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Sun F, Li J, Cao L, Yan C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence protein ESAT-6 influences M1/M2 polarization and macrophage apoptosis to regulate tuberculosis progression. Genes Genomics 2024; 46:37-47. [PMID: 37971619 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01469-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), and it remains one of the major threats to human health worldwide. To our knowledge, the polarization of M1/M2 macrophages were critical innate immune cells which play important roles in regulating the immune response during TB progression. OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore the potential mechanisms of M1/M2 macrophage polarization in TB development. METHODS THP-1 macrophages were treated with early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) protein for an increasing time. The polarization profiles, apoptosis levels of M1 and M2 macrophages were detected by RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, Western blot and flow cytometry. RESULTS ESAT-6 initially promoted the generation of pro-inflammatory M1-polarized macrophages in THP-1 cells within 24 h, which were suppressed by further ESAT-6 treatment at 30-42 h. Interestingly, ESAT-6 continuously promoted M2 polarization of THP-1 cells, thereby maintaining the anti-inflammatory response in a time-dependent manner. In addition, ESAT-6 promoted apoptotic cell death in M1-polarized macrophages, which had little effects on apoptosis of M2-phenotype of macrophages. Then, the potential underlying mechanisms were uncovered, and we verified that ESAT-6 increased the protein levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB to activate the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway within 24 h, and this signal pathway was significantly inactivated at 36 h post-treatment. Interestingly, the following experiments confirmed that ESAT-6 TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway-dependently regulated M1/M2 polarization and apoptosis of macrophage in THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION Our study investigated the detailed effects and mechanisms of M1/M2 macrophages in regulating innate responses during TB development, which provided a new perspective on the development of treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Urumqi, China
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, South Liyu Shan Road, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Jiangbo Li
- Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ling Cao
- Inspection Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Cunzi Yan
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, South Liyu Shan Road, Urumqi, 830054, China.
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Evaluating the Performance of PPE44, HSPX, ESAT-6 and CFP-10 Factors in Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccines. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:260. [PMID: 35852636 PMCID: PMC9295111 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02949-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is an intracellular pathogen causing long-term infection in humans that mainly attacks macrophages and can escape from the immune system with the various mechanisms. The only FDA-approved vaccine against M. tuberculosis (MTB) is Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). The protection of this vaccine typically lasts 10–15 years. Due to the increasing number of people becoming ill with MTB each year worldwide, the need to develop a new effective treatment against the disease has been increased. During the past two decades, the research budget for TB vaccine has quadrupled to over half a billion dollars. Most of these research projects were based on amplifying and stimulating the response of T-cells and developing the subunit vaccines. Additionally, these studies have demonstrated that secretory and immunogenic proteins of MTB play a key role in the pathogenesis of the bacteria. Therefore, these proteins were used to develop the new subunit vaccines. In this review, based on the use of these proteins in the successful new subunit vaccines, the PPE44, HSPX, CFP-10 and ESAT-6 antigens were selected and the role of these antigens in designing and developing new subunit vaccines against TB and for the prevention of TB were investigated.
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Elsayed MSAE, Salah A, Elbadee AA, Roshdy T. Real-time PCR using atpE, conventional PCR targeting different regions of difference, and flow cytometry for confirmation of Mycobacterium bovis in buffaloes and cattle from the Delta area of Egypt. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:154. [PMID: 35689185 PMCID: PMC9188198 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium bovis notoriously causes detrimental infections in bovines and humans. In this study, 1500 buffaloes and 2200 cattle were tested by single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test and compared with the detection rates of M. bovis isolation, real-time and simplex PCR, and flow Cytometry. Results The tuberculin test is the reference test in Egypt, the positive rate was 54/3700 (1.5%) composed of 18/1500 (1.2%) buffaloes and 36/2200 (1.6%) cattle which were mandatorily slaughtered under the Egyptian legislation, after postmortem examination the non-visible-lesion proportion was 39/54 (72.2%) which surpassed the visible-lesion rate 15/54 (27.8%) with (p < 0.0001). The samples from each case were pooled into one sample representing the case, and the isolation rate of M. bovis was 25/54 (46.3%). Real-time PCR using atpE was positive for mycobacteria on the genus level in 18/18 (100%) and 5/5 (100%) of tissue samples and isolates, respectively; simplex PCR detected M. bovis in 44/54 (81.5%) and 25/25 (100%) of tissue samples and isolates, respectively. Flow Cytometry evaluation of the CD4+, CD8+, WC1+δγ, and CD2+ cell phenotypes showed increased counts in the tuberculin-positive cases compared with negative cases (p < 0.0001), and these phenotypes in the tuberculin-positive cases increased after antigen stimulation than in the negative cases (p < 0.0001). Detection rates of PCR techniques and flow Cytometry exceeded that of bacterial isolation (p < 0.0001) and exhibited a strong correlation. Conclusions The skin test suffers from interference from non-tuberculous mycobacteria able to cause false-positive reactions in cattle and other species. Real-time PCR using atpE, conventional PCR targeting RDs, and flow Cytometry are rapid and accurate methods that correlate with the isolation and can be promising for detection and confirmation of infected live and slaughtered cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sabry Abd Elraheam Elsayed
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology, and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, 32897, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed Salah
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering, and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abd Elbadee
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Tamer Roshdy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genetic Engineering, and Biotechnology Research Institute, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufia, Egypt
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Hoseinpur R, Hasani A, Baradaran B, Abdolalizadeh J, Amini Y, Salehi R, Samadi Kafil H, Azizian K, Memar MY, Gholizadeh P, Hasani A. Chitosan nanoparticles containing fusion protein (Hspx–PPE44–EsxV) and resiquimod adjuvant (HPERC) as a novel booster vaccine for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:40-47. [DOI: 10.1177/08853282221079105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study attempted to explore the immunogenicity of chitosan nanoparticles containing fusion protein (Hspx–PPE44–EsxV; HPE) and resiquimod adjuvant (HPERC) in BALB/c mice. HPE was initially expressed in E. coli BL21 cells. HPE and resiquimod adjuvant were then encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (HPERC). One group of mice were subcutaneously vaccinated on days 0, 14, and 28 with HPERC, and the other group was primed with bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) on day 0 and then boosted with HPERC on days 14 and 28. Two weeks after the last injection, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 in spleen cell culture supernatants, and IgG2a and IgG1 titers in sera were measured. HPERC size was 130.84 ± 12.08 nm ( n = 5). Zeta potential of HPERC was 29 ± 4 mv. The highest IFN-γ concentration was detected in BCG-primed mice that were boosted with HPERC. In addition, IL-17 production was significantly increased in all groups compared with that of control, except in those that received nanoparticle (NP), adjuvant (ADJ), NP/ADJ, and fusion protein (Hspx–PPE44–EsxV) (HPE). Comparison of IFN-γ and IL-4 concentration determined that Th1 was activated in BCG-primed and HPERC-boosted group in comparison to the other groups. No significant difference in concentration of IL-4 was observed between groups receiving HPERC and BCG-primed and HPERC-boosted group in comparison to group BCG. Concentrations of IgG2a and IgG1 also increased compared to the control group and the rate of IgG2a was higher compared to IgG1. Chitosan containing HPERC vaccine could induce a high level of specific cytokines in mice. The group of mice which first received BCG and then HPERC as booster vaccine could produce significant amounts of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IgG2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasul Hoseinpur
- Immunology Research Center (IRC)Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Immunology Research Center (IRC)Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC)Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Amini
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Azizian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pourya Gholizadeh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Hasani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Nandi SK, Panda AK, Chakraborty A, Rathee S, Roy I, Barik S, Mohapatra SS, Biswas A. Role of ATP-Small Heat Shock Protein Interaction in Human Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:844826. [PMID: 35252358 PMCID: PMC8890618 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.844826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important fuel of life for humans and Mycobacterium species. Its potential role in modulating cellular functions and implications in systemic, pulmonary, and ocular diseases is well studied. Plasma ATP has been used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker owing to its close association with disease’s progression. Several stresses induce altered ATP generation, causing disorders and illnesses. Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are dynamic oligomers that are dominantly β-sheet in nature. Some important functions that they exhibit include preventing protein aggregation, enabling protein refolding, conferring thermotolerance to cells, and exhibiting anti-apoptotic functions. Expression and functions of sHSPs in humans are closely associated with several diseases like cataracts, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, cancer, etc. Additionally, there are some mycobacterial sHSPs like Mycobacterium leprae HSP18 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP16.3, whose molecular chaperone functions are implicated in the growth and survival of pathogens in host species. As both ATP and sHSPs, remain closely associated with several human diseases and survival of bacterial pathogens in the host, therefore substantial research has been conducted to elucidate ATP-sHSP interaction. In this mini review, the impact of ATP on the structure and function of human and mycobacterial sHSPs is discussed. Additionally, how such interactions can influence the onset of several human diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip K. Nandi
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
- *Correspondence: Sandip K. Nandi, ; Ashis Biswas,
| | - Alok Kumar Panda
- School of Applied Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ayon Chakraborty
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shivani Rathee
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Ipsita Roy
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subhashree Barik
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Ashis Biswas
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
- *Correspondence: Sandip K. Nandi, ; Ashis Biswas,
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Alvarez AH, Flores-Valdez MA. Can immunization with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin be improved for prevention or therapy and elimination of chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection? Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 18:1219-1227. [PMID: 31826664 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1704263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the world. Current vaccination with BCG can prevent meningeal and disseminated TB in children. However, success against latent pulmonary TB infection (LTBI) or its reactivation is limited. Evidence suggests that there may be means to improve the efficacy of BCG raising the possibility of developing new vaccine candidates against LTBI.Areas covered: BCG improvements include the use of purified mycobacterial immunogenic proteins, either from an active or dormant state, as well as expressing those proteins from recombinant BCG strains that harvor those specific genes. It also includes boost protein mixtures with synthetic adjuvants or within liposomes, as a way to increase a protective immune response during chronic TB produced in laboratory animal models. References cited were chosen from PubMed searches.Expertopinion: Strategies aiming to improve or boost BCG have been receiving increased attention. With the advent of -omics, it has been possible to dissect several specific stages during mycobacterial infection. Recent experimental models of disease, diagnostic and immunological data obtained from individual M. tuberculosis antigens could introduce promising developments for more effective TB vaccines that may contribute to eliminating the hidden (latent) form of this infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Alvarez
- Biotecnología Médica Farmacéutica (CIATEJ-CONACYT), Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C, Guadalajara, México
| | - M A Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica Farmacéutica (CIATEJ-CONACYT), Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C, Guadalajara, México
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Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Trentini MM, Marques Neto LM, Kipnis A. Live Vaccines Have Different NK Cells and Neutrophils Requirements for the Development of a Protective Immune Response Against Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:741. [PMID: 32391021 PMCID: PMC7189015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown that neutrophils drive NK cells to activate DCs while NK cells regulate neutrophils survival. In response to mycobacteria, NK cells proliferate and produces IFN-γ, that appears to regulate the neutrophilic inflammatory responses to both M. tuberculosis infection and BCG vaccination. Although the role of neutrophils in the immune response to tuberculosis is a matter of debate, neutrophils were shown to be crucial to induce specific response against mc2-CMX vaccine. The objective of this study was to investigate the interplay between NK cells and neutrophils in regard to the development of a protective immune response against M. tuberculosis. Depletion of NK cells during vaccination did not alter the total number of neutrophils or DCs, but reduced the number of activated DCs, thus reducing the generation of Th1 specific immune responses and the protection conferred by mc2-CMX and BCG vaccines. However, only in mc2-CMX vaccination that neutrophil depletion interfered with the NK cell numbers and protection. In conclusion, it was shown that only when both NK and neutrophils were present, specific Th1 response and protection was achieved by mc2-CMX vaccine, while neutrophils although activated upon BCG vaccination were not necessary for the induced protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Junqueira-Kipnis
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Biosciences and Technology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Monalisa Martins Trentini
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Biosciences and Technology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Lázaro Moreira Marques Neto
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Biosciences and Technology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - André Kipnis
- Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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8
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Lew MH, Norazmi MN, Tye GJ. Enhancement of immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis HspX antigen by incorporation of combined molecular adjuvant (CASAC). Mol Immunol 2019; 117:54-64. [PMID: 31739193 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest human diseases worldwide caused by mycobacterial infection in the lung. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine protects against disseminated TB in children, but its effectiveness is still questionable due to highly variable protections in adolescence and elderly individuals. Targeting the latency M.tb antigen is a recent therapeutic approach to eradicate dormant pathogen that could possibly lead to disease activation. In this study, we aimed to potentiate immune responses elicited against 16 kDa α-crystalline (HspX) tuberculosis latency antigen by incorporation of Combined Adjuvant for Synergistic Activation of Cellular immunity (CASAC). Histidine-tagged recombinant HspX protein was initially produced in Escherichia coli and purified using Ni-NTA chromatography. To evaluate its adjuvanticity, C57BL/6 mice (n = 5) were initially primed and intradermally immunised in 2-weeks interval for 4 rounds with recombinant HspX, formulated with and without CASAC. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses elicited against HspX antigen were evaluated using ELISA and Flow Cytometry. Our findings showed that CASAC improved humoral immunity with increased antigen-specific IgG1 and IgG2a antibody response. Stronger CD8+ and Th1-driven immunity was induced by CASAC formulation as supported by elevated level of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-17A; and with low IL-10 secretion. Interestingly, adjuvanted HspX vaccine triggered a higher percentage of effector memory T-cell population than those immunised with unadjuvanted vaccine. In conclusion, CASAC adjuvant has great potential to enhance immunogenicity elicited against HspX antigen, which could be an alternative regimen to improve the efficacy of future therapeutic vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Han Lew
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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Yousefi Avarvand A, Khademi F, Tafaghodi M, Ahmadipour Z, Moradi B, Meshkat Z. The roles of latency-associated antigens in tuberculosis vaccines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 66:487-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Mansury D, Ghazvini K, Amel Jamehdar S, Badiee A, Tafaghodi M, Nikpoor AR, Amini Y, Jaafari MR. Enhancement of the effect of BCG vaccine against tuberculosis using DDA/TDB liposomes containing a fusion protein of HspX, PPE44, and EsxV. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:370-377. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1557674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davood Mansury
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yousef Amini
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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HspX protein as a candidate vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: an overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-018-1494-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Amini Y, Tafaghodi M, Amel Jamehdar S, Meshkat Z, Moradi B, Sankian M. Heterologous Expression, Purification, and Characterization of the HspX, Ppe44, and EsxV Proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 6:125-130. [PMID: 29765994 PMCID: PMC5941121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subunit vaccines are appropriate vaccine candidates for the prevention of some infections. In this study, three immunogenic proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including HspX, Ppe44, and EsxV as a new construction, were expressed alone and as a fusion protein to develop a new vaccine candidate against tuberculosis infection. METHODS To make the fusion protein, the three genes were linked together by AEAAAKEAAAKA linkers and inserted into pET21b and pET32b vectors. Escherichia coli (E. coli) Top10 cells were transformed with the plasmid, and the purified plasmid was used to transform E. coli BL21 cells. Protein expression was induced with IPTG. After optimizing protein expression, the recombinant proteins were purified by Ni-NTA chromatography. Protein purification was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with an anti-poly histidine-peroxidase monoclonal antibody against the 6His-tags at the proteins' C termini. RESULTS Directional cloning was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzyme digestion, and sequencing. The highest expression of the tri-fusion protein and HspX were obtained by the addition of 0.2 mM of IPTG to E. coli BL-21 cells at 37 °C and 18 h of incubation. For Ppe44 and EsxV, the optimum expression conditions were 18 °C and 16 h of incubation. SDS-PAGE and Western blots confirmed that the desired proteins were produced. CONCLUSION The three desired proteins and the fusion protein were successfully expressed and the conditions for optimum expression determined. These recombinant proteins will be evaluated as vaccine candidates against tuberculosis. Further studies are needed to evaluate the abilities of these proteins to induce strong immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Amini
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bagher Moradi
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Khademi F, Derakhshan M, Yousefi-Avarvand A, Tafaghodi M, Soleimanpour S. Multi-stage subunit vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis: an alternative to the BCG vaccine or a BCG-prime boost? Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 17:31-44. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1406309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Khademi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Derakhshan
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arshid Yousefi-Avarvand
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Reference Tuberculosis Laboratory, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Liu W, Li J, Niu H, Lin X, Li R, Wang Y, Xin Q, Yu H, Wu Y, Zhu B, Tan J. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of multistage vaccine candidates (Mtb8.4-HspX and HspX-Mtb8.4) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 53:83-89. [PMID: 29045910 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Mtb8.4 and HspX, which are expressed at proliferating and dormant stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), respectively, were chosen to construct two fusion proteins, Mtb8.4-HspX (8.4H) and HspX-Mtb8.4 (H8.4), and we investigated whether the antigen dose and protein sequential order could impact the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these fusion protein vaccines against M. tuberculosis. C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with new constructions containing a fusion protein with adjuvant of N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'-dioctadecylammonium bromide (DDA) or a mixed adjuvant composed of DDA, polyribocytidylic acid and gelatin (DPG), and the antigen specific immune responses and protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis H37Rv were evaluated. The results showed that both antigens, Mtb8.4-HspX and HspX-Mtb8.4, could elicit strong human T cell responses. With the existing of DDA adjuvant, HspX-Mtb8.4 induced significantly higher secretion level of IFN-γ and TNF-α in spleen cells than Mtb8.4-HspX (p<0.05). In its protective efficacy study, the isolated bacterial Colony Form Unit (CFU) in H8.4-DPG group was significantly reduced compared to 8.4H-DPG group (p<0.05). Furthermore, with the stimulation of Mtb8.4 in vitro, the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α from mice immunized with 20μg of H8.4 exhibited relative higher level than the group immunized by 7μg of H8.4 (p<0.05), whereas, IL-2 secreting showed contrary result. The data suggest that the antigen sequential order and dose selection should be considered when a tuberculosis protein vaccine is to be constructed and its immune strategy is to be planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbo Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000
| | - Jingjing Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000
| | - Hongxia Niu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaofa Lin
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000
| | - Ruiying Li
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qi Xin
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongjuan Yu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yumin Wu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingdong Zhu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Jiying Tan
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Translation & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000; Institute of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China, 730000.
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15
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Moliva JI, Turner J, Torrelles JB. Immune Responses to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination: Why Do They Fail to Protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis? Front Immunol 2017; 8:407. [PMID: 28424703 PMCID: PMC5380737 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is the current leading cause of death due to a single infectious organism. Although curable, the broad emergence of multi-, extensive-, extreme-, and total-drug resistant strains of M.tb has hindered eradication efforts of this pathogen. Furthermore, computational models predict a quarter of the world’s population is infected with M.tb in a latent state, effectively serving as the largest reservoir for any human pathogen with the ability to cause significant morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization has prioritized new strategies for improved vaccination programs; however, the lack of understanding of mycobacterial immunity has made it difficult to develop new successful vaccines. Currently, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is the only vaccine approved for use to prevent TB. BCG is highly efficacious at preventing meningeal and miliary TB, but is at best 60% effective against the development of pulmonary TB in adults and wanes as we age. In this review, we provide a detailed summary on the innate immune response of macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils in response to BCG vaccination. Additionally, we discuss adaptive immune responses generated by BCG vaccination, emphasizing their specific contributions to mycobacterial immunity. The success of future vaccines against TB will directly depend on our understanding of mycobacterial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan I Moliva
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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16
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Sengupta S, Naz S, Das I, Ahad A, Padhi A, Naik SK, Ganguli G, Pattanaik KP, Raghav SK, Nandicoori VK, Sonawane A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis EsxL inhibits MHC-II expression by promoting hypermethylation in class-II transactivator loci in macrophages. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:6855-6868. [PMID: 28209712 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.775205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is known to modulate the host immune responses to facilitate its persistence inside the host cells. One of the key mechanisms includes repression of class-II transactivator (CIITA) and MHC-II expression in infected macrophages. However, the precise mechanism of CIITA and MHC-II down-regulation is not well studied. M. tuberculosis 6-kDa early secretory antigenic target (ESAT-6) is a known potent virulence and antigenic determinant. The M. tuberculosis genome encodes 23 such ESAT-6 family proteins. We herein report that M. tuberculosis and M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection down-regulated the expression of CIITA/MHC-II by inducing hypermethylation in histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2/3). Further, we showed that M. tuberculosis ESAT-6 family protein EsxL, encoded by Rv1198, is responsible for the down-regulation of CIITA/MHC-II by inducing H3K9me2/3. We further report that M. tuberculosis esxL induced the expression of nitric-oxide synthase, NO production, and p38 MAPK pathway, which in turn was responsible for the increased H3K9me2/3 in CIITA via up-regulation of euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (G9a). In contrast, inhibition of nitric-oxide synthase, p38 MAPK, and G9a abrogated H3K9me2/3, resulting in increased CIITA expression. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that hypermethylation at the promoter IV region of CIITA is mainly responsible for CIITA down-regulation and subsequent antigen presentation. We found that co-culture of macrophages infected with esxL-expressing M. smegmatis and mouse splenocytes led to down-regulation of IL-2, a key cytokine involved in T-cell proliferation. In summary, we demonstrate that M. tuberculosis EsxL inhibits antigen presentation by enhancing H3K9me2/3 at the CIITA promoter, thereby repressing its expression through NO and p38 MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabasti Sengupta
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Saba Naz
- the National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India, and
| | - Ishani Das
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Abdul Ahad
- the Institute of Life Science, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751023, India
| | - Avinash Padhi
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Sumanta Kumar Naik
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Geetanjali Ganguli
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Kali Prasad Pattanaik
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Raghav
- the Institute of Life Science, Nalco Square, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751023, India
| | | | - Avinash Sonawane
- From the School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa 751024, India,
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17
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TB trifusion antigen adsorbed on calcium phosphate nanoparticles stimulates strong cellular immunity in mice. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Gcebe N, Michel A, Gey van Pittius NC, Rutten V. Comparative Genomics and Proteomic Analysis of Four Non-tuberculous Mycobacterium Species and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex: Occurrence of Shared Immunogenic Proteins. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:795. [PMID: 27375559 PMCID: PMC4894912 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Esx and PE/PPE families of proteins are among the most immunodominant mycobacterial antigens and have thus been the focus of research to develop vaccines and immunological tests for diagnosis of bovine and human tuberculosis, mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, respectively. In non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), multiple copies of genes encoding homologous proteins have mainly been identified in pathogenic Mycobacterium species phylogenically related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. Only ancestral copies of these genes have been identified in nonpathogenic NTM species like Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium sp. KMS, Mycobacterium sp. MCS, and Mycobacterium sp. JLS. In this study we elucidated the genomes of four nonpathogenic NTM species, viz Mycobacterium komanii sp. nov., Mycobacterium malmesburii sp. nov., Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum, and Mycobacterium fortuitum ATCC 6841. These genomes were investigated for genes encoding for the Esx and PE/PPE (situated in the esx cluster) family of proteins as well as adjacent genes situated in the ESX-1 to ESX-5 regions. To identify proteins actually expressed, comparative proteomic analyses of purified protein derivatives from three of the NTM as well as Mycobacterium kansasii ATCC 12478 and the commercially available purified protein derivatives from Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium was performed. The genomic analysis revealed the occurrence in each of the four NTM, orthologs of the genes encoding for the Esx family, the PE and PPE family proteins in M. bovis and M. tuberculosis. The identification of genes of the ESX-1, ESX-3, and ESX-4 region including esxA, esxB, ppe68, pe5, and pe35 adds to earlier reports of these genes in nonpathogenic NTM like M. smegmatis, Mycobacterium sp. JLS and Mycobacterium KMS. This report is also the first to identify esxN gene situated within the ESX-5 locus in M. nonchromogenicum. Our proteomics analysis identified a total of 609 proteins in the six PPDs and 22 of these were identified as shared between PPD of M.bovis and one or more of the NTM PPDs. Previously characterized M tuberculosis/M. bovis homologous immunogenic proteins detected in one or more of the nonpathogenic NTM in this study included CFP-10 (detected in M. malmesburii sp. nov. PPD), GroES (detected in all NTM PPDs but M. malmesburii sp. nov.), DnaK (detected in all NTM PPDs), and GroEL (detected in all NTM PPDs). This study confirms reports that the ESX-1, ESX-3, and ESX-4 regions are ancestral regions and thus found in the genomes of most mycobacteria. Identification of NTM homologs of immunogenic proteins warrants further investigation of their ability to cause cross-reactive immune responses with MTBC antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nomakorinte Gcebe
- Tuberculosis Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary InstituteOnderstepoort, South Africa; Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaOnderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Anita Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas C Gey van Pittius
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Victor Rutten
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of PretoriaOnderstepoort, South Africa; Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrecht, Netherlands
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19
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de Oliveira FM, Trentini MM, Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Kipnis A. The mc2-CMX vaccine induces an enhanced immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis compared to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin but with similar lung inflammatory effects. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:223-31. [PMID: 27074251 PMCID: PMC4830111 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the attenuated Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has been used since 1921, tuberculosis (TB) control still proceeds at a slow pace. The main reason is the variable efficacy of BCG protection against TB among adults, which ranges from 0-80%. Subsequently, the mc2-CMX vaccine was developed with promising results. Nonetheless, this recombinant vaccine needs to be compared to the standard BCG vaccine. The objective of this study was to evaluate the immune response induced by mc2-CMX and compare it to the response generated by BCG. BALB/c mice were immunised with both vaccines and challenged with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The immune and inflammatory responses were evaluated by ELISA, flow cytometry, and histopathology. Mice vaccinated with mc2-CMX and challenged with Mtb induced an increase in the IgG1 and IgG2 levels against CMX as well as recalled specific CD4+ T-cells that produced T-helper 1 cytokines in the lungs and spleen compared with BCG vaccinated and challenged mice. Both vaccines reduced the lung inflammatory pathology induced by the Mtb infection. The mc2-CMX vaccine induces a humoral and cellular response that is superior to BCG and is efficiently recalled after challenge with Mtb, although both vaccines induced similar inflammatory reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Muniz de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde
Pública, Laboratório de Bacteriologia Molecular, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
| | - Monalisa Martins Trentini
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde
Pública, Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Goiânia, GO,
Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Junqueira-Kipnis
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde
Pública, Laboratório de Imunopatologia das Doenças Infecciosas, Goiânia, GO,
Brasil
| | - André Kipnis
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde
Pública, Laboratório de Bacteriologia Molecular, Goiânia, GO, Brasil
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20
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Effect of vitamin D3 on maturation and antigen-presenting function of dendritic cells treated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 9:54-7. [PMID: 26851787 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the phenotypic characteristics and functional capability differences of mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells after stimulation with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the presence or absence of vitamin D3. METHODS Mouse bone marrow-derived cells were cultured with GM-CSF (20 ng/mL). Then, one was added with 100 nmol/L of 25(OH)D3, while the other did not. On day 6, 5 μg/mL of BCG was added to stimulate the cells for 24 h. On day 7, suspension cells were harvested for phenotypic and functional analyses. RESULTS The percentages of CD86 dendritic cells (DCs) in the control group and 25(OH)D3 group were 66.97% ± 8.29% and 52.18% ± 8.52%, respectively; the mean fluorescence intensities of MHC-II in the control group and 25(OH)D3 group were 1 102.16 ± 371.02 and 681.62 ± 292.71. The expression levels of MHC- II and CD86 on the surface of the DCs in 25(OH)D3 group were significantly lower than those of the control group. The ability of the DCs to stimulate proliferation of T-lymphocytes was also significantly lower than that of the control group. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that 25(OH)D3 modulates the immune response by affecting the maturation and function of DCs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis period.
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Pizzurro GA, Tapia IJ, Sganga L, Podhajcer OL, Mordoh J, Barrio MM. Cytokine-enhanced maturation and migration to the lymph nodes of a human dying melanoma cell-loaded dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:1393-406. [PMID: 26197849 PMCID: PMC11028647 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs used for the development of cancer vaccines because of their ability to activate adaptive immune responses. Previously, we designed the DC/Apo-Nec vaccine using human DCs loaded with dying melanoma cells that primed Ag-specific cytotoxic T cells. Here, we evaluate the effect of a standard pro-inflammatory cytokine cocktail (CC) and adjuvants on DC/Apo-Nec maturation and migration. CC addition to the vaccine coculture allowed efficient Ag uptake while attaining strong vaccine maturation with an immunostimulatory profile. The use of CC not only increased CCR7 expression and the vaccine chemokine responsiveness but also upregulated matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion, which regulated its invasive migration in vitro. Neither IL-6 nor prostaglandin E2 had a negative effect on vaccine preparation. In fact, all CC components were necessary for complete vaccine maturation. Subcutaneously injected DC/Apo-Nec vaccine migrated rapidly to draining LNs in nude mice, accumulating regionally after 48 h. The migrating cells of the CC-matured vaccine augmented in proportion and range of distribution, an effect that increased further with the topical administration of imiquimod cream. The migrating proportion of human DCs was detected in draining LNs for at least 9 days after injection. The addition of CC during DC/Apo-Nec preparation enhanced vaccine performance by improving maturation and response to LN signals and by conferring a motile and invasive vaccine phenotype both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, the vaccine could be combined with different adjuvants. Therefore, this DC-based vaccine design shows great potential value for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela A Pizzurro
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas - Fundación Cáncer (FUCA), Cramer 1180, CP 1426, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ivana J Tapia
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas - Fundación Cáncer (FUCA), Cramer 1180, CP 1426, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Sganga
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, Fundación Instituto Leloir - Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo L Podhajcer
- Laboratorio de Terapia Molecular y Celular, Fundación Instituto Leloir - Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - José Mordoh
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas - Fundación Cáncer (FUCA), Cramer 1180, CP 1426, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Cancerología, Fundación Instituto Leloir - Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María M Barrio
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas - Fundación Cáncer (FUCA), Cramer 1180, CP 1426, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Pizzurro GA, Barrio MM. Dendritic cell-based vaccine efficacy: aiming for hot spots. Front Immunol 2015; 6:91. [PMID: 25784913 PMCID: PMC4347494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many approaches for cancer immunotherapy have targeted dendritic cells (DCs), directly or indirectly, for the induction of antitumor immune responses. DC-based vaccines have been developed using a wide variety of ex vivo DC culture conditions, antigen (Ag) source and loading strategies, maturation agents, and routes of vaccination. Adjuvants are used to activate innate immune cells at the vaccine injection site, to promote Ag transport to the draining lymph nodes (LNs) and to model adaptive immune responses. Despite years of effort, the effective induction of strong and durable antitumor T-cell responses in vaccinated patients remains a challenge. The study of vaccine interactions with other immune cells in the LNs and, more recently, in the injection site has opened new doors for understanding antitumor effector T-cell licensing and function. In this review, we will briefly discuss the relevant sites and up-to-date facts regarding possible targets for antitumor vaccine refinement. We will focus on the processes taking place at the injection site, adjuvant combinations and their role in DC-based vaccines, LN homing, and modeling vaccine-induced immune responses capable of controlling tumor growth and generating immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Andrea Pizzurro
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas - Fundación Cáncer (CIO - FUCA) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - María Marcela Barrio
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas - Fundación Cáncer (CIO - FUCA) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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