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Sakthikumar K, Kabuyaya Isamura B, Krause RWM. Exploring the antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and biothermodynamic properties of novel morpholine derivative bioactive Mn(ii), Co(ii) and Ni(ii) complexes - combined experimental and theoretical measurements towards DNA/BSA/SARS-CoV-2 3CL Pro. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1667-1697. [PMID: 37731703 PMCID: PMC10508264 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00394e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel class of bioactive complexes (1-3) [MII(L)2(bpy)], where, L = 2-(4-morpholinobenzylideneamino)phenol, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, MII = Mn (1), Co (2) or Ni (3), were assigned to octahedral geometry based on analytical and spectral measurements. Gel electrophoresis showed that complex (2) demonstrated significant DNA cleavage activity compared to the other complexes under the action of oxidation agent (H2O2). The DNA binding constant properties measured by various techniques were in the following sequence: (2) > (3) > (1) > (HL), which suggests that the complexes might intercalate DNA, a possibility that is also supported by their biothermodynamic characteristics. The binding constant results for BSA from electronic absorption and fluorometric titrations demonstrate that complex (2) exhibits the highest binding effectiveness among them all, which means that all the compounds could interact with BSA through a static approach, additionally supported by FRET measurements. DFT and docking calculations were employed to realize the electronic structure, reactivity, and interaction capability of all substances with DNA, BSA, and the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. These binding energies fell within the ranges -7.7 to -8.5, -8.2 to -10.1 and -6.7 to -9.3 kcal mol-1, respectively. The higher reactivity of the complexes than the ligand is supported by FMO theory. The in vitro antibacterial, cytotoxicity, and radical scavenging characteristics revealed that complexes (2-3) have better biological efficacy than the others. The cytotoxicity and binding properties also show good correlation with the partition coefficient (log P), which is encouraging because all of the experimental findings are closely correlated with the theoretical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunganathan Sakthikumar
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research (CCBR), Faculty of Science, Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140 Eastern Cape South Africa
| | - Bienfait Kabuyaya Isamura
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research (CCBR), Faculty of Science, Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140 Eastern Cape South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Rui Werner Maçedo Krause
- Organic & Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research (CCBR), Faculty of Science, Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140 Eastern Cape South Africa
- Center for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research (CCBR), Faculty of Science, Rhodes University Grahamstown 6140 Eastern Cape South Africa +27 741622674 +27 46 603 7030
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Yersinia pestis Plasminogen Activator. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111554. [PMID: 33202679 PMCID: PMC7696990 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis causes plague, a fatal flea-borne anthropozoonosis, which can progress to aerosol-transmitted pneumonia. Y. pestis overcomes the innate immunity of its host thanks to many pathogenicity factors, including plasminogen activator, Pla. This factor is a broad-spectrum outer membrane protease also acting as adhesin and invasin. Y. pestis uses Pla adhesion and proteolytic capacity to manipulate the fibrinolytic cascade and immune system to produce bacteremia necessary for pathogen transmission via fleabite or aerosols. Because of microevolution, Y. pestis invasiveness has increased significantly after a single amino-acid substitution (I259T) in Pla of one of the oldest Y. pestis phylogenetic groups. This mutation caused a better ability to activate plasminogen. In paradox with its fibrinolytic activity, Pla cleaves and inactivates the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), a key inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. This function in the plague remains enigmatic. Pla (or pla) had been used as a specific marker of Y. pestis, but its solitary detection is no longer valid as this gene is present in other species of Enterobacteriaceae. Though recovering hosts generate anti-Pla antibodies, Pla is not a good subunit vaccine. However, its deletion increases the safety of attenuated Y. pestis strains, providing a means to generate a safe live plague vaccine.
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Mai BHA, Drancourt M, Aboudharam G. Ancient dental pulp: Masterpiece tissue for paleomicrobiology. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1202. [PMID: 32233019 PMCID: PMC7284042 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dental pulp with special structure has become a good reference sample in paleomicrobiology‐related blood‐borne diseases, many pathogens were detected by different methods based on the diagnosis of nucleic acids and proteins. Objectives This review aims to propose the preparation process from ancient teeth collection to organic molecule extraction of dental pulp and summary, analyze the methods that have been applied to detect septicemic pathogens through ancient dental pulps during the past 20 years following the first detection of an ancient microbe. Methods The papers used in this review with two main objectives were obtained from PubMed and Google scholar with combining keywords: “ancient,” “dental pulp,” “teeth,” “anatomy,” “structure,” “collection,” “preservation,” “selection,” “photography,” “radiography,” “contamination,” “decontamination,” “DNA,” “protein,” “extraction,” “bone,” “paleomicrobiology,” “bacteria,” “virus,” “pathogen,” “molecular biology,” “proteomics,” “PCR,” “MALDI‐TOF,” “LC/MS,” “ELISA,” “immunology,” “immunochromatography,” “genome,” “microbiome,” “metagenomics.” Results The analysis of ancient dental pulp should have a careful preparation process with many different steps to give highly accurate results, each step complies with the rules in archaeology and paleomicrobiology. After the collection of organic molecules from dental pulp, they were investigated for pathogen identification based on the analysis of DNA and protein. Actually, DNA approach takes a principal role in diagnosis while the protein approach is more and more used. A total of seven techniques was used and ten bacteria (Yersinia pestis, Bartonella quintana, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi C, Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Rickettsia prowazeki, Staphylococcus aureus, Borrelia recurrentis, Bartonella henselae) and one virus (Anelloviridae) were identified. Y. pestis had the most published in quantity and all methods were investigated for this pathogen, S. aureus and B. recurrentis were identified by three different methods and others only by one. The combining methods interestingly increase the positive rate with ELISA, PCR and iPCR in Yersinia pestis diagnosis. Twenty‐seven ancient genomes of Y. pestis and one ancient genome of B. recurrentis were reconstructed. Comparing to the ancient bone, ancient teeth showed more advantage in septicemic diagnosis. Beside pathogen identification, ancient pulp help to distinguish species. Conclusions Dental pulp with specific tissue is a suitable sample for detection of the blood infection in the past through DNA and protein identification with the correct preparation process, furthermore, it helps to more understand the pathogens of historic diseases and epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ba Hoang Anh Mai
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam
| | - Michel Drancourt
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Gérard Aboudharam
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,UFR Odontologie, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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Sources of Materials for Paleomicrobiology. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27726809 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.poh-0016-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Paleomicrobiology establishes the diagnosis of ancient infectious diseases by studying ancient pathogens. This recent science also analyzes the evolution of these pathogens, virulence, and their adaptation to their habitat and their vectors. The DNA persists a long time after the death of an organism despite the chemical and enzymatic degradation. The possibility of sequencing bacterial, viral, parasitic and archaeal DNA molecules persists over time.Various sources are used for these studies: frozen tissue and particularly human tissue are a exceptional source for the analysis because at very low temperatures, all biological activity is suspended. The coprolites are a source of choice for studying the human microbiome. Other sources, the ancient bones are the most abundant, however, they may contain only small amounts of DNA due to natural leaching. When the use of the tooth is possible, is a particularly interesting source because of its highly mineralized structure, which gives greater persistence than bone. The calcified tartar deposited on teeth is a source of interest for the study of oral microbiome.All these sources are subject to precautions (gloves and masks hat) at the time of sampling to avoid cross contamination and also be listed in the most precise way because they are precious and rare.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
The development of paleomicrobiology with new molecular techniques such as metagenomics is revolutionizing our knowledge of microbial evolution in human history. The study of microbial agents that are concomitantly active in the same biological environment makes it possible to obtain a picture of the complex interrelations among the different pathogens and gives us the perspective to understand the microecosystem of ancient times. This research acts as a bridge between disciplines such as archaeology, biology, and medicine, and the development of paleomicrobiology forces archaeology to broaden and update its methods. This chapter addresses the archaeological issues related to the identification of cemeteries from epidemic catastrophes (typology of burials, stratigraphy, topography, paleodemography) and the issues related to the sampling of human remains for biomolecular analysis. Developments in the field of paleomicrobiology are described with the example of the plague. Because of its powerful interdisciplinary features, the paleomicrobiological study of
Yersinia pestis
is an extremely interesting field, in which paleomicrobiology, historical research, and archeology are closely related, and it has important implications for the current dynamics of epidemiology.
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Rott A, Turner N, Scholz U, von Heyking K, Immler F, Peters J, Haberstroh J, Harbeck M. Early medieval stone-lined graves in Southern Germany: analysis of an emerging noble class. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 162:794-809. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Rott
- State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy; SNSB; Munich 80333 Germany
| | - Nils Turner
- Department Biology I, Anthropology and Environmental History; LMU Munich; Planegg-Martinsried 82152 Germany
| | | | | | | | - Joris Peters
- State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy; SNSB; Munich 80333 Germany
- LMU Munich, Department of Veterinary Sciences; Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and History of Veterinary Medicine; Munich 80539 Germany
| | - Jochen Haberstroh
- Bavarian State Department of Monuments and Sites; Munich 80539 Germany
| | - Michaela Harbeck
- State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy; SNSB; Munich 80333 Germany
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Feldman M, Harbeck M, Keller M, Spyrou MA, Rott A, Trautmann B, Scholz HC, Päffgen B, Peters J, McCormick M, Bos K, Herbig A, Krause J. A High-Coverage Yersinia pestis Genome from a Sixth-Century Justinianic Plague Victim. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:2911-2923. [PMID: 27578768 PMCID: PMC5062324 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Justinianic Plague, which started in the sixth century and lasted to the mid eighth century, is thought to be the first of three historically documented plague pandemics causing massive casualties. Historical accounts and molecular data suggest the bacterium Yersinia pestis as its etiological agent. Here we present a new high-coverage (17.9-fold) Y. pestis genome obtained from a sixth-century skeleton recovered from a southern German burial site close to Munich. The reconstructed genome enabled the detection of 30 unique substitutions as well as structural differences that have not been previously described. We report indels affecting a lacl family transcription regulator gene as well as nonsynonymous substitutions in the nrdE, fadJ, and pcp genes, that have been suggested as plague virulence determinants or have been shown to be upregulated in different models of plague infection. In addition, we identify 19 false positive substitutions in a previously published lower-coverage Y. pestis genome from another archaeological site of the same time period and geographical region that is otherwise genetically identical to the high-coverage genome sequence reported here, suggesting low-genetic diversity of the plague during the sixth century in rural southern Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Feldman
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Harbeck
- SNSB, State Collection of Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Keller
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- SNSB, State Collection of Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria A. Spyrou
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Rott
- SNSB, State Collection of Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Trautmann
- SNSB, State Collection of Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Holger C. Scholz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Päffgen
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Joris Peters
- SNSB, State Collection of Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
| | - Michael McCormick
- Department of History, Harvard University, Initiative for the Science of the Human Past
| | - Kirsten Bos
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Krause
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Drancourt M, Raoult D. Molecular history of plague. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:911-915. [PMID: 27615720 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plague, a deadly zoonose caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, has been firmly documented in 39 historical burial sites in Eurasia that date from the Bronze Age to two historical pandemics spanning the 6th to 18th centuries. Palaeomicrobiologic data, including gene and spacer sequences, whole genome sequences and protein data, confirmed that two historical pandemics swept over Europe from probable Asian sources and possible two-way-ticket journeys back from Europe to Asia. These investigations made it possible to address questions regarding the potential sources and routes of transmission by completing the standard rodent and rodent-flea transmission scheme. This suggested that plague was transmissible by human ectoparasites such as lice, and that Y. pestis was able to persist for months in the soil, which is a source of reinfection for burrowing mammals. The analyses of seven complete genome sequences from the Bronze Age indicated that Y. pestis was probably not an ectoparasite-borne pathogen in these populations. Further analyses of 14 genomes indicated that the Justinian pandemic strains may have formed a clade distinct from the one responsible for the second pandemic, spanning in Y. pestis branch 1, which also comprises the third pandemic strains. Further palaeomicrobiologic studies must tightly connect with historical and anthropologic studies to resolve questions regarding the actual sources of plague in ancient populations, alternative routes of transmission and resistance traits. Answering these questions will broaden our understanding of plague epidemiology so we may better face the actuality of this deadly infection in countries where it remains epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Drancourt
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, IRD, URMITE, Marseille, France
| | - D Raoult
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, IRD, URMITE, Marseille, France.
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Seifert L, Wiechmann I, Harbeck M, Thomas A, Grupe G, Projahn M, Scholz HC, Riehm JM. Genotyping Yersinia pestis in Historical Plague: Evidence for Long-Term Persistence of Y. pestis in Europe from the 14th to the 17th Century. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145194. [PMID: 26760973 PMCID: PMC4712009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancient DNA (aDNA) recovered from plague victims of the second plague pandemic (14th to 17th century), excavated from two different burial sites in Germany, and spanning a time period of more than 300 years, was characterized using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. Of 30 tested skeletons 8 were positive for Yersinia pestis-specific nucleic acid, as determined by qPCR targeting the pla gene. In one individual (MP-19-II), the pla copy number in DNA extracted from tooth pulp was as high as 700 gene copies/μl, indicating severe generalized infection. All positive individuals were identical in all 16 SNP positions, separating phylogenetic branches within nodes N07_N10 (14 SNPs), N07_N08 (SNP s19) and N06_N07 (s545), and were highly similar to previously investigated plague victims from other European countries. Thus, beside the assumed continuous reintroduction of Y. pestis from central Asia in multiple waves during the second pandemic, long-term persistence of Y. pestis in Europe in a yet unknown reservoir host has also to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Seifert
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michaela Harbeck
- State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Thomas
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Gisela Grupe
- Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Abstract
One of the major advances in medical science has been the development of antimicrobials; however, a consequence of their widespread use has been the emergence of drug-resistant populations of microorganisms. There is clearly a need for the development of new antimicrobials--but more importantly, there is the need for the development of new classes of antimicrobials, rather than drugs based upon analogues of known scaffolds. Due to the success of the platinum anticancer agents, there has been considerable interest in the development of therapeutic agents based upon other transition metals--and in particular ruthenium(II/III) complexes, due to their well known interaction with DNA. There have been many studies of the anticancer properties and cellular localisation of a range of ruthenium complexes in eukaryotic cells over the last decade. However, only very recently has there been significant interest in their antimicrobial properties. This review highlights the types of ruthenium complexes that have exhibited significant antimicrobial activity and discusses the relationship between chemical structure and biological processing--including site(s) of intracellular accumulation--of the ruthenium complexes in both bacterial and eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfei Li
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
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Vogler AJ, Keim P, Wagner DM. A review of methods for subtyping Yersinia pestis: From phenotypes to whole genome sequencing. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 37:21-36. [PMID: 26518910 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous subtyping methods have been applied to Yersinia pestis with varying success. Here, we review the various subtyping methods that have been applied to Y. pestis and their capacity for answering questions regarding the population genetics, phylogeography, and molecular epidemiology of this important human pathogen. Methods are evaluated in terms of expense, difficulty, transferability among laboratories, discriminatory power, usefulness for different study questions, and current applicability in light of the advent of whole genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Vogler
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA.
| | - Paul Keim
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA; Translational Genomics Research Institute North, Flagstaff, AZ 86001, USA.
| | - David M Wagner
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA.
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Keller M, Rott A, Hoke N, Schwarzberg H, Regner-Kamlah B, Harbeck M, Wahl J. United in death-related by blood? Genetic and archeometric analyses of skeletal remains from the neolithic earthwork bruchsal-aue. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 157:458-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Keller
- Anthropology and Environmental History; Department Biology I; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; D-82152 Martinsried Germany
| | - Andreas Rott
- Department of Anthropology; State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy; D-80333 Munich Germany
| | - Nadja Hoke
- Anthropology and Environmental History; Department Biology I; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; D-82152 Martinsried Germany
- Department of Anthropology; State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy; D-80333 Munich Germany
| | - Heiner Schwarzberg
- Department of Prehistory; Bavarian State Archaeological Collection; D-80538 Munich Germany
| | - Birgit Regner-Kamlah
- Department of Archaeological Heritage Management 84.2; State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, State Regional Authority Stuttgart; D-76133 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michaela Harbeck
- Department of Anthropology; State Collection for Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy; D-80333 Munich Germany
| | - Joachim Wahl
- Department of Archaeological Heritage Management 84.1; State Office for Cultural Heritage Management Baden-Württemberg, State Regional Authority Stuttgart; D-78467 Constance Germany
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