1
|
Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhao M. N6-methyladenosine modification and post-translational modification of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:209. [PMID: 38834851 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Traditionally, colorectal cancer has been recognized as a disease caused by genetic mutations. However, recent studies have revealed the significant role of epigenetic alterations in the progression of colorectal cancer. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, a critical step in cancer cell metastasis, has been found to be closely associated with the tumor microenvironment and immune factors, thereby playing a crucial role in many kinds of biological behaviors of cancers. In this review, we explored the impact of N6-methyladenosine and post-translational modifications (like methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, glycosylation, etc.) on the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer and the epigenetic regulation for the transcription factors and pathways correlated to epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, we emphasized that the complex regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition by epigenetics can provide new strategies for overcoming drug resistance and improving treatment outcomes. This review aims to provide important scientific evidence for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer based on epigenetic modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Wang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yufan Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhao
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Song X, Na R, Peng N, Cao W, Ke Y. Exploring the role of macrophages in the progression from atypical hyperplasia to endometrial carcinoma through single-cell transcriptomics and bulk transcriptomics analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1198944. [PMID: 37780629 PMCID: PMC10537943 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1198944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this study, we aimed to identify key genes in endometrial cancer by conducting single-cell analysis of macrophages. Methods We sourced clinical data from the TCGA database as well as supplementary datasets GSE201926 and GSE173682. Using bulk-seq data of atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer, we pinpointed key differentially expressed genes. Single-cell RNA sequencing was utilized for further gene expression analysis. Cluster analysis was conducted on TCGA tumor data, identifying two distinct subtypes. Statistical methods employed included LASSO regression for diagnostic modeling and various clustering algorithms for subtype identification. Results We found that subtype B was closely related to cellular metabolism. A diagnostic model was established using LASSO regression and was based on the genes CDH18, H19, PAGE2B, PXDN, and THRB. This model effectively differentiated the prognosis of cervical cancer. We also constructed a prognosis model and a column chart based on these key genes. Discussion Through CIBERSORT analysis, CDH18 and PAGE2B were found to be strongly associated with macrophage M0. We propose that these genes influence the transformation from atypical endometrial hyperplasia to endometrial cancer by affecting macrophage M0. In conclusion, these key genes may serve as therapeutic targets for endometrial cancer. A new endometrial cancer risk prognosis model and column chart have been constructed based on these genes, offering a reliable direction for future cervical cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wenming Cao
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Ke
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Johnson JD, Alejo S, Jayamohan S, Sareddy GR. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 as a therapeutic cancer target: observations from preclinical study. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1177-1188. [PMID: 37997756 PMCID: PMC10872912 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2288277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A (KDM1A/LSD1) has emerged as an important therapeutic target in various cancer types. LSD1 regulates a wide range of biological processes that influence cancer development, progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. However, recent studies have revealed novel aspects of LSD1 biology, shedding light on its involvement in immunogenicity, antitumor immunity, and DNA damage response. These emerging findings have the potential to be leveraged in the design of effective LSD1-targeted therapies. AREAS COVERED This paper discusses the latest developments in the field of LSD1 biology, focusing on its role in regulating immunogenicity, antitumor immunity, and DNA damage response mechanisms. The newfound understanding of these mechanisms has opened possibilities for the development of novel LSD1-targeted therapies for cancer treatment. Additionally, the paper provides an overview of LSD1 inhibitor-based combination therapies for the treatment of cancer. EXPERT OPINION Exploiting LSD1 role in antitumor immunity and DNA damage response provides cues to not only understand the LSD1-resistant mechanisms but also rationally design new combination therapies that are more efficient and less toxic than monotherapy. The exploration of LSD1 biology and the development of LSD1-targeted therapies hold great promise for the future of cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Salvador Alejo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Sridharan Jayamohan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Gangadhara R. Sareddy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Mays Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Novel epigenetic therapeutic strategies and targets in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166552. [PMID: 36126898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of dysregulated epigenetic pathways in cancer genesis, development, and therapy has typically been established as a result of scientific and technical innovations in next generation sequencing. RNA interference, histone modification, DNA methylation and chromatin remodelling are epigenetic processes that control gene expression without causing mutations in the DNA. Although epigenetic abnormalities are thought to be a symptom of cell tumorigenesis and malignant events that impact tumor growth and drug resistance, physicians believe that related processes might be a key therapeutic target for cancer treatment and prevention due to the reversible nature of these processes. A plethora of novel strategies for addressing epigenetics in cancer therapy for immuno-oncological complications are currently available - ranging from basic treatment to epigenetic editing. - and they will be the subject of this comprehensive review. In this review, we cover most of the advancements made in the field of targeting epigenetics with special emphasis on microbiology, plasma science, biophysics, pharmacology, molecular biology, phytochemistry, and nanoscience.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ojha R, Chen IC, Hsieh CM, Nepali K, Lai RW, Hsu KC, Lin TE, Pan SL, Chen MC, Liou JP. Installation of Pargyline, a LSD1 Inhibitor, in the HDAC Inhibitory Template Culminated in the Identification of a Tractable Antiprostate Cancer Agent. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17824-17845. [PMID: 34908406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pragmatic insertion of pargyline, a LSD1 inhibitor, as a surface recognition part in the HDAC inhibitory pharmacophore was planned in pursuit of furnishing potent antiprostate cancer agents. Resultantly, compound 14 elicited magnificent cell growth inhibitory effects against the PC-3 and DU-145 cell lines and led to remarkable suppression of tumor growth in human prostate PC-3 and DU-145 xenograft nude mouse models. The outcome of the enzymatic assays ascertained that the substantial antiproliferative effects of compound 14 were mediated through HDAC6 isoform inhibition as well as selective MAO-A and LSD1 inhibition. Moreover, the signatory feature of LSD1 inhibition by 14 in the context of H3K4ME2 accumulation was clearly evident from the results of western blot analysis. Gratifyingly, hydroxamic acid 14 demonstrates good human hepatocytic stability and good oral bioavailability in rats and exhibits enough promise to emerge as a therapeutic for the treatment of prostate cancer in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Ojha
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - I-Chung Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ming Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Kunal Nepali
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Row-Wen Lai
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Tony Eight Lin
- Master Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Lin Pan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan.,Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110031, Taiwan.,Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan.,TMU Research Center of Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110031, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Natarajan K, Sundaramoorthy A, Shanmugam N. HnRNPK and lysine specific histone demethylase-1 regulates IP-10 mRNA stability in monocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 920:174683. [PMID: 34914972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Altered mRNA metabolism is a feature of many inflammatory diseases. Post transcriptional regulation of interferon-γ-inducible protein (IP)-10 has been uncharacterized in diabetes conditions. RNA-affinity capture method and RNA immuno-precipitation revealed S100b treatment increased the binding of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)K to the IP-10 3'UTR and increased IP-10 mRNA accumulation. Luciferase activity assay using reporter plasmids showed involvement of IP-10 3'UTR. Knocking down of hnRNPK destabilized S100b induced IP-10 mRNA accumulation. S100b promoted the translocation of hnRNPK from nucleus to the cytoplasm and this was confirmed by phosphomimetic S284/353D mutant and non-phosphatable S284/353A hnRNPK mutant. S100b treatment demethylates hnRNPK at Lys219 by Lysine Specific Demethylase (LSD)-1. HnRNPKK219I, a demethylation defective mutant increased IP-10 mRNA stability. Apparently, triple mutant hnRNPKK219I/S284D/353D promoted IP-10 mRNA stability. Interestingly, knocking down LSD-1 abolished S100b induced IP-10 mRNA accumulation. These observations show for the first time that IP-10 mRNA stability is dynamically regulated by Lysine demethylation of hnRNPK by LSD-1. These results indicate that hnRNPK plays an important role in IP-10 mRNA stability induced by S100b which could exacerbate monocyte activation, relevant to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications like atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kartiga Natarajan
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Arun Sundaramoorthy
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Narkunaraja Shanmugam
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamilnadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Montalvo-Casimiro M, González-Barrios R, Meraz-Rodriguez MA, Juárez-González VT, Arriaga-Canon C, Herrera LA. Epidrug Repurposing: Discovering New Faces of Old Acquaintances in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:605386. [PMID: 33312959 PMCID: PMC7708379 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.605386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene mutations are strongly associated with tumor progression and are well known in cancer development. However, recently discovered epigenetic alterations have shown the potential to greatly influence tumoral response to therapy regimens. Such epigenetic alterations have proven to be dynamic, and thus could be restored. Due to their reversible nature, the promising opportunity to improve chemotherapy response using epigenetic therapy has arisen. Beyond helping to understand the biology of the disease, the use of modern clinical epigenetics is being incorporated into the management of the cancer patient. Potential epidrug candidates can be found through a process known as drug repositioning or repurposing, a promising strategy for the discovery of novel potential targets in already approved drugs. At present, novel epidrug candidates have been identified in preclinical studies and some others are currently being tested in clinical trials, ready to be repositioned. This epidrug repurposing could circumvent the classic paradigm where the main focus is the development of agents with one indication only, while giving patients lower cost therapies and a novel precision medical approach to optimize treatment efficacy and reduce toxicity. This review focuses on the main approved epidrugs, and their druggable targets, that are currently being used in cancer therapy. Also, we highlight the importance of epidrug repurposing by the rediscovery of known chemical entities that may enhance epigenetic therapy in cancer, contributing to the development of precision medicine in oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Montalvo-Casimiro
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo González-Barrios
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Antonio Meraz-Rodriguez
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Cristian Arriaga-Canon
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Herrera
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wong KK. DNMT1 as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer: mechanisms and clinical implications. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:779-792. [PMID: 32504382 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-020-00526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer or pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most devastating cancer types with a 5-year survival rate of only 9%. PDAC is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in both genders. Epigenetic alterations may lead to the suppression of tumor suppressor genes, and DNA methylation is a predominant epigenetic modification. DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is required for maintaining patterns of DNA methylation during cellular replication. Accumulating evidence has implicated the oncogenic roles of DNMT1 in various malignancies including PDACs. CONCLUSIONS Herein, the expression profiles, oncogenic roles, regulators and inhibitors of DNMT1 in PDACs are presented and discussed. DNMT1 is overexpressed in PDAC cases compared with non-cancerous pancreatic ducts, and its expression gradually increases from pre-neoplastic lesions to PDACs. DNMT1 plays oncogenic roles in suppressing PDAC cell differentiation and in promoting their proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as in induction of the self-renewal capacity of PDAC cancer stem cells. These effects are achieved via promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (e.g., p14, p15, p16, p21 and p27), suppressors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (e.g., E-cadherin) and tumor suppressor miRNAs (e.g., miR-148a, miR-152 and miR-17-92 cluster). Pre-clinical investigations have shown the potency of novel non-nucleoside DNMT1 inhibitors against PDAC cells. Finally, phase I/II clinical trials of DNMT1 inhibitors (azacitidine, decitabine and guadecitabine) in PDAC patients are currently underway, where these inhibitors have the potential to sensitize PDACs to chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kah Keng Wong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moreira-Silva F, Camilo V, Gaspar V, Mano JF, Henrique R, Jerónimo C. Repurposing Old Drugs into New Epigenetic Inhibitors: Promising Candidates for Cancer Treatment? Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E410. [PMID: 32365701 PMCID: PMC7284583 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, as a cancer hallmark, are associated with cancer initiation, progression and aggressiveness. Considering, however, that these alterations are reversible, drugs that target epigenetic machinery may have an inhibitory effect upon cancer treatment. The traditional drug discovery pathway is time-consuming and expensive, and thus, new and more effective strategies are required. Drug Repurposing (DR) comprises the discovery of a new medical indication for a drug that is approved for another indication, which has been recalled, that was not accepted or failed to prove efficacy. DR presents several advantages, mainly reduced resources, absence of the initial target discovery process and the reduced time necessary for the drug to be commercially available. There are numerous old drugs that are under study as repurposed epigenetic inhibitors which have demonstrated promising results in in vitro tumor models. Herein, we summarize the DR process and explore several repurposed drugs with different epigenetic targets that constitute promising candidates for cancer treatment, highlighting their mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Moreira-Silva
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.-S.); (V.C.)
| | - Vânia Camilo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.-S.); (V.C.)
| | - Vítor Gaspar
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (V.G.); (J.F.M.)
| | - João F. Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (V.G.); (J.F.M.)
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP) and Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.-S.); (V.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dan H, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Guan Q. DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors: Catalysts For Antitumour Immune Responses. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:10903-10916. [PMID: 31849494 PMCID: PMC6913319 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s217767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics is a kind of heritable change that involves the unaltered DNA sequence and can have effects on gene expression. The regulatory mechanism mainly includes DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA regulation. DNA methylation is currently the most studied aspect of epigenetics. It is widely present in eukaryotic cells and is the most important epigenetic mark in the regulation of gene expression in the cell. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi) have been increasingly recognized in the field of cancer immunotherapy, have been approved for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and are widely being used in clinical trials of cancer immunotherapies. DNMTi promote the reactivation of tumour suppressor genes, enhance tumour immunogenicity, and stimulate a variety of immune cells to secrete cytokines that exert cytotoxic effects, promote tumour cell death, including macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells, and upregulate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression levels. Here, we mainly summarize the epigenetics related to DNMTi and their regulation of the antitumour immune response and DNMTi combined with immuno-therapeutics or histone deacetylase inhibitors to demonstrate the great development potential and clinical application value of DNMTi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Dan
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Zhou
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanlin Guan
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The emerging role of epigenetic therapeutics in immuno-oncology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 17:75-90. [PMID: 31548600 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has seen the emergence of immunotherapy as a prime approach to cancer treatment, revolutionizing the management of many types of cancer. Despite the promise of immunotherapy, most patients do not have a response or become resistant to treatment. Thus, identifying combinations that potentiate current immunotherapeutic approaches will be crucial. The combination of immune-checkpoint inhibition with epigenetic therapy is one such strategy that is being tested in clinical trials, encompassing a variety of cancer types. Studies have revealed key roles of epigenetic processes in regulating immune cell function and mediating antitumour immunity. These interactions make combined epigenetic therapy and immunotherapy an attractive approach to circumvent the limitations of immunotherapy alone. In this Review, we highlight the basic dynamic mechanisms underlying the synergy between immunotherapy and epigenetic therapies and detail current efforts to translate this knowledge into clinical benefit for patients.
Collapse
|
12
|
Duy C, Teater M, Garrett-Bakelman FE, Lee TC, Meydan C, Glass JL, Li M, Hellmuth JC, Mohammad HP, Smitheman KN, Shih AH, Abdel-Wahab O, Tallman MS, Guzman ML, Muench D, Grimes HL, Roboz GJ, Kruger RG, Creasy CL, Paietta EM, Levine RL, Carroll M, Melnick AM. Rational Targeting of Cooperating Layers of the Epigenome Yields Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy against AML. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:872-889. [PMID: 31076479 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of epigenetic regulation is a hallmark of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but epigenetic therapy is complicated by the complexity of the epigenome. Herein, we developed a long-term primary AML ex vivo platform to determine whether targeting different epigenetic layers with 5-azacytidine and LSD1 inhibitors would yield improved efficacy. This combination was most effective in TET2 mut AML, where it extinguished leukemia stem cells and particularly induced genes with both LSD1-bound enhancers and cytosine-methylated promoters. Functional studies indicated that derepression of genes such as GATA2 contributes to drug efficacy. Mechanistically, combination therapy increased enhancer-promoter looping and chromatin-activating marks at the GATA2 locus. CRISPRi of the LSD1-bound enhancer in patient-derived TET2 mut AML was associated with dampening of therapeutic GATA2 induction. TET2 knockdown in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells induced loss of enhancer 5-hydroxymethylation and facilitated LSD1-mediated enhancer inactivation. Our data provide a basis for rational targeting of cooperating aberrant promoter and enhancer epigenetic marks driven by mutant epigenetic modifiers. SIGNIFICANCE: Somatic mutations of genes encoding epigenetic modifiers are a hallmark of AML and potentially disrupt many components of the epigenome. Our study targets two different epigenetic layers at promoters and enhancers that cooperate to aberrant gene silencing, downstream of the actions of a mutant epigenetic regulator.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 813.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cihangir Duy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.
| | - Matt Teater
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Francine E Garrett-Bakelman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York.,Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Tak C Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Cem Meydan
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Jacob L Glass
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Johannes C Hellmuth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Alan H Shih
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Monica L Guzman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David Muench
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - H Leighton Grimes
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Gail J Roboz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Ross L Levine
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Martin Carroll
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Ari M Melnick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. .,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Giri AK, Aittokallio T. DNMT Inhibitors Increase Methylation in the Cancer Genome. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:385. [PMID: 31068808 PMCID: PMC6491738 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi) decitabine and azacytidine are approved therapies for myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia, and their combinations with other anticancer agents are being tested as therapeutic options for multiple solid cancers such as colon, ovarian, and lung cancer. However, the current therapeutic challenges of DNMTis include development of resistance, severe side effects and no or partial treatment responses, as observed in more than half of the patients. Therefore, there is a critical need to better understand the mechanisms of action of these drugs. In order to discover molecular targets of DNMTi therapy, we identified 638 novel CpGs with an increased methylation in response to decitabine treatment in HCT116 cell lines and validated the findings in multiple cancer types (e.g., bladder, ovarian, breast, and lymphoma) cell lines, bone marrow mononuclear cells from primary leukemia patients, as well as peripheral blood mononuclear cells and ascites from platinum resistance epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Azacytidine treatment also increased methylation of these CpGs in colon, ovarian, breast, and lymphoma cancer cell lines. Methylation at 166 identified CpGs strongly correlated (|r|≥ 0.80) with corresponding gene expression in HCT116 cell line. Differences in methylation at some of the identified CpGs and expression changes of the corresponding genes was observed in TCGA colon cancer tissue as compared to adjacent healthy tissue. Our analysis revealed that hypermethylated CpGs are involved in cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis by P53 and olfactory receptor pathways, hence influencing DNMTi responses. In conclusion, we showed hypermethylation of CpGs as a novel mechanism of action for DNMTi agents and identified 638 hypermethylated molecular targets (CpGs) common to decitabine and azacytidine therapy. These novel results suggest that hypermethylation of CpGs should be considered when predicting the DNMTi responses and side effects in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Giri
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang ZZ, Yang J, Sun XD, Ma CY, Gao QB, Ding L, Liu HM. Probing the binding mechanism of substituted pyridine derivatives as effective and selective lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitors using 3D-QSAR, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:3482-3495. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1518158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zheng Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jing Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xu-Dong Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Chao-Ya Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Qi-Bing Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Lina Ding
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chen J, Ding J, Wang Z, Zhu J, Wang X, Du J. Identification of downstream metastasis-associated target genes regulated by LSD1 in colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19609-19630. [PMID: 28121627 PMCID: PMC5386709 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to identify downstream target genes regulated by lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) in colon cancer cells and investigate the molecular mechanisms of LSD1 influencing invasion and metastasis of colon cancer. Method We obtained the expression changes of downstream target genes regulated by small-interfering RNA-LSD1 and LSD1-overexpression via gene expression profiling in two human colon cancer cell lines. An Affymetrix Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We screened out LSD1-target gene associated with proliferation, metastasis, and invasion from DEGs via Gene Ontology and Pathway Studio. Subsequently, four key genes (CABYR, FOXF2, TLE4, and CDH1) were computationally predicted as metastasis-related LSD1-target genes. ChIp-PCR was applied after RT-PCR and Western blot validations to detect the occupancy of LSD1-target gene promoter-bound LSD1. Result A total of 3633 DEGs were significantly upregulated, and 4642 DEGs were downregulated in LSD1-silenced SW620 cells. A total of 4047 DEGs and 4240 DEGs were upregulated and downregulated in LSD1-overexpressed HT-29 cells, respectively. RT-PCR and Western blot validated the microarray analysis results. ChIP assay results demonstrated that LSD1 might be negative regulators for target genes CABYR and CDH1. The expression level of LSD1 is negatively correlated with mono- and dimethylation of histone H3 lysine4(H3K4) at LSD1- target gene promoter region. No significant mono-methylation and dimethylation of H3 lysine9 methylation was detected at the promoter region of CABYR and CDH1. Conclusion LSD1- depletion contributed to the upregulation of CABYR and CDH1 through enhancing the dimethylation of H3K4 at the LSD1-target genes promoter. LSD1- overexpression mediated the downregulation of CABYR and CDH1expression through decreasing the mono- and dimethylation of H3K4 at LSD1-target gene promoter in colon cancer cells. CABYR and CDH1 might be potential LSD1-target genes in colon carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Mini-invasive Surgery, Guiyang Hospital of Guizhou Aviation Industry Group, Guiyang, China
| | - Xuejian Wang
- Department of Mini-invasive Surgery, Guiyang Hospital of Guizhou Aviation Industry Group, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiyi Du
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery The First People's Hospital of Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Upregulation of CD11b and CD86 through LSD1 inhibition promotes myeloid differentiation and suppresses cell proliferation in human monocytic leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85085-85101. [PMID: 29156705 PMCID: PMC5689595 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
LSD1 (Lysine Specific Demethylase1)/KDM1A (Lysine Demethylase 1A), a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent histone H3K4/K9 demethylase, sustains oncogenic potential of leukemia stem cells in primary human leukemia cells. However, the pro-differentiation and anti-proliferation effects of LSD1 inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are not yet fully understood. Here, we report that small hairpin RNA (shRNA) mediated LSD1 inhibition causes a remarkable transcriptional activation of myeloid lineage marker genes (CD11b/ITGAM and CD86), reduction of cell proliferation and decrease of clonogenic ability of human AML cells. Cell surface expression of CD11b and CD86 is significantly and dynamically increased in human AML cells upon sustained LSD1 inhibition. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) analyses of histone marks revealed that there is a specific increase of H3K4me2 modification and an accompanied increase of H3K4me3 modification at the respective CD11b and CD86 promoter region, whereas the global H3K4me2 level remains constant. Consistently, inhibition of LSD1 in vivo significantly blocks tumor growth and induces a prominent increase of CD11b and CD86. Taken together, our results demonstrate the anti-tumor properties of LSD1 inhibition on human AML cell line and mouse xenograft model. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into the LSD1 functions in controlling both differentiation and proliferation in AML.
Collapse
|
17
|
Association of Smoking, Alcohol Use, and Betel Quid Chewing with Epigenetic Aberrations in Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061210. [PMID: 28587272 PMCID: PMC5486033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous environmental factors such as diet, alcohol use, stress, and environmental chemicals are known to elicit epigenetic changes, leading to increased rates of cancers and other diseases. The incidence of head and neck cancer, one of the most common cancers in Taiwanese males, is increasing: oral cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma are ranked fourth and tenth respectively, among the top ten cancers in this group, and a major cause of cancer-related deaths in Taiwanese males. Previous studies have identified smoking, alcohol use, and betel quid chewing as the three major causes of head and neck cancers; these three social habits are commonly observed in Taiwanese males, resulting in an increasing morbidity rate of head and neck cancers in this population. In this literature review, we discuss the association between specific components of betel quid, alcohol, and tobacco, and the occurrence of head and neck cancers, lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancers, and urethral cancer. We focus on regulatory mechanisms at the epigenetic level and their oncogenic effects. The review further discusses the application of FDA-approved epigenetic drugs as therapeutic strategies against cancer.
Collapse
|
18
|
Dunn J, Rao S. Epigenetics and immunotherapy: The current state of play. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:227-239. [PMID: 28511092 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells employ a number of mechanisms to escape immunosurveillance and facilitate tumour progression. The recent explosion of interest in immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint blockade, is a result of discoveries about the fundamental ligand-receptor interactions that occur between immune and cancer cells within the tumour microenvironment. Distinct ligands expressed by cancer cells engage with cell surface receptors on immune cells, triggering inhibitory pathways (such as PD-1/PD-L1) that render immune cells immunologically tolerant. Importantly, recent studies on the role of epigenetics in immune evasion have exposed a key role for epigenetic modulators in augmenting the tumour microenvironment and restoring immune recognition and immunogenicity. Epigenetic drugs such as DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase inhibitors can reverse immune suppression via several mechanisms such as enhancing expression of tumour-associated antigens, components of the antigen processing and presenting machinery pathways, immune checkpoint inhibitors, chemokines, and other immune-related genes. These discoveries have established a highly promising basis for studies using combined epigenetic and immunotherapeutic agents as anti-cancer therapies. In this review, we discuss the exciting role of epigenetic immunomodulation in tumour immune escape, emphasising its significance in priming and sensitising the host immune system to immunotherapies through mechanisms such as the activation of the viral defence pathway. With this background in mind, we highlight the promise of combined epigenetic therapy and immunotherapy, focusing on immune checkpoint blockade, to improve outcomes for patients with many different cancer types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Dunn
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Sudha Rao
- Health Research Institute, Faculty of Education, Science, Technology and Mathematics, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Balcerczyk A, Rybaczek D, Wojtala M, Pirola L, Okabe J, El-Osta A. Pharmacological inhibition of arginine and lysine methyltransferases induces nuclear abnormalities and suppresses angiogenesis in human endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 121:18-32. [PMID: 27659811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of histone tails can alter chromatin structure and regulate gene transcription. While recent studies implicate the lysine/arginine protein methyltransferases in the regulation of genes for endothelial metabolism, the role of AMI-1 and AMI-5 compounds in angiogenesis remains unknown. Here, we show that global inhibition of arginine and lysine histone methyltransferases (HMTs) by AMI-5 induced an angiostatic profile in human microvascular endothelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Based on FACS analysis, we found that inhibition of HMTs significantly affects proliferation of endothelial cells, by suppressing cell cycle progression in the G0/G1 phase. Immunofluorescent studies of the endothelial cells replication pattern by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation disclosed that AMI-5, and the arginine methyltransferase inhibitor AMI-1, induced heterochromatin formation and a number of nuclear abnormalities, such as formation of micronuclei (MNs) and nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), which are markers of chromosomal instability. In addition to the modification of the cell cycle machinery in response to AMIs treatment, also endothelial cells migration and capillary-like tube formation processes were significantly inhibited, implicating a stimulatory role of HMTs in angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martyna Wojtala
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, University of Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Jun Okabe
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Epigenomics Profiling Facility, Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia; Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Przespolewski A, Wang ES. Inhibitors of LSD1 as a potential therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:771-80. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1175432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
21
|
Wang X, Huang B, Suzuki T, Liu X, Zhan P. Medicinal chemistry insights in the discovery of novel LSD1 inhibitors. Epigenomics 2015; 7:1379-96. [PMID: 26646727 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
LSD1 is an epigenetic modulator associated with transcriptional regulation of genes involved in a broad spectrum of key cellular processes, and its activity is often altered under pathological conditions. LSD1 inhibitors are considered to be candidates for therapy of cancer, viral diseases and neurodegeneration. Many LSD1 inhibitors with various scaffolds have been disclosed, and a few potent molecules are in different stages of clinical development. In this review, we summarize recent biological findings on the roles of LSD1 and the current understanding of the clinical significance of LSD1, and focus on the medicinal chemistry strategies used in the design and development of LSD1 inhibitors as drug-like epigenetic modulators since 2012, including a brief consideration of structure–activity relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueshun Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Boshi Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44, West Culture Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Loiseau C, Ali A, Itzykson R. New therapeutic approaches in myelodysplastic syndromes: Hypomethylating agents and lenalidomide. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:661-72. [PMID: 26123365 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes have come from the use of the hypomethylating agents decitabine and azacitidine as well as the immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide. Their clinical benefit has been demonstrated by randomized phase III clinical trials, mostly in high-risk and del(5q) myelodysplastic syndromes, respectively. Neither drug, however, appears to eradicate myelodysplastic stem cells, and thus they currently do not represent curative options. Here, we review data from both clinical and translational research on those drugs to identify their molecular and cellular mechanisms of action and to delineate paths for improved treatment allocation and further therapeutic advances in myelodysplastic syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Loiseau
- Department of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique, Hopitaux de Paris, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Ashfaq Ali
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Saint-Louis Institute, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Itzykson
- Department of Hematology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique, Hopitaux de Paris, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Saint-Louis Institute, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Vispé S, Deroide A, Davoine E, Desjobert C, Lestienne F, Fournier L, Novosad N, Bréand S, Besse J, Busato F, Tost J, De Vries L, Cussac D, Riond J, Arimondo PB. Consequences of combining siRNA-mediated DNA methyltransferase 1 depletion with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in human leukemic KG1 cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:15265-82. [PMID: 25948775 PMCID: PMC4558150 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine are clinically used to treat patients with blood neoplasia. Their antileukemic property is mediated by the trapping and the subsequent degradation of a family of proteins, the DNA methyltransferases (DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B) leading to DNA demethylation, tumor suppressor gene re-expression and DNA damage. Here we studied the respective role of each DNMT in the human leukemia KG1 cell line using a RNA interference approach. In addition we addressed the role of DNA damage formation in DNA demethylation by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Our data show that DNMT1 is the main DNMT involved in DNA methylation maintenance in KG1 cells and in mediating DNA damage formation upon exposure to 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. Moreover, KG1 cells express the DNMT1 protein at a level above the one required to ensure DNA methylation maintenance, and we identified a threshold for DNMT1 depletion that needs to be exceeded to achieve DNA demethylation. Most interestingly, by combining DNMT1 siRNA and treatment with low dose of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, it is possible to uncouple DNA damage formation from DNA demethylation. This work strongly suggests that a direct pharmacological inhibition of DNMT1, unlike the use of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, should lead to tumor suppressor gene hypomethylation and re-expression without inducing major DNA damage in leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Vispé
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Arthur Deroide
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Emeline Davoine
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Cécile Desjobert
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrice Lestienne
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres, France
| | - Lucie Fournier
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Natacha Novosad
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Bréand
- Informatique de Recherche (Bioinformatics and Statistics), Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres, France
| | - Jérôme Besse
- Informatique de Recherche (Bioinformatics and Statistics), Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres, France
| | - Florence Busato
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
| | - Luc De Vries
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres, France
| | - Didier Cussac
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Centre de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Castres, France
| | - Joëlle Riond
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| | - Paola B. Arimondo
- Unité de Service et de Recherche n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, ETaC Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer, CRDPF, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Molecular mechanism for USP7-mediated DNMT1 stabilization by acetylation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7023. [PMID: 25960197 PMCID: PMC4432644 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNMT1 is an important epigenetic regulator that plays a key role in the maintenance of DNA methylation. Here we determined the crystal structure of DNMT1 in complex with USP7 at 2.9 Å resolution. The interaction between the two proteins is primarily mediated by an acidic pocket in USP7 and Lysine residues within DNMT1's KG linker. This intermolecular interaction is required for USP7-mediated stabilization of DNMT1. Acetylation of the KG linker Lysine residues impair DNMT1–USP7 interaction and promote the degradation of DNMT1. Treatment with HDAC inhibitors results in an increase in acetylated DNMT1 and decreased total DNMT1 protein. This negative correlation is observed in differentiated neuronal cells and pancreatic cancer cells. Our studies reveal that USP7-mediated stabilization of DNMT1 is regulated by acetylation and provide a structural basis for the design of inhibitors, targeting the DNMT1–USP7 interaction surface for therapeutic applications. DNMT1 is a methyl-transferase involved in maintaining tissue-specific patterns of DNA methylation. Here the authors solve the structure of a DNMT1-USP7 complex and demonstrate the mechanism by which DNMT1 stability is regulated through acetylation by preventing association with the deubiquitinase USP7.
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip A. Cole
- Department
of Pharmacology
and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins
University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Hunterian 316, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fraineau S, Palii CG, Allan DS, Brand M. Epigenetic regulation of endothelial-cell-mediated vascular repair. FEBS J 2015; 282:1605-29. [PMID: 25546332 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of vascular integrity is essential for the prevention of vascular disease and for recovery following cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and peripheral vascular events including limb ischemia, heart attack and stroke. Endothelial stem/progenitor cells have recently gained considerable interest due to their potential use in stem cell therapies to mediate revascularization after ischemic injury. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand fundamental mechanisms regulating vascular repair in specific cell types to develop new beneficial therapeutic interventions. In this review, we highlight recent studies demonstrating that epigenetic mechanisms (including post-translational modifications of DNA and histones as well as non-coding RNA-mediated processes) play essential roles in the regulation of endothelial stem/progenitor cell functions through modifying chromatin structure. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of using small molecules that modulate the activities of epigenetic enzymes to enhance the vascular repair function of endothelial cells and offer insight on potential strategies that may accelerate clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Fraineau
- Sprott Center for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dhanak D, Jackson P. Development and classes of epigenetic drugs for cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 455:58-69. [PMID: 25016182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports an important, etiologic role for epigenetic modifications in cancer. Various post translational modifications of histone proteins together with DNA methylation constitute an 'epigenetic code' regulating the transcriptional status of the cell and aberrant writing and/or interpretation of the code can contribute to a dysregulated, hyperproliferative state. In some cases, epigenetic deregulation has also been reported to result in tumor initiation. The discovery of somatic mutations in some chromatin binding proteins associated with subtypes of lymphomas and the ability to regulate expression of proto oncogenes such as Myc has spurred the development of specific small molecule modulators of histone binding proteins. Several of these compounds have entered clinical development for the treatment of heme malignancies. This review summarizes progress in the discovery and advancement of epigenetic therapeutics for cancer and provides a perspective for future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dashyant Dhanak
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Paul Jackson
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Prusevich P, Kalin JH, Ming SA, Basso M, Givens J, Li X, Hu J, Taylor MS, Cieniewicz AM, Hsiao PY, Huang R, Roberson H, Adejola N, Avery LB, Casero RA, Taverna SD, Qian J, Tackett AJ, Ratan RR, McDonald OG, Feinberg AP, Cole PA. A selective phenelzine analogue inhibitor of histone demethylase LSD1. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:1284-93. [PMID: 24707965 PMCID: PMC4076021 DOI: 10.1021/cb500018s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Lysine-specific
demethylase 1 (LSD1) is an epigenetic enzyme that
oxidatively cleaves methyl groups from monomethyl and dimethyl Lys4
of histone H3 (H3K4Me1, H3K4Me2) and can contribute to gene silencing.
This study describes the design and synthesis of analogues of a monoamine
oxidase antidepressant, phenelzine, and their LSD1 inhibitory properties.
A novel phenelzine analogue (bizine) containing a phenyl-butyrylamide
appendage was shown to be a potent LSD1 inhibitor in vitro and was selective versus monoamine oxidases A/B and the LSD1 homologue,
LSD2. Bizine was found to be effective at modulating bulk histone
methylation in cancer cells, and ChIP-seq experiments revealed a statistically
significant overlap in the H3K4 methylation pattern of genes affected
by bizine and those altered in LSD1–/– cells. Treatment
of two cancer cell lines, LNCaP and H460, with bizine conferred a
reduction in proliferation rate, and bizine showed additive to synergistic
effects on cell growth when used in combination with two out of five
HDAC inhibitors tested. Moreover, neurons exposed to oxidative stress
were protected by the presence of bizine, suggesting potential applications
in neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manuela Basso
- Burke
Medical Research Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Jeffrey Givens
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan J. Tackett
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - Rajiv R. Ratan
- Burke
Medical Research Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Oliver G. McDonald
- Department
of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chai XK, Ju HY, Bai WY. Relationship between methylation of tumor suppressor genes and colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1087-1092. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i8.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is ranked third both in incidence and mortality rate among malignant tumor diseases worldwide, posing a serious threat to human health. The improvement of people's living standards and changes in dietary habits and structure have led to a rapid increase in the incidence and mortality rate of colorectal cancer. The methylation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) participates in the genesis and progression of colorectal cancer and has become a hotspot in colorectal cancer research in recent years. Elucidation of the clinical significance of methylation of TSG can be helpful in the early screening and diagnosis, recurrence and metastasis monitoring, effective treatment, and evaluation of prognosis of this malignancy. This article reviews the recent progress in understanding the relationship between TSG methylation and colorectal cancer.
Collapse
|