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Wang Y, You S, Su S, Yeon A, Lo EM, Kim S, Mohler JL, Freeman MR, Kim HL. Cholesterol-lowering Intervention Decreases mTOR Complex 2 Signaling and Enhances Antitumor Immunity. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 28:414-424. [PMID: 34728526 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a need for strategies to prevent prostate cancer. Cholesterol-lowering interventions are employed widely and safely to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease and has been proposed for chemoprevention. Using preclinical models and a window-of-opportunity clinical trial, we describe an adaptive antitumor immunity resulting from cholesterol lowering. PATIENTS AND METHODS Statins do not reliably lower serum cholesterol in mice. Therefore, oral ezetimibe was administered to mice to lower serum cholesterol to clinically relevant levels and evaluated the final adaptive immune response. T-lymphocytes-specific mTORC2 knockout mice were used to evaluate mTOR signaling and antitumor immunity. Pretreatment and posttreatment prostate tumors and lymphocytes were examined from a window-of-opportunity clinical trial where men with prostate cancer were treated with 2-6 weeks of aggressive cholesterol-lowering intervention prior to radical prostatectomy. RESULTS Mice treated with oral ezetimibe exhibited enhanced antitumor immunity against syngeneic cancers in a CD8+ lymphocyte-dependent manner, produced immunity that was transferrable through lymphocytes, and had enhanced central CD8+ T cell memory. In mice and in patients undergoing prostatectomy, lowering serum cholesterol inhibited mTORC2 signaling in lymphocytes and increased infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes into prostate tumors. T-lymphocyte-specific mTORC2 knockout mice demonstrated enhanced CD8+ lymphocyte function and antitumor capacity. In patients, cholesterol-lowering intervention prior to prostatectomy decreased the proliferation of normal prostate and low-grade adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Lowering serum cholesterol decreased signaling through mTORC2 and enhance antitumor CD8+ T cell memory. We provide a rationale for large-scale clinical testing of cholesterol lowering strategies for prostate cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shengchen Su
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Austin Yeon
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric M Lo
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Michael R Freeman
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hyung L Kim
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
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2
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Kim J, Yeon A, Parker SJ, Shahid M, Thiombane A, Cho E, You S, Emam H, Kim DG, Kim M. Alendronate-induced Perturbation of the Bone Proteome and Microenvironmental Pathophysiology. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:3261-3270. [PMID: 34400895 PMCID: PMC8364444 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.61552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Bisphosphonates (BPs) are powerful inhibitors of osteoclastogenesis and are used to prevent osteoporotic bone loss and reduce the risk of osteoporotic fracture in patients suffering from postmenopausal osteoporosis. Patients with breast cancer or gynecological malignancies being treated with BPs or those receiving bone-targeted therapy for metastatic prostate cancer are at increased risk of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ). Although BPs markedly ameliorate osteoporosis, their adverse effects largely limit the clinical application of these drugs. This study focused on providing a deeper understanding of one of the most popular BPs, the alendronate (ALN)-induced perturbation of the bone proteome and microenvironmental pathophysiology. Methods: To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying ALN-induced side-effects, an unbiased and global proteomics approach combined with big data bioinformatics was applied. This was followed by biochemical and functional analyses to determine the clinicopathological mechanisms affected by ALN. Results: The findings from this proteomics study suggest that the RIPK3/Wnt/GSK3/β-catenin signaling pathway is significantly perturbed upon ALN treatment, resulting in abnormal angiogenesis, inflammation, anabolism, remodeling, and mineralization in bone cells in an in vitro cell culture system. Conclusion: Our investigation into potential key signaling mechanisms in response to ALN provides a rational basis for suppressing BP-induced adverse effect and presents various therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Austin Yeon
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sarah J. Parker
- Smidt Heart Institute, Department of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aissatou Thiombane
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eunho Cho
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hany Emam
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Do-Gyoon Kim
- Division of Oral Surgery, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Kim J, Yeon A, Kim WK, Kim KH, Ohn T. Stress-Induced Accumulation of HnRNP K into Stress Granules. J Cancer Sci Clin Ther 2021; 5:434-447. [PMID: 35340804 PMCID: PMC8955021 DOI: 10.26502/jcsct.5079129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are cytoplasmic aggregates to reprogram gene expression in response to cellular stimulus. Here, we show that while SGs are being assembled in response to clotrimazole, an antifungal medication heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) K, an RNA-binding protein that mediates translational silencing of mRNAs, is rapidly accumulated in SGs in U-2OS osteosarcoma cells. Forced expression of hnRNP K induces resistance to clotrimazole-induced apoptosis. Erk/MAPK is transiently activated in response to clotrimazole, and pharmacological suppression of the Erk/MAPK pathway sensitizes the cells to apoptosis. Inhibition of the Erk/MAPK pathway promotes the assembly of SGs. These results suggest that dynamic cytoplasmic formation of SGs and hnRNP K relocation to SGs may be defensive mechanisms against clotrimazole–induced apoptosis in U-2OS osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Ga Cheon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Austin Yeon
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Khae-Hawn Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Takbum Ohn
- Department of Cellular &Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Shahid M, Yeon A, Kim J. Metabolomic and lipidomic approaches to identify biomarkers for bladder cancer and interstitial cystitis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:5003-5011. [PMID: 33174036 PMCID: PMC7646957 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery, introduction and clinical use of prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers has significantly improved outcomes for patients with various illnesses, including bladder cancer (BC) and other bladder-related diseases, such as benign bladder dysfunction and interstitial cystitis (IC). Several sensitive and noninvasive clinically relevant biomarkers for BC and IC have been identified. Metabolomic- and lipidomic-based biomarkers have notable clinical potential in improving treatment outcomes for patients with cancer; however, there are also some noted limitations. This review article provides a short and concise summary of the literature on metabolomic and lipidomic biomarkers for BC and IC, focusing on the possible clinical utility of profiling metabolic alterations in BC and IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Surgery, Cedars‑Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Austin Yeon
- Department of Surgery, Cedars‑Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars‑Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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Yeon A, You S, Kim M, Gupta A, Park MH, Weisenberger D, Liang G, Kim J. Abstract B14: Epigenetic remodeling of cancer metabolisms in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.bladder19-b14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction and Objective: Alterations in DNA methylation are important epigenetic markers in bladder cancer (BC). These epigenome modifications drive the mechanisms of aggressive chemoresistant BC. Clinicopathologic biomarkers that indicate chemotherapeutic resistance are critical for better assessing treatment strategies for individual patients. Thus, in this study, we aimed to determine whether DNA methylation of certain metabolic enzymes is significantly altered in cisplatin-resistant BC cells.
Methods: To characterize CpG methylation and nucleosome accessibility in cisplatin-resistant BC cells, the Illumina Infinium HM450 DNA methylation assay was performed. Perturbed gene expression was found to be associated with cisplatin resistance, and the biologic roles of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1) and argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) were further studied using qRT-PCR analysis and various cell biology assays, including Western blot.
Results: ASS1 and SAT1, genes for amino acid and polyamine metabolism catalysts, respectively, were found to be vastly hypermethylated, resulting in greatly downregulated expression. ASS1 expression is of particular interest because prior studies have demonstrated its potential association with BC stage and recurrence. In regard to chemoresistance, we found that aberrant expression or induced stimulation of SAT1 restored cisplatin sensitivity in the cell culture system. We also found that the addition of exogenous arginine deiminase through administration of ADI-PEG 20 (pegylated arginine deiminase) increased ASS1 expression and enhanced cisplatin's apoptotic effects.
Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a novel mechanistic link between the epigenetic perturbation of SAT1 and ASS1 and cancer metabolism in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells. These findings suggest potential utility of SAT1 and ASS1 as predictive biomarkers in resensitizing bladder cancer to chemotherapy and personalizing therapy.
Citation Format: Austin Yeon, Sungyong You, Minhyung Kim, Amit Gupta, Myung Hee Park, Daniel Weisenberger, Gangning Liang, Jayoung Kim. Epigenetic remodeling of cancer metabolisms in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Bladder Cancer: Transforming the Field; 2019 May 18-21; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(15_Suppl):Abstract nr B14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Yeon
- 1Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,
| | | | | | - Amit Gupta
- 1Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,
| | | | | | | | - Jayoung Kim
- 1Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA,
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Jung JH, You S, Oh JW, Yoon J, Yeon A, Shahid M, Cho E, Sairam V, Park T, Kim KP, Kim J. Abstract B13: Characterization of the global proteome and phosphoproteome in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancers revealed the CDK2 network as a potential therapeutic target. Clin Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1557-3265.bladder19-b13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction and Objective: Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is currently part of the standard of care for bladder cancer (BC). Unfortunately, some patients respond poorly to chemotherapy and have acquired or developed resistance. The molecular mechanisms underlying this resistance remain unclear. Here, we introduce a multidimensional proteomic analysis of a cisplatin-resistant BC model that provides different levels of protein information, including that of the global proteome and phosphoproteome.
Methods: To characterize the global proteome and phosphoproteome in cisplatin-resistant BC cells, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry experiments combined with comprehensive bioinformatics analysis were performed. Perturbed expression and phosphorylation levels of key kinases associated with cisplatin resistance were further studied using various cell biology assays, including Western blot analysis.
Results: Analyses of protein expression and phosphorylation identified significantly altered proteins, which were also EGF dependent and independent. This suggests that protein phosphorylation plays a significant role in cisplatin-resistant BC. Additional network analysis of significantly altered proteins revealed CDK2, CHEK1, and ERBB2 as central regulators mediating cisplatin resistance. In addition to this, we identified the CDK2 network, which consists of CDK2 and its five substrates, as being significantly associated with poor survival after cisplatin chemotherapy.
Conclusions: Collectively, these findings potentially provide a novel way of classifying higher-risk patients and may guide future research in developing therapeutic targets.
Citation Format: Jae Hun Jung, Sungyong You, Jae Won Oh, Junhee Yoon, Austin Yeon, Muhammad Shahid, Eunho Cho, Vikram Sairam, Taeeun Park, Kwang Pyo Kim, Jayoung Kim. Characterization of the global proteome and phosphoproteome in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancers revealed the CDK2 network as a potential therapeutic target [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Bladder Cancer: Transforming the Field; 2019 May 18-21; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(15_Suppl):Abstract nr B13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hun Jung
- 1Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea,
| | | | - Jae Won Oh
- 1Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea,
| | - Junhee Yoon
- 2Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Austin Yeon
- 2Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Eunho Cho
- 2Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Taeeun Park
- 2Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Jayoung Kim
- 2Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) is the most commonly diagnosed solid tumor in men. A major challenge in PC immunotherapy is the lack of an animal model that resembles human adenocarcinoma and allows for manipulation or monitoring of the immune response. Mouse models are needed for preclinical testing of new immunotherapies, whether used alone or in combination with established drugs, and to develop companion biomarkers that can be validated in clinical trials. METHODS To develop a syngeneic prostate adenocarcinoma model with a well-defined tumor antigen, murine RM1 PC cells were transfected with the endogenous mouse melanoma protein, gp100 (RM1-gp100). Gp100 was attractive because it is a self-protein and it instantly allowed us to use the large trove of immune research tools developed for melanoma research. A dendritic cell (DC) vaccine was used as model immunotherapy to demonstrate that adoptive immunotherapy against gp100 decreases the growth of RM1-gp100 but not RM1. RESULTS Expressing gp100 did not change the growth of RM1 cell in vitro or in vivo. The DCs pulsed with RM1-gp100 could be used to stimulate Pmel-1 lymphocyte proliferation and activation. Pmel-1 lymphocytes could be adoptively transferred into C57Bl/6 mice that were treated with DCs pulsed with RM1-gp100. The resulting Pmel-1 lymphocytes were monitored to assess the primary cellular immune response and memory response. CONCLUSION We describe a murine model for prostate adenocarcinoma with a well-characterized antigen that can be used in an immunologically intact mice to monitor the temporal CD8+ lymphocyte-mediated antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Yeon
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shengchen Su
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric M Lo
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hyung L Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Los Angeles, California
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Shahid M, Kim M, Lee MY, Yeon A, You S, Kim HL, Kim J. Downregulation of CENPF Remodels Prostate Cancer Cells and Alters Cellular Metabolism. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1900038. [PMID: 30957416 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic alterations in prostate cancer (PC) are associated with progression and aggressiveness. However, the underlying mechanisms behind PC metabolic functions are unknown. The authors' group recently reported on the important role of centromere protein F (CENPF), a protein associated with the centromere-kinetochore complex and chromosomal segregation during mitosis, in PC MRI visibility. This study focuses on discerning the role of CENPF in metabolic perturbation in human PC3 cells. A series of bioinformatics analyses shows that CENPF is one gene that is strongly associated with aggressive PC and that its expression is positively correlated with metastasis. By identifying and reconstructing the CENPF network, additional associations with lipid regulation are found. Further untargeted metabolomics analysis using gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry reveals that silencing of CENPF alters the global metabolic profiles of PC cells and inhibits cell proliferation, which suggests that CENPF may be a critical regulator of PC metabolism. These findings provide useful scientific insights that can be applied in future studies investigating potential targets for PC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Minhyung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Min Young Lee
- Institute for Systems Biology, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Austin Yeon
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyung L Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, Ga Cheon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
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9
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Shahid M, Lee MY, Piplani H, Andres AM, Zhou B, Yeon A, Kim M, Kim HL, Kim J. Centromere protein F (CENPF), a microtubule binding protein, modulates cancer metabolism by regulating pyruvate kinase M2 phosphorylation signaling. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2802-2818. [PMID: 30526248 PMCID: PMC6343699 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1557496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and is the second leading cause of male cancer-related death in North America. Metabolic adaptations in malignant PC cells play a key role in fueling the growth and progression of the disease. Unfortunately, little is known regarding these changes in cellular metabolism. Here, we demonstrate that centromere protein F (CENPF), a protein associated with the centromere-kinetochore complex and chromosomal segregation during mitosis, is mechanically linked to altered metabolism and progression in PC. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, we silenced the gene for CENPF in human PC3 cells. These cells were found to have reduced levels of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers and inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Silencing of CENPF also simultaneously improved sensitivity to anoikis-induced apoptosis. Mass spectrometry analysis of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins from CENPF knockout (CENPFKO) and control cells revealed that CENPF silencing increased inactive forms of pyruvate kinase M2, a rate limiting enzyme needed for an irreversible reaction in glycolysis. Furthermore, CENPFKO cells had reduced global bio-energetic capacity, acetyl-CoA production, histone acetylation, and lipid metabolism, suggesting that CENPF is a critical regulator of cancer metabolism, potentially through its effects on mitochondrial functioning. Additional quantitative immunohistochemistry and imaging analyzes on a series of PC tumor microarrays demonstrated that CENPF expression is significantly increased in higher-risk PC patients. Based on these findings, we suggest the CENPF may be an important regulator of PC metabolism through its role in the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Honit Piplani
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allen M. Andres
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bo Zhou
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Austin Yeon
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hyung L. Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Ga Cheon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
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Shahid M, Kim M, Yeon A, Andres AM, You S, Kim J. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Reveals Caffeine-Perturbed Proteomic Profiles in Normal Bladder Epithelial Cells. Proteomics 2018; 18:e1800190. [PMID: 30232827 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTSs) are highly prevalent among the elderly and negatively impact quality of life. Since caffeinated beverages are enjoyed worldwide and the relationship between LUTS and caffeine is still not fully understood, it would be of particular interest to examine the underlying mechanisms that drive caffeine's influence on LUTS development and progression. The aim of this study is to characterize the effects of caffeine on hTert-immortalized normal bladder epithelial cells by investigating whether exposure to caffeine can cause potential changes in the bladder proteome and/or biological pathways. In labeled LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis, 57 proteins are found as being differentially expressed in caffeine-treated bladder epithelial cells, compared to controls; this included 32 upregulated and 25 downregulated proteins. Further functional gene enrichment analysis reveals that caffeine affects major biological pathways, including those for "muscle contraction" and "chromatin assembly." These findings provide new scientific insights that may be useful in future studies investigating the role of caffeine in bladder dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Minhyung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Austin Yeon
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allen M Andres
- Department of Medicine, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, Ga Cheon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
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11
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Yeon A, You S, Kim M, Gupta A, Park MH, Weisenberger DJ, Liang G, Kim J. Rewiring of cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells through epigenetic regulation of genes involved in amino acid metabolism. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:4520-4534. [PMID: 30214636 PMCID: PMC6134931 DOI: 10.7150/thno.25130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in DNA methylation are important epigenetic markers in bladder cancer (BC). These epigenome modifications may drive the mechanisms of aggressive chemo-resistant BC. Clinicopathological biomarkers that indicate chemotherapeutic resistance are critical for better assessing treatment strategies for individual patients. Thus, in this study, we aimed to determine whether DNA methylation of certain metabolic enzymes is significantly altered in cisplatin-resistant BC cells. Methods: To characterize CpG methylation and nucleosome accessibility in cisplatin-resistant BC cells, the Illumina Infinium HM450 DNA methylation assay was performed. Perturbed gene expression was found to be associated with cisplatin resistance, and the biological roles of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1) and argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1) were further studied using qRT-PCR analysis and various cell biology assays, including western blot. Results:ASS1 and SAT1, genes for amino acid and polyamine metabolism catalysts, respectively, were found to be vastly hypermethylated, resulting in greatly downregulated expression. ASS1 expression is of particular interest because prior studies have demonstrated its potential association with BC stage and recurrence. In regard to chemoresistance, we found that aberrant expression or induced stimulation of SAT1 restored cisplatin sensitivity in the cell culture system. We also found that the addition of exogenous arginine deiminase through administration of ADI-PEG 20 (pegylated arginine deiminase) increased ASS1 expression and enhanced cisplatin's apoptotic effects. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates a novel mechanistic link between the epigenetic perturbation of SAT1 and ASS1 and cancer metabolism in cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cells. These findings suggest potential utility of SAT1 and ASS1 as predictive biomarkers in re-sensitizing bladder cancer to chemotherapy and personalizing therapy.
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Shahid M, Lee MY, Yeon A, Cho E, Sairam V, Valdiviez L, You S, Kim J. Menthol, a unique urinary volatile compound, is associated with chronic inflammation in interstitial cystitis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10859. [PMID: 30022124 PMCID: PMC6052149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a potential systemic risk factor for many bladder dysfunctions, including interstitial cystitis (IC). However, the underlying mechanism through which a healthy bladder protects itself from inflammatory triggers remains unknown. In this study, we identified odor compounds in urine obtained from IC patients and healthy controls. Using comprehensive solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-TOF-MS) profiling and bioinformatics, we found that levels of urinary volatile metabolites, such as menthol, were significantly reduced in IC patients, compared to healthy controls. In an attempt to understand the mechanistic meaning of our volatile metabolites data and the role of menthol in the immune system, we performed two independent experiments: (a) cytokine profiling, and (b) DNA microarray. Our findings suggest that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory events, such as the production and secretion of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) and the activation of NF-κB and associated proteins within a large signaling network (e.g., Akt, TLR1, TNFAIP3, and NF-κB), are suppressed by the presence of menthol. These findings broaden our knowledge on the role of urinary menthol in suppressing inflammatory events and provide potential new strategies for alleviating both the odor and inflammation associated with IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Austin Yeon
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eunho Cho
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vikram Sairam
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Luis Valdiviez
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Urology, Ga Cheon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea.
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Shahid M, Gull N, Yeon A, Cho E, Bae J, Yoon HS, You S, Yoon H, Kim M, Berman BP, Kim J. Author Correction: Alpha-oxoglutarate inhibits the proliferation of immortalized normal bladder epithelial cells via an epigenetic switch involving ARID1A. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6294. [PMID: 29662153 PMCID: PMC5902627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Gull
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Austin Yeon
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eunho Cho
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jooeun Bae
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Seok Yoon
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyong You
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hana Yoon
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Benjamin P Berman
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Urology, Ga Cheon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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Kim J, Shahid M, Yeon A, Park RJ. An epigenetic switch on ARID1A chromatin remodeler by alpha‐oxoglutarate activates the antiproliferative axis in interstitial cystitis. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.787.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Park RJ, Shahid M, Yeon A, Kim J. Urine Odor Profiling for Diagnosis of Interstitial Cystitis. FASEB J 2018. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2018.32.1_supplement.658.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shahid M, Gull N, Yeon A, Cho E, Bae J, Yoon HS, You S, Yoon H, Kim M, Berman BP, Kim J. Alpha-oxoglutarate inhibits the proliferation of immortalized normal bladder epithelial cells via an epigenetic switch involving ARID1A. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29540744 PMCID: PMC5852004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22771-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic urinary tract disease that is characterized by unpleasant sensations, such as persistent pelvic pain, in the absence of infection or other identifiable causes. We previously performed comprehensive metabolomics profiling of urine samples from IC patients using nuclear magnetic resonance and gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry and found that urinary α-oxoglutarate (α-OG), was significantly elevated. α-OG, a tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate, reportedly functions to suppress the proliferation of immortalized normal human bladder epithelial cells. Here, we identified AT-rich interactive domain 1 A (ARID1A), a key chromatin remodeler, as being hypomethylated and upregulated by α-OG treatment. This was done through EPIC DNA methylation profiling and subsequent biochemical approaches, including quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analyses. Furthermore, we found that α-OG almost completely suppresses ten-eleven translocation (TET) activity, but does not affect DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity. Altogether, our studies reveal the potential role of α-OG in epigenetic remodeling through its effects on ARID1A and TET expression in the bladder. This may provide a new possible therapeutic strategy in treating IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Gull
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Austin Yeon
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eunho Cho
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jooeun Bae
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyun Seok Yoon
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyong You
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hana Yoon
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Benjamin P Berman
- Center for Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Department of Urology, Ga Cheon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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Kim S, Yeon A, Cho E, Shahid M, Kim J. Effectiveness of a Tailored Colorectal Cancer Educational Seminar in Enhancing the Awareness, Knowledge, and Behavior of Korean Americans Living in the Los Angeles Koreatown Area. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 16:1-8. [PMID: 31019695 DOI: 10.21767/2049-5471.1000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Improving rates of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening can reduce CRC-related mortality, which is estimated to cause about 50,630 deaths in the U.S. by the end of 2018. There is a noted increasing prevalence of CRC among Korean Americans. Although CRC screening has been widely implemented, Korean Americans over the age of 50 have the lowest rates of proper CRC screening, compared to those of other Asian ethnicities. Barriers, such as language and culture, may be making participation in screening procedures difficult for those with immigrant backgrounds. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether proper CRC education can enhance awareness, knowledge, and behavior in screening among Korean Americans living in the Los Angeles Koreatown area. Design This study was conducted among 100 self-identified Korean Americans between the ages of 45-75, who voluntarily participated in this study through local community outreach from January to June 2018. Educational brochures were provided for those in the control group, while those in the intervention group attended an additional short educational seminar. All participants were asked to complete a questionnaire after, and data were collected on site. Results We found that intervention had a significant effect on awareness regarding colorectal polyps (OR (odds ratio): 22.47; 95% CI: 6.42-78.62; p-value <0.001) and fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs)/stool blood test (OR, 245.37; 95% CI: 34.55-1742.75; p-value <0.001). Willingness for CRC screening in following 6 months significantly increased (OR: 87.17; 95% CI: 19.01-399.63; p-value <0.001). Knowledge on options for CRC screening (OR: 126.63; 95% CI: 23.61-679.07; p-value <0.001) and stool blood tests (OR: 157.17; 95% CI: 18.02-1370.41; p-value <0.001) were significantly enhanced. In additional univariate analysis, we found that Korean Americans with higher level of education, birthplace in US or better general health showed better CRC awareness or knowledge. Conclusion There is a significant gap in our knowledge and understanding of the contributing factors that may be leading to low CRC screening rates in Korean Americans. This study suggests that well-tailored educational seminars can overcome certain barriers to screening and improve CRC knowledge and awareness, which is critical to achieving greater screening compliance. Our findings provide important references for designing effective strategies to increasing CRC screening rates among Korean Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Kim
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Austin Yeon
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eunho Cho
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, Ga Cheon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
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