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Parcellation of the striatal complex into dorsal and ventral districts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7418-7429. [PMID: 32170006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921007117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatal complex of basal ganglia comprises two functionally distinct districts. The dorsal district controls motor and cognitive functions. The ventral district regulates the limbic function of motivation, reward, and emotion. The dorsoventral parcellation of the striatum also is of clinical importance as differential striatal pathophysiologies occur in Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, and drug addiction disorders. Despite these striking neurobiologic contrasts, it is largely unknown how the dorsal and ventral divisions of the striatum are set up. Here, we demonstrate that interactions between the two key transcription factors Nolz-1 and Dlx1/2 control the migratory paths of striatal neurons to the dorsal or ventral striatum. Moreover, these same transcription factors control the cell identity of striatal projection neurons in both the dorsal and the ventral striata including the D1-direct and D2-indirect pathways. We show that Nolz-1, through the I12b enhancer, represses Dlx1/2, allowing normal migration of striatal neurons to dorsal and ventral locations. We demonstrate that deletion, up-regulation, and down-regulation of Nolz-1 and Dlx1/2 can produce a striatal phenotype characterized by a withered dorsal striatum and an enlarged ventral striatum and that we can rescue this phenotype by manipulating the interactions between Nolz-1 and Dlx1/2 transcription factors. Our study indicates that the two-tier system of striatal complex is built by coupling of cell-type identity and migration and suggests that the fundamental basis for divisions of the striatum known to be differentially vulnerable at maturity is already encoded by the time embryonic striatal neurons begin their migrations into developing striata.
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2
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Mavros CF, Brownstein CA, Thyagrajan R, Genetti CA, Tembulkar S, Graber K, Murphy Q, Cabral K, VanNoy GE, Bainbridge M, Shi J, Agrawal PB, Beggs AH, D’Angelo E, Gonzalez-Heydrich J. De novo variant of TRRAP in a patient with very early onset psychosis in the context of non-verbal learning disability and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:197. [PMID: 30424743 PMCID: PMC6234620 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TRRAP encodes a multidomain protein kinase that works as a genetic cofactor to influence DNA methylation patterns, DNA damage repair, and chromatin remodeling. TRRAP protein is vital to early neural developmental processes, and variants in this gene have been associated with schizophrenia and childhood disintegrative disorder. CASE PRESENTATION Here, we report on a patient with a de novo nonsynonymous TRRAP single-nucleotide variant (EST00000355540.3:c.5957G > A, p.Arg1986Gln) and early onset major depression accompanied by a psychotic episode (before age 10) that occurred in the context of longer standing nonverbal learning disability and a past history of obsessions and compulsions. CONCLUSIONS The de novo variant and presentation of very early onset psychosis indicate a rare Mendelian disorder inheritance model. The genotype and behavioral abnormalities of this patient are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystal F. Mavros
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle CLS 16009, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 15031, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Catherine A. Brownstein
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle CLS 16009, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 15031, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Roshni Thyagrajan
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle CLS 16009, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 15031, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Casie A. Genetti
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle CLS 16009, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 15031, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Sahil Tembulkar
- Developmental Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Kelsey Graber
- Developmental Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Quinn Murphy
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle CLS 16009, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 15031, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Kristin Cabral
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle CLS 16009, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 15031, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Grace E. VanNoy
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle CLS 16009, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 15031, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | | | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Block 1, To Yuen Building, 31 To Yuen Street, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Pankaj B. Agrawal
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle CLS 16009, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 15031, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Alan H. Beggs
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle CLS 16009, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 15031, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Eugene D’Angelo
- Developmental Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLSB 15031, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Developmental Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Blixt MKE, Konjusha D, Ring H, Hallböök F. Zinc finger gene nolz1 regulates the formation of retinal progenitor cells and suppresses the Lim3/Lhx3 phenotype of retinal bipolar cells in chicken retina. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:630-641. [PMID: 29139167 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zinc-finger transcription factor Nolz1 regulates spinal cord neuron development by interacting with the transcription factors Isl1, Lim1, and Lim3, which are also important for photoreceptors, horizontal and bipolar cells during retinal development. We, therefore, studied Nolz1 during retinal development. RESULTS Nolz1 expression was seen in two waves during development: one early (peak at embryonic day 3-4.5) in retinal progenitors and one late (embryonic day 8) in newly differentiated cells in the inner nuclear layer. Overexpression and knockdown showed that Nolz1 decreases proliferation and stimulates cell cycle withdrawal in retinal progenitors with effects on the generation of retinal ganglion cells, photoreceptors, and horizontal cells without triggering apoptosis. Overexpression of Nolz1 gave more p27 positive cells. Sustained overexpression of Nolz1 in the retina gave fewer Lim3/Lhx3 bipolar cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that Nolz1 has multiple functions during development and suggest a mechanism in which Nolz1 initially regulates the proliferation state of the retinal progenitor cells and then acts as a repressor that suppresses the Lim3/Lhx3 bipolar cell phenotype at the time of bipolar cell differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 247:630-641, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K E Blixt
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dardan Konjusha
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ring
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Finn Hallböök
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Chen YC, Kuo HY, Bornschein U, Takahashi H, Chen SY, Lu KM, Yang HY, Chen GM, Lin JR, Lee YH, Chou YC, Cheng SJ, Chien CT, Enard W, Hevers W, Pääbo S, Graybiel AM, Liu FC. Foxp2 controls synaptic wiring of corticostriatal circuits and vocal communication by opposing Mef2c. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:1513-1522. [PMID: 27595386 PMCID: PMC5083203 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cortico-basal ganglia circuits are critical for speech and language and are implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in which language function can be severely affected. We demonstrate that in the striatum, the gene, Foxp2, negatively interacts with the synapse suppressor, Mef2C. We present causal evidence that Mef2C inhibition by Foxp2 in neonatal mouse striatum controls synaptogenesis of corticostriatal inputs and vocalization in neonates. Mef2C suppresses corticostriatal synapse formation and striatal spinogenesis, but can, itself, be repressed by Foxp2 through direct DNA binding. Foxp2 deletion de-represses Mef2C, and both intrastriatal and global decrease of Mef2C rescue vocalization and striatal spinogenesis defects of Foxp2-deletion mutants. These findings suggest that Foxp2-Mef2C signaling is critical to corticostriatal circuit formation. If found in humans, such signaling defects could contribute to a range of neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ying Kuo
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ulrich Bornschein
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Tottori Medical Center, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shih-Yun Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ming Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yu Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Gui-May Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ruei Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Lee
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chia Chou
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Jhong Cheng
- Neuroscience Program in Academia Sincia, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ting Chien
- Neuroscience Program in Academia Sincia, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wolfgang Enard
- Anthropology and Human Genomics, Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Wulf Hevers
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fu-Chin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Dubois L, Frendo JL, Chanut-Delalande H, Crozatier M, Vincent A. Genetic dissection of the Transcription Factor code controlling serial specification of muscle identities in Drosophila. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27438571 PMCID: PMC4954755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Each Drosophila muscle is seeded by one Founder Cell issued from terminal division of a Progenitor Cell (PC). Muscle identity reflects the expression by each PC of a specific combination of identity Transcription Factors (iTFs). Sequential emergence of several PCs at the same position raised the question of how developmental time controlled muscle identity. Here, we identified roles of Anterior Open and ETS domain lacking in controlling PC birth time and Eyes absent, No Ocelli, and Sine oculis in specifying PC identity. The windows of transcription of these and other TFs in wild type and mutant embryos, revealed a cascade of regulation integrating time and space, feed-forward loops and use of alternative transcription start sites. These data provide a dynamic view of the transcriptional control of muscle identity in Drosophila and an extended framework for studying interactions between general myogenic factors and iTFs in evolutionary diversification of muscle shapes. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14979.001 Animals have many different muscles of various shapes and sizes that are suited to specific tasks and behaviors. The fruit fly known as Drosophila has a fairly simple musculature, which makes it an ideal model animal to investigate how different muscles form. In fruit fly embryos, cells called progenitor cells divide to produce the cells that will go on to form the different muscles. Proteins called identity Transcription Factors are present in progenitor cells. Different combinations of identity Transcription Factors can switch certain genes on or off to control the muscle shapes in specific areas of an embryo. However, progenitor cells born in the same area but at different times display different patterns of identity Transcription Factors; this suggests that timing also influences the orientation, shape and size of a developing muscle, also known as muscle identity. Dubois et al. used a genetic screen to look for identity Transcription Factors and the roles these proteins play in muscle formation in fruit flies. Tracking the activity of these proteins revealed a precise timeline for specifying muscle identity. This timeline involves cascades of different identity Transcription Factors accumulating in the cells, which act to make sure that distinct muscle shapes are made. In flies with specific mutations, the timing of these events is disrupted, which results in muscles forming with different shapes to those seen in normal flies. The findings of Dubois et al. suggest that the timing of when particular progenitor cells form, as well as their location in the embryo, contribute to determine the shapes of muscles. The next step following on from this work is to use video-microscopy to track identity Transcription Factors when the final muscle shapes emerge. Further experiments will investigate how identity Transcription Factors work together with proteins that are directly involved in muscle development. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14979.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Dubois
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Louis Frendo
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Chanut-Delalande
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Michèle Crozatier
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alain Vincent
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), CNRS and Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Abstract
c-Fos is a proto-oncogene involved in diverse cellular functions. Its deregulation has been associated to abnormal development and oncogenic progression. c-fos−/− mice are viable but present a reduction in their body weight and brain size. We examined the importance of c-Fos during neocortex development at 13.5, 14.5 and 16.5 days of gestation. At E14.5, neocortex thickness, apoptosis, mitosis and expression of markers along the different stages of Neural Stem Progenitor Cells (NSPCs) differentiation in c-fos−/− and wild-type mice were analyzed. A ∼15% reduction in the neocortex thickness of c-fos−/− embryos was observed which correlates with a decrease in the number of differentiated cells and an increase in apoptosis at the ventricular zone. No difference in mitosis rate was observed, although the mitotic angle was predominantly vertical in c-fos−/− embryos, suggesting a reduced trend of NSPCs to differentiate. At E13.5, changes in differentiation markers start to be apparent and are still clearly observed at E16.5. A tendency of more AP-1/DNA complexes present in nuclear extracts of cerebral cortex from c-fos−/− embryos with no differences in the lipid synthesis activity was found. These results suggest that c-Fos is involved in the normal development of NSPCs by means of its AP-1 activity.
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7
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Feng X, Yu W, Liang R, Shi C, Zhao Z, Guo J. Receptor-interacting protein 140 overexpression promotes neuro-2a neuronal differentiation by ERK1/2 signaling. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:119-24. [PMID: 25563324 PMCID: PMC4837806 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.147850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Abnormal neuronal differentiation plays an important role in central nervous system (CNS) development abnormalities such as Down syndrome (DS), a disorder that results directly from overexpression of genes in trisomic cells. Receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is significantly upregulated in DS brains, suggesting its involvement in DS CNS development abnormalities. However, the role of RIP140 in neuronal differentiation is still not clear. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of RIP140 overexpression on the differentiation of neuro-2a (N2a) neuroblastoma cells, in vitro. Methods: Stably RIP140-overexpressing N2a (N2a-RIP140) cells were used as a neurodevelopmental model, and were constructed by lipofection and overexpression validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Retinoic acid (RA) was used to stimulate N2a differentiation. Combining the expression of Tuj1 at the mRNA and protein levels, the percentage of cells baring neurites, and the number of neurites per cell body was semi-quantified to determine the effect of RIP140 on differentiation of N2a cells. Furthermore, western blot and the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 were used to identify the specific signaling pathway by which RIP140 induces differentiation of N2a cells. Statistical significance of the differences between groups was determined by one-way analysis of variance followed by the Dunnett test. Results: Compared to untransfected N2a cells RIPl40 expression in N2a-RIP140 cells was remarkably upregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels. N2a-RIP140 cells had a significantly increased percentage of cells baring neurites, and numbers of neurites per cell, as compared to N2a cells, in the absence and presence of RA (P < 0.05). In addition, Tuj1, a neuronal biomarker, was strongly upregulated in N2a-RIP140 cells (P < 0.05) and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) levels in N2a-RIP140 cells were dramatically increased, while differentiation was inhibited by the ERK1/2-specific inhibitor U0126. Conclusions: RIP140 overexpression promotes N2a cell neuronal differentiation by activating the ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jingzhu Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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Panman L, Papathanou M, Laguna A, Oosterveen T, Volakakis N, Acampora D, Kurtsdotter I, Yoshitake T, Kehr J, Joodmardi E, Muhr J, Simeone A, Ericson J, Perlmann T. Sox6 and Otx2 control the specification of substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1018-25. [PMID: 25127144 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct midbrain dopamine (mDA) neuron subtypes are found in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA), but it is mainly SNc neurons that degenerate in Parkinson's disease. Interest in how mDA neurons develop has been stimulated by the potential use of stem cells in therapy or disease modeling. However, very little is known about how specific dopaminergic subtypes are generated. Here, we show that the expression profiles of the transcription factors Sox6, Otx2, and Nolz1 define subpopulations of mDA neurons already at the neural progenitor cell stage. After cell-cycle exit, Sox6 selectively localizes to SNc neurons, while Otx2 and Nolz1 are expressed in a subset of VTA neurons. Importantly, Sox6 ablation leads to decreased expression of SNc markers and a corresponding increase in VTA markers, while Otx2 ablation has the opposite effect. Moreover, deletion of Sox6 affects striatal innervation and dopamine levels. We also find reduced Sox6 levels in Parkinson's disease patients. These findings identify Sox6 as a determinant of SNc neuron development and should facilitate the engineering of relevant mDA neurons for cell therapy and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Panman
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
| | | | - Ariadna Laguna
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Dario Acampora
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli IS 86077, Italy
| | - Idha Kurtsdotter
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takashi Yoshitake
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Kehr
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eliza Joodmardi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Muhr
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Simeone
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli IS 86077, Italy
| | - Johan Ericson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Perlmann
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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