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AlRuwaisan AU, Al-Anazi MR, Shafeai MI, Rudiny FH, Motaen AM, Bin Dajem SM, Alothaid H, Morsy K, Alkahtani S, Al-Qahtani AA. Associations of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in IL-18 Gene with Plasmodium falciparum-Associated Malaria. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3587-3619. [PMID: 34345179 PMCID: PMC8323861 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s314638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, reported to be involved in the initial immune responses against malaria. Genetic variations in the host are an important factor that influences the etiology of malaria at several disease levels. Polymorphisms within the IL-18 gene are associated with susceptibility and clinical outcome of several diseases. Methods We genotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-18 of patients infected with Plasmodium falciparum with varying extent of parasitemia and different age groups. Results SNPs rs5744292 (OR = 70.446; 95% CI = 4.318-1149.323; p<0.0001) and rs544354 (OR = 1.498; 95% CI = 1.088-2.063; p=0.013) were found to be significantly associated with parasitemia in P. falciparum-infected patients when compared with healthy control subjects. SNP rs5744292 (OR = 7.597; 95% CI=1.028-56.156; p=0.019) was associated with increased parasite density in infected patients. SNPs rs544354 (OR 0.407; 95% CI=0.204-0.812; p = 0.009) and rs360714 (OR of 0.256; 95% CI=0.119-0.554; p = 0.001) were significantly associated with parasite density in an age-dependent manner, with the risk alleles present more frequently among the younger (1-9 years) patients. Several haplotypes were found to have a significant association with parasitemia. In-vitro expression analysis using luciferase reporter assay showed that SNPs rs1946518 and rs187238 in the IL-18 gene promoter region and rs360728 and rs5744292 in the 3'-untranslated region of the IL-18 gene were associated with enhanced transcriptional activity. Conclusion Our results suggest that polymorphisms within the IL-18 gene are associated with the susceptibility to P. falciparum infection and related parasitemia among groups with different parasite density and across various age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa U AlRuwaisan
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael R Al-Anazi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Saad M Bin Dajem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Alothaid
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kareem Morsy
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bahrami A, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. The Role of Interleukin-18 in the Development and Progression of Atherosclerosis. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1757-1774. [PMID: 32338205 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200427095830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS), as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the cardiovascular system, is one of the leading causes of ischemic heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease. There is growing evidence on the role of innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Interleukin-18 is one of the novel proinflammatory cytokines involved in atherogenesis, atherosclerotic plaque instability and plaque rupture. In this review, we overview the findings of preclinical and clinical studies about the role and mechanism of action of IL-18 in the pathogenesis of AS, which could offer novel prognostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsane Bahrami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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Ponasenko AV, Tsepokina AV, Khutornaya MV, Sinitsky MY, Barbarash OL. IL18-family Genes Polymorphism Is Associated with the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and IL18 Concentration in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Immunol Invest 2021; 51:802-816. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2021.1876085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Ponasenko
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Anna V. Tsepokina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Maria V. Khutornaya
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim Yu. Sinitsky
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Olga L. Barbarash
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
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Ishimatsu T, Sasaki KI, Kakuma T, Harada A, Hirakawa Y, Fukumoto Y, Ueno T. Serum interleukin-18 levels as a predictor for patients with genetic dysfunction of cytochrome P450 2C19 in dual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel. J Cardiol 2020; 76:479-486. [PMID: 32616329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) is an index of platelet activity upon treatment with clopidogrel. In spite of suitable P2Y12 reactions in dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with clopidogrel after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), cardiovascular events actually occur in some patients, possibly due to a genetic dysfunction of cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19), which is a major metabolic enzyme of clopidogrel. As testing the CYP2C19 phenotypes to predict such patients may lack general versatility in daily clinical practice, the aim of this study was to examine whether measuring the blood levels of some cytokines in patients showing desirable PRUs in DAPT with clopidogrel could be a substitute for testing the CYP2C19 phenotypes. METHODS We analyzed relationships among PRU, serum levels of 51 cytokines, and CYP2C19 phenotypes in 22 patients receiving DAPT with aspirin and clopidogrel after PCI. RESULTS Seventeen, 18, and 19 of 22 patients indicated PRU ≤ 208, PRU ≤ 230, and PRU ≤ 262, respectively. Approximately 60% of the patients had a genetically metabolic dysfunction of CYP2C19, and the serum levels of interleukin-18 were independently increased in those patients (p = 0.024 in patients with PRU ≤ 208, p = 0.021 with PRU ≤ 230, and p = 0.020 with PRU ≤ 262). The area under the curves in plot receiver operating characteristics curves for the serum levels of interleukin-18 were 0.94, 0.96, and 0.90 in the non-extensive metabolizer patients with PRU ≤ 208, PRU ≤ 230, and PRU ≤ 262, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The serum levels of interleukin-18 may be a predictor to diagnose patients who receive undesirable DAPT with clopidogrel, possibly due to the genetic dysfunction of CYP2C19 in spite of suitable P2Y12 reactions after PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ishimatsu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Sasaki
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
| | | | | | | | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ueno
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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Alkanli N, Ay A, Kehaya S, Sut N. Investigation of The Relationship Between IL-18 (-607 C/A), IL-18 (-137 G/C) Gene Variations and Ischemic Stroke Disease Development in Thrace Region of Turkey. Immunol Invest 2020; 50:634-645. [PMID: 32573302 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1782932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a clinical condition characterized by focal or global cerebral dysfunction resulting from inhibition of brain blood flow. Genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. As a result of IL-18 (-607 C/A, -137 G/C) gene variations, it is thought that binding of transcription factors may be affected and IL-18 mRNA expression can be modulated. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to investigate the roles of IL-18 (-607 C/A), IL-18 (-137 G/C) gene variations in the development of ischemic stroke in Trakya Region of Turkey. METHODS Our study was performed with 90 ischemic stroke patients and 89 healthy controls. Genotype distributions of IL-18 (-607 C/A, -137 G/C) gene variations were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. RESULTS GC genotype and CA genotype of IL-18 (-137 G/C) and IL-18 (-607 C/A) gene variations were determined higher significantly in patent group as compared with other genotypes. However, the statistically significant difference was not determined between patients with ischemic stroke and healthy control groups in terms of IL-18 (-137 G/C) and IL-18 (-607 C/A) gene variations (p > 0,05). Allele frequencies of IL-18 (-137 G/C) and IL-18 (-607 C/A) in patient and control groups were significantly different from the Hardy-Weinberg distribution (p < .001 for all). CONCLUSION Although these gene variations' genotype distributions were not determined as a genetic risk factor for the development of ischemic stroke, allele frequencies of IL-18 (-137 G/C) and IL-18 (-607 C/A) in patient and control groups were significantly different from the Hardy-Weinberg distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevra Alkanli
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, T.C. Halic University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Ay
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Sezgin Kehaya
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Necdet Sut
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
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Weng Y, Chen T, Ren J, Lu D, Liu X, Lin S, Xu C, Lou J, Chen X, Tang L. The Association Between Extracellular Matrix Metalloproteinase Inducer Polymorphisms and Coronary Heart Disease: A Potential Way to Predict Disease. DNA Cell Biol 2020; 39:244-254. [PMID: 31928425 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2019.5015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) had been reported to be involved in the occurrence and development of coronary heart disease (CHD) in previous studies. This study aimed to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms of EMMPRIN and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) contributed to the onset and severity of CHD. One thousand seventy patients suspected to have CHD were enrolled into the study. Each patient had undergone coronary angiogram, and the severity of coronary artery stenosis was assessed by Gensini score. Eight hundred twelve patients were confirmed to have CHD, while 258 patients were selected as non-CHD control. All patients were genotyped for five EMMPRIN polymorphisms (rs8259, rs28915400, rs4919859, rs6758, and rs8637) and one MMP-9 polymorphism (rs3918242) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and confirmed by direct sequencing. EMMPRIN polymorphism rs8259 and MMP-9 polymorphism rs3918242 were found to be associated with CHD (rs8259: AT vs. AA, adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.038, adjusted 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.080-3.847, p = 0.028; rs3918242: CT vs. CC, adjusted OR = 0.607, adjusted 95% CI = 0.403-0.916, p = 0.017, TT vs. CC, adjusted OR = 2.559, adjusted 95% CI = 1.326-4.975, p = 0.006). No crossover effects were observed although a single environmental or genetic factor had an impact on the occurrence of CHD. The value of the Gensini score revealed that severity of CHD decreased in the rs3918242 CT carriers in both the male and female population. Our study suggested that EMMPRIN rs8259 and MMP-9 rs3918242 polymorphisms may contribute to pathological process of CHD. It could play a critical role in the prediction of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzheng Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou, China.,Department of Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianfei Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Difan Lu
- Department of Medicine, The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Senna Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenkai Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangjie Lou
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou, China.,Department of Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Medicine, The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijiang Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital, Taizhou, China.,Department of Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Medicine, The Second College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Bartekova M, Radosinska J, Jelemensky M, Dhalla NS. Role of cytokines and inflammation in heart function during health and disease. Heart Fail Rev 2019; 23:733-758. [PMID: 29862462 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-018-9716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
By virtue of their actions on NF-κB, an inflammatory nuclear transcription factor, various cytokines have been documented to play important regulatory roles in determining cardiac function under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Several cytokines including TNF-α, TGF-β, and different interleukins such as IL-1 IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18 are involved in the development of various inflammatory cardiac pathologies, namely ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and cardiomyopathies. In ischemia-related pathologies, most of the cytokines are released into the circulation and serve as biological markers of inflammation. Furthermore, there is an evidence of their direct role in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury, suggesting cytokines as potential targets for the development of some anti-ischemic therapies. On the other hand, certain cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 are involved in the post-ischemic tissue repair and thus are considered to exert beneficial effects on cardiac function. Conflicting reports regarding the role of some cytokines in inducing cardiac dysfunction in heart failure and different types of cardiomyopathies seem to be due to differences in the nature, duration, and degree of heart disease as well as the concentrations of some cytokines in the circulation. In spite of extensive research work in this field of investigation, no satisfactory anti-cytokine therapy for improving cardiac function in any type of heart disease is available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bartekova
- Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Radosinska
- Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Marek Jelemensky
- Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Naranjan S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Center, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Rakic M, Persic V, Kehler T, Bastiancic AL, Rosovic I, Laskarin G, Sotosek Tokmadzic V. Possible role of circulating endothelial cells in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Med Hypotheses 2018; 117:42-46. [PMID: 30077195 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) occurs as a result of insufficient myocardial perfusion leading to cell necrosis. This is most commonly due to the obstruction of the coronary artery by ruptured atherosclerotic plaque and thrombosis. Damaged ischemic and necrotic myocardial cells release pro-inflammatory substances in tissue and plasma, leading to a systemic inflammatory response. Profound systemic inflammatory response during ischemia/reperfusion injury causes disruption of endothelial glycocalyx and detachment of endothelial cells that express von Willebrant factor (vWF). We hypothesize that circulating vWF+ endothelial cells could act as antigen presenting cells which interact with T and NK cells directly, by cell to cell contact and indirectly by cytokine and chemokine secretion, leading to the immune response towards inflammation. Analyzing the frequency, phenotype and pro-inflammatory substances produced in circulating vWF positive (+) cells in patients with AMI could be beneficial to determine the severity of the pro-inflammatory response, according to the level of endothelial dysfunction in the early period of AMI. To evaluate these hypotheses, we suggest to determine frequency, phenotype, and ability of cytokine/chemokine production in circulating vWF+ endothelial cells by simultaneous surface and intracellular cell staining, and flow cytometry analysis. Secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, pro-atherogenic substances and the components of glycocalyx might be measured in supernatants of magnetically separated or sorted vWF+ endothelial cells, as well as in the serum of a patient with acute AMI by enzyme linked-immunoassay tests. The interaction of increasing concentrations of isolated circulating vWF+ endothelial cells and cognate T and NK cells might be investigated by lymphocyte proliferation rate, cytotoxic mediators' expression, and cytokine production. If our hypothesis is correct, characterization of circulating vWF+ endothelial cells could grant us greater insight into their role in pathophysiology of AMI and the degree of myocardial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Rakic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia" Opatija, 51410 Opatija, M. Tita 188, Croatia
| | - Viktor Persic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia" Opatija, 51410 Opatija, M. Tita 188, Croatia; Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, Croatia
| | - Tatjana Kehler
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation, and Physical Medicine, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", 51410 Opatija, M. Tita 188, Croatia
| | - Ana Lanca Bastiancic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia" Opatija, 51410 Opatija, M. Tita 188, Croatia
| | - Ivan Rosovic
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of the Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia" Opatija, 51410 Opatija, M. Tita 188, Croatia
| | - Gordana Laskarin
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation, and Physical Medicine, Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism "Thalassotherapia-Opatija", 51410 Opatija, M. Tita 188, Croatia; Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty University of Rijeka, B.Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Sotosek Tokmadzic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Brace Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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Interactions between pro-inflammatory cytokines and statins on depression in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 80:250-254. [PMID: 28689006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with the development of depression and statins exert anti-inflammatory and antidepressant effects. The present study aimed to investigate associations between interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-18 and depression in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and potential interactions between statin use and pro-inflammatory cytokines on depression in this population. METHODS We used pooled datasets from 1-year follow-up data from a 24-week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial (RCT) of escitalopram for treatment of depressive disorder and data from a naturalistic, prospective, observational cohort study in patients with ACS. IL-6 and IL-18 levels were measured at baseline. Logistic regression models were used to investigate independent associations of IL-6/IL-18 levels with depressive disorder at baseline and at 1year. We repeated all analyses by reference to statin use to determine whether any significant association emerged. RESULTS Of the 969 participants, 378 (39.0%) had major or minor depression at baseline. Of 711 patients followed-up at 1year, 183 (25.7%) had depression. Logistic regression analysis showed that higher IL-6 and IL-18 levels at baseline were significantly associated with baseline depression after adjusting for other variables (adjusted p-values=0.005 and 0.001, respectively). IL-6 and IL-18 levels were also significantly higher in patients with depression at the 1-year follow-up after adjusting for other variables amongst those not taking statins (adjusted p-values=0.040 and 0.004, respectively); but this was not the case in patients taking statins. CONCLUSION Levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines appear to predict development of depression after ACS and statins attenuate the effects of cytokines on depression.
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Bakr NM, Hashim NA, Awad A, Sarhan AA. Association between Interleukin-18 promoter polymorphisms and risk of ischemic stroke: A case-control study. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Žaliaduonytė-Pekšienė D, Lesauskaitė V, Liutkevičienė R, Tamakauskas V, Kviesulaitis V, Šinkūnaitė-Maršalkienė G, Šimonytė S, Mačiulskytė S, Tamulevičiūtė-Prascienė E, Gustienė O, Tamošiūnas A, Žaliūnas R. Association of the genetic and traditional risk factors of ischaemic heart disease with STEMI and NSTEMI development. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2017; 18:1470320317739987. [PMID: 29141503 PMCID: PMC5843915 DOI: 10.1177/1470320317739987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate the influence of traditional risk factors of ischaemic heart disease and genetic factors to predict different types of acute coronary syndromes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five hundred and twenty-three patients with acute coronary syndromes (393 with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 130 with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)) comprised the study group. The control group consisted of 645 subjects free from symptoms of ischaemic heart disease and stroke. Genetic polymorphisms of MMP-2 (-735) C/T, MMP-2 (-1306) C/T, MMP-3 (-1171) 5A/6A, MMP-9 (-1562) C/T and ACE I/D were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Patients with acute coronary syndromes more often had ID or II genotype than DD genotype of ACE ( P = 0.04) and 5A5A or 5A6A genotype than 6A6A genotype of MMP-3 ( P = 0.02) in comparison to the control group. The genotypes of other matrix metalloproteinase genes did not differ between the groups. 5A5A and 5A6A genotypes of MMP-3 (odds ratio (OR) 1.5; P = 0.021), II and ID genotypes of ACE (OR 1.7; P = 0.006) along with traditional ischaemic heart disease risk factors such as smoking (OR 4.9; P = 0.001), hypertension (OR 2.0; P = 0.001), diabetes mellitus (OR 2.9; P = 0.001) and dyslipidaemia (OR 2.1; P = 0.001) increased the risk of STEMI. However, the polymorphism of MMP-3 5A/6A and ACE I/D was not associated with the occurrence of NSTEMI. CONCLUSIONS Genetic polymorphisms of MMP-3 5A/6A and ACE I/D along with conventional ischaemic heart disease risk factors increase the risk of the occurrence of STEMI, while having no influence on the pathogenesis of NSTEMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vaiva Lesauskaitė
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Liutkevičienė
- Neuroscience Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
| | - Vytenis Tamakauskas
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
| | - Vilius Kviesulaitis
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
| | | | - Sandrita Šimonytė
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
| | - Simonita Mačiulskytė
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
| | | | - Olivija Gustienė
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
| | - Abdonas Tamošiūnas
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
| | - Remigijus Žaliūnas
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
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Opstad TB, Arnesen H, Pettersen AÅ, Seljeflot I. Combined Elevated Levels of the Proinflammatory Cytokines IL-18 and IL-12 Are Associated with Clinical Events in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: An Observational Study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2016; 14:242-8. [PMID: 27058587 DOI: 10.1089/met.2015.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin (IL)-18 in synergy with IL-12 is critical in the initiation and progression of Th-1-type responses. IL-18 and IL12 elevation has been associated with atherosclerosis, and their interaction is hypothesized to partly be driven by glucose. We aimed to explore if simultaneous elevation of IL-18 and IL-12, as related to glucose levels, would influence the prognosis in coronary artery disease (CAD). METHOD Patients (n = 1001) with angiographically verified stable CAD were investigated (78% men, mean age 62 years, 20% current smokers). IL-18 and IL-12 were measured by conventional ELISA methods. High fasting glucose (FG) was defined as the 75 percentile, that is, >6.2 mmol/L. RESULTS After 2-year follow-up, 100 cardiovascular endpoints (fatal and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and stroke) were recorded. Subjects with simultaneous (not separate) levels in upper tertiles of both markers were at higher risk of cardiovascular events, compared to subjects in lowest tertile of both (odds ratio = 1.70, 95% confidence interval 1.11-2.61, adjusted P = 0.016), with no influence of high FG. Hyperglycemia associated with higher IL-18 levels (adjusted P = 0.009) and IL-12 levels was considerably lower in current smokers (adjusted P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Simultaneous elevated circulating levels of IL-18 and IL-12 increased the event rate after 2 years in CAD patients, independent of hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Baur Opstad
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway .,2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway .,3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Arnesen
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway .,2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway .,3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Alf Åge Pettersen
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway .,2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- 1 Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway .,2 Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo, Norway .,3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
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Prossin AR, Koch AE, Campbell PL, Barichello T, Zalcman SS, Zubieta JK. Acute experimental changes in mood state regulate immune function in relation to central opioid neurotransmission: a model of human CNS-peripheral inflammatory interaction. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:243-51. [PMID: 26283642 PMCID: PMC4720915 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although evidence shows depressed moods enhance risk for somatic diseases, molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced somatic susceptibility are ill-defined. Knowledge of these molecular mechanisms will inform development of treatment and prevention strategies across comorbid depressive and somatic illnesses. Existing evidence suggests that interleukin-18 (IL-18; an IL-1 family cytokine) is elevated in depression and implicated in pathophysiology underlying comorbid medical illnesses. We previously identified strong associations between baseline IL-18 and μ-opioid receptor availability in major depressive disorder (MDD) volunteers. Combined with the evidence in animal models, we hypothesized that experimental mood induction would change IL-18, the extent proportional to opioid neurotransmitter release. Using the Velten technique in a [(11)C]carfentanil positron emission tomography neuroimaging study, we examined the impact of experimentally induced mood (sad, neutral) on plasma IL-18 and relationships with concurrent changes in the central opioid neurotransmission in 28 volunteers (healthy, MDD). Results showed mood induction impacted IL-18 (F2,25=12.2, P<0.001), sadness increasing IL-18 (T27=2.6, P=0.01) and neutral mood reducing IL-18 (T27=-4.1, P<0.001). In depressed volunteers, changes in IL-18 were more pronounced (F2,25=3.6, P=0.03) and linearly proportional to sadness-induced μ-opioid activation (left ventral pallidum, bilateral anterior cingulate cortices, right hypothalamus and bilateral amygdala). These data demonstrate that dynamic changes of a pro-inflammatory IL-1 superfamily cytokine, IL-18, and its relationship to μ-opioid neurotransmission in response to experimentally induced sadness. Further testing is warranted to delineate the role of neuroimmune interactions involving IL-18 in enhancing susceptibility to medical illness (that is, diabetes, heart disease and persistent pain states) in depressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Prossin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, BBSB #2308, Houston, TX 77054, USA. E-mail:
| | - A E Koch
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Medical Service, Veteran's Administration Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - P L Campbell
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T Barichello
- Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA,Laboratório de Microbiologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - S S Zalcman
- Department of Psychiatry, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - J-K Zubieta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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The Relation between eNOS -786 C/T, 4 a/b, MMP-13 rs640198 G/T, Eotaxin 426 C/T, -384 A/G, and 67 G/A Polymorphisms and Long-Term Outcome in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:232048. [PMID: 26491210 PMCID: PMC4605266 DOI: 10.1155/2015/232048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aim. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between eotaxin 426 C/T, −384 A/G, 67 G/A, eNOS −786 T/C, 4 a/b, and MMP-13 rs640198 G/T and prognosis of patients with known CAD. Methods. From total of 1161 patients referred to coronary angiography, 532 patients with angiographically confirmed CAD were selected. Their long-term outcome was followed up using hospital database. Subsequent events were assessed in this study: death or combined endpoint-myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, revascularization, heart failure hospitalization, and cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. Results. The multivariate Cox regression model identified age, smoking, and 3-vessel disease as significant predictors of all-cause death. Further analysis showed that eotaxin 67 G/A (GA + AA versus GG) and eotaxin −384 A/G (GG versus GA + AA) were significant independent prognostic factors when added into the model: HR (95% CI) 2.81 (1.35–5.85), p = 0.006; HR (95% CI) 2.63 (1.19–5.83), p = 0.017; eotaxin −384 A/G was significantly associated with the event-free survival, but it did not provide the prognostic information above the effect of two- or three-vessel disease. Conclusion. The A allele in eotaxin 67 G/A polymorphism is associated with worse survival in CAD patients.
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Shi JH, Niu LD, Chen XY, Hou JY, Yang P, Li GP. Investigation on the IL-18 -607A/C and -137C/G on the susceptibility of ischemic stroke. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 31:198-202. [PMID: 25878643 PMCID: PMC4386186 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.311.5997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We conducted a case-control study with 322 cases and 322 controls to assess the role of the two common SNPs in the promoter of IL-18 gene. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length of polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was taken to genotype -607A/C and -137C/G in the promoter of the IL-18 gene. RESULTS By comparing cases and control subjects, we found that IS cases were more likely to have higher BMI, higher proportion of hypertension, and have higher proportion of smokers and drinkers. We found that IL-18 -607CC genotype (OR=1.70, 95% CI=1.03-2.81) and C allele (OR=1.26, 95% CI=1.01-1.58) were significantly more frequent in IS patients when compared with AA genotype. We did not find significant association between IL-18 -607A/C gene polymorphism and BMI, hypertension, smoking and drinking on the risk of IS. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that polymorphisms in IL-18 -607A/C can influence the development of IS, and this gene polymorphism is associated with risk of IS in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-He Shi
- Jin-he Shi, Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Li-Dan Niu
- Li-dan Niu, Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Xi-Yan Chen
- Xi-yan Chen, Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Jing-Yu Hou
- Jing-yu Hou, Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Ping Yang, Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Guang-Peng Li
- Guang-Peng Li, Department of Emergency, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
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16
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Xie SL, Chen YY, Zhang HF, Deng BQ, Shu XR, Su ZZ, Lin YQ, Nie RQ, Wang JF. Interleukin 18 and extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer cross-regulation: implications in acute myocardial infarction. Transl Res 2015; 165:387-95. [PMID: 25267095 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Circulating interleukin-18 (IL-18) is thought to promote atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications such as plaque rupture. Atherosclerosis is also characterized by smooth muscle cell migration, a consequence of extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation regulated by metalloproteinases (MMPs). Because extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) has been shown to promote plaque instability by inducing ECM degradation and MMP synthesis, we investigated whether a cross-regulatory interaction exists between IL-18 and EMMPRIN in human monocytes. EMMPRIN levels in monocytes were markedly greater in 20 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) compared with 20 patients with stable angina pectoris or 20 healthy volunteers (control group). The levels of IL-18 and MMP-9 in serum were also significantly greater in the AMI group in comparison with the other 2 groups. IL-18 levels positively correlated with increased levels of EMMPRIN in monocytes. In vitro, the expression of EMMPRIN was increased in monocytes cultured with IL-18, and IL-18 secretion was augmented in monocytes cultured with EMMPRIN. Gene silencing of EMMPRIN by small interfering RNA reduced monocyte secretion of both IL-18 and MMP-9. In the present study, cross-regulation between IL-18 and EMMPRIN in monocytes was demonstrated. This interaction may amplify the inflammatory cascade and be responsible for increased monocytic MMP-9 serum levels in atherosclerosis, contributing to atherosclerotic plaque destabilization and subsequent AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Lun Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Yang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing-Qing Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Rong Shu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Zhuo Su
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Qing Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ru-Qiong Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou, China.
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Opstad TB, Arnesen H, Pettersen AÅ, Seljeflot I. The MMP-9 -1562 C/T polymorphism in the presence of metabolic syndrome increases the risk of clinical events in patients with coronary artery disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106816. [PMID: 25191702 PMCID: PMC4156385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 have been associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular events. The MMP-9 -1562 C/T polymorphism has furthermore been shown as a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). The non-favourable cardiometabolic state in MetS may increase the risk. We aimed to investigate the influence of MMP-9 -1562 C/T polymorphism in subjects with CAD and MetS. METHODS Patients (n = 1000) with verified CAD stratified in Mets +/- (n = 244/756), were analyzed for the MMP-9 -1562 C/T polymorphism and related to clinical events after 2 years follow-up. Serum levels of total MMP-9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 were analyzed in all, whereas MMP-9 activity, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), and expression of the two genes were analyzed in a subset of 240 randomly selected patients. RESULTS Totally, 106 clinical endpoints were recorded. In MetS; the T-allele associated with 5.5 fold increase in event rate (p<0.0001), increased with number of MetS components, a 117% increase in total MMP-9 levels (TT homozygous, p = 0.05), significantly higher total- and endogenous active MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels (p<0.01 all), and EMMPRIN was inversely correlated with pro- and endogenous active MMP-9 (p<0.05, both). In non-MetS; the T-allele was not associated with new events, nor higher MMP-9 levels. EMMPRIN was significantly correlated with total MMP-9 and TIMP-1 (p<0.01, both) and the two genes were inter-correlated (p<0.001). CONCLUSION In CAD patients with MetS, the MMP-9 T-allele increased the risk of clinical events, probably mediated through elevated MMP-9 levels and altered MMP-9 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine B Opstad
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Arnesen
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alf Å Pettersen
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingebjørg Seljeflot
- Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Hua Y, Nair S. Proteases in cardiometabolic diseases: Pathophysiology, molecular mechanisms and clinical applications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:195-208. [PMID: 24815358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the U.S. and other developed countries. Metabolic syndrome, including obesity, diabetes/insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia is a major threat for public health in the modern society. It is well established that metabolic syndrome contributes to the development of cardiovascular disease collective called as cardiometabolic disease. Despite documented studies in the research field of cardiometabolic disease, the underlying mechanisms are far from clear. Proteases are enzymes that break down proteins, many of which have been implicated in various diseases including cardiac disease. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), calpain, cathepsin and caspase are among the major proteases involved in cardiac remodeling. Recent studies have also implicated proteases in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disease. Elevated expression and activities of proteases in atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, obesity/insulin-associated heart disease as well as hypertensive heart disease have been documented. Furthermore, transgenic animals that are deficient in or over-express proteases allow scientists to understand the causal relationship between proteases and cardiometabolic disease. Mechanistically, MMPs and cathepsins exert their effect on cardiometabolic diseases mainly through modifying the extracellular matrix. However, MMP and cathepsin are also reported to affect intracellular proteins, by which they contribute to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. On the other hand, activation of calpain and caspases has been shown to influence intracellular signaling cascade including the NF-κB and apoptosis pathways. Clinically, proteases are reported to function as biomarkers of cardiometabolic diseases. More importantly, the inhibitors of proteases are credited with beneficial cardiometabolic profile, although the exact molecular mechanisms underlying these salutary effects are still under investigation. A better understanding of the role of MMPs, cathepsins, calpains and caspases in cardiometabolic diseases process may yield novel therapeutic targets for treating or controlling these diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Autophagy and protein quality control in cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Hua
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Sreejayan Nair
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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