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Coston TD, Wright SW, Phunpang R, Dulsuk A, Thiansukhon E, Chaisuksant S, Tanwisaid K, Chuananont S, Morakot C, Sangsa N, Chayangsu S, Silakun W, Buasi N, Chetchotisakd P, Day NPJ, Lertmemongkolchai G, Chantratita N, West TE. Statin Use and Reduced Risk of Pneumonia in Patients with Melioidosis: A Lung-Specific Statin Association. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2024; 21:228-234. [PMID: 37862263 PMCID: PMC10848899 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202306-552oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (statin) use is associated with a lower risk of incident pneumonia and, less robustly, with nonpulmonary infections. Whether statin use is associated with a lower risk of pneumonia than other clinical presentations of infection with the same pathogen is unknown. Objectives: To assess whether preadmission statin use is associated with a lower risk of pneumonia than nonpneumonia presentations among patients hospitalized with Burkholderia pseudomallei infection (melioidosis). Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter cohort study of patients hospitalized with culture-confirmed B. pseudomallei infection (melioidosis). We used Poisson regression with robust standard errors to test for an association between statin use and pneumonia. We then performed several sensitivity analyses that addressed healthy user effect and indication bias. Results: Of 1,372 patients with melioidosis enrolled in the parent cohort, 1,121 were analyzed. Nine hundred eighty (87%) of 1,121 were statin nonusers, and 141 (13%) of 1,121 were statin users. Forty-six (33%) of 141 statin users presented with pneumonia compared with 432 (44%) of 980 statin nonusers. Statin use was associated with a lower risk of pneumonia in unadjusted analysis (relative risk, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.58-0.95; P = 0.02) and, after adjustment for demographic variables, comorbidities, environmental exposures, and symptom duration (relative risk, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.57-0.94; P = 0.02). The results of sensitivity analyses, including active comparator analysis and inverse probability of treatment weighting, were consistent with the primary analysis. Conclusions: In hospitalized patients with melioidosis, preadmission statin use was associated with a lower risk of pneumonia than other clinical presentations of melioidosis, suggesting a lung-specific protective effect of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D. Coston
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Shelton W. Wright
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, and
| | - Rungnapa Phunpang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Adul Dulsuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Seksan Chaisuksant
- Department of Medicine, Khon Kaen Regional Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | | | - Chumpol Morakot
- Department of Medicine, Mukdahan Hospital, Mukdahan, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Noppol Buasi
- Department of Medicine, Sisaket Hospital, Sisaket, Thailand
| | | | - Nicholas P. J. Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ganjana Lertmemongkolchai
- Center for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - T. Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Błaszczyk M, Kozioł A, Palko-Łabuz A, Środa-Pomianek K, Wesołowska O. Modulators of cellular cholesterol homeostasis as antiproliferative and model membranes perturbing agents. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2023; 1865:184163. [PMID: 37172710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2023.184163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important component of mammalian cell membranes affecting their fluidity and permeability. Together with sphingomyelin, cholesterol forms microdomains, called lipid rafts. They play important role in signal transduction forming platforms for interaction of signal proteins. Altered levels of cholesterol are known to be strongly associated with the development of various pathologies (e.g., cancer, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases). In the present work, the group of compounds that share the property of affecting cellular homeostasis of cholesterol was studied. It contained antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs, as well as the inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, simvastatin, betulin, and its derivatives. All compounds were demonstrated to be cytotoxic to colon cancer cells but not to non-cancerous cells. Moreover, the most active compounds decreased the level of free cellular cholesterol. The interaction of drugs with raft-mimicking model membranes was visualized. All compounds reduced the size of lipid domains, however, only some affected their number and shape. Membrane interactions of betulin and its novel derivatives were characterized in detail. Molecular modeling indicated that high dipole moment and significant lipophilicity were characteristic for the most potent antiproliferative agents. The importance of membrane interactions of cholesterol homeostasis-affecting compounds, especially betulin derivatives, for their anticancer potency was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Błaszczyk
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 3a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Agata Kozioł
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Sklodowskiej-Curie 48/50, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Palko-Łabuz
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 3a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Kamila Środa-Pomianek
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 3a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Olga Wesołowska
- Department of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Chalubinskiego 3a, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Simvastatin Inhibits Brucella abortus Invasion into RAW 264.7 Cells through Suppression of the Mevalonate Pathway and Promotes Host Immunity during Infection in a Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158337. [PMID: 35955474 PMCID: PMC9368445 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simvastatin is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and has been found to have protective effects against several bacterial infections. In this study, we investigate the effects of simvastatin treatment on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and ICR mice against Brucella (B.) abortus infections. The invasion assay revealed that simvastatin inhibited the Brucella invasion into macrophage cells by blocking the mevalonic pathway. The treatment of simvastatin enhanced the trafficking of Toll-like receptor 4 in membrane lipid raft microdomains, accompanied by the increased phosphorylation of its downstream signaling pathways, including JAK2 and MAPKs, upon =Brucella infection. Notably, the suppressive effect of simvastatin treatment on Brucella invasion was not dependent on the reduction of cholesterol synthesis but probably on the decline of farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthesis. In addition to a direct brucellacidal ability, simvastatin administration showed increased cytokine TNF-α and differentiation of CD8+ T cells, accompanied by reduced bacterial survival in spleens of ICR mice. These data suggested the involvement of the mevalonate pathway in the phagocytosis of B. abortus into RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and the regulation of simvastatin on the host immune system against Brucella infections. Therefore, simvastatin is a potential candidate for studying alternative therapy against animal brucellosis.
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Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors used worldwide to manage dyslipidaemia and thus limit the development of atherosclerotic disease and its complications. These atheroprotective drugs are now known to exert pleiotropic actions outside of their cholesterol-lowering activity, including altering immune cell function. Macrophages are phagocytic leukocytes that play critical functional roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and are directly targeted by statins. Early studies documented the anti-inflammatory effects of statins on macrophages, but emerging evidence suggests that these drugs can also enhance pro-inflammatory macrophage responses, creating an unresolved paradox. This review comprehensively examines the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical literature to document the statin-induced changes in macrophage polarization and immunomodulatory functions, explore the underlying mechanisms involved, and offer potential explanations for this paradox. A better understanding of the immunomodulatory actions of statins on macrophages should pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to manage atherosclerosis and other chronic diseases and conditions characterised by unresolved inflammation.
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Wang Y, You S, Su S, Yeon A, Lo EM, Kim S, Mohler JL, Freeman MR, Kim HL. Cholesterol-Lowering Intervention Decreases mTOR Complex 2 Signaling and Enhances Antitumor Immunity. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:414-424. [PMID: 34728526 PMCID: PMC8776603 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a need for strategies to prevent prostate cancer. Cholesterol-lowering interventions are employed widely and safely to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease and has been proposed for chemoprevention. Using preclinical models and a window-of-opportunity clinical trial, we describe an adaptive antitumor immunity resulting from cholesterol lowering. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Statins do not reliably lower serum cholesterol in mice. Therefore, oral ezetimibe was administered to mice to lower serum cholesterol to clinically relevant levels and evaluated the final adaptive immune response. T-lymphocytes-specific mTORC2 knockout mice were used to evaluate mTOR signaling and antitumor immunity. Pretreatment and posttreatment prostate tumors and lymphocytes were examined from a window-of-opportunity clinical trial where men with prostate cancer were treated with 2 to 6 weeks of aggressive cholesterol-lowering intervention prior to radical prostatectomy. RESULTS Mice treated with oral ezetimibe exhibited enhanced antitumor immunity against syngeneic cancers in a CD8+ lymphocyte-dependent manner, produced immunity that was transferrable through lymphocytes, and had enhanced central CD8+ T-cell memory. In mice and in patients undergoing prostatectomy, lowering serum cholesterol inhibited mTORC2 signaling in lymphocytes and increased infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes into prostate tumors. T-lymphocyte-specific mTORC2 knockout mice demonstrated enhanced CD8+ lymphocyte function and antitumor capacity. In patients, cholesterol-lowering intervention prior to prostatectomy decreased the proliferation of normal prostate and low-grade adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Lowering serum cholesterol decreased signaling through mTORC2 and enhanced antitumor CD8+ T-cell memory. We provide a rationale for large-scale clinical testing of cholesterol lowering strategies for prostate cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shengchen Su
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Austin Yeon
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric M Lo
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hyung L Kim
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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Chatterjee R, Chowdhury AR, Mukherjee D, Chakravortty D. Lipid larceny: channelizing host lipids for establishing successful pathogenesis by bacteria. Virulence 2021; 12:195-216. [PMID: 33356849 PMCID: PMC7808437 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1869441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are complex organic compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. These play a diverse and intricate role in cellular processes like membrane trafficking, protein sorting, signal transduction, and bacterial infections. Both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus sp., Listeria monocytogenes, etc.) and Gram-negative bacteria (Chlamydia sp., Salmonella sp., E. coli, etc.) can hijack the various host-lipids and utilize them structurally as well as functionally to mount a successful infection. The pathogens can deploy with various arsenals to exploit host membrane lipids and lipid-associated receptors as an attachment for toxins' landing or facilitate their entry into the host cellular niche. Bacterial species like Mycobacterium sp. can also modulate the host lipid metabolism to fetch its carbon source from the host. The sequential conversion of host membrane lipids into arachidonic acid and prostaglandin E2 due to increased activity of cPLA-2 and COX-2 upon bacterial infection creates immunosuppressive conditions and facilitates the intracellular growth and proliferation of bacteria. However, lipids' more debatable role is that they can also be a blessing in disguise. Certain host-lipids, especially sphingolipids, have been shown to play a crucial antibacterial role and help the host in combating the infections. This review shed light on the detailed role of host lipids in bacterial infections and the current understanding of the lipid in therapeutics. We have also discussed potential prospects and the need of the hour to help us cope in this race against deadly pathogens and their rapidly evolving stealthy virulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Chatterjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Atish Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Debapriya Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Ngo MD, Bartlett S, Ronacher K. Diabetes-Associated Susceptibility to Tuberculosis: Contribution of Hyperglycemia vs. Dyslipidemia. Microorganisms 2021; 9:2282. [PMID: 34835407 PMCID: PMC8620310 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a major risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). Diabetes increases the risk of the progression from latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) to active pulmonary TB and TB patients with diabetes are at greater risk of more severe disease and adverse TB treatment outcomes compared to TB patients without co-morbidities. Diabetes is a complex disease, characterised not only by hyperglycemia but also by various forms of dyslipidemia. However, the relative contribution of these underlying metabolic factors to increased susceptibility to TB are poorly understood. This review summarises our current knowledge on the epidemiology and clinical manifestation of TB and diabetes comorbidity. We subsequently dissect the relative contributions of body mass index, hyperglycemia, elevated cholesterol and triglycerides on TB disease severity and treatment outcomes. Lastly, we discuss the impact of selected glucose and cholesterol-lowering treatments frequently used in the management of diabetes on TB treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Dao Ngo
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (M.D.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Stacey Bartlett
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (M.D.N.); (S.B.)
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (M.D.N.); (S.B.)
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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8
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Alice AF, Kramer G, Bambina S, Bahjat KS, Gough MJ, Crittenden MR. Listeria monocytogenes-infected human monocytic derived dendritic cells activate Vγ9Vδ2 T cells independently of HMBPP production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16347. [PMID: 34381163 PMCID: PMC8358051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95908-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that are preconfigured to recognize signs of pathogen infection. In primates, γδ T cells expressing the Vγ9Vδ2 TCR innately recognize (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but- 2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), a product of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4- phosphate (MEP) pathway in bacteria that is presented in infected cells via interaction with members of the B7 family of costimulatory molecules butyrophilin (BTN) 3A1 and BTN2A1. In humans, Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) vaccine platforms have the potential to generate potent Vγ9Vδ2 T cell recognition. To evaluate the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by Lm-infected human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC) we engineered Lm strains that lack components of the MEP pathway. Direct infection of Mo-DC with these bacteria were unchanged in their ability to activate CD107a expression in Vγ9Vδ2 T cells despite an inability to synthesize HMBPP. Importantly, functional BTN3A1 was essential for this activation. Unexpectedly, we found that cytoplasmic entry of Lm into human dendritic cells resulted in upregulation of cholesterol metabolism in these cells, and the effect of pathway regulatory drugs suggest this occurs via increased synthesis of the alternative endogenous Vγ9Vδ2 ligand isoprenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and/or its isomer dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). Thus, following direct infection, host pathways regulated by cytoplasmic entry of Lm can trigger Vγ9Vδ2 T cell recognition of infected cells without production of the unique bacterial ligand HMBPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro F Alice
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Gwen Kramer
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Shelly Bambina
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Keith S Bahjat
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.,Astellas Pharma US, 100 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Michael J Gough
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St, Portland, OR, 97213, USA. .,The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, 97213, USA.
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Orlowski S, Mourad JJ, Gallo A, Bruckert E. Coronaviruses, cholesterol and statins: Involvement and application for Covid-19. Biochimie 2021; 189:51-64. [PMID: 34153377 PMCID: PMC8213520 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The infectious power of coronaviruses is dependent on cholesterol present in the membranes of their target cells. Indeed, the virus enters the infected cell either by fusion or by endocytosis, in both cases involving cholesterol-enriched membrane microdomains. These membrane domains can be disorganized in-vitro by various cholesterol-altering agents, including statins that inhibit cell cholesterol biosynthesis. As a consequence, numerous cell physiology processes, such as signaling cascades, can be compromised. Also, some examples of anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects of statins have been observed for infectious agents known to be cholesterol dependent. In-vivo, besides their widely-reported hypocholesterolemic effect, statins display various pleiotropic effects mediated, at least partially, by perturbation of membrane microdomains as a consequence of the alteration of endogenous cholesterol synthesis. It should thus be worth considering a high, but clinically well-tolerated, dose of statin to treat Covid-19 patients, in the early phase of infection, to inhibit virus entry into the target cells, in order to control the viral charge and hence avoid severe clinical complications. Based on its efficacy and favorable biodisposition, an option would be considering Atorvastatin, but randomized controlled clinical trials are required to test this hypothesis. This new therapeutic proposal takes benefit from being a drug repurposing, applied to a widely-used drug presenting a high efficiency-to-toxicity ratio. Additionally, this therapeutic strategy avoids any risk of drug resistance by viral mutation since it is host-targeted. Noteworthy, the same pharmacological approach could also be proposed to address different animal coronavirus endemic infections that are responsible for heavy economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Orlowski
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CNRS UMR 9198, and CEA / DRF / Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric-Joliot / SB2SM, and Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Jacques Mourad
- Department of Internal Medicine and ESH Excellence Centre, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Saint-Joseph, Paris, France.
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Department of Endocrinology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Eric Bruckert
- Department of Endocrinology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), La Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
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Synergistic effects of magnesium ions and simvastatin on attenuation of high-fat diet-induced bone loss. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2511-2522. [PMID: 33665494 PMCID: PMC7889436 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Magnesium (Mg) has a prophylactic potential against the onset of hyperlipidemia. Similar to statin, Mg is recommended as lipid-lowering medication for hypercholesterolemia and concomitantly exhibits an association with increased bone mass. The combination of statin with Mg ions (Mg2+) may be able to alleviate the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced bone loss and reduce the side-effects of statin. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of combined Mg2+ with simvastatin (SIM) for treating HFD-induced bone loss in mice and the involving mechanisms. Materials and methods C57BL/6 male mice were fed with a HFD or a normal-fat diet (NFD). Mice were intraperitoneally injected SIM and/or orally received water with additional Mg2+ until sacrificed. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure cytokines and cholesterol in serum and liver lysates. Bone mineral density (BMD) and microarchitecture were assessed by micro-computed tomography (μCT) in different groups. The adipogenesis in palmitate pre-treated HepG2 cells was performed under various treatments. Results μCT analysis showed that the trabecular bone mass was significantly lower in the HFD-fed group than that in NFD-fed group since week 8. The cortical thickness in HFD-fed group had a significant decrease at week 24, as compared with NFD-fed group. The combination of Mg2+ and SIM significantly attenuated the trabecular bone loss in HFD-fed mice via arresting the osteoclast formation and bone resorption. Besides, such combination also reduced the hepatocytic synthesis of cholesterol and inhibited matrix metallopeptidase 13 (Mmp13) mRNA expression in pre-osteoclasts. Conclusions The combination of Mg2+ and SIM shows a synergistic effect on attenuating the HFD-induced bone loss. Our current formulation may be a cost-effective alternative treatment to be indicated for obesity-related bone loss. High-fat diet-fed mouse has a susceptibility to lower trabecular bone mass as compared with that of normal-fat diet-fed mouse. The combination of Mg2+ and simvastatin attenuates the trabecular bone loss in high-fat diet-fed mice. The combination of Mg2+ and simvastatin reduces the hepatocytic synthesis of cholesterol.
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11
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Mohan M, Bhattacharya D. Host-directed Therapy: A New Arsenal to Come. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 24:59-70. [PMID: 32723230 DOI: 10.2174/1386207323999200728115857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant strains among the variety of pathogens worsens the situation in today's scenario. In such a situation, a very heavy demand for developing the new antibiotics has arisen, but unfortunately, very limited success has been achieved in this arena till now. Infectious diseases usually make their impression in the form of severe pathology. Intracellular pathogens use the host's cell machinery for their survival. They alter the gene expression of several host's pathways and endorse to shut down the cell's innate defense pathway like apoptosis and autophagy. Intracellular pathogens are co-evolved with hosts and have a striking ability to manipulate the host's factors. They also mimic the host molecules and secrete them to prevent the host's proper immune response against them for their survival. Intracellular pathogens in chronic diseases create excessive inflammation. This excessive inflammation manifests in pathology. Host directed therapy could be alternative medicine in this situation; it targets the host factors, and abrogates the replication and persistence of pathogens inside the cell. It also provokes the anti-microbial immune response against the pathogen and reduces the exacerbation by enhancing the healing process to the site of pathology. HDT targets the host's factor involved in a certain pathway that ultimately targets the pathogen life cycle and helps in eradication of the pathogen. In such a scenario, HDT could also play a significant role in the treatment of drugsensitive as well with drug resistance strains because it targets the host's factors, which favors the pathogen survival inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mradul Mohan
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Debapriya Bhattacharya
- Center for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SOA Deemed University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Parihar SP, Guler R, Brombacher F. Statins: a viable candidate for host-directed therapy against infectious diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:104-117. [PMID: 30487528 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Statins were first identified over 40 years ago as lipid-lowering drugs and have been remarkably effective in treating cardiovascular diseases. As research advanced, the protective effects of statins were additionally attributed to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-thrombotic and immunomodulatory functions rather than lipid-lowering abilities alone. By promoting host defence mechanisms and inhibiting pathological inflammation, statins increase survival in human infectious diseases. At the cellular level, statins inhibit the intermediates of the host mevalonate pathway, thus compromising the immune evasion strategies of pathogens and their survival. Here, we discuss the potential use of statins as an inexpensive and practical alternative or adjunctive host-directed therapy for infectious diseases caused by intracellular pathogens, such as viruses, protozoa, fungi and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj P Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town-Component, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC), Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. .,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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13
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Guler R, Mpotje T, Ozturk M, Nono JK, Parihar SP, Chia JE, Abdel Aziz N, Hlaka L, Kumar S, Roy S, Penn-Nicholson A, Hanekom WA, Zak DE, Scriba TJ, Suzuki H, Brombacher F. Batf2 differentially regulates tissue immunopathology in Type 1 and Type 2 diseases. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:390-402. [PMID: 30542107 PMCID: PMC7051910 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper transcription factor 2 (Batf2) activation is detrimental in Type 1-controlled infectious diseases, demonstrated during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Listeria monocytogenes Lm. In Batf2-deficient mice (Batf2-/-), infected with Mtb or Lm, mice survived and displayed reduced tissue pathology compared to infected control mice. Indeed, pulmonary inflammatory macrophage recruitment, pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune effectors were also decreased during tuberculosis. This explains that batf2 mRNA predictive early biomarker found in active TB patients is increased in peripheral blood. Similarly, Lm infection in human macrophages and mouse spleen and liver also increased Batf2 expression. In striking contrast, Type 2-controlled schistosomiasis exacerbates during infected Batf2-/- mice with increased intestinal fibro-granulomatous inflammation, pro-fibrotic immune cells, and elevated cytokine production leading to wasting disease and early death. Together, these data strongly indicate that Batf2 differentially regulates Type 1 and Type 2 immunity in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDepartment of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aWellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Thabo Mpotje
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDepartment of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDepartment of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Justin K. Nono
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDepartment of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 0595 6917grid.500526.4The Medical Research Centre, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Suraj P. Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDepartment of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aWellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDivision of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Julius Ebua Chia
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDepartment of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Nada Abdel Aziz
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDepartment of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 0639 9286grid.7776.1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lerato Hlaka
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDepartment of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Santosh Kumar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDepartment of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Sugata Roy
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Adam Penn-Nicholson
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aSouth African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Willem A. Hanekom
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aSouth African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Daniel E. Zak
- 0000 0004 0463 2611grid.53964.3dThe Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA 98109 USA
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aSouth African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDepartment of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aWellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925 South Africa
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14
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Kamińska M, Aliko A, Hellvard A, Bielecka E, Binder V, Marczyk A, Potempa J, Delaleu N, Kantyka T, Mydel P. Effects of statins on multispecies oral biofilm identify simvastatin as a drug candidate targeting Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2018; 90:637-646. [PMID: 30506795 DOI: 10.1002/jper.18-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins effectively reduce risk of cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality in patients with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, or type 2 diabetes. In addition to lowering cholesterol levels, several studies have attributed statins with immunomodulatory and bactericidal properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate statins' antimicrobial activity against periodontal homeostasis bacteria. METHODS Statin effect on bacterial growth was tested using planktonic monocultures and multibacterial biofilms. The latter consisted of five microbial species (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Actinomyces naeslundii, Tannerella forsythia, and Streptococcus gordonii) associated with dysbiosis of the oral microbiota underlying establishment and perpetuation of periodontitis. RESULTS All four tested statins efficiently inhibited P. gingivalis growth and significantly decreased the cumulative bacterial load in developing and established biofilms. Simvastatin was most efficient and decreased P. gingivalis counts more than 1,300-fold relative to the control. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that similar effects on bacterial composition of the dental plaque may occur in vivo in patients on statins, thus, leading to a shift of the oral microbiome from a dysbiotic to a more homeostatic one. Simvastatin, being highly effective against P. gingivalis while not affecting commensal microbiota, possesses many properties qualifying it as a potential adjunctive treatment for chronic periodontitis. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether similar effects on bacterial composition of the dental plaque may occur in vivo in patients on statins, thus, leading to a shift of the oral microflora from dysbiotic to a more homeostatic one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kamińska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ardita Aliko
- Department of Clinical Science, Broegelmann Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Annelie Hellvard
- Małopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Bielecka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Veronika Binder
- Department of Clinical Science, Broegelmann Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Agata Marczyk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Nicolas Delaleu
- Institute of Oncology Research, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,2C SysBioMed, Contra, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Kantyka
- Małopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Mydel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Clinical Science, Broegelmann Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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15
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Lüthje P, Walker S, Kamolvit W, Mohanty S, Pütsep K, Brauner A. Statins influence epithelial expression of the anti-microbial peptide LL-37/hCAP-18 independently of the mevalonate pathway. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 195:265-276. [PMID: 30216432 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-microbial resistance increases among bacterial pathogens and new therapeutic avenues needs to be explored. Boosting innate immune mechanisms could be one attractive alternative in the defence against infectious diseases. The cholesterol-lowering drugs, statins, have been demonstrated to also affect the immune system. Here we investigate the effect of statins on the expression of the human cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide (CAMP) LL-37/hCAP-18 [encoded by the CAMP gene] and explore the underlying mechanisms in four epithelial cell lines of different origin. Simvastatin induced CAMP expression in bladder epithelial cells telomerase-immortalized uroepithelial cells (TERT-NHUCs), intestinal cells HT-29 and keratinocytes HEKa, but not in airway epithelial cells A549. Gene induction in HEKa cells was reversible by mevalonate, while this effect was independent of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in TERT-NHUCs. Instead, inhibition of histone deacetylases by simvastatin seems to be involved. For HT-29 cells, both mechanisms may contribute. In addition, simvastatin increased transcription of the vitamin D-activating enzyme CYP27B1 which, in turn, may activate LL-37/hCAP-18 production. Taken together, simvastatin is able to promote the expression of LL-37/hCAP-18, but cell line-specific differences in efficacy and the involved signalling pathways exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lüthje
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Walker
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - W Kamolvit
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Pütsep
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Brauner
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Teng O, Ang CKE, Guan XL. Macrophage-Bacteria Interactions-A Lipid-Centric Relationship. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1836. [PMID: 29326713 PMCID: PMC5742358 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are professional phagocytes at the front line of immune defenses against foreign bodies and microbial pathogens. Various bacteria, which are responsible for deadly diseases including tuberculosis and salmonellosis, are capable of hijacking this important immune cell type and thrive intracellularly, either in the cytoplasm or in specialized vacuoles. Tight regulation of cellular metabolism is critical in shaping the macrophage polarization states and immune functions. Lipids, besides being the bulk component of biological membranes, serve as energy sources as well as signaling molecules during infection and inflammation. With the advent of systems-scale analyses of genes, transcripts, proteins, and metabolites, in combination with classical biology, it is increasingly evident that macrophages undergo extensive lipid remodeling during activation and infection. Each bacterium species has evolved its own tactics to manipulate host metabolism toward its own advantage. Furthermore, modulation of host lipid metabolism affects disease susceptibility and outcome of infections, highlighting the critical roles of lipids in infectious diseases. Here, we will review the emerging roles of lipids in the complex host-pathogen relationship and discuss recent methodologies employed to probe these versatile metabolites during the infection process. An improved understanding of the lipid-centric nature of infections can lead to the identification of the Achilles' heel of the pathogens and host-directed targets for therapeutic interventions. Currently, lipid-moderating drugs are clinically available for a range of non-communicable diseases, which we anticipate can potentially be tapped into for various infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ooiean Teng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Candice Ke En Ang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xue Li Guan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Bagam P, Singh DP, Inda ME, Batra S. Unraveling the role of membrane microdomains during microbial infections. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 33:429-455. [PMID: 28275881 PMCID: PMC7088210 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases pose major socioeconomic and health-related threats to millions of people across the globe. Strategies to combat infectious diseases derive from our understanding of the complex interactions between the host and specific bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens. Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains that play important role in life cycle of microbes. Interaction of microbial pathogens with host membrane rafts influences not only their initial colonization but also their spread and the induction of inflammation. Therefore, intervention strategies aimed at modulating the assembly of membrane rafts and/or regulating raft-directed signaling pathways are attractive approaches for the. management of infectious diseases. The current review discusses the latest advances in terms of techniques used to study the role of membrane microdomains in various pathological conditions and provides updated information regarding the role of membrane rafts during bacterial, viral and fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathyusha Bagam
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-Toxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Dhirendra P Singh
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-Toxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Inda
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Suipacha, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Sanjay Batra
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Immuno-Toxicology, Department of Environmental Toxicology, Health Research Center, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA.
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18
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Munguia J, Nizet V. Pharmacological Targeting of the Host-Pathogen Interaction: Alternatives to Classical Antibiotics to Combat Drug-Resistant Superbugs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:473-488. [PMID: 28283200 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the dearth of new antibiotic development place an existential strain on successful infectious disease therapy. Breakthrough strategies that go beyond classical antibiotic mechanisms are needed to combat this looming public health catastrophe. Reconceptualizing antibiotic therapy in the richer context of the host-pathogen interaction is required for innovative solutions. By defining specific virulence factors, the essence of a pathogen, and pharmacologically neutralizing their activities, one can block disease progression and sensitize microbes to immune clearance. Likewise, host-directed strategies to boost phagocyte bactericidal activity, enhance leukocyte recruitment, or reverse pathogen-induced immunosuppression seek to replicate the success of cancer immunotherapy in the field of infectious diseases. The answer to the threat of multidrug-resistant pathogens lies 'outside the box' of current antibiotic paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Munguia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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19
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Liao WC, Huang MZ, Wang ML, Lin CJ, Lu TL, Lo HR, Pan YJ, Sun YC, Kao MC, Lim HJ, Lai CH. Statin Decreases Helicobacter pylori Burden in Macrophages by Promoting Autophagy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 6:203. [PMID: 28144585 PMCID: PMC5239775 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, have been found to provide protective effects against several bacterial infectious diseases. Although the use of statins has been shown to enhance antimicrobial treated Helicobacter pylori eradication and reduce H. pylori-mediated inflammation, the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. In this study, in vitro and ex vivo macrophage models were established to investigate the molecular pathways involved in statin-mediated inhibition of H. pylori-induced inflammation. Our study showed that statin treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in intracellular H. pylori burden in both RAW264.7 macrophage cells and murine peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs). Furthermore, statin yielded enhanced early endosome maturation and subsequent activation of the autophagy pathway, which promotes lysosomal fusion resulting in degradation of sequestered bacteria, and in turn attenuates interleukin (IL)-1β production. These results indicate that statin not only reduces cellular cholesterol but also decreases the H. pylori burden in macrophages by promoting autophagy, consequently alleviating H. pylori-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Liao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China Medical University HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Zi Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Michelle Lily Wang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | - Tzu-Li Lu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Ren Lo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Fooyin University Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jiun Pan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chuan Kao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Jing Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ho Lai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Asia UniversityTaichung, Taiwan; Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Children's Hospital and Chang Gung Memorial HospitalTaoyuan, Taiwan
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20
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Gabor KA, Fessler MB. Roles of the Mevalonate Pathway and Cholesterol Trafficking in Pulmonary Host Defense. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2017; 10:27-45. [PMID: 26758950 PMCID: PMC6026538 DOI: 10.2174/1874467209666160112123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mevalonic acid synthesis pathway, cholesterol, and lipoproteins play fundamental roles in lung physiology and the innate immune response. Recent literature investigating roles for cholesterol synthesis and trafficking in host defense against respiratory infection was critically reviewed. The innate immune response and the cholesterol biosynthesis/trafficking network regulate one another, with important implications for pathogen invasion and host defense in the lung. The activation of pathogen recognition receptors and downstream cellular host defense functions are critically sensitive to cellular cholesterol. Conversely, microorganisms can co-opt the sterol/lipoprotein network in order to facilitate replication and evade immunity. Emerging literature suggests the potential for harnessing these insights towards therapeutic development. Given that >50% of adults in the U.S. have serum cholesterol abnormalities and pneumonia remains a leading cause of death, the potential impact of cholesterol on pulmonary host defense is of tremendous public health significance and warrants further mechanistic and translational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, Maildrop D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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21
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Maniar K, Moideen A, Mittal A, Patil A, Chakrabarti A, Banerjee D. A story of metformin-butyrate synergism to control various pathological conditions as a consequence of gut microbiome modification: Genesis of a wonder drug? Pharmacol Res 2016; 117:103-128. [PMID: 27939359 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The most widely prescribed oral anti-diabetic agent today in the world today is a member of the biguanide class of drugs called metformin. Apart from its use in diabetes, it is currently being investigated for its potential use in many diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, obesity, comorbidities of diabetes such as retinopathy, nephropathy to name a few. Numerous in-vitro and in-vivo studies as well as clinical trials have been and are being conducted with a vast amount of literature being published every day. Numerous mechanisms for this drug have been proposed, but they have been unable to explain all the actions observed clinically. It is of interest that insulin has a stimulatory effect on cellular growth. Metformin sensitizes the insulin action but believed to be beneficial in cancer. Like -wise metformin is shown to have beneficial effects in opposite sets of pathological scenario looking from insulin sensitization point of view. This requires a comprehensive review of the disease conditions which are claimed to be affected by metformin therapy. Such a comprehensive review is presently lacking. In this review, we begin by examining the history of metformin before it became the most popular anti-diabetic medication today followed by a review of its relevant molecular mechanisms and important clinical trials in all areas where metformin has been studied and investigated till today. We also review novel mechanistic insight in metformin action in relation to microbiome and elaborate implications of such aspect in various disease states. Finally, we highlight the quandaries and suggest potential solutions which will help the researchers and physicians to channel their research and put this drug to better use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Maniar
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amal Moideen
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankur Mittal
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amol Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amitava Chakrabarti
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dibyajyoti Banerjee
- Department of Experimental Medicine & Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India.
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22
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Davies JT, Delfino SF, Feinberg CE, Johnson MF, Nappi VL, Olinger JT, Schwab AP, Swanson HI. Current and Emerging Uses of Statins in Clinical Therapeutics: A Review. Lipid Insights 2016; 9:13-29. [PMID: 27867302 PMCID: PMC5110224 DOI: 10.4137/lpi.s37450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, a class of cholesterol-lowering medications that inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, are commonly administered to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Statin use may expand considerably given its potential for treating an array of cholesterol-independent diseases. However, the lack of conclusive evidence supporting these emerging therapeutic uses of statins brings to the fore a number of unanswered questions including uncertainties regarding patient-to-patient variability in response to statins, the most appropriate statin to be used for the desired effect, and the efficacy of statins in treating cholesterol-independent diseases. In this review, the adverse effects, costs, and drug–drug and drug–food interactions associated with statin use are presented. Furthermore, we discuss the pleiotropic effects associated with statins with regard to the onset and progression of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, strokes, bacterial infections, and human immunodeficiency virus. Understanding these issues will improve the prognosis of patients who are administered statins and potentially expand our ability to treat a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Davies
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Spencer F Delfino
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chad E Feinberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Meghan F Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Veronica L Nappi
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Joshua T Olinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Anthony P Schwab
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Hollie I Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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23
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Parihar SP, Hartley MA, Hurdayal R, Guler R, Brombacher F. Topical Simvastatin as Host-Directed Therapy against Severity of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33458. [PMID: 27632901 PMCID: PMC5025842 DOI: 10.1038/srep33458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that statins mediate protection against intracellular pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes in mice. Here, we investigated the immunomodulatory potential of simvastatin as a topical or systemic host-directed drug therapy in controlling inflammatory responses in an experimental mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major (LV39). In an ear infection model, topical application of simvastatin directly on established lesions significantly reduced severity of the disease reflected by ear lesion size and ulceration. The host protective effect was further accompanied by decreased parasite burden in the ear and draining lymph nodes in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Pre-treatment of these mice on a low-fat cholesterol diet and systemic simvastatin also reduced footpad swelling, as well as parasite burdens and ulceration/necrosis in the more robust footpad infection model, demonstrating the prophylactic potential of simvastatin for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mechanistically, following L. major infection, simvastatin-treated primary macrophages responded with significantly reduced cholesterol levels and increased production of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, simvastatin-treated macrophages displayed enhanced phagosome maturation, as revealed by increased LAMP-3 expression in fluorescent microscopy and Western blot analysis. These findings demonstrate that simvastatin treatment enhances host protection against L. major by increasing macrophage phagosome maturation and killing effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj P Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, Epalinges, CH1066, Switzerland
| | - Ramona Hurdayal
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch-7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Anzio Road, Observatory 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
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24
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Is There Potential for Repurposing Statins as Novel Antimicrobials? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5111-21. [PMID: 27324773 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00192-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins are members of a class of pharmaceutical widely used to reduce high levels of serum cholesterol. In addition, statins have so-called "pleiotropic effects," which include inflammation reduction, immunomodulation, and antimicrobial effects. An increasing number of studies are emerging which detail the attenuation of bacterial growth and in vitro and in vivo virulence by statin treatment. In this review, we describe the current information available concerning the effects of statins on bacterial infections and provide insight regarding the potential use of these compounds as antimicrobial therapeutic agents.
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25
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Long J, Basu Roy R, Zhang YJ, Antrobus R, Du Y, Smith DL, Weekes MP, Javid B. Plasma Membrane Profiling Reveals Upregulation of ABCA1 by Infected Macrophages Leading to Restriction of Mycobacterial Growth. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1086. [PMID: 27462310 PMCID: PMC4940386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane represents a critical interface between the internal and extracellular environments, and harbors multiple proteins key receptors and transporters that play important roles in restriction of intracellular infection. We applied plasma membrane profiling, a technique that combines quantitative mass spectrometry with selective cell surface aminooxy-biotinylation, to Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-infected THP-1 macrophages. We quantified 559 PM proteins in BCG-infected THP-1 cells. One significantly upregulated cell-surface protein was the cholesterol transporter ABCA1. We showed that ABCA1 was upregulated on the macrophage cell-surface following infection with pathogenic mycobacteria and knockdown of ABCA1 resulted in increased mycobacterial survival within macrophages, suggesting that it may be a novel mycobacterial host-restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Long
- Collaboration Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Yuxian Du
- Collaboration Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | - Duncan L Smith
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Babak Javid
- Collaboration Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China; Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, BostonMA, USA
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26
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Kumar GA, Roy S, Jafurulla M, Mandal C, Chattopadhyay A. Statin-induced chronic cholesterol depletion inhibits Leishmania donovani infection: Relevance of optimum host membrane cholesterol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2088-2096. [PMID: 27319380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that invade and survive within host macrophages leading to leishmaniasis, a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, particularly among economically weaker sections in tropical and subtropical regions. Visceral leishmaniasis is a potent disease caused by Leishmania donovani. The detailed mechanism of internalization of Leishmania is poorly understood. A basic step in the entry of Leishmania involves interaction of the parasite with the host plasma membrane. In this work, we have explored the effect of chronic metabolic cholesterol depletion using lovastatin on the entry and survival of Leishmania donovani in host macrophages. We show here that chronic cholesterol depletion of host macrophages results in reduction in the attachment of Leishmania promastigotes, along with a concomitant reduction in the intracellular amastigote load. These results assume further relevance since chronic cholesterol depletion is believed to mimic physiological cholesterol modulation. Interestingly, the reduction in the ability of Leishmania to enter host macrophages could be reversed upon metabolic replenishment of cholesterol. Importantly, enrichment of host membrane cholesterol resulted in reduction in the entry and survival of Leishmania in host macrophages. As a control, the binding of Escherichia coli to host macrophages remained invariant under these conditions, thereby implying specificity of cholesterol requirement for effective leishmanial infection. To the best of our knowledge, these results constitute the first comprehensive demonstration that an optimum content of host membrane cholesterol is necessary for leishmanial infection. Our results assume relevance in the context of developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting cholesterol-mediated leishmanial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aditya Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Saptarshi Roy
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Md Jafurulla
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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27
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Vandevelde NM, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F. Modulating antibiotic activity towards respiratory bacterial pathogens by co-medications: a multi-target approach. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1114-29. [PMID: 27094105 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-antibiotic drugs can modulate bacterial physiology and/or antibiotic activity, opening perspectives for innovative therapeutic strategies. Focusing on respiratory pathogens and considering in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data, here we examine the effect of these drugs on the expression of resistance mechanisms, biofilm formation, and intracellular survival, as well as their influence on the activity of antibiotics on bacteria. Beyond the description of the effects observed, we also comment on concentrations that are active and discuss the mechanisms of drug-drug or drug-target interactions. This discussion should be helpful in defining useful targets for adjuvant therapy and establishing the corresponding pharmacophores for further drug fine-tuning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Vandevelde
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul M Tulkens
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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28
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Statt S, Ruan JW, Hung LY, Chang CY, Huang CT, Lim JH, Li JD, Wu R, Kao CY. Statin-conferred enhanced cellular resistance against bacterial pore-forming toxins in airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 53:689-702. [PMID: 25874372 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0391oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are widely used to prevent cardiovascular disease. In addition to their inhibitory effects on cholesterol synthesis, statins have beneficial effects in patients with sepsis and pneumonia, although molecular mechanisms have mostly remained unclear. Using human airway epithelial cells as a proper in vitro model, we show that prior exposure to physiological nanomolar serum concentrations of simvastatin (ranging from 10-1,000 nM) confers significant cellular resistance to the cytotoxicity of pneumolysin, a pore-forming toxin and the main virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae. This protection could be demonstrated with a different statin, pravastatin, or on a different toxin, α-hemolysin. Furthermore, through the use of gene silencing, pharmacological inhibitors, immunofluorescence microscopy, and biochemical and metabolic rescue approaches, we demonstrate that the mechanism of protection conferred by simvastatin at physiological nanomolar concentrations could be different from the canonical mevalonate pathways seen in most other mechanistic studies conducted with statins at micromolar levels. All of these data are integrated into a protein synthesis-dependent, calcium-dependent model showing the interconnected pathways used by statins in airway epithelial cells to elicit an increased resistance to pore-forming toxins. This research fills large gaps in our understanding of how statins may confer host cellular protection against bacterial infections in the context of airway epithelial cells without the confounding effect from the presence of immune cells. In addition, our discovery could be potentially developed into a host-centric strategy for the adjuvant treatment of pore-forming toxin associated bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Statt
- 1 Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jhen-Wei Ruan
- 2 Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yin Hung
- 1 Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Ching-Yun Chang
- 1 Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Chih-Ting Huang
- 2 Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jae Hyang Lim
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and
| | - Jian-Dong Li
- 4 Center for Inflammation, Immunity & Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Reen Wu
- 1 Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California
| | - Cheng-Yuan Kao
- 1 Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, California.,2 Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, and the Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, and the Division of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Health Science Faculty, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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30
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Exploring simvastatin, an antihyperlipidemic drug, as a potential topical antibacterial agent. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16407. [PMID: 26553420 PMCID: PMC4639749 DOI: 10.1038/srep16407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid rise of bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics combined with the decline in discovery of novel antibacterial agents has created a global public health crisis. Repurposing existing drugs presents an alternative strategy to potentially expedite the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs. The present study demonstrates that simvastatin, an antihyperlipidemic drug exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against important Gram-positive (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)) and Gram-negative pathogens (once the barrier imposed by the outer membrane was permeabilized). Proteomics and macromolecular synthesis analyses revealed that simvastatin inhibits multiple biosynthetic pathways and cellular processes in bacteria, including selective interference of bacterial protein synthesis. This property appears to assist in simvastatin's ability to suppress production of key MRSA toxins (α-hemolysin and Panton-Valentine leucocidin) that impair healing of infected skin wounds. A murine MRSA skin infection experiment confirmed that simvastatin significantly reduces the bacterial burden and inflammatory cytokines in the infected wounds. Additionally, simvastatin exhibits excellent anti-biofilm activity against established staphylococcal biofilms and demonstrates the ability to be combined with topical antimicrobials currently used to treat MRSA skin infections. Collectively the present study lays the foundation for further investigation of repurposing simvastatin as a topical antibacterial agent to treat skin infections.
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31
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Schmid M, Dufner B, Dürk J, Bedal K, Stricker K, Prokoph LA, Koch C, Wege AK, Zirpel H, van Zandbergen G, Ecker R, Boghiu B, Ritter U. An Emerging Approach for Parallel Quantification of Intracellular Protozoan Parasites and Host Cell Characterization Using TissueFAXS Cytometry. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139866. [PMID: 26488169 PMCID: PMC4619545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of host-pathogen interactions is a fundamental approach in microbiological and immunological oriented disciplines. It is commonly accepted that host cells start to change their phenotype after engulfing pathogens. Techniques such as real time PCR or ELISA were used to characterize the genes encoding proteins that are associated either with pathogen elimination or immune escape mechanisms. Most of such studies were performed in vitro using primary host cells or cell lines. Consequently, the data generated with such approaches reflect the global RNA expression or protein amount recovered from all cells in culture. This is justified when all host cells harbor an equal amount of pathogens under experimental conditions. However, the uptake of pathogens by phagocytic cells is not synchronized. Consequently, there are host cells incorporating different amounts of pathogens that might result in distinct pathogen-induced protein biosynthesis. Therefore, we established a technique able to detect and quantify the number of pathogens in the corresponding host cells using immunofluorescence-based high throughput analysis. Paired with multicolor staining of molecules of interest it is now possible to analyze the infection profile of host cell populations and the corresponding phenotype of the host cells as a result of parasite load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Schmid
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Dufner
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julius Dürk
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Konstanze Bedal
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Stricker
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Ali Prokoph
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Koch
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anja K. Wege
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Henner Zirpel
- Division of Immunology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Langen, Germany
| | - Ger van Zandbergen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Uwe Ritter
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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32
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Interactions between Autophagy and Bacterial Toxins: Targets for Therapy? Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2918-58. [PMID: 26248079 PMCID: PMC4549733 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7082918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a physiological process involved in defense mechanisms for clearing intracellular bacteria. The autophagic pathway is finely regulated and bacterial toxins interact with this process in a complex manner. Bacterial toxins also interact significantly with many biochemical processes. Evaluations of the effects of bacterial toxins, such as endotoxins, pore-forming toxins and adenylate cyclases, on autophagy could support the development of new strategies for counteracting bacterial pathogenicity. Treatment strategies could focus on drugs that enhance autophagic processes to improve the clearance of intracellular bacteria. However, further in vivo studies are required to decipher the upregulation of autophagy and potential side effects limiting such approaches. The capacity of autophagy activation strategies to improve the outcome of antibiotic treatment should be investigated in the future.
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33
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Manitsopoulos N, Orfanos SE, Kotanidou A, Nikitopoulou I, Siempos I, Magkou C, Dimopoulou I, Zakynthinos SG, Armaganidis A, Maniatis NA. Inhibition of HMGCoA reductase by simvastatin protects mice from injurious mechanical ventilation. Respir Res 2015; 16:24. [PMID: 25848815 PMCID: PMC4336762 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mortality from severe acute respiratory distress syndrome exceeds 40% and there is no available pharmacologic treatment. Mechanical ventilation contributes to lung dysfunction and mortality by causing ventilator-induced lung injury. We explored the utility of simvastatin in a mouse model of severe ventilator-induced lung injury. METHODS Male C57BL6 mice (n = 7/group) were pretreated with simvastatin or saline and received protective (8 mL/kg) or injurious (25 mL/kg) ventilation for four hours. Three doses of simvastatin (20 mg/kg) or saline were injected intraperitoneally on days -2, -1 and 0 of the experiment. Lung mechanics, (respiratory system elastance, tissue damping and airway resistance), were evaluated by forced oscillation technique, while respiratory system compliance was measured with quasi-static pressure-volume curves. A pathologist blinded to treatment allocation scored hematoxylin-eosin-stained lung sections for the presence of lung injury. Pulmonary endothelial dysfunction was ascertained by bronchoalveolar lavage protein content and lung tissue expression of endothelial junctional protein Vascular Endothelial cadherin by immunoblotting. To assess the inflammatory response in the lung, we determined bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total cell content and neutrophil fraction by microscopy and staining in addition to Matrix-Metalloprotease-9 by ELISA. For the systemic response, we obtained plasma levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, Interleukin-6 and Matrix-Metalloprotease-9 by ELISA. Statistical hypothesis testing was undertaken using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc tests. RESULTS Ventilation with high tidal volume (HVt) resulted in significantly increased lung elastance by 3-fold and decreased lung compliance by 45% compared to low tidal volume (LVt) but simvastatin abrogated lung mechanical alterations of HVt. Histologic lung injury score increased four-fold by HVt but not in simvastatin-pretreated mice. Lavage pleocytosis and neutrophilia were induced by HVt but were significantly attenuated by simvastatin. Microvascular protein permeability increase 20-fold by injurious ventilation but only 4-fold with simvastatin. There was a 3-fold increase in plasma Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, a 7-fold increase in plasma Interleukin-6 and a 20-fold increase in lavage fluid Matrix-Metalloprotease-9 by HVt but simvastatin reduced these levels to control. Lung tissue vascular endothelial cadherin expression was significantly reduced by injurious ventilation but remained preserved by simvastatin. CONCLUSION High-dose simvastatin prevents experimental hyperinflation lung injury by angioprotective and anti-inflammatory effects.
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34
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The impact of simvastatin on pulmonary effectors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102200. [PMID: 25010049 PMCID: PMC4092124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The statin family of cholesterol-lowering drugs is known to have pleiotropic properties which include anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Statins exert their pleiotropic effects by altering expression of human immune regulators including pro-inflammatory cytokines. Previously we found that statins modulate virulence phenotypes of the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and sought to investigate if simvastatin could alter the host response to this organism in lung epithelial cells. Simvastatin increased the expression of the P. aeruginosa target genes KLF2, KLF6, IL-8 and CCL20. Furthermore, both simvastatin and P. aeruginosa induced alternative splicing of KLF6. The novel effect of simvastatin on wtKLF6 expression was found to be responsible for induction of the KLF6 regulated genes CCL20 and iNOS. Simvastatin also increased the adhesion of P. aeruginosa to host cells, without altering invasion or cytotoxicity. This study demonstrated that simvastatin had several novel effects on the pulmonary cellular immune response.
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