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Low Levels of LRRK2 Gene Expression are Associated with LRRK2 SNPs and Contribute to Parkinson's Disease Progression. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:292-304. [PMID: 33015738 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08619-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that has relatively slow progression with motor symptoms. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene mutations and polymorphisms are suggested to be associated with PD. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the LRRK2 gene, namely, rs11176013, rs10878371, rs11835105, and PD. Genotypes of 132 PD cases and 133 healthy individuals were determined by qRT-PCR. Haplotype analysis was performed. Additionally, LRRK2 mRNA expression levels were determined in 83 PD cases and 55 healthy subjects. The relationship between LRRK2 mRNA levels, the target SNPs, and clinical data was also investigated. Our results indicated that the "GG" genotype and "G" allele of rs11176013 and the "CC" genotype and "C" allele of rs10878371 were more frequent in cases. The "GCG" haplotype was significantly more frequent in cases. LRRK2 mRNA expression levels in patients were significantly lower than those in healthy individuals. The patients with the "CC" genotype for rs10878371 and the "GG" genotype for rs11176013 had decreased LRRK2 mRNA levels. We found that the rs11176013 "GG" genotype and the rs10878371 "CC" genotype were less frequently seen in cases with akinetic rigid or combined akinetic rigid and tremor-dominant initial symptoms. Consequently, our results demonstrate that the rs11176013 and rs10878371 polymorphisms are associated with PD in a Turkish cohort, and moreover, these results suggest that these polymorphisms may affect the expression of the LRRK2 gene and disease progression and thus play a role in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Dai J, Yang L, Xu T, Si L, Cui C, Sheng X, Chi Z, Mao L, Lian B, Tang B, Bai X, Zhou L, Li S, Wang X, Yan X, Kong Y, Guo J. A Functional Synonymous Variant in PDGFRA Is Associated with Better Survival in Acral Melanoma. J Cancer 2020; 11:2945-2956. [PMID: 32226509 PMCID: PMC7086247 DOI: 10.7150/jca.43010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Polymorphisms of genes in the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling pathway have been found to predict cutaneous melanoma (CM) survival, but their clinical effects in acral melanoma (AM) patients have not been explored. The aim of this study was to characterize the functional effect of the tag single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2228230:C>T and assess its association with clinical outcomes in AM patients. Methods: The effect of rs2228230:C>T on mRNA structures and codon usage values were evaluated using in silico analyses. PDGF receptor alpha (PDGFRA) expression vectors with the rs2228230:C or rs2228230:T allele were constructed to evaluate the expression and signaling activity of PDGFRA. The expression of PDGFRA in AM samples was measured using in situ RNAscope hybridization and immunohistochemical staining. The association of the rs2228230 genotype with survival was analyzed in two independent AM cohorts. Results: In silico analyses indicated that the rs2228230:T allele increases the minimum free energy and reduces synonymous codon usage. The rs2228230:T allele decreased the expression of PDGFRA by reducing the stability of its mRNA and protein as well as the signaling activity of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. PDGFRA mRNA and protein expression was significantly reduced in AM tissues with the rs2228230:T allele. The progression-free survival and overall survival of AM patients with the rs2228230:T allele were significantly longer than those of patients with the CC genotype. Conclusion: Our study indicated that rs2228230:T can reduce the expression of PDGFRA and downstream signaling activity and is associated with better survival in AM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China.,Department of Radiology, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, China
| | - Tianxiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Lu Si
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Chuanliang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xinan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Zhihong Chi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Lili Mao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Bin Lian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Bixia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Siming Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Xieqiao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Renal Cancer and Melanoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing 100142, China
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Kishore A, Ashok Kumar Sreelatha A, Sturm M, von-Zweydorf F, Pihlstrøm L, Raimondi F, Russell R, Lichtner P, Banerjee M, Krishnan S, Rajan R, Puthenveedu DK, Chung SJ, Bauer P, Riess O, Gloeckner CJ, Kruger R, Gasser T, Sharma M. Understanding the role of genetic variability in LRRK2 in Indian population. Mov Disord 2018; 34:496-505. [PMID: 30485545 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variability in LRRK2 has been unequivocally established as a major risk factor for familial and sporadic forms of PD in ethnically diverse populations. OBJECTIVES To resolve the role of LRRK2 in the Indian population. METHODS We performed targeted resequencing of the LRRK2 locus in 288 cases and 298 controls and resolved the haplotypic structure of LRRK2 in a combined cohort of 800 cases and 402 controls in the Indian population. We assessed the frequency of novel missense variants in the white and East Asian population by leveraging exome sequencing and densely genotype data, respectively. We did computational modeling and biochemical approach to infer the potential role of novel variants impacting the LRRK2 protein function. Finally, we assessed the phosphorylation activity of identified novel coding variants in the LRRK2 gene. RESULTS We identified four novel missense variants with frequency ranging from 0.0008% to 0.002% specific for the Indian population, encompassing armadillo and kinase domains of the LRRK2 protein. A common genetic variability within LRRK2 may contribute to increased risk, but it was nonsignificant after correcting for multiple testing, because of small cohort size. The computational modeling showed destabilizing effect on the LRRK2 function. In comparison to the wild-type, the kinase domain variant showed 4-fold increase in the kinase activity. CONCLUSIONS Our study, for the first time, identified novel missense variants for LRRK2, specific for the Indian population, and showed that a novel missense variant in the kinase domain modifies kinase activity in vitro. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Kishore
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Ashwin Ashok Kumar Sreelatha
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marc Sturm
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix von-Zweydorf
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lasse Pihlstrøm
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Rob Russell
- Cell Networks, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Syam Krishnan
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology, Kerala, India
| | - Roopa Rajan
- Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology, Kerala, India.,All India Institute for Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sun Ju Chung
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rejko Kruger
- Center of Neurology, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany.,LCSB, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biology, University of Luxembourg, and Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Center of Neurology, and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Genome-wide screening identifies a KCNIP1 copy number variant as a genetic predictor for atrial fibrillation. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10190. [PMID: 26831368 PMCID: PMC4740744 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. Previous genome-wide association studies had identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms in several genomic regions to be associated with AF. In human genome, copy number variations (CNVs) are known to contribute to disease susceptibility. Using a genome-wide multistage approach to identify AF susceptibility CNVs, we here show a common 4,470-bp diallelic CNV in the first intron of potassium interacting channel 1 gene (KCNIP1) is strongly associated with AF in Taiwanese populations (odds ratio=2.27 for insertion allele; P=6.23 × 10(-24)). KCNIP1 insertion is associated with higher KCNIP1 mRNA expression. KCNIP1-encoded protein potassium interacting channel 1 (KCHIP1) is physically associated with potassium Kv channels and modulates atrial transient outward current in cardiac myocytes. Overexpression of KCNIP1 results in inducible AF in zebrafish. In conclusions, a common CNV in KCNIP1 gene is a genetic predictor of AF risk possibly pointing to a functional pathway.
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Challenges in conducting genome-wide association studies in highly admixed multi-ethnic populations: the Generation R Study. Eur J Epidemiol 2015; 30:317-30. [PMID: 25762173 PMCID: PMC4385148 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-015-9998-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been successful in identifying loci associated with a wide range of complex human traits and diseases. Up to now, the majority of GWAS have focused on European populations. However, the inclusion of other ethnic groups as well as admixed populations in GWAS studies is rapidly rising following the pressing need to extrapolate findings to non-European populations and to increase statistical power. In this paper, we describe the methodological steps surrounding genetic data generation, quality control, study design and analytical procedures needed to run GWAS in the multiethnic and highly admixed Generation R Study, a large prospective birth cohort in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Furthermore, we highlight a number of practical considerations and alternatives pertinent to the quality control and analysis of admixed GWAS data.
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Li H, Teo YY, Tan EK. Patterns of linkage disequilibrium atPARK16may explain variances in genetic association studies. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1335-42. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Huihua Li
- Health Services Research and Biostatistics Unit, Division of Research, Singapore General Hospital
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Department of Statistics & Applied Probability, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health; National University of Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Departments of Clinical Research and Neurology; Singapore General Hospital, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Duke NUS Graduate Medical School
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Dhungel N, Eleuteri S, Li LB, Kramer NJ, Chartron J, Spencer B, Kosberg K, Fields JA, Klodjan S, Adame A, Lashuel H, Frydman J, Shen K, Masliah E, Gitler AD. Parkinson's disease genes VPS35 and EIF4G1 interact genetically and converge on α-synuclein. Neuron 2015; 85:76-87. [PMID: 25533483 PMCID: PMC4289081 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. Functional interactions between some PD genes, like PINK1 and parkin, have been identified, but whether other ones interact remains elusive. Here we report an unexpected genetic interaction between two PD genes, VPS35 and EIF4G1. We provide evidence that EIF4G1 upregulation causes defects associated with protein misfolding. Expression of a sortilin protein rescues these defects, downstream of VPS35, suggesting a potential role for sortilins in PD. We also show interactions between VPS35, EIF4G1, and α-synuclein, a protein with a key role in PD. We extend our findings from yeast to an animal model and show that these interactions are conserved in neurons and in transgenic mice. Our studies reveal unexpected genetic and functional interactions between two seemingly unrelated PD genes and functionally connect them to α-synuclein pathobiology in yeast, worms, and mouse. Finally, we provide a resource of candidate PD genes for future interrogation. VIDEO ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Nripesh Dhungel
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Simona Eleuteri
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Ling-bo Li
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Nicholas J. Kramer
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Justin Chartron
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Brian Spencer
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Kori Kosberg
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Jerel Adam Fields
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Stafa Klodjan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Anthony Adame
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA
| | - Hilal Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Station 19, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Judith Frydman
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA,Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: A.D.G. or E.M., Aaron D. Gitler, 300 Pasteur Drive, M322 Alway Building, Stanford, CA 94305, 650-725-6991 (phone), 650-725-1534 (fax), , Eliezer Masliah, MTF Bldg, UCSD, 9500, La Jolla, CA 92093,
| | - Aaron D. Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: A.D.G. or E.M., Aaron D. Gitler, 300 Pasteur Drive, M322 Alway Building, Stanford, CA 94305, 650-725-6991 (phone), 650-725-1534 (fax), , Eliezer Masliah, MTF Bldg, UCSD, 9500, La Jolla, CA 92093,
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Linkage disequilibrium levels in Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle using medium and high density SNP chip data and different minor allele frequency distributions. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Yoo SS, Hong MJ, Jeon HS, Lee WK, Lee SY, Lee J, Cha SI, Kim CH, Lee E, Park JY. Replication of results of a genome-wide association study on lung cancer survival in a Korean population. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:35-9.e1-2. [PMID: 24525039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may influence the prognosis of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Caucasians. We attempted to replicate the impact of genetic variants identified in the GWAS on lung cancer survival in a Korean population. A total of 363 patients with surgically resected NSCLCs were enrolled, and 12 SNPs were genotyped using the SEQUENOM MassARRAY iPLEX assay, TaqMan assay, or a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The association between genotypes and overall survival (OS) was analyzed. Among the 12 SNPs, the rs6034368T>C was associated with OS. Patients with the rs6034368C allele showed a better OS than the patients with the rs6034368T allele (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.72, confidence interval = 0.56-0.93, P = 0.01). The rs12446308A>G had an effect on OS, but it was marginally significant (under a codominant model, adjusted hazard ratio = 1.85, confidence interval = 0.98-3.47, P = 0.06). We identified that the rs6034368T>C was associated with survival in early-stage NSCLC in a Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Soo Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea; Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpoook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Mi Jeong Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyo-Sung Jeon
- Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpoook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Won Kee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Shin Yup Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea; Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpoook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jaehee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung Ick Cha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eungbae Lee
- Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpoook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea; Lung Cancer Center, Kyungpoook National University Medical Center, Daegu, Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
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