496 controls. Gene expression was performed on 136 endometrial samples. eQTL analysis in whole blood was performed on 862 individuals from the Brisbane Systems Genetics Study. Endometrial tissue-specific eQTL analysis was performed on 122 samples (eutopic endometrium) collected following laparoscopic surgery. VEZT protein expression studies employed ITALIC! n = 56 (western blotting) and ITALIC! n = 42 (immunohistochemistry) endometrial samples. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The women recruited for this study provided blood and/or endometrial tissue samples in a hospital setting. Genomic DNA was screened for common and coding variants. SNPs of interest in the 12q22 region were genotyped using Agena MassARRAY technology or Taqman SNP genotyping assay. Gene expression profiles from RNA extracted from blood and endometrial tissue samples were generated using Illumina whole-genome expression chips (Human HT-12 v4.0). Whole protein extracted from endometrium was used for VEZT western blots, and paraffin sections of endometrium were employed for VEZT immunohistochemistry semi-quantitative analysis. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A total of 11 coding variants of ITALIC! VEZT (including one novel variant) were identified from an endometriosis-dense cohort. Polymorphic coding and imputed SNPs were combined with previous GWAS data to reanalyse the endometriosis risk association of the 12q22 region. The disease association signal at 12q22 was due to coding variants in ITALIC! VEZT or ITALIC! FGD6 (FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing 6) and SNPs with the strongest signals were either intronic or intergenic. We found strong evidence for ITALIC! VEZT cis-eQTLs with the sentinel SNP (rs10859871) in blood and endometrium, where the endometriosis risk allele (C) was associated with an increase in ITALIC! VEZT expression. We could not demonstrate this genotype-specific effect on VEZT protein expression in endometrium. However, we did observe a menstrual cycle stage specific increase in VEZT protein expression in endometrial glands, specific to the secretory phase ( ITALIC! P = 2.0 × 10(-4)). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION In comparison to the blood sample datasets, the study numbers of endometrial tissues were substantially reduced. Protein studies failed to complement RNA results, also likely a reflection of the low study numbers in these experiments. ITALIC! In silico prediction tools used in this investigation are typically based on cell lines different to our tissues of interest, thus any functional annotations drawn from these approaches should be considered carefully. Therefore, functional studies on VEZT and related pathway components are still warranted to unequivocally implicate a causal role for VEZT in endometriosis pathophysiology. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS GWAS have proven to be very valuable tools for deciphering complex diseases. Endometriosis is a text-book example of a complex disease, involving genetic, lifestyle and environmental influences. Our focused investigation of the 12q22 region validates an association with increased endometriosis risk. Endometriosis risk SNPs (including rs10859871) located within this locus demonstrated evidence for ITALIC! cis-eQTLs on ITALIC! VEZT expression. By examining women who possess an enhanced genetic risk of developing endometriosis, we have identified an effect on ITALIC! VEZT expression and therefore a potential gene/gene pathway in endometriosis disease establishment and development. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS Funding for this work was provided by NHMRC Project Grants GNT1012245, GNT1026033, GNT1049472 and GNT1046880. G.W.M. is supported by the NHMRC Fellowship scheme (GNT1078399). S.J.H.-C. is supported by the J.N. Peters Bequest Fellowship. The authors declare no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Holdsworth-Carson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Level 7, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jenny N Fung
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Hien T T Luong
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Yadav Sapkota
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Lisa M Bowdler
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Leanne Wallace
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Wan Tinn Teh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Level 7, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Joseph E Powell
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia Centre for Neurogenetics and Statistical Genomics, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jane E Girling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Level 7, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Martin Healey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Level 7, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Peter A W Rogers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Gynaecology Research Centre, Royal Women's Hospital, Level 7, 20 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Eftang LL, Klajic J, Kristensen VN, Tost J, Esbensen QY, Blom GP, Bukholm IRK, Bukholm G. GFRA3 promoter methylation may be associated with decreased postoperative survival in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:225. [PMID: 26984265 PMCID: PMC4794813 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large number of epigenetic alterations has been found to be implicated in the etiology of gastric cancer. We have studied the DNA methylation status of 27 500 gene promoter regions in 24 gastric adenocarcinomas from a Norwegian cohort, and aimed at identifying the hypermethylated regions. We have compared our findings to the gene expression in the same tissue, and linked our results to prognosis and survival. Methods Biopsies from gastric adenocarcinomas and adjacent normal gastric mucosa were obtained from 24 patients following surgical resection of the tumor. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling of the tumor and matched non-cancerous mucosa was performed. The results were compared to whole transcriptome cDNA microarray analysis of the same material. Results Most of the gene promoter regions in both types of tissue showed a low degree of methylation, however there was a small, but significant hypermethylation of the tumors. Hierarchical clustering showed separate grouping of the tumor and normal tissue. Hypermethylation of the promoter region of the GFRA3 gene showed a strong correlation to post-operative survival and several of the clinicopathological parameters, however no difference was found between the two main histological types of gastric cancer. There was only a modest correlation between the DNA methylation status and gene expression. Conclusions The different DNA methylation clusters of the tumors and normal tissue indicate that aberrant DNA methylation is a distinct feature of gastric cancer, although there is little difference in the overall, and low, methylation levels between the two tissue types. The GFRA3 promoter region showed marked hypermethylation in almost all tumors, and its correlation with survival and other clinicopathological parameters may have important prognostic significance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2247-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lohne Eftang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Science (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, Division of Medicine, Lørenskog, Norway. .,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Akershus University Hospital, N-1478, Nordbyhagen, Lørenskog, Norway.
| | - Jovana Klajic
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Science (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, Division of Medicine, Lørenskog, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, OUS Radiumhospitalet Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vessela N Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Science (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, Division of Medicine, Lørenskog, Norway.,Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, OUS Radiumhospitalet Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA - Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Qin Ying Esbensen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology and Laboratory Science (EpiGen), Akershus University Hospital, Division of Medicine, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Gustav Peter Blom
- Department of Pathology, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Ida Rashida Khan Bukholm
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Akershus University Hospital and University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Geir Bukholm
- Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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20
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Abstract
Alterations in the homeostasis of several adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) have been observed in cancer. The main cellular functions regulated by aGPCRs are cell adhesion, migration, polarity, and guidance, which are all highly relevant to tumor cell biology. Expression of aGPCRs can be induced, increased, decreased, or silenced in the tumor or in stromal cells of the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts and endothelial and/or immune cells. For example, ADGRE5 (CD97) and ADGRG1 (GPR56) show increased expression in many cancers, and initial functional studies suggest that both are relevant for tumor cell migration and invasion. aGPCRs can also impact the regulation of angiogenesis by releasing soluble fragments following the cleavage of their extracellular domain (ECD) at the conserved GPCR-proteolytic site (GPS) or other more distal cleavage sites as typical for the ADGRB (BAI) family. Interrogation of in silico cancer databases suggests alterations in other aGPCR members and provides the impetus for further exploration of their potential role in cancer. Integration of knowledge on the expression, regulation, and function of aGPCRs in tumorigenesis is currently spurring the first preclinical studies to examine the potential of aGPCR or the related pathways as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aust
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 19, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Erwin G Van Meir
- Department of Neurosurgery and Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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21
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Valenzuela MA, Canales J, Corvalán AH, Quest AFG. Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation and epigenetic changes during gastric carcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12742-12756. [PMID: 26668499 PMCID: PMC4671030 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i45.12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence of events associated with the development of gastric cancer has been described as “the gastric precancerous cascade”. This cascade is a dynamic process that includes lesions, such as atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. According to this model, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection targets the normal gastric mucosa causing non-atrophic gastritis, an initiating lesion that can be cured by clearing H. pylori with antibiotics or that may then linger in the case of chronic infection and progress to atrophic gastritis. The presence of virulence factors in the infecting H. pylori drives the carcinogenesis process. Independent epidemiological and animal studies have confirmed the sequential progression of these precancerous lesions. Particularly long-term follow-up studies estimated a risk of 0.1% for atrophic gastritis/intestinal metaplasia and 6% in case of dysplasia for the long-term development of gastric cancer. With this in mind, a better understanding of the genetic and epigenetic changes associated with progression of the cascade is critical in determining the risk of gastric cancer associated with H. pylori infection. In this review, we will summarize some of the most relevant mechanisms and focus predominantly but not exclusively on the discussion of gene promoter methylation and miRNAs in this context.
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22
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Abstract
Endometriosis is a heritable complex disorder that is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Identification of these genetic factors will aid a better understanding of the underlying biology of the disease. In this article, we describe different methods of studying genetic variation of endometriosis, summarize results from genetic studies performed to date and provide recommendations for future studies to uncover additional factors contributing to the heritable component of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Rahmioglu
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Krina T Zondervan
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.,Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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23
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Yao X, Arst HN, Wang X, Xiang X. Discovery of a vezatin-like protein for dynein-mediated early endosome transport. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:3816-27. [PMID: 26378255 PMCID: PMC4626066 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-08-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, dynein moves early endosomes away from the hyphal tip. Aspergillus genetics is used to identify a vezatin-like protein, VezA, which is critical for dynein-mediated transport of early endosomes. VezA localizes to the hyphal tip in an actin-dependent manner and regulates the interaction between dynein and early endosomes. Early endosomes are transported bidirectionally by cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin-3, but how the movements are regulated in vivo remains unclear. Here our forward genetic study led to the discovery of VezA, a vezatin-like protein in Aspergillus nidulans, as a factor critical for early endosome distribution. Loss of vezA causes an abnormal accumulation of early endosomes at the hyphal tip, where microtubule plus ends are located. This abnormal accumulation depends on kinesin-3 and is due to a decrease in the frequency but not the speed of dynein-mediated early endosome movement. VezA-GFP signals are enriched at the hypha tip in an actin-dependent manner but are not obviously associated with early endosomes, thus differing from the early endosome association of the cargo adapter HookA (Hook in A. nidulans). On loss of VezA, HookA associates normally with early endosomes, but the interaction between dynein-dynactin and the early-endosome-bound HookA is significantly decreased. However, VezA is not required for linking dynein-dynactin to the cytosolic ∆C-HookA, lacking the cargo-binding C-terminus. These results identify VezA as a novel regulator required for the interaction between dynein and the Hook-bound early endosomes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanli Yao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Herbert N Arst
- Microbiology Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Xiangfeng Wang
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20814
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24
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Pagliardini L, Gentilini D, Sanchez AM, Candiani M, Viganò P, Di Blasio AM. Replication and meta-analysis of previous genome-wide association studies confirm vezatin as the locus with the strongest evidence for association with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2015; 30:987-93. [PMID: 25678572 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dev022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is it possible to replicate the genetic association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs13394619, rs4141819, rs7739264, rs17694933 and rs10859871 in five genetic loci previously identified as associated with endometriosis in an Italian Caucasian population? SUMMARY ANSWER SNP rs10859871 near the vezatin (VEZT) gene was found to be significantly associated with endometriosis in general while SNPs rs17694933 and rs4141819 were associated with Stage III/IV and ovarian disease, respectively. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Endometriosis represents a complex disease in which the phenotypic manifestations are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have allowed to identify some SNPs associated with the predisposition to the disease. A meta-analysis published in 2014 combined results from GWAS and replication studies showing that of the nine loci found to be associated with the disease in at least one of the studies, six (rs7521902, rs1270667, rs13394619, rs7739264, rs1537377 and rs10859871) remained genome-wide significant while two others (rs1250248 and rs4141819) showed borderline genome-wide significant association with more severe disease. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Allele frequencies of selected SNPs (rs13394619, rs4141819, rs7739264, rs17694933 and rs10859871) were investigated in 305 women with laparoscopically proven endometriosis, 285 laparoscopic controls and 2425 healthy, blood donor controls from the general population. A meta-analysis with previous data was also conducted. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS A total of 590 women who underwent endoscopic surgery were enrolled in the study and a blood sample was collected. After DNA extraction, genotype was obtained using Taq-Man pre-designed assay. Genotype data from healthy blood donor women were obtained from an existing genotype bank. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE A statistically significant association with endometriosis was found for SNP rs10859871, close to the VEZT gene, compared with both general population [odds ratio (OR) = 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20-1.71, P = 6.9 × 10(-5)] and laparoscopic controls (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.24-2.02, P = 2.1 × 10(-4)). Meta-analysis with previous data confirmed the rs10859871 SNP as that with the strongest evidence for association with endometriosis (OR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.15-1.24, P = 7.9 × 10(-20)). A further meta-analysis conducted using data from Stage III-IV endometriosis resulted in stronger genome-wide significant effect sizes for four out of the five SNPs tested. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The inability to confirm all previous demonstrated associations considering all stages of endometriosis may be due to a lack of statistical power and differences in the definition of cases included. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The associations with the SNPs identified so far have been obtained with a relatively small sample size supporting a limited heterogeneity across the various datasets. This represents an important advance in the identification of genetic markers of this disease. STUDY FINDING/COMPETING INTERESTS No funding to declare. The authors have no competing financial interests in relation to the content of this research paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pagliardini
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Gentilini
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | - Ana Maria Sanchez
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Candiani
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Viganò
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Reproductive Sciences Laboratory, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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25
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Abstract
Epigenetic changes frequently occur in human gastric cancer. Gene promoter region hypermethylation, genomic global hypomethylation, histone modifications, and alterations of noncoding RNAs are major epigenetic changes in gastric cancer. As a key risk factor of gastric cancer, H. pylori infection is an independent predictive indicator of gene methylation. A growing number of epigenetic studies in gastric cancer have provided lots of potential diagnostic and prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China,
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26
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Decreased ITIH5 expression is associated with poor prognosis in primary gastric cancer. Med Oncol 2014; 31:53. [PMID: 24913813 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Inter-α-trypsin inhibitors (ITIs) are a family of serine protease inhibitors that comprise one light chain and a variable set of heavy chains (ITI heavy chains, ITIHs). ITIH5 is a new member of the ITIH family that contains two domains conserved in all known ITIHs: vault protein IT and von Willebrand type A. Recent studies suggest that ITIH5 expression may be altered in certain types of cancer. This study aimed to investigate ITIH5 expression in clinical tumor specimens from gastric cancer patients and its prognostic value for gastric cancer. ITIH5 expression was detected in fresh gastric cancer tissues (T) and the matched adjacent non-tumor tissues (ANT) using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting. ITIH5 expression was retrospectively detected in 331 paraffin-embedded, banked samples using immunohistochemical staining. ITIH5 mRNA and protein expression was significantly downregulated in gastric cancer tissues compared to the ANT. There was a significant association between ITIH5 expression and histological grade (P = 0.020), N classification (P = 0.047), and clinical stage (P = 0.011). Patients with low ITIH5 expression had shorter survival compared to those with high ITIH5 expression. Multivariate analysis showed that ITIH5 expression was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of gastric cancer patients (P = 0.034). Our data suggest that ITIH5 could play an important role in gastric cancer and may serve as a valuable prognostic biomarker and potential molecular therapy target for gastric cancer.
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27
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Rahmioglu N, Nyholt DR, Morris AP, Missmer SA, Montgomery GW, Zondervan KT. Genetic variants underlying risk of endometriosis: insights from meta-analysis of eight genome-wide association and replication datasets. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 20:702-16. [PMID: 24676469 PMCID: PMC4132588 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a heritable common gynaecological condition influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have proved successful in identifying common genetic variants of moderate effects for various complex diseases. To date, eight GWAS and replication studies from multiple populations have been published on endometriosis. In this review, we investigate the consistency and heterogeneity of the results across all the studies and their implications for an improved understanding of the aetiology of the condition. METHODS Meta-analyses were conducted on four GWASs and four replication studies including a total of 11 506 cases and 32 678 controls, and on the subset of studies that investigated associations for revised American Fertility Society (rAFS) Stage III/IV including 2859 cases. The datasets included 9039 cases and 27 343 controls of European (Australia, Belgium, Italy, UK, USA) and 2467 cases and 5335 controls of Japanese ancestry. Fixed and Han and Elkin random-effects models, and heterogeneity statistics (Cochran's Q test), were used to investigate the evidence of the nine reported genome-wide significant loci across datasets and populations. RESULTS Meta-analysis showed that seven out of nine loci had consistent directions of effect across studies and populations, and six out of nine remained genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10−8), including rs12700667 on 7p15.2 (P = 1.6 × 10−9), rs7521902 near WNT4 (P = 1.8 × 10−15), rs10859871 near VEZT (P = 4.7 × 10−15), rs1537377 near CDKN2B-AS1 (P = 1.5 × 10−8), rs7739264 near ID4 (P = 6.2 × 10−10) and rs13394619 in GREB1 (P = 4.5 × 10−8). In addition to the six loci, two showed borderline genome-wide significant associations with Stage III/IV endometriosis, including rs1250248 in FN1 (P = 8 × 10−8) and rs4141819 on 2p14 (P = 9.2 × 10−8). Two independent inter-genic loci, rs4141819 and rs6734792 on chromosome 2, showed significant evidence of heterogeneity across datasets (P < 0.005). Eight of the nine loci had stronger effect sizes among Stage III/IV cases, implying that they are likely to be implicated in the development of moderate to severe, or ovarian, disease. While three out of nine loci were inter-genic, the remaining were in or near genes with known functions of biological relevance to endometriosis, varying from roles in developmental pathways to cellular growth/carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis shows remarkable consistency in endometriosis GWAS results across studies, with little evidence of population-based heterogeneity. They also show that the phenotypic classifications used in GWAS to date have been limited. Stronger associations with Stage III/IV disease observed for most loci emphasize the importance for future studies to include detailed sub-phenotype information. Functional studies in relevant tissues are needed to understand the effect of the variants on downstream biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilufer Rahmioglu
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Neurogenetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Stacey A Missmer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Krina T Zondervan
- Wellcome Trust Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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